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Ouyang S, Bi Z, Zhou Q. Nanocolloids in the soil environment: Transformation, transport and ecological effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 262:119852. [PMID: 39197486 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/17/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024]
Abstract
Nanocolloids (Ncs) are ubiquitous in natural systems and play a critical role in the biogeochemical cycling of trace metals and the mobility of organic pollutants. However, the environmental behavior and ecological effects of Ncs in the soil remain largely unknown. The accumulation of Ncs may have detrimental or beneficial effects on different compartments of the soil environment. This review discusses the major transformation processes (e.g., agglomeration/aggregation, absorption, deposition, dissolution, and redox reactions), transport, bioavailability of Ncs, and their roles in element cycles in soil systems. Notably, Ncs can act as effective carriers for other pollutants and contribute to environmental pollution by spreading pathogens, nutrients, heavy metals, and organic contaminants to adjacent water bodies or groundwater. Finally, the key knowledge gaps are highlighted to better predict their potential risks, and important new directions include exploring the geochemical process and mechanism of Ncs's formation; elucidating the transformation, transport, and ultimate fate of Ncs, and their long-term effect on contaminants, organisms, and elemental cycling; and identifying the impact on the growth and quality of important crops, evaluating its dominant effect on agro-ecosystems in the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohu Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhicheng Bi
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education)/Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
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2
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Mustafa AN, Khedre AM, El-Masry SM. Assessment of heavy metals in soil, leaf litter, and their bioaccumulation in terrestrial macroinvertebrates in Sohag Governorate, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:649. [PMID: 38909348 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The presence of elevated levels of heavy metals in soil poses a significant environmental concern with implications for human health and other organisms. The main objective of our study was to reduce the gap information of seasonal abundance, distribution of heavy metals in soil, leaf litter, and some macroinvertebrates in a citrus orchard (Citrus sinensis) in Sohag Governorate, Egypt. The heavy metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. Degree of contamination (DC) was determined for both soil and leaf litter contamination. However, the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) was estimated to determine metal accumulation in the macroinvertebrates including earwigs Anisolabis maritima, chilopoda Scolopendra moristans, spider Dysdera crocata, and earthworm Aporrectodea caliginosa. The study area had clay-loam with varying organic matter, salinity, and pH levels. The degree of contamination varied among seasons, with the highest levels typically observed in autumn in both soil and leaf litter. The soil ranged from low contamination (1.82) to high contamination levels (4.4), while the leaf litter showed extremely high (30.03) to ultra-high (85.92) contamination levels. The mean ecological risk index results indicated that the sampling area had moderate ecological risk levels for Cd (44.3), Zn (42.17), and Pb (80.05), and extremely high levels for Cu (342.5). Heavy metal concentrations in the selected fauna were the highest in autumn, and the bioaccumulation factor varied among species and seasons with some species classified as e-concentrators, micro-concentrators, and macro-concentrators of certain heavy metals. Scolopendra moristans exhibited the highest mean metal concentrations (Cd, Pb, and Zn), while Aporrectodea caliginosa had the lowest. Thus, the differences in heavy metal concentrations found in different soil taxa highlight the significance of taxing a holistic understanding of feeding mechanisms into account when evaluating the potential risk for animals that consume invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa N Mustafa
- Group of Invertebrates Ecology and Pollution - Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Azza M Khedre
- Group of Invertebrates Ecology and Pollution - Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Safa M El-Masry
- Group of Invertebrates Ecology and Pollution - Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Sohag, Egypt.
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3
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Silva ASJ, Kristiansen SM, Sengupta S, van Gestel CAM, Leinaas HP, Borgå K. Using dietary exposure to determine sub-lethal effects from imidacloprid in two springtail (Collembola) species. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:1209-1220. [PMID: 37989986 PMCID: PMC10724306 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-023-02715-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Standard toxicity tests expose springtails (Collembola) through soil, while dietary exposure tests with animals visible on a surface are less commonly applied. We refined a method for dietary chemical exposure for two widely distributed and abundant Collembola species: Folsomia quadrioculata and Hypogastrura viatica as existing methods were sub-optimal. Newly hatched Collembola were offered bark with a natural layer of Cyanobacteria that was either moistened with a solution of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid using a micropipette or soaked in the solution overnight. The first method was superior in producing a measured concentration close to the nominal (0.21 and 0.13 mg/kg dry bark, respectively), and resulting in sub-lethal effects as expected. The adult body size was reduced by 8% for both species, but egg production only in H. viatica. Contrastingly, soaked bark resulted in a measured concentration of 8 mg/kg dry bark, causing high mortality and no egg production in either species. Next, we identified the sub-lethal concentration-range by moistening the bark to expose H. viatica to 0, 0.01, 0.04, 0.13, 0.43 and 1.2 mg imidacloprid/kg dry bark. Only the highest concentration affected survival, causing a mortality of 77%. Imidacloprid reduced moulting rate and the body size at first reproduction. The age at first reproduction appeared delayed as some replicates did not reproduce within the experiment duration. The method of moistened bark for dietary exposure proved optimal to continuously study life history traits, such as growth and reproductive outcomes, which are important to understand effects on key events crucial for population viability and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Sofia Jorge Silva
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Animal Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Silje Marie Kristiansen
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sagnik Sengupta
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Petter Leinaas
