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Pihl Karlsson G, Akselsson C, Hellsten S, Karlsson PE. Atmospheric deposition and soil water chemistry in Swedish forests since 1985 - Effects of reduced emissions of sulphur and nitrogen. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169734. [PMID: 38163609 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Trends for the atmospheric deposition of sulphur (S) and inorganic nitrogen (inorg-N) to forests and changes in the forest soil water chemistry in Sweden have been assessed since 1985, with special focus on the last 25 years, based on measurements within the Swedish Throughfall Monitoring Network (SWETHRO). The reductions in the deposition of S and inorg-N in the southern part of Sweden corresponded relatively well with the pollutant emission reductions for S and inorg-N from both EU27 + UK and Sweden during 1996/97-2021/22. For northern Sweden the deposition of S and inorg-N decreased to a lesser extent than both European and Swedish emissions. The bulk deposition of NO3-N has decreased more than the deposition of NH4-N over the last 25-year period, which is consistent with the much larger emission reductions for NOx compared to NH3 from EU27 + UK and Sweden. The S concentrations in the soil water, at 50 cm below soil surface, have decreased during the last 25 years, however somewhat less than the S deposition. At sites with low ANC and pH in the beginning of the period, the increase in ANC was generally greater and the increase in pH was smaller, but at sites with high pH and ANC above zero, the increase in pH was dominant, in line with the nonlinear relationship between pH and ANC in the soil water. The incidence of elevated concentrations of NO3-N in the soil water was highest in southwest Sweden, ranging between 4 and 19 % of all measuring occasions since 1985/86. The reduced deposition of N over the 35-year period was not reflected in the incidence of elevated concentrations of NO3-N in the soil water over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pihl Karlsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, SE-40014 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - C Akselsson
- Lund University, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Science, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - S Hellsten
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, SE-40014 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P E Karlsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, SE-40014 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Lie Z, Huang W, Zhou G, Zhang D, Yan J, Jiang J, Neilson R, Zhou S, Zhang W, Ramos Aguila LC, Chu G, Liu S, Meng Z, Zhang Q, Liu J. Acidity of Soil and Water Decreases in Acid-Sensitive Forests of Tropical China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37471467 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Acid deposition in China has been declining since the 2000s. While this may help mitigate acidification in forest soils and water, little is known about the recovery of soils and water from previous severe acidification in tropical China. Here, we assessed the chemistry of mineral soils, water, and acid gases (SO2 and NOx) from three successional forest types in tropical China from 2000 to 2022. Our results showed that soil pH increased synchronously from 3.9 (2000-2015) to 4.2 (2016-2022) across all three forest types, with exchangeable acid initially decreasing and thereafter stabilizing. Surface and ground water pH also gradually increased throughout the monitoring period. Soil pH recovery was stronger in the primary than in the planted forest. However, soil pH recovery lagged behind the increase in rainfall pH by approximately a decade. The recovery of soil pH was likely related to the positive effects of the dissolution of Al/Fe-hydroxysulfate mineral and subsequent sulfur desorption on soil acid-neutralizing capacity, increased soil organic matter, and climate warming, but was likely moderated by increased exchangeable aluminum and potentially proton-producing hydroxysulfate mineral dissolution that caused the lagged soil pH recovery. Surface and ground water pH recovery was attributed to increased water acid-neutralizing capacity. Our study reports the potential for the recovery of acidified soil and water following decreased acid deposition and provides new insights into the functional recovery of acid-sensitive forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyang Lie
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Wenjuan Huang
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Junhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Roy Neilson
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, Scotland DD2 5DA, U.K
| | - Shuyidan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Luis Carlos Ramos Aguila
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Guowei Chu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Shizhong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ze Meng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Qianmei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Juxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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Esseen P, Ekström M, Grafström A, Jonsson BG, Palmqvist K, Westerlund B, Ståhl G. Multiple drivers of large-scale lichen decline in boreal forest canopies. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:3293-3309. [PMID: 35156274 PMCID: PMC9310866 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thin, hair-like lichens (Alectoria, Bryoria, Usnea) form conspicuous epiphyte communities across the boreal biome. These poikilohydric organisms provide important ecosystem functions and are useful indicators of global change. We analyse how environmental drivers influence changes in occurrence and length of these lichens on Norway spruce (Picea abies) over 10 years in managed forests in Sweden using data from >6000 trees. Alectoria and Usnea showed strong declines in southern-central regions, whereas Bryoria declined in northern regions. Overall, relative loss rates across the country ranged from 1.7% per year in Alectoria to 0.5% in Bryoria. These losses contrasted with increased length of Bryoria and Usnea in some regions. Occurrence trajectories (extinction, colonization, presence, absence) on remeasured trees correlated best with temperature, rain, nitrogen deposition, and stand