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Ye Z, Huang J, Liang Z, Liu S, Lei J, Deng S, Zheng B, Hong C, Wang Y, Wang X, Gao Q, Yang Y. A case study showing highly traceable sources of bacteria on surfaces of university buildings. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 281:116632. [PMID: 38959791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
University students predominantly spend their time indoors, where prolonged exposure raises the risk of contact with microorganisms of concern. However, our knowledge about the microbial community characteristics on university campus and their underpinnings is limited. To address it, we characterized bacterial communities from the surfaces of various built environments typical of a university campus, including cafeterias, classrooms, dormitories, offices, meeting rooms, and restrooms, in addition to human skin. The classrooms harbored the highest α-diversity, while the cafeterias had the lowest α-diversity. The bacterial community composition varied significantly across different building types. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria were common phyla in university buildings, accounting for more than 90 % of total abundance. Staphylococcus aureus was the most abundant potential pathogen in classrooms, dormitories, offices, restrooms, and on human skin, indicating a potential risk for skin disease infections in these buildings. We further developed a new quantitative pathogenic risk assessment method according to the threat of pathogens to humans and found that classrooms exhibited the highest potential risk. The fast expectation-maximization algorithm identified 59 %-86 % of bacterial sources in buildings, with the human skin as the largest bacterial source for most buildings. As the sources of bacteria were highly traceable, we showed that homogeneous selection, dispersal limitation, and ecological drift were major ecological forces that drove community assembly. Our findings have important implications for predicting the distribution and sources of indoor dust bacterial communities on university campus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhencheng Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jide Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengxiong Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Suo Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiesi Lei
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sihang Deng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Zheng
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chaopeng Hong
- Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Wang
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Institute for Ocean Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qun Gao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
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Liang C, Qi J, Wu W, Chen X, Li M, Liu Y, Peng Z, Chen S, Pan H, Chen B, Liu J, Wang Y, Chen S, Du S, Wei G, Jiao S. Smaller microorganisms outcompete larger ones in resistance and functional effects under disturbed agricultural ecosystems. IMETA 2024; 3:e219. [PMID: 39135696 PMCID: PMC11316917 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Body size is a key ecological trait of soil microorganisms related to their adaptation to environmental changes. In this study, we reveal that the smaller microorganisms show stronger community resistance than larger organisms in both maize and rice soil. Compared with larger organisms, smaller microorganisms have higher diversity and broader niche breadth to deploy survival strategies, because of which they are less affected by environmental selection and thus survive in complex and various kinds of environments. In addition, the strong correlation between smaller microorganisms and ecosystem functions reflects their greater metabolic flexibility and illustrates their significant roles in adaptation to continuously changing environments. This research highlights the importance of body size in maintaining stability of the soil microbiome and forecasting agroecosystem dynamics under environmental disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jiejun Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Wenyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xingyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Mingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yu Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ziheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Haibo Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Beibei Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jiai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Yihe Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Sanfeng Chen
- Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and College of Biological SciencesChina Agricultural UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Sen Du
- Fertilizer Technology DepartmentNational Agricultural Technology Extension and Service CenterBeijingChina
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shuo Jiao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, College of Life SciencesNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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Hao Y, Lu C, Xiang Q, Sun A, Su JQ, Chen QL. Unveiling the overlooked microbial niches thriving on building exteriors. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 187:108649. [PMID: 38642506 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Rapid urbanization in the Asia-Pacific region is expected to place two-thirds of its population in concrete-dominated urban landscapes by 2050. While diverse architectural facades define the unique appearance of these urban systems. There remains a significant gap in our understanding of the composition, assembly, and ecological potential of microbial communities on building exteriors. Here, we examined bacterial and protistan communities on building surfaces along an urbanization gradient (urban, suburban and rural regions), investigating their spatial patterns and the driving factors behind their presence. A total of 55 bacterial and protist phyla were identified. The bacterial community was predominantly composed of Proteobacteria (33.7% to 67.5%). The protistan community exhibited a prevalence of Opisthokonta and Archaeplastida (17.5% to 82.1% and 1.8% to 61.2%, respectively). The composition and functionality of bacterial communities exhibited spatial patterns correlated with urbanization. In urban buildings, factors such as facade type, light exposure, and building height had comparatively less impact on bacterial composition compared to suburban and rural areas. The highest bacterial diversity and lowest Weighted Average Community Identity (WACI) were observed on suburban buildings, followed by rural buildings. In contrast, protists did not show spatial distribution characteristics related to facade type, light exposure, building height and urbanization level. The distinct spatial patterns of protists were primarily shaped by community diffusion and the bottom-up regulation exerted by bacterial communities. Together, our findings suggest that building exteriors serve as attachment points for local microbial metacommunities, offering unique habitats where bacteria and protists exhibit independent adaptive strategies closely tied to the overall ecological potential of the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilong Hao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Changyi Lu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Qian Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Anqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China
| | - Jian-Qiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Ningbo Observation and Research Station, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Urban Environmental Processes and Pollution Control, CAS Haixi Industrial Technology Innovation Center in Beilun, Ningbo 315830, China.