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Section for Aquatic Biology and Toxicology, Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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Hink L, Holzinger A, Sandfeld T, Weig AR, Schramm A, Feldhaar H, Horn MA. Microplastic ingestion affects hydrogen production and microbiomes in the gut of the terrestrial isopod Porcellio scaber. Environ Microbiol 2023; 25:2776-2791. [PMID: 37041018 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) is an environmental burden and enters food webs via ingestion by macrofauna, including isopods (Porcellio scaber) in terrestrial ecosystems. Isopods represent ubiquitously abundant, ecologically important detritivores. However, MP-polymer specific effects on the host and its gut microbiota are unknown. We tested the hypothesis that biodegradable (polylactic acid [PLA]) and non-biodegradable (polyethylene terephthalate [PET]; polystyrene [PS]) MPs have contrasting effects on P. scaber mediated by changes of the gut microbiota. The isopod fitness after an 8-week MP-exposure was generally unaffected, although the isopods showed avoidance behaviour to PS-food. MP-polymer specific effects on gut microbes were detected, including a stimulation of microbial activity by PLA compared with MP-free controls. PLA stimulated hydrogen emission from isopod guts, while PET and PS were inhibitory. We roughly estimated 107 kg year-1 hydrogen emitted from the isopods globally and identified their guts as anoxic, significant mobile sources of reductant for soil microbes despite the absence of classical obligate anaerobes, likely due to Enterobacteriaceae-related fermentation activities that were stimulated by lactate generated during PLA-degradation. The findings suggest negative effects of PET and PS on gut fermentation, modulation of important isopod hydrogen emissions by MP pollution and the potential of MP to affect terrestrial food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Hink
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Holzinger
- Animal Population Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Tobias Sandfeld
- Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alfons R Weig
- Genomics and Bioinformatics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Andreas Schramm
- Department of Biology, Section for Microbiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Heike Feldhaar
- Animal Population Ecology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Marcus A Horn
- Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Applicability Evaluation of Soil Algae Pipe Assay in Silver Nanoparticle-Contaminated Soils. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12041890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to pervasive and resilient soil contaminants, heterogeneously contaminated soil poses unpredictable potential threats to ecosystems. In this study, the extension of a previously developed soil algae pipe assay for evaluating heterogeneously contaminated soil under an open system is described. The assay can be used in soil that is heterogeneously contaminated with silver nanoparticles in combination with the examination of morphological changes (e.g., in vivo chlorophyll a, cell granularity, cell size, and mucilaginous sheath) and lipid contents. In addition, we attempted to extend the exposure duration under an open system. We evaluated the applicability of this soil algae pipe assay using green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to heterogeneous and homogeneous polyvinylpyrrolidone capping silver nanoparticles in contaminated soils. The results demonstrated that this method is an applicable bioassay that can be employed to better evaluate soil algal toxicity under an open system, with significant changes in the measured endpoints. The developed assay showed decent predictivity, which can be a useful tool when evaluating heterogeneous soil algae contamination.
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Environmental Hazards of Boron and Vanadium Nanoparticles in the Terrestrial Ecosystem-A Case Study with Enchytraeus crypticus. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11081937. [PMID: 34443769 PMCID: PMC8399937 DOI: 10.3390/nano11081937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From the start of the 21st century, nanoecotoxicological research has been growing in fast steps due to the need to evaluate the safety of the increasing use of engineered nanomaterials. Boron (B) and vanadium (V) nanoparticles (NPs) generated by anthropogenic activities are subsequently released in the environment; therefore, organisms can be continuously exposed to these NPs for short or long periods. However, the short and long-term effects of BNPs and VNPs on soil organisms are unknown. This work aimed to recognize and describe their potential toxicological effects on the model species Enchytraeus crypticus, assessing survival and reproduction, through a longer-term exposure (56 days (d)-OECD test extension of 28 d), and avoidance behavior, through a short-term exposure (48 hours (h)). After 28 d, BNPs did not induce a significant effect on E. crypticus survival, whereas they decreased the organisms' reproduction at 500 mg/kg. From 10 to 500 mg/kg, VNPs decreased the E. crypticus survival and/or reproduction. After 56 d, 100 to 500 mg/kg BNPs and 50 to 500 mg/kg VNPs, decreased the reproduction output of E. crypticus. The estimated Effect Concentrations (ECx) based on reproduction, for BNPs, were lower at 56 d compared with 28 d; for VNPs, an opposite pattern was found: ECx 28 d < ECx 56 d. BNPs did not induce an avoidance behavior, but organisms avoided the soil contaminated with 10 mg VNPs/kg. The tested NPs showed different E. crypticus apical effects at 28 d from the ones detected at 56 d, dependent on the type of NPs (B vs. V). In general, VNPs showed to be more toxic than BNPs. However, the effects of VNPs were alleviated during the time of exposure, contrarily to BNPs (which became more toxic with extended duration). The present study adds important information about NPs toxicity with ecological significance (at the population level). Including long-term effects, the obtained results contributes to the improvement of NPs risk assessment.
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Rapid In Situ Biomonitoring of Subsoil Contamination by Applying an Algae-Soaked Disc Seeding Assay. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11062463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Various pollutants are pervasive in soil environments due to human activities, thereby damaging soil ecosystems. In this study, extension of a previously developed algae-soaked disc seeding assay for periodic evaluation of subsoil contamination over time was described. The assay can be used in different contamination configurations of silver nanoparticles in combination with examination of cell morphology, esterase activity, oxidative stress, and membrane permeability. In addition, we periodically attempted to repeat the algae-soaked disc seeding assay every three weeks. We evaluated applicability of this algae-soaked disc seeding assay using alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii exposed to heterogeneous silver nanoparticle-contaminated soils. The results demonstrated that this assay is applicable for monitoring a change of subsoil contamination by periodic evaluation over time. The developed assay was identified as a periodically rapid in situ biomonitoring technique to measure subsoil contamination over time.