age in multinomial logistic regression models. Our analysis strongly suggests that industrial forestry, in combination with nitrogen, is the main driver of lichen declines. Logging of forests with long continuity of tree cover, short rotation cycles, substrate limitation and low light in dense forests are harmful for lichens. Nitrogen deposition has decreased but is apparently still sufficiently high to prevent recovery. Warming correlated with occurrence trajectories of Alectoria and Bryoria, likely by altering hydration regimes and increasing respiration during autumn/winter. The large-scale lichen decline on an important host has cascading effects on biodiversity and function of boreal forest canopies. Forest management must apply a broad spectrum of methods, including uneven-aged continuous cover forestry and retention of large patches, to secure the ecosystem functions of these important canopy components under future climates. Our findings highlight interactions among drivers of lichen decline (forestry, nitrogen, climate), functional traits (dispersal, lichen colour, sensitivity to nitrogen, water storage), and population processes (extinction/colonization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Per‐Anders Esseen
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Magnus Ekström
- Department of Statistics, USBEUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Department of Forest Resource ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Anton Grafström
- Department of Forest Resource ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Bengt Gunnar Jonsson
- Department of Natural SciencesMid Sweden UniversitySundsvallSweden
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Environmental SciencesSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Kristin Palmqvist
- Department of Ecology and Environmental ScienceUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Bertil Westerlund
- Department of Forest Resource ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
| | - Göran Ståhl
- Department of Forest Resource ManagementSwedish University of Agricultural SciencesUmeåSweden
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The Influence of Tree Species on the Recovery of Forest Soils from Acidification in Lower Saxony, Germany. SOIL SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems6020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric acid deposition has increased sharply since the beginning of industrialization but has decreased considerably since the 1980s owing to clean-air policies. Soil acidification induced by an input of acidity has been demonstrated in numerous studies using repeated forest-soil inventories. So far, relatively few data have been sampled to analyze long-term soil trends and only a few studies show the recovery of forest soils from acidification, whereas the recovery of surface waters following declining acid deposition is a widespread phenomenon. To assess a possible recovery from acid deposition, soil resampling data from 21 forested permanent soil-monitoring sites in Lower Saxony (Germany) were evaluated. For most sites, at least three repetitions of inventories from a period of 30 to 50 years were available. Trend analyses of indicators for the acid-base status of unlimed forest soils using generalized additive mixed models (GAMM) show either a trend reversal or a stagnation of the acid-base status at a strong acidification level. The recovery, if indicated by an increase of soil pH and base saturation, of soils from plots with deciduous trees appears to have occurred faster than in coniferous forest stands. This observation may be attributed to a larger amount of temporarily stored sulfur in the soil because of the higher atmospheric input into coniferous forests. As indicators for the acid-base status still show considerable soil acidification, mitigation measures such as forest liming still appear to be necessary for accelerating the regeneration process.
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Karlsson PE, Akselsson C, Hellsten S, Pihl Karlsson G. Twenty years of nitrogen deposition to Norway spruce forests in Sweden. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:152192. [PMID: 34883179 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The yearly, total (dry+wet) deposition of inorganic nitrogen (inorg-N) to Norway spruce forests was estimated with a full spatial coverage over Sweden for a twenty-year period, 2001-2020, based on combined measurements with Teflon string samplers, throughfall deposition and bulk deposition to the open field. The results were based on a novel method to apply estimates of the dry deposition based on measurements at a limited number of sites, to a larger number of sites with only bulk deposition measurements, in turn based on the existence of a strong geographical gradient in the dry deposition of inorg-N from southwest to northeast Sweden. The method should be applicable for other geographical regions where gaseous NH3, NO2 and HNO3 are not main drivers of N dry deposition and where geographical gradients in dry deposition could be defined. It was shown that Norway spruce forests in south Sweden receive more N from deposition than has been previously estimated, based on modelling. Clear time trends were demonstrated for decreased deposition of inorg-N to Norway spruce forests in all parts of Sweden. The decreases were somewhat larger than what could be expected from the decrease in the reported emissions of inorg-N from Europe. The results emphasize that estimates of the total deposition are necessary in order to map levels and follow the development of N deposition in forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- P E Karlsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, SE-40014 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - C Akselsson
- Lund University, Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystems Science, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - S Hellsten