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Gottel NR, Hill MS, Neal MJ, Allard SM, Zengler K, Gilbert JA. Biocontrol in built environments to reduce pathogen exposure and infection risk. THE ISME JOURNAL 2024; 18:wrad024. [PMID: 38365248 PMCID: PMC10848226 DOI: 10.1093/ismejo/wrad024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome of the built environment comprises bacterial, archaeal, fungal, and viral communities associated with human-made structures. Even though most of these microbes are benign, antibiotic-resistant pathogens can colonize and emerge indoors, creating infection risk through surface transmission or inhalation. Several studies have catalogued the microbial composition and ecology in different built environment types. These have informed in vitro studies that seek to replicate the physicochemical features that promote pathogenic survival and transmission, ultimately facilitating the development and validation of intervention techniques used to reduce pathogen accumulation. Such interventions include using Bacillus-based cleaning products on surfaces or integrating bacilli into printable materials. Though this work is in its infancy, early research suggests the potential to use microbial biocontrol to reduce hospital- and home-acquired multidrug-resistant infections. Although these techniques hold promise, there is an urgent need to better understand the microbial ecology of built environments and to determine how these biocontrol solutions alter species interactions. This review covers our current understanding of microbial ecology of the built environment and proposes strategies to translate that knowledge into effective biocontrol of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R Gottel
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Megan S Hill
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Maxwell J Neal
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Sarah M Allard
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Karsten Zengler
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jack A Gilbert
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
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Li H, Hong Y, Gao M, An X, Yang X, Zhu Y, Chen J, Su J. Distinct responses of airborne abundant and rare microbial communities to atmospheric changes associated with Chinese New Year. IMETA 2023; 2:e140. [PMID: 38868217 PMCID: PMC10989829 DOI: 10.1002/imt2.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Airborne microorganisms, including pathogens, would change with surrounding environments and become issues of global concern due to their threats to human health. Microbial communities typically contain a few abundant but many rare species. However, how the airborne abundant and rare microbial communities respond to environmental changes is still unclear, especially at hour scale. Here, we used a sequencing approach based on bacterial 16S rRNA genes and fungal ITS2 regions to investigate the high time-resolved dynamics of airborne bacteria and fungi and to explore the responses of abundant and rare microbes to the atmospheric changes. Our results showed that air pollutants and microbial communities were significantly affected by human activities related to the Chinese New Year (CNY). Before CNY, significant hour-scale changes in both abundant and rare subcommunities were observed, while only abundant bacterial subcommunity changed with hour time series during CNY. Air pollutants and meteorological parameters explained 61.5%-74.2% variations of abundant community but only 13.3%-21.6% variations of rare communities. These results suggested that abundant species were more sensitive to environmental changes than rare taxa. Stochastic processes predominated in the assembly of abundant communities, but deterministic processes determined the assembly of rare communities. Potential bacterial pathogens during CNY were the highest, suggesting an increased health risk of airborne microbes during CNY. Overall, our findings highlighted the "holiday effect" of CNY on airborne microbes and expanded the current understanding of the ecological mechanisms and health risks of microbes in a changing atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Li
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - You‐Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
| | - Meng‐Ke Gao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
- College of Resource and Environmental ScienceFujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhouChina
| | - Xin‐Li An
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xiao‐Ru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yong‐Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco‐environmental SciencesChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Jin‐Sheng Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
| | - Jian‐Qiang Su
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health, Fujian Key Laboratory of Watershed Ecology, Institute of Urban EnvironmentChinese Academy of SciencesXiamenChina
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Wang W, Hu C, Chang Y, Wang L, Bi Q, Lu X, Zheng Z, Zheng X, Wu D, Niu B. Differentiated responses of the phyllosphere bacterial community of the yellowhorn tree to precipitation and temperature regimes across Northern China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1265362. [PMID: 37954985 PMCID: PMC10634255 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1265362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Introduction As an ephemeral and oligotrophic environment, the phyllosphere harbors many highly diverse microorganisms. Importantly, it is known that their colonization of plant leaf surfaces is considerably influenced by a few abiotic factors related to climatic conditions. Yet how the dynamics of phyllosphere bacterial community assembly are shaped by detailed climatological elements, such as various bioclimatic variables, remains poorly understood. Methods Using high-throughput 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing technology, we analyzed the bacterial communities inhabiting the leaf surfaces of an oilseed tree, yellowhorn (Xanthoceras sorbifolium), grown at four sites (Yinchuan, Otogqianqi, Tongliao, and Zhangwu) whose climatic status differs in northern China. Results and Discussion We found that the yellowhorn phyllosphere's bacterial community was generally dominated by four phyla: Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Nevertheless, bacterial community composition differed significantly among the four sampled site regions, indicating the possible impact of climatological factors upon the phyllosphere microbiome. Interestingly, we also noted that the α-diversities of phyllosphere microbiota showed strong positive or negative correlation with 13 bioclimatic factors (including 7 precipitation factors and 6 temperature factors). Furthermore, the relative abundances of 55 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs), including three ASVs representing two keystone taxa (the genera Curtobacterium and Streptomyces), exhibited significant yet contrary responses to the precipitation and temperature climatic variables. That pattern was consistent with all ASVs' trends of possessing opposite correlations to those two parameter classes. In addition, the total number of links and nodes, which conveys community network complexity, increased with rising values of most temperature variables. Besides that, remarkably positive relevance was found between average clustering coefficient and most precipitation variables. Altogether, these results suggest the yellowhorn phyllosphere bacterial community is capable of responding to variation in rainfall and temperature regimes in distinctive ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- The Center for Basic Forestry Research, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Congcong Hu
- Department of Mathematics, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Libing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Quanxin Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- Chifeng Research Institute of Forestry Science, Chifeng, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Shiny-Leaved Yellowhorn Engineering and Technology Research Center, Chifeng, China
| | - Zhimin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- The Center for Basic Forestry Research, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zheng
- Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- The Center for Basic Forestry Research, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ben Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- The Center for Basic Forestry Research, College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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