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Peixoto S, Henriques I, Loureiro S. Long-term effects of Cu(OH) 2 nanopesticide exposure on soil microbial communities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 269:116113. [PMID: 33261963 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper-based (nano)pesticides in agroecosystems may result in unintended consequences on non-target soil microbial communities, due to their antimicrobial broad spectrum. We studied the impact of a commercial Cu(OH)2-nanopesticide, over 90 days, at single and season agricultural application doses, in the presence and absence of an edaphic organism (the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus), on microbial communities' function, structure and abundance. Results were compared to the effects of Cu(OH)2-ionic. The nanopesticide application resulted in significant changes on both bacterial and fungal communities' structure, particularly at the season application. The exposed bacterial community presented a significantly lower richness, and higher diversity and evenness while the exposed fungal community presented lower diversity and richness. At the functional level, a significant increase on microbial ability of carbon utilization and a significant decrease on the β-glucosidase activity was observed for communities exposed to the nanopesticide. Regarding Cu forms, less pronounced effects were observed in soils spiked with Cu(OH)2-ionic, which might result from lower Cu concentration in porewater. The presence of P. pruinosus did not induce significant changes in diversity indexes (fungal community) and community-level physiological profiling, suggesting an attenuation of the nanopesticide effect. This study revealed that Cu(OH)2-nanopesticide, at doses applied in agriculture, impact the soil microbial community, possibly affecting its ecological role. On the other hand, invertebrates may attenuate this effect, highlighting the importance of jointly including different interacting communities in the risk assessment of nanopesticides in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Peixoto
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Henriques
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; University of Coimbra, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Calçada Martim de Freitas, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Susana Loureiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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Bicho RC, Faustino AMR, Carvalho F, Soares AMVM, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Amorim MJB. Embryotoxicity of silver nanomaterials (Ag NM300k) in the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus - Functional assay detects Ca channels shutdown. NANOIMPACT 2021; 21:100300. [PMID: 35559787 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2021.100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Despite that silver (Ag) is among the most studied nanomaterials (NM) in environmental species and Ag's embryotoxicity is well known, there are no studies on Ag NMs embryotoxicity in soil invertebrates. Previous Full Life Cycle (FLC) studies in Enchytraeus crypticus, a standard soil invertebrate, showed that Ag materials decreased hatching success, which was confirmed to be a hatching delay effect for silver nitrate (AgNO3) and mortality for Ag NM300K. In the present study, we aimed to investigate if the impact of Ag takes place during the embryonic development, using histology and immunohistochemistry. E. crypticus cocoons were exposed to a range of concentrations of Ag NM300K (0-10-20-60-115 mg Ag/kg) and AgNO3 (0-20-45-60-96 mg Ag/kg) in LUFA 2.2 soil, in an embryotoxicity test, being sampled at days 1, 2, 3 and 6 (3, 4, 5 and 7 days after cocoon laying). Measured endpoints included the number of embryonic structures, expression of transferrin receptor (TfR) and L type calcium channels (LTCC) through histological and immunohistochemistry analysis, respectively. Results confirmed that Ag materials affected the embryonic development, specifically at the blastula stage (day 3). The expression and localization of TfR in E. crypticus was shown in the teloblasts cells, although this transcytosis mechanism was not activated. Ag affected calcium (Ca) metabolism during embryonic development: for AgNO3, LTCC was initially activated, compensating the impact, for Ag NM300K, LTCC was not activated, hence no Ca balance, with irreversible consequences, i.e. terminated embryonic development. An Adverse Outcome Pathway was drafted, integrating the mechanisms here discovered with previous knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita C Bicho
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Augusto M R Faustino
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Carvalho
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Institute of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Janeck J Scott-Fordsmand
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Vejlsovej 25, PO BOX 314, DK-8600 Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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Peixoto S, Khodaparast Z, Cornelis G, Lahive E, Green Etxabe A, Baccaro M, Papadiamantis AG, Gonçalves SF, Lynch I, Busquets-Fite M, Puntes V, Loureiro S, Henriques I. Impact of Ag 2S NPs on soil bacterial community - A terrestrial mesocosm approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111405. [PMID: 33010592 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soils might be a final sink for Ag2S nanoparticles (NPs). Still, there are limited data on their effects on soil bacterial communities (SBC). To bridge this gap, we investigated the effects of Ag2S NPs (10 mg kg-1 soil) on the structure and function of SBC in a terrestrial indoor mesocosm, using a multi-species design. During 28 days of exposure, the SBC function-related parameters were analysed in terms of enzymatic activity, community level physiological profile, culture of functional bacterial groups [phosphorous-solubilizing bacteria (P-SB) and heterotrophic bacteria (HB)], and SBC structure was analysed by 16S rRNA gene-targeted denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. The SBC exposed to Ag2S NPs showed a significative decrease of functional parameters, such as β-glucosidase activity and L-arginine consumption, and increase of the acid phosphatase activity. At the structural level, significantly lower richness and diversity were detected, but at later exposure times compared to the AgNO3 treatment, likely because of a low dissolution rate of Ag2S NPs. In fact, stronger effects were observed in soils spiked with AgNO3, in both functional and structural parameters. Changes in SBC structure seem to negatively correlate with parameters related to phosphorous (acid phosphatase activity) and carbon cycling (abundance of HB, P-SB, and β-glucosidase activity). Our results indicate a significant effect of Ag2S NPs on SBC, specifically on parameters related to carbon and phosphorous cycling, at doses as low as 10 mg kg-1 soil. These effects were only observed after 28 days, highlighting the importance of long-term exposure experiments for slowly dissolving NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peixoto
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Z Khodaparast
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - G Cornelis
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75651 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - E Lahive
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - A Green Etxabe
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - M Baccaro
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A G Papadiamantis
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B15 2TT, Birmingham, UK; NovaMechanics Ltd., 1065 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - S F Gonçalves
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - I Lynch