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, SE-40014 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - G Pihl Karlsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, SE-40014 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Water Limitation in Forest Soils Regulates the Increase in Weathering Rates under Climate Change. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is generally expected to have a positive effect on weathering rates, due to the strong temperature dependence of the weathering process. Important feedback mechanisms such as changes in soil moisture, tree growth and organic matter decomposition can affect the response of weathering rates to climate change. In this study, the dynamic forest ecosystem model ForSAFE, with mechanistic descriptions of tree growth, organic matter decomposition, weathering, hydrology and ion exchange processes, is used to investigate the effects of future climate scenarios on base cation weathering rates. In total, 544 productive coniferous forest sites from the Swedish National Forest Inventory are modelled, and differences in weathering responses to changes in climate from two Global Climate Models are investigated. The study shows that weathering rates at the simulated sites are likely to increase, but not to the extent predicted by a direct response to elevated air temperatures. Besides the result that increases in soil temperatures are less evident than those in air temperature, the study shows that soil moisture availability has a strong potential to limit the expected response to increased temperature. While changes in annual precipitation may not indicate further risk for more severe water deficits, seasonal differences show a clear difference between winters and summers. Taking into account the seasonal variation, the study shows that reduced soil water availability in the summer seasons will strongly limit the expected gain in weathering associated with higher temperatures.
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Karltun E, Stendahl J, Iwald J, Löfgren S. Forest biomass accumulation is an important source of acidity to forest soils: Data from Swedish inventories of forests and soils 1955 to 2010. AMBIO 2022; 51:199-208. [PMID: 33782851 PMCID: PMC8651924 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The input of acidity to Swedish forest soils through forestry between 1955 and 2010 is compared with the acid input from atmospheric deposition. Depending on region, input of acidity from forestry was the minor part (25-45%) of the study period's accumulated acid input but is now the dominating source (140-270 molc ha-1 year-1). The net uptake of cations due to the increase in standing forest biomass, ranged between 35 and 45% of the forestry related input of acidity while whole-tree harvesting, introduced in the late 1990s, contributed only marginally (< 2%). The geographical gradient in acid input is reflected in the proportion of acidified soils in Sweden but edaphic properties contribute to variations in acidification sensitivity. It is important to consider the acid input due to increases in standing forest biomass in acidification assessments since it is long-term and quantitatively important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Karltun
- Department of Soil and Environment, SLU, Box 7014, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Stendahl
- Department of Soil and Environment, SLU, Box 7014, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johan Iwald
- Department of Soil and Environment, SLU, Box 7014, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, SLU, Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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The Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Tree Growth, Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Leaching—A Modeling Study in a Steep Nitrogen Deposition Gradient in Sweden. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12030298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) fertilization in forests has the potential to increase tree growth and carbon (C) sequestration, but it also means a risk of N leaching. Dynamic models can, if the important processes are well described, play an important role in assessing benefits and risks of nitrogen fertilization. The aim of this study was to test if the ForSAFE model is able to simulate correctly the effects of N fertilization when considering different levels of N availability in the forest. The model was applied for three sites in Sweden, representing low, medium and high nitrogen deposition. Simulations were performed for scenarios with and without fertilization. The effect of N fertilization on tree growth was largest at the low deposition site, whereas the effect on N leaching was more pronounced at the high deposition site. For soil organic carbon (SOC) the effects were generally small, but in the second forest rotation SOC was slightly higher after fertilization, especially at the low deposition site. The ForSAFE simulations largely confirm the N saturation theory which state that N will not be retained in the forest when the ecosystem is N saturated, and we conclude that the model can be a useful tool in assessing effects of N fertilization.
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A Combined Measurement and Modelling Approach to Assess the Sustainability of Whole-Tree Harvesting—A Swedish Case Study. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13042395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The demand of renewable energy has increased the interest in whole-tree harvesting. The sustainability of whole-tree harvesting after clear-cutting, from an acidification point of view, depends on two factors: the present acidification status and the further loss of buffering capacity at harvesting. The aims of this study were to investigate the relationship between these two factors at 26 sites along an acidification gradient in Sweden, to divide the sites into risk classes, and to examine the geographical distribution of them in order to provide policy-relevant insights. The present status was represented by the acid neutralizing capacity (ANC) in soil solution, and the loss of buffering capacity was represented by the estimated exceedance of critical biomass harvesting (CBH). The sites were divided into three risk classes combining ANC and exceedance of CBH. ANC and exceedance of CBH were negatively correlated, and most sites had either ANC < 0 and exceedance (high risk) or ANC > 0 and no exceedance (low risk). There was a geographical pattern, with the high risk class concentrated to southern Sweden, which was mainly explained by higher historical sulfur deposition and site productivity in the south. The risk classes can be used in the formulation of policies on whole-tree harvesting and wood ash recycling.