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - M Busquets-Fite
- Applied Nanoparticles SL, C Àlaba 88, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Puntes
- Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), CSIC, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain; Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Loureiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies & Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - I Henriques
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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11
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Perrier F, Bertucci A, Pierron F, Feurtet-Mazel A, Simon O, Klopp C, Candaudap F, Pokrovski O, Etcheverria B, Mornet S, Baudrimont M. Transfer and Transcriptomic Profiling in Liver and Brain of European Eels (Anguilla anguilla) After Diet-borne Exposure to Gold Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:2450-2461. [PMID: 32833228 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A nanometric revolution is underway, promising technical innovations in a wide range of applications and leading to a potential boost in environmental discharges. The propensity of nanoparticles (NPs) to be transferred throughout trophic chains and to generate toxicity was mainly assessed in primary consumers, whereas a lack of knowledge for higher trophic levels persists. The present study focused on a predatory fish, the European eel (Anguilla anguilla) exposed to gold NPs (AuNPs; 10 nm, polyethylene glycol-coated) for 21 d at 3 concentration levels in food: 0 (NP0), 1 (NP1), and 10 (NP10) mg Au kg-1 . Transfer was assessed by Au quantification in eel tissues, and transcriptomic responses in the liver and brain were revealed by a high-throughput RNA-sequencing approach. Eels fed at NP10 presented an erratic feeding behavior, whereas Au quantification only indicated transfer to intestine and kidney of NP1-exposed eels. Sequencing of RNA was performed in NP0 and NP1 eels. A total of 258 genes and 156 genes were significantly differentially transcribed in response to AuNP trophic exposure in the liver and brain, respectively. Enrichment analysis highlighted modifications in the immune system-related processes in the liver. In addition, results pointed out a shared response of both organs regarding 13 genes, most of them being involved in immune functions. This finding may shed light on the mode of action and toxicity of AuNPs in fish. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2450-2461. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Perrier
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805, Arcachon, France
| | | | - Fabien Pierron
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, UMR EPOC 5805, Arcachon, France
| | | | - Olivier Simon
- LECO, IRSN, PSE ENV, SRTE, Cadarache, Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
| | - Christophe Klopp
- Plate-forme bio-informatique Genotoul, Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | | | - Oleg Pokrovski
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, GET, UMR, 5563, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Stéphane Mornet
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ICMCB, UMR, 5026, Pessac, France
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12
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Kong IC, Ko KS, Koh DC. Evaluation of the Effects of Particle Sizes of Silver Nanoparticles on Various Biological Systems. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8465. [PMID: 33187117 PMCID: PMC7696109 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Seven biological methods were adopted (three bacterial activities of bioluminescence, enzyme, enzyme biosynthetic, algal growth, seed germination, and root and shoot growth) to compare the toxic effects of two different sizes of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). AgNPs showed a different sensitivity in each bioassay. Overall, the order of inhibitory effects was roughly observed as follows; bacterial bioluminescence activity ≈ root growth > biosynthetic activity of enzymes ≈ algal growth > seed germination ≈ enzymatic activity > shoot growth. For all bacterial activities (bioluminescence, enzyme, and enzyme biosynthesis), the small AgNPs showed statistically significantly higher toxicity than the large ones (p < 0.0036), while no significant differences were observed among other biological activities. The overall effects on the biological activities (except shoot growth) of the small AgNPs were shown to have about 4.3 times lower EC50 (high toxicity) value than the large AgNPs. These results also indicated that the bacterial bioluminescence activity appeared to be an appropriate method among the tested ones in terms of both sensitivity and the discernment of particle sizes of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Chul Kong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyungsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Kyung-Seok Ko
- Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon 34132, Korea;
| | - Dong-Chan Koh
- Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience & Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon 34132, Korea;
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13
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Santos J, Barreto Â, Nogueira J, Daniel-da-Silva AL, Trindade T, Amorim MJB, Maria VL. Effects of Amorphous Silica Nanopowders on the Avoidance Behavior of Five Soil Species-A Screening Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E402. [PMID: 32106427 PMCID: PMC7152858 DOI: 10.3390/nano10030402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiO2NPs) are one of the most used in commercial products and biomedical tools, however, their environmental effects have not been fully described. Although negative effects of SiO2NPs on the behavior of freshwater invertebrates have been reported, the knowledge is limited, especially the effect of nanopowders in terrestrial organisms. Accordingly, the aim of the present study is to understand the effects of SiO2NPs on the avoidance behavior of five soil species, whose niche may differ thus contributing to differential harmful SiO2NPs effects. Hence, avoidance assays testing SiO2NPs concentrations of 0, 10, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg were performed with Enchytraeus crypticus, Folsomia candida, Tenebrio molitor, Porcellionides pruinosus and Eisenia fetida. SiO2NPs induced different behavioral effects, depending on the invertebrate ecology/habitat, exposure route and physiology. T. molitor, P. pruinosus and F. candida did not avoid contaminated soil; however, E. crypticus and E. fetida significantly avoided SiO2NPs spiked soil. Since these terrestrial worms (oligochaetes) live mostly burrowed in the soil, this can provide greater opportunity for SiO2NPs' uptake. On the other hand, the other tested organisms mainly living on the upper part of the soil did not avoid the SiO2NPs spiked soil. The avoidance data obtained here also highlight the need for further studies to understand whether (or not) the detected behavioral responses are linked to either neurotransmission processes or sensorial aspects of the biological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Santos
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.S.); (Â.B.); (M.J.B.A.)
| | - Ângela Barreto
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.S.); (Â.B.); (M.J.B.A.)
| | - João Nogueira
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.N.); (A.L.D.-d.-S.); (T.T.)
| | - Ana Luísa Daniel-da-Silva
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.N.); (A.L.D.-d.-S.); (T.T.)
| | - Tito Trindade
- Department of Chemistry & CICECO, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.N.); (A.L.D.-d.-S.); (T.T.)
| | - Mónica J. B. Amorim
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.S.); (Â.B.); (M.J.B.A.)
| | - Vera L. Maria
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (J.S.); (Â.B.); (M.J.B.A.)