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Schmitz A, Sanders TGM, Bolte A, Bussotti F, Dirnböck T, Johnson J, Peñuelas J, Pollastrini M, Prescher AK, Sardans J, Verstraeten A, de Vries W. Responses of forest ecosystems in Europe to decreasing nitrogen deposition. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 244:980-994. [PMID: 30469293 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Average nitrogen (N) deposition across Europe has declined since the 1990s. This resulted in decreased N inputs to forest ecosystems especially in Central and Western Europe where deposition levels are highest. While the impact of atmospheric N deposition on forests has been receiving much attention for decades, ecosystem responses to the decline in N inputs received less attention. Here, we review observational studies reporting on trends in a number of indicators: soil acidification and eutrophication, understory vegetation, tree nutrition (foliar element concentrations) as well as tree vitality and growth in response to decreasing N deposition across Europe. Ecosystem responses varied with limited decrease in soil solution nitrate concentrations and potentially also foliar N concentrations. There was no large-scale response in understory vegetation, tree growth, or vitality. Experimental studies support the observation of a more distinct reaction of soil solution and foliar element concentrations to changes in N supply compared to the three other parameters. According to the most likely scenarios, further decrease of N deposition will be limited. We hypothesize that this expected decline will not cause major responses of the parameters analysed in this study. Instead, future changes might be more strongly controlled by the development of N pools accumulated within forest soils, affected by climate change and forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Schmitz
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, Haus 41/42, Eberswalde, 16225, Germany; University of Göttingen, Department Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Tanja G M Sanders
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, Haus 41/42, Eberswalde, 16225, Germany.
| | - Andreas Bolte
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, Haus 41/42, Eberswalde, 16225, Germany; University of Göttingen, Department Silviculture and Forest Ecology of the Temperate Zones, Göttingen 37077, Germany.
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DiSPAA), University of Florence, piazzale delle Cascine 28, Firenze, 50144, Italy.
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Department for Ecosystem Research and Environmental Information Management, Environment Agency Austria, Spittelauer Lände 5, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jim Johnson
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain.
| | - Martina Pollastrini
- Department of Agrifood Production and Environmental Sciences (DiSPAA), University of Florence, piazzale delle Cascine 28, Firenze, 50144, Italy.
| | - Anne-Katrin Prescher
- Thünen Institute of Forest Ecosystems, Alfred-Möller-Straße 1, Haus 41/42, Eberswalde, 16225, Germany.
| | - Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain; CREAF, Cerdanyola del Valles, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08193, Spain.
| | - Arne Verstraeten
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Gaverstraat 4, Geraardsbergen, 9500, Belgium.
| | - Wim de Vries
- Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Research, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, NL-6700, the Netherlands; Wageningen University and Research, Environmental Systems Analysis Group, PO Box 47, AA Wageningen, NL-6700, the Netherlands.
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Moldan F, Jutterström SEAK, Hruška J, Wright RF. Experimental addition of nitrogen to a whole forest ecosystem at Gårdsjön, Sweden (NITREX): Nitrate leaching during 26 years of treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 242:367-374. [PMID: 29990944 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.06.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Chronic high deposition of nitrogen (N) to forest ecosystems can lead to increased leaching of inorganic N to surface waters, enhancing acidification and eutrophication. For 26 years nitrogen has been added as ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) at 40 kg N ha-1 yr-1 to a whole forested catchment ecosystem at Gårdsjön, Sweden, to experimentally simulate the transition from a N-limited to N-rich state. Over the first 10 years of treatment there was an increasing amount of nitrate (NO3-) and to a lesser extent ammonium (NH4+) lost in runoff, but then N leaching stabilised, and for the subsequent 16 years the fraction of N added lost in runoff remained at 9%. NO3- concentrations in runoff were low in the summer during the first years of treatment, but now are high throughout the year. High frequency sampling showed that peaks in NO3- concentrations generally occurred with high discharge, and were enhanced if high discharge coincided with occasions of N addition. Approximately 50% of the added N has gone to the soil. The added N is equivalent to 140 years of ambient N deposition. At current ambient levels of N deposition there thus appears to be no immediate risk of N saturation at this coniferous forest ecosystem, and by inference to other such N-limited forests in Scandinavia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Moldan
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 53021, SE-40014, Gothenburg, Sweden; Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Jakub Hruška
- Global Change Research Institute CAS, Bělidla 986/4a, 603 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 118 21, Praha 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard F Wright
- NIVA Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalleen 21, N-0349, Oslo, Norway.
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Gastropod grazing may prevent reintroduction of declining N-fixing epiphytic lichens in broadleaved deciduous forests. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Johnson J, Graf Pannatier E, Carnicelli S, Cecchini G, Clarke N, Cools N, Hansen K, Meesenburg H, Nieminen TM, Pihl-Karlsson G, Titeux H, Vanguelova E, Verstraeten A, Vesterdal L, Waldner P, Jonard M. The response of soil solution chemistry in European forests to decreasing acid deposition. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2018; 24:3603-3619. [PMID: 29604157 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.14156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Acid deposition arising from sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) emissions from fossil fuel combustion and agriculture has contributed to the acidification of terrestrial ecosystems in many regions globally. However, in Europe and North America, S deposition has greatly decreased in recent decades due to emissions controls. In this study, we assessed the response of soil solution chemistry in mineral horizons of European forests to these changes. Trends in pH, acid neutralizing capacity (ANC), major ions, total aluminium (Altot ) and dissolved organic carbon were determined for the period 1995-2012. Plots with at least 10 years of observations from the ICP Forests monitoring network were used. Trends were assessed for the upper mineral soil (10-20 cm, 104 plots) and subsoil (40-80 cm, 162 plots). There was a large decrease in the concentration of sulphate (SO42-) in soil solution; over a 10-year period (2000-2010), SO42- decreased by 52% at 10-20 cm and 40% at 40-80 cm. Nitrate was unchanged at 10-20 cm but decreased at 40-80 cm. The decrease in acid anions was accompanied by a large and significant decrease in the concentration of the nutrient base cations: calcium, magnesium and potassium (Bc = Ca2+ + Mg2+ + K+ ) and Altot over the entire dataset. The response of soil solution acidity was nonuniform. At 10-20 cm, ANC increased in acid-sensitive soils (base saturation ≤10%) indicating a recovery, but ANC decreased in soils with base saturation >10%. At 40-80 cm, ANC remained unchanged in acid-sensitive soils (base saturation ≤20%, pHCaCl2 ≤ 4.5) and decreased in better-buffered soils (base saturation >20%, pHCaCl2 > 4.5). In addition, the molar ratio of Bc to Altot either did not change or decreased. The results suggest a long-time lag between emission abatement and changes in soil solution acidity and underline the importance of long-term monitoring in evaluating ecosystem response to decreases in deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Johnson
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Guia Cecchini
- Earth Sciences Department, University of Florence, Firenze, Italy
| | | | - Nathalie Cools
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karin Hansen
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Hugues Titeux
- UCL-ELI, Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Elena Vanguelova
- Centre for Ecosystem, Society and Biosecurity, Forest Research, Farnham, Surrey, UK
| | - Arne Verstraeten
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Lars Vesterdal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Waldner
- WSL, Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Jonard
- UCL-ELI, Université Catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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14
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Vuorenmaa J, Augustaitis A, Beudert B, Bochenek W, Clarke N, de Wit HA, Dirnböck T, Frey J, Hakola H, Kleemola S, Kobler J, Krám P, Lindroos AJ, Lundin L, Löfgren S, Marchetto A, Pecka T, Schulte-Bisping H, Skotak K, Srybny A, Szpikowski J, Ukonmaanaho L, Váňa M, Åkerblom S, Forsius M. Long-term changes (1990-2015) in the atmospheric deposition and runoff water chemistry of sulphate, inorganic nitrogen and acidity for forested catchments in Europe in relation to changes in emissions and hydrometeorological conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1129-1145. [PMID: 29996410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The international Long-Term Ecological Research Network (ILTER) encompasses hundreds of long-term research/monitoring sites located in a wide array of ecosystems that can help us understand environmental change across the globe. We evaluated long-term trends (1990-2015) for bulk deposition, throughfall and runoff water chemistry and fluxes, and climatic variables in 25 forested catchments in Europe belonging to the UNECE International Cooperative Programme on Integrated Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Ecosystems (ICP IM). Many of the IM sites form part of the monitoring infrastructures of this larger ILTER network. Trends were evaluated for monthly concentrations of non-marine (anthropogenic fraction, denoted as x) sulphate (xSO4) and base cations x(Ca+Mg), hydrogen ion (H+), inorganic N (NO3 and NH4) and ANC (Acid Neutralising Capacity) and their respective fluxes into and out of the catchments and for monthly precipitation, runoff and air temperature. A significant decrease of xSO4 deposition resulted in decreases in concentrations and fluxes of xSO4 in runoff, being significant at 90% and 60% of the sites, respectively. Bulk