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14
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Mendonça MCP, Rodrigues NP, Scott-Fordsmand JJ, Jesus MBD, Amorim MJB. The toxicity of silver nanomaterials (NM 300K) is reduced when combined with N-Acetylcysteine: Hazard assessment on Enchytraeus crypticus. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113484. [PMID: 31677872 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The widespread production and use of silver nanomaterials (AgNMs) in consumer and medical products have been raising environmental concerns. Once in the environment, the soil is one of the major sinks of AgNMs due to e.g. sewage sludge applications, and invertebrates are directly exposed. In this study, we investigate the potential of N-acetylcysteine (NAC) to reduce the toxic effects of Ag NM300 K (and AgNO3) on the soil invertebrate Enchytraeus crypticus. Ag NM300 K induces mortality, reproduction impairment, and avoidance. The addition of NAC to the soil showed a remarkable reduction in the toxicity of Ag, indicating that NAC can act as a detoxifying agent for terrestrial organisms exposed to Ag materials. That the reduction in toxicity likely is caused by thiol groups, was confirmed by GSH and GSSH studies. Identifying the mechanisms and hence alternatives that allow the recovery of contaminated soils is an important mitigation measure to promote environmental safety and reduce the associated risks to human health. Further, it may inform on strategies to implement in safe-by-design industry development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique C P Mendonça
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil; Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Natália P Rodrigues
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Mónica J B Amorim
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal.
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15
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Ghemari C, Waterlot C, Ayari A, Douay F, Nasri-Ammar K. Effects of Heavy Metals Artificial Contamination on Porcellio laevis (Latreille, 1804) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 103:416-420. [PMID: 31342133 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the competition of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) on their assimilation, on the food consumption and the growth of terrestrial isopod Porcellio laevis. Individuals were exposed to artificially contaminated litter of Quercus for 4 weeks and were weekly weighed. At the end of the experiment, the concentration of Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu in individuals were measured by atomic absorption spectrometry. Biological parameters such as growth, and bioaccumulation factor (BAF) were calculated and results from the various treatments were compared. Depending on metals, weight loss or gain were recorded for isopods during the four weeks of exposure. A weight loss was measured on individuals exposed to Cd-contaminated litter whereas a weight gain was highlighted for those exposed to the Zn-contaminated litter. BAF values revealed that P. laevis was macroconcentrator of Zn and Cu and deconcentrator of Cd and Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chedliya Ghemari
- Research Laboratory of Biodiversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Christophe Waterlot
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Yncréa Hauts-de-France, Institut Supérieur D'Agriculture (ISA), 48 Boulevard Vauban, 59046, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Anas Ayari
- Research Laboratory of Biodiversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Francis Douay
- Laboratoire Génie Civil et géo-Environnement (LGCgE), Yncréa Hauts-de-France, Institut Supérieur D'Agriculture (ISA), 48 Boulevard Vauban, 59046, Lille Cedex, France
| | - Karima Nasri-Ammar
- Research Laboratory of Biodiversity, Management and Conservation of Biological Systems, Faculty of Science of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia
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16
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Zhao T, Wang M, Li M, An J. Toxicity of Heavy Metals to Mongoloniscus sinensis (Dollfus, 1901) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Oniscidea). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:25-31. [PMID: 30382304 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2480-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The bioaccumulation of and resistance to different heavy metals in soil was tested using Mongoloniscus sinensis, a terrestrial isopod endemic to china, and results show that: (1) the median lethal concentration (LC50) of Pb, Zn, Cd in the filter paper contact test after 48 h was 197.6, 503.7, 448.0 µg cm- 2, LC50 of Pb-Zn compounds was 173.8 and 440.8 µg cm- 2 and after 14 days of soil contamination LC50 was 2917.0, 2977.9, 5048.4 mg kg- 1, LC50 of Pb-Zn compounds was 1219 and 1463 mg kg- 1. Thus Zn turned out to be less toxic than Cd in the filter paper contact test, while their sequence of toxicity was reversed during the soil exposure test, which shows that M. sinensis can tolerate a dose of Zn and Cd. (2) analysis of body burdens showed that the sequence of internalized metal concentrations was Pb < Cd < Zn, which indicates that heavy metals in soil can be enriched and absorbed by M. sinensis, and that it is much more efficient at absorbing Zn and Cd than Pb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhao
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxiao Wang
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengwen Li
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianmei An
- School of Life Science, Shanxi Normal University, Linfen, 041000, People's Republic of China.