deposition of NO3 and NH4 decreased significantly at 60-80% (concentrations) and 40-60% (fluxes) of the sites. Concentrations and fluxes of NO3 in runoff decreased at 73% and 63% of the sites, respectively, and NO3 concentrations decreased significantly at 50% of the sites. Thus, the LTER/ICP IM network confirms the positive effects of the emission reductions in Europe. Air temperature increased significantly at 61% of the sites, while trends for precipitation and runoff were rarely significant. The site-specific variation of xSO4 concentrations in runoff was most strongly explained by deposition. Climatic variables and deposition explained the variation of inorganic N concentrations in runoff at single sites poorly, and as yet there are no clear signs of a consistent deposition-driven or climate-driven increase in inorganic N exports in the catchments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Vuorenmaa
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Forest Monitoring Laboratory, Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 13, Kaunas distr. LT-53362, Lithuania
| | - Burkhard Beudert
- Bavarian Forest National Park, Freyunger Str. 2, D-94481 Grafenau, Germany
| | - Witold Bochenek
- Institute of Geography and Spatial Organization Polish Academy of Sciences, Szymbark 430, 38-311 Szymbark, Poland
| | - Nicholas Clarke
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, PO Box 115, NO-1431 Ås, Norway
| | - Heleen A de Wit
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Dirnböck
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jane Frey
- Tartu University, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, Vanemuise St. 46, EE-51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Hannele Hakola
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, PO Box 503, FI-00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sirpa Kleemola
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johannes Kobler
- Environment Agency Austria, Department for Ecosystem Research and Data Information Management, Spittelauer Lände 5, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Krám
- Czech Geological Survey, Department of Geochemistry, Klárov 3, CZ-118 21 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lars Lundin
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Aldo Marchetto
- CNR Istituto per lo Studio degli Ecosistemi, Largo Tonolli 5-28922, Verbania Pallanza VB, Italy
| | - Tomasz Pecka
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Schulte-Bisping
- Georg-August University of Göttingen, Soil Science of Temperate and Boreal Ecosystems, Büsgenweg 2, D-37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Skotak
- Institute of Environmental Protection - National Research Institute, ul. Kolektorska 4, 01-692 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anatoly Srybny
- Berezinsky Biosphere Reserve, P.O. Domzheritzy, Lepel District, Vitebskaya Oblast 211188, Belarus
| | - Józef Szpikowski
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Storkowo 32, 78-450 Grzmiąca, Poland
| | - Liisa Ukonmaanaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milan Váňa
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Observatory Košetice, CZ-394 22 Košetice, Czech Republic
| | - Staffan Åkerblom
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, PO Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), PO Box 140, FI-00251 Helsinki, Finland
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Siemion J, McHale MR, Lawrence GB, Burns DA, Antidormi M. Long-term Changes in Soil and Stream Chemistry across an Acid Deposition Gradient in the Northeastern United States. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2018; 47:410-418. [PMID: 29864170 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2017.08.0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Declines in acidic deposition across Europe and North America have led to decreases in surface water acidity and signs of chemical recovery of soils from acidification. To better understand the link between recovery of soils and surface waters, chemical trends in precipitation, soils, and streamwater were investigated in three watersheds representing a depositional gradient from high to low across the northeastern United States. Significant declines in concentrations of H (ranging from -1.2 to -2.74 microequivalents [μeq] L yr), NO (ranging from -0.6 to -0.84 μeq L yr), and SO (ranging from -0.95 to -2.13 μeq L yr) were detected in precipitation in the three watersheds during the period 1999 to 2013. Soil chemistry in the A horizon of the watershed with the greatest decrease in deposition showed significant decreases in exchangeable Al and increases in exchangeable bases. Soil chemistry did not significantly improve during the study in the other watersheds, and base saturation in the Oa and upper B horizons significantly declined in the watershed with the smallest decrease in deposition. Streamwater SO concentrations significantly declined in all three streams (ranging from -2.01 to -2.87 μeq L yr) and acid neutralizing capacity increased (ranging from 1.38 to 1.60 μeq L yr) in the two streams with the greatest decreases in deposition. Recovery of soils has likely been limited by decades of acid deposition that have leached base cations from soils with base-poor parent material.