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17
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van Gestel CAM, Loureiro S, Idar P. Terrestrial isopods as model organisms in soil ecotoxicology: a review. Zookeys 2018:127-162. [PMID: 30564034 PMCID: PMC6288250 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.801.21970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Isopods play an important role in the decomposition of leaf litter and therefore are making a significant contribution to nutrient cycling and soil ecosystem services. As a consequence, isopods are relevant models in soil ecotoxicology, both in laboratory toxicity tests and in field monitoring and bioindication studies. This paper aims at reviewing the use of isopods as test organisms in soil ecotoxicology. It provides an overview of the use of isopods in laboratory toxicity tests, with special focus on comparing different exposure methods, test durations, and ecotoxicological endpoints. A brief overview of toxicity data suggests that chemicals are more toxic to isopods when exposed through soil compared to food. The potential of isopods to be used in bioindication and biomonitoring is discussed. Based on the overview of toxicity data and test methods, recommendations are given for the use of isopods in standardized laboratory toxicity tests as well as in situ monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Vrije University Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Susana Loureiro
- University of Aveiro, Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal University of Aveiro Aveiro Portugal
| | - Primož Idar
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia University of Ljubljana Ljubljana Slovenia
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18
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Zhu D, Zheng F, Chen QL, Yang XR, Christie P, Ke X, Zhu YG. Exposure of a Soil Collembolan to Ag Nanoparticles and AgNO 3 Disturbs Its Associated Microbiota and Lowers the Incidence of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in the Gut. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12748-12756. [PMID: 30345766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota contribute to host health. Numerous recent studies have focused on the survival and reproduction of nontarget soil animals exposed to the toxicity of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) but changes in the gut microbiota due to nanoparticle toxicity are largely unknown. Here, we examine some effects of AgNPs and silver nitrate (ionic Ag) on the gut microbiota of the common soil collembolan Folsomia candida using Illumina sequencing and concomitant changes in antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) of the gut microbiota using high-throughput quantitative PCR. A large number of Ag accumulated in Ag-exposed individuals after 28 days and ionic Ag significantly inhibited the reproduction of the collembolan (by 19.3%). Exposure to AgNPs disturbed the composition of the collembolan gut bacterial community, resulting in dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. However, the dominant microbiota was shared among different treatments. In addition, AgNPs exposure did indeed reduce the incidence of ARGs in the collembolan gut microbiota. A weak relationship was identified between gut bacterial communities and ARG profiles. These results extend our knowledge regarding the role of the gut microbiota in assessing the soil ecotoxicology of AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1799 Jimei Road , Xiamen 361021 , China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Fei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1799 Jimei Road , Xiamen 361021 , China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Qing-Lin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1799 Jimei Road , Xiamen 361021 , China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Xiao-Ru Yang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1799 Jimei Road , Xiamen 361021 , China
| | - Peter Christie
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1799 Jimei Road , Xiamen 361021 , China
| | - Xin Ke
- Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Environment and Health , Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1799 Jimei Road , Xiamen 361021 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085 , China
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19
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Schultz CL, Lahive E, Lawlor A, Crossley A, Puntes V, Unrine JM, Svendsen C, Spurgeon DJ. Influence of soil porewater properties on the fate and toxicity of silver nanoparticles to Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2609-2618. [PMID: 30003578 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles (NPs) entering the environment are subject to various transformations that in turn influence how particles are presented to, and taken up by, organisms. To understand the effect of soil properties on the toxicity of nanosilver to Caenorhabditis elegans, toxicity assays were performed in porewater extracts from natural soils with varying organic matter content and pH using 3-8 nm unfunctionalized silver (Ag 3-8Unf), 52-nm polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-coated Ag NPs (Ag 52PVP), and AgNO3 as ionic Ag. Effects on NP agglomeration and stability were investigated using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy and asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4); Ag+ showed greater overall toxicity than nanosilver, with little difference between the NP types. Increasing soil organic matter content significantly decreased the toxicity of Ag 3-8Unf, whereas it increased that of AgNO3 . The toxicity of all Ag treatments significantly decreased with increasing porewater pH. Dissolution of both NPs in the porewater extracts was too low to have contributed to their observed toxic effects. The UV-vis spectroscopy revealed low levels of agglomeration/aggregation independent of soil properties for Ag 3-8Unf, whereas higher organic matter as well as low pH appeared to stabilize Ag 52PVP. Overall, both soil organic matter content and pH affected NP fate as well as toxicity to C. elegans; however, there appears to be no clear connection between the measured particle characteristics and their effect. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2609-2618. © 2018 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin L Schultz
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Lahive
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Lawlor
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Bailrigg Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Crossley
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, Oxford, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Victor Puntes
- Catalan Institute for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Barcelona, Spain
- Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jason M Unrine
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
| | - David J Spurgeon
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxon, United Kingdom
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20
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Nyoka NWK, Kanyile SN, Bredenhand E, Prinsloo GJ, Voua Otomo P. Biochar alleviates the toxicity of imidacloprid and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) to Enchytraeus albidus (Oligochaeta). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:10937-10945. [PMID: 29397515 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the use of biochar for the alleviation of the toxic effects of a nanosilver colloidal dispersion and a chloronicotinyl insecticide. The survival and reproduction of the potworm Enchytraeus albidus were assessed after exposure to imidacloprid and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). E. albidus was exposed to 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, and 400 mg imidacloprid/kg and 0, 5, 25, 125, and 625 mg Ag/kg for 21 days in 10% biochar amended and non-biochar amended OECD artificial soil. In both exposure substrates, the effects of imidacloprid on survival were significant in the two highest treatments (p < 0.01). No biochar effect was observed as survival was statistically similar in both soils after exposure to imidacloprid. In the case of AgNPs, significant mortality was only observed in the highest AgNP treatments in both the amended and non-amended soils (p < 0.05). Nevertheless, statistically greater survival occurred in the biochar-amended treatment (p < 0.05). Reproduction results showed a more pronounced biochar effect with an EC50 = 22.27 mg imidacloprid/kg in the non-amended soil and a higher EC50 = 46.23 mg imidacloprid/kg in the biochar-amended soil. This indicated a 2-fold decrease in imidacloprid toxicity due to biochar amendment. A similar observation was made in the case of AgNPs where a reproduction EC50 = 166.70 mg Ag/kg soil in the non-amended soil increased to an EC50 > 625 mg Ag/kg soil (the highest AgNP treatment) in the amended soil. This indicated at least a 3.7-fold decrease in AgNPs toxicity due to biochar amendment. Although more studies may be needed to optimize the easing effects of biochar on the toxicity of these chemicals, the present results show that biochar could be useful for the alleviation of the toxic effects of imidacloprid and silver nanoparticles in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngitheni Winnie-Kate Nyoka
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Private Bag x13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, Republic of South Africa
| | - Sthandiwe Nomthandazo Kanyile
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Private Bag x13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, Republic of South Africa
| | - Emile Bredenhand
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Private Bag x13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, Republic of South Africa
| | - Godfried Jacob Prinsloo
- Department of Crop Protection, Agriculture Research Council-Small Grain Institute, Private Bag x29, Bethlehem, 9700, Republic of South Africa
| | - Patricks Voua Otomo
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of the Free State, Private Bag x13, Phuthaditjhaba, 9866, Republic of South Africa.