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16
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Sicard P, Augustaitis A, Belyazid S, Calfapietra C, de Marco A, Fenn M, Bytnerowicz A, Grulke N, He S, Matyssek R, Serengil Y, Wieser G, Paoletti E. Global topics and novel approaches in the study of air pollution, climate change and forest ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 213:977-987. [PMID: 26873061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.01.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Research directions from the 27th conference for Specialists in Air Pollution and Climate Change Effects on Forest Ecosystems (2015) reflect knowledge advancements about (i) Mechanistic bases of tree responses to multiple climate and pollution stressors, in particular the interaction of ozone (O3) with nitrogen (N) deposition and drought; (ii) Linking genetic control with physiological whole-tree activity; (iii) Epigenetic responses to climate change and air pollution; (iv) Embedding individual tree performance into the multi-factorial stand-level interaction network; (v) Interactions of biogenic and anthropogenic volatile compounds (molecular, functional and ecological bases); (vi) Estimating the potential for carbon/pollution mitigation and cost effectiveness of urban and peri-urban forests; (vii) Selection of trees adapted to the urban environment; (viii) Trophic, competitive and host/parasite relationships under changing pollution and climate; (ix) Atmosphere-biosphere-pedosphere interactions as affected by anthropospheric changes; (x) Statistical analyses for epidemiological investigations; (xi) Use of monitoring for the validation of models; (xii) Holistic view for linking the climate, carbon, N and O3 modelling; (xiii) Inclusion of multiple environmental stresses (biotic and abiotic) in critical load determinations; (xiv) Ecological impacts of N deposition in the under-investigated areas; (xv) Empirical models for mechanistic effects at the local scale; (xvi) Broad-scale N and sulphur deposition input and their effects on forest ecosystem services; (xvii) Measurements of dry deposition of N; (xviii) Assessment of evapotranspiration; (xix) Remote sensing assessment of hydrological parameters; and (xx) Forest management for maximizing water provision and overall forest ecosystem services. Ground-level O3 is still the phytotoxic air pollutant of major concern to forest health. Specific issues about O3 are: (xxi) Developing dose-response relationships and stomatal O3 flux parameterizations for risk assessment, especially, in under-investigated regions; (xxii) Defining biologically based O3 standards for protection thresholds and critical levels; (xxiii) Use of free-air exposure facilities; (xxiv) Assessing O3 impacts on forest ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Sicard
- ACRI-HE, 260 Route Du Pin Montard BP234, 06904 Sophia-Antipolis Cedex, France.
| | - Algirdas Augustaitis
- Aleksandras Stulginskis University, Studentu 13, Kaunas Dstr., LT-53362 Lithuania.
| | | | | | | | - Mark Fenn
- USDA, Forest Service, PSW Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | - Andrzej Bytnerowicz
- USDA, Forest Service, PSW Research Station, 4955 Canyon Crest Dr., Riverside, CA 92507, USA.
| | | | - Shang He
- Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China.
| | - Rainer Matyssek
- Ecophysiology of Plants, Technische Universität München, von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany.
| | | | - Gerhard Wieser
- Division of Alpine Timberline Ecophysiology, Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape, Rennweg 1, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Elena Paoletti
- IPSP-CNR, Via Madonna Del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino Firenze, Italy.
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17
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Yu L, Belyazid S, Akselsson C, van der Heijden G, Zanchi G. Storm disturbances in a Swedish forest—A case study comparing monitoring and modelling. Ecol Modell 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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18
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Schweiger AH, Audorff V, Beierkuhnlein C. Salt in the wound: The interfering effect of road salt on acidified forest catchments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 532:595-604. [PMID: 26115338 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric acidic depositions have strongly altered the functioning and biodiversity of Central European forest ecosystems. Most impacts occurred until the end of the 20(th) century but the situation substantially improved thereafter caused by legal regulations in the late 1980's to reduce acidifying atmospheric pollution. Since then slow recovery from acidification has been observed in forested catchments and adjacent waters. However, trends of recovery are inconsistent and underlying mechanisms diminishing recovery are still poorly understood. We propose that the input of road salt can significantly affect acidity regime and acidification recovery of forest ecosystems. By comparing the discharge hydro-chemistry and plant community composition of springs fed by forested catchments with and without high levels of salt input over two decades we observed a significant suppression of recovery and elevated levels of nutrient leaching (K(+), Ca(2+) and Mg(2+)) in highly salt contaminated catchments. We show that the pollution of near-surface groundwater (interflow) by road salt application can have lasting effects on ecosystem processes over distances of several hundred metres apart from the salt emitting road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Schweiger
- Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Volker Audorff
- Sports Ecology, Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Carl Beierkuhnlein
- Sports Ecology, Biogeography, University of Bayreuth, Universitaetsstrasse 30, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany.