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21
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Quantification of silver nanoparticle toxicity to algae in soil via photosynthetic and flow-cytometric analyses. Sci Rep 2018; 8:292. [PMID: 29321492 PMCID: PMC5762909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Soil algae, which have received attention for their use in a novel bioassay to evaluate soil toxicity, expand the range of terrestrial test species. However, there is no information regarding the toxicity of nanomaterials to soil algae. Thus, we evaluated the effects of silver nanoparticles (0-50 mg AgNPs/kg dry weight soil) on the soil alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii after six days, and assessed changes in biomass, photosynthetic activity, cellular morphology, membrane permeability, esterase activity, and oxidative stress. The parameters measured were markedly affected by AgNP-induced stress at 50 mg AgNPs/kg dry weight soil, where soil algal biomass, three measures of photosynthetic activity (area, reaction center per absorption flux, and reaction center per trapped energy flux), and esterase activity decreased. AgNPs also induced increases in both cell size and membrane permeability at 50 mg AgNPs/kg dry weight soil. In addition to the increase in cell size observed via microscopy, a mucilaginous sheath formed as a protective barrier against AgNPs. Thus, the toxicity of AgNPs can be effectively quantified based on the physiological, biochemical, and morphological responses of soil algae, where quantifying the level of toxicity of AgNPs to soil algae could prove to be a useful method in terrestrial ecotoxicology.
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22
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Topuz E, van Gestel CAM. The effect of soil properties on the toxicity and bioaccumulation of Ag nanoparticles and Ag ions in Enchytraeus crypticus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 144:330-337. [PMID: 28646738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Standard natural Lufa soils (2.2, 2.3 and 5M) with different organic carbon contents (0.67-1.61%) and pHCaCl2 (5.5-7.3) were spiked with ionic Ag (AgNO3) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (AgNP-PVP) and citrate (AgNP-Cit) coated Ag nanoparticles (NPs). Enchytraeus crypticus were exposed for 21 days to assess effects on survival and reproduction. Soil, pore water and animals were analyzed for Ag. AgNP-Cit had a strong increasing effect on soil pH, leading to high enchytraeid mortality at concentrations higher than 60-100mg Ag/kg dry soil which made it impossible to determine the influence of soil properties on its toxicity. LC50s were lower for AgNO3 than for AgNP-PVP (92-112 and 335-425mg Ag/kg dry soil, respectively) and were not affected by soil properties. AgNO3 and AgNP-PVP had comparable reproductive toxicity with EC50s of 26.9-75.2 and 28.2-92.3mg Ag/kg dry soil, respectively; toxicity linearly increased with decreasing organic carbon content of the soils but did not show a clear effect of soil pH. Ag uptake in the enchytraeids was higher at higher organic carbon content, but could not explain differences in toxicity between soils. This study indicates that the bioavailability of both ionic and nanoparticulate Ag is mainly affected by soil organic carbon, with little effect of soil pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Topuz
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul 34469, Turkey
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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23
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Kwak JI, An YJ. The current state of the art in research on engineered nanomaterials and terrestrial environments: Different-scale approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 151:368-382. [PMID: 27540869 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies regarding the environmental fate of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) reported that most ENMs were eventually deposited in landfills. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the environmental effects of ENMs on soils through long-term and environmentally relevant studies. Our review of 65 studies published since 2007 revealed that ENMs had adverse effects on terrestrial species, including soil microorganisms, plants, and earthworms. The papers reported the results of soil toxicity tests for ENMs at the microcosm and mesocosm levels, in the field, and through food chains, as well as their effects on species sensitivity distributions. Little research has been conducted on the interaction between ENMs and actual environmental conditions, such as their effects on a community of multiple species or species sensitivity distributions. Few studies have used mesocosms, and only a single study has been conducted in the field. The present review provides a broad perspective on the impact of ENMs on soil organisms as reported in the literature and highlights directions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Il Kwak
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
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Romih T, Jemec A, Kos M, Hočevar SB, Kralj S, Makovec D, Drobne D. The role of PVP in the bioavailability of Ag from the PVP-stabilized Ag nanoparticle suspension. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 218:957-964. [PMID: 27567171 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the bioavailability of Ag from Ag nanoparticles (NPs), stabilized with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), to terrestrial isopods which were exposed to 10, 100 and 1000 μg Ag NPs/g of dry food. Different Ag species were determined in the NP suspension that was fed to isopods: (i) total Ag by atomic absorption spectroscopy, (ii) the sum of Ag-PVP complexes and free Ag+ by anodic stripping voltammetry at the bismuth-film electrode, and (iii) free Ag+ by ion-selective potentiometry. The amounts of Ag species in the consumed food were compared to the masses of Ag accumulated in the isopod digestive glands. Our results show that all three Ag species (Ag NPs, Ag-PVP complexes and free Ag+) could be the source of bioaccumulated Ag, but to various degrees depending on the exposure concentration and transformations in the digestive system. We provide a proof that (i) Ag NPs dissolve and Ag-PVP complexes dissociate in the isopod digestive tract; (ii) the concentration of free Ag+ in the suspension offered to the test organisms is not the only measure of bioavailable Ag. The type of NP stabilizer along with the NP transformations in the digestive system needs to be considered in the creation of new computational models of the nanomaterial fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tea Romih
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Anita Jemec
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Monika Kos
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Samo B Hočevar
- Analytical Chemistry Laboratory, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Slavko Kralj
- Department for the Synthesis of Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darko Makovec
- Department for the Synthesis of Materials, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Damjana Drobne
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 111, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Silver Nanoparticles Affect Functional Bioenergetic Traits in the Invasive Red Sea Mussel Brachidontes pharaonis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1872351. [PMID: 27800488 PMCID: PMC5069385 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1872351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the functional trait responses to 5 nm metallic silver nanoparticle (AgNPs) exposure in the Lessepsian-entry bivalve B. pharaonis. Respiration rate (oxygen consumption), heartbeat rate, and absorption efficiency were evaluated across an 8-day exposure period in mesocosmal conditions. Basal reference values from not-exposed specimens were statistically compared with those obtained from animals treated with three sublethal nanoparticle concentrations (2 μg L−1, 20 μg L−1, and 40 μg L−1). Our data showed statistically significant effects on the average respiration rate of B. pharaonis. Moreover, complex nonlinear dynamics were observed as a function of the concentration level and time. Heartbeat rates largely increased with no acclimation in animals exposed to the two highest levels with similar temporal dynamics. Eventually, a decreasing trend for absorption efficiency might indicate energetic constraints. In general, these data support the possible impact of engineered nanomaterials in marine environments and support the relevance of functional trait assessment in present and future ecotoxicological studies.
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Kwak JI, An YJ. Trophic transfer of silver nanoparticles from earthworms disrupts the locomotion of springtails (Collembola). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 315:110-6. [PMID: 27187058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how nanomaterials are transferred through food chains and evaluating their resulting toxicity is important. However, limited research has been conducted on the toxic consequences of trophically transferred nanomaterials in terrestrial ecosystems. In this study, we documented the adverse effects of trophically transferred silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in a soil-earthworm (Eisenia andrei)-Collembola (Lobella sokamensis) food chain. We exposed E. andrei to soil with AgNPs at concentrations of 50, 200, and 500μg AgNPs/g soil dry weight and assessed their survival after 7days. Trophic-transfer containers were then prepared and E. andrei that survived the 7days test period were washed, killed in boiling water, and added to the containers with L. sokamensis. We noted negligible effects and low bioaccumulation at the lowest AgNP concentration (50μg AgNPs/g soil dry weight) in earthworms and the L. sokamensis that fed on them. The highest concentration of AgNPs (500μg AgNPs/g soil dry weight) resulted in juvenile earthworm mortality and increased transfer of AgNPs to Collembola, which subsequently inhibited their locomotion. To our knowledge, this is the first study to document the trophic transfer and adverse effects of AgNPs in a soil-earthworm-Collembola food chain, a common prey-decomposer interaction in soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Il Kwak
- Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University, 210 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea
| | - Youn-Joo An
- Department of Environmental Science, Konkuk University, 210 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, South Korea.
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Bouguerra S, Gavina A, Ksibi M, Rasteiro MDG, Rocha-Santos T, Pereira R. Ecotoxicity of titanium silicon oxide (TiSiO4) nanomaterial for terrestrial plants and soil invertebrate species. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 129:291-301. [PMID: 27060256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The huge evolution of nanotechnology and the commercialization of nanomaterials (NMs) positively contributed for innovation in several industrial sectors. Facing this rapid development and the emergence of NMs in the market, the release of this nanometric sized materials in the environment and the possible impact on different ecosystem components attracted the attention of researchers in the last few years. In our study we aimed to assess the impact of titanium silicon oxide nanomaterial (nano-TiSiO4) on soil biota to estimate a risk limit for this material. In the present research a battery of standardized ecotoxicological assays aimed at evaluating a wide range of endpoints (avoidance and reproduction of earthworms and collembolans, emergence/growth of four selected terrestrial plants) were carried out, using OECD artificial soil as test substrate spiked with aqueous suspension of different concentrations of nano-TiSiO4. The results showed a maximum avoidance percentage of 40% for earthworms (Esenia andrei) at the highest concentration tested (1000mgkg(-1) soildw of nano-TiSiO4). No significant effect on the reproductive function of both invertebrate species was recorded. Nevertheless, significant phytotoxic data was registered at least for the growth of dicotyledonous plant species (Lactuca sativa and Lycopersicon lycopersicum) with EC20 values ranging between 236 and 414 mg kg(-1) soildw of nano-TiSiO4 for L. sativa dry mass and fresh mass, respectively. Further, the characterization of nano-TiSiO4 in suspensions used to spike the soil, performed by Dynamic Light Scattering, showed the formation of aggregates with important average size diameter, thus demonstrating that the toxic effects observed were likely not size dependent. A deterministic PNEC (predicted no effect concentration) for this NM of 10.02mg kg(-1) soildw of nano-TiSiO4, is suggested, while no more ecotoxicological information exists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirine Bouguerra
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Water, Energy and Environment (3E), National School of Engineering of Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 3.5, PO Box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Ana Gavina
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine & Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas, n. 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mohamed Ksibi
- Laboratory of Water, Energy and Environment (3E), National School of Engineering of Sfax, University of Sfax, Route de Soukra Km 3.5, PO Box 1173, 3038 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Maria da Graça Rasteiro
- Department of Chemical Engineering & CIEPQPF & University of Coimbra, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ruth Pereira
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine & Environmental Research, Rua dos Bragas, n. 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal
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Tourinho PS, van Gestel CAM, Morgan AJ, Kille P, Svendsen C, Jurkschat K, Mosselmans JFW, Soares AMVM, Loureiro S. Toxicokinetics of Ag in the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus exposed to Ag NPs and AgNO₃ via soil and food. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 25:267-278. [PMID: 26581474 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-015-1585-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) have been used in numerous consumer products and may enter the soil through the land application of biosolids. However, little is known about the relationship between Ag NP exposure and their bioavailability for soil organisms. This study aims at comparing the uptake and elimination kinetics of Ag upon exposures to different Ag forms (NPs and ionic Ag (as AgNO3