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19
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Zanchi G, Belyazid S, Akselsson C, Yu L. Modelling the effects of management intensification on multiple forest services: a Swedish case study. Ecol Modell 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2014.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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20
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Futter MN, Valinia S, Löfgren S, Köhler SJ, Fölster J. Long-term trends in water chemistry of acid-sensitive Swedish lakes show slow recovery from historic acidification. AMBIO 2014; 43 Suppl 1:77-90. [PMID: 25403971 PMCID: PMC4235927 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-014-0563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Long-term (1987-2012) water quality monitoring in 36 acid-sensitive Swedish lakes shows slow recovery from historic acidification. Overall, strong acid anion concentrations declined, primarily as a result of declines in sulfate. Chloride is now the dominant anion in many acid-sensitive lakes. Base cation concentrations have declined less rapidly than strong acid anion concentrations, leading to an increase in charge balance acid neutralizing capacity. In many lakes, modeled organic acidity is now approximately equal to inorganic acidity. The observed trends in water chemistry suggest lakes may not return to reference conditions. Despite declines in acid deposition, many of these lakes are still acidified. Base cation concentrations continue to decline and alkalinity shows only small increases. A changing climate may further delay recovery by increasing dissolved organic carbon concentrations and sea-salt episodes. More intensive forest harvesting may also hamper recovery by reducing the supply of soil base cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn N. Futter
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Salar Valinia
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Löfgren
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stephan J. Köhler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jens Fölster
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7050, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Karlsson PE, Ferm M, Tømmervik H, Hole LR, Pihl Karlsson G, Ruoho-Airola T, Aas W, Hellsten S, Akselsson C, Mikkelsen TN, Nihlgård B. Biomass burning in eastern Europe during spring 2006 caused high deposition of ammonium in northern Fennoscandia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 176:71-79. [PMID: 23416271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 12/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High air concentrations of ammonium were detected at low and high altitude sites in Sweden, Finland and Norway during the spring 2006, coinciding with polluted air from biomass burning in eastern Europe passing over central and northern Fennoscandia. Unusually high values for throughfall deposition of ammonium were detected at one low altitude site and several high altitude sites in north Sweden. The occurrence of the high ammonium in throughfall differed between the summer months 2006, most likely related to the timing of precipitation events. The ammonia dry deposition may have contributed to unusual visible injuries on the tree vegetation in northern Fennoscandia that occurred during 2006, in combination with high ozone concentrations. It is concluded that long-range transport of ammonium from large-scale biomass burning may contribute substantially to the nitrogen load at northern latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Erik Karlsson
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Box 53021, SE-400 14 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Akselsson C, Hultberg H, Karlsson PE, Pihl Karlsson G, Hellsten S. Acidification trends in south Swedish forest soils 1986-2008 - slow recovery and high sensitivity to sea-salt episodes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 444:271-87. [PMID: 23277322 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Soil water chemistry in forest soils over 20 years was studied at nine sites in southern Sweden. The aim was to investigate the recovery from acidification and the influence of strong sea salt episodes that occur in the region. All sites but one showed signs of recovery from acidification along with the reduced sulphur deposition, but the recovery progress was slow and the soil water was in most cases still highly acidic at the end of the period. In several cases the recovery was delayed by episodes of sea salt deposition, leading to transient acidification. The less marked decrease of sulphur concentrations in soil water than of sulphur deposition, highlighted the importance of sulphur adsorption/desorption in the acidification and recovery process. Nitrogen retention capacity was exceeded on one site, leading to nitrate leaching and extremely low pH. Storm fellings on two sites in the end of the period led to effects similar to those of regeneration fellings. It was concluded that the soils in the region are in an early stage of recovery. The future progress of recovery strongly depends on future nitrogen retention of forest soils and the frequency of sea salt episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Akselsson
- Department of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, Lund University, Sölvegatan 12, SE-223 62 Lund, Sweden.
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23
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Tuovinen JP, Hakola H, Karlsson PE, Simpson D. Air Pollution Risks to Northern European Forests in a Changing Climate. DEVELOPMENTS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-098349-3.00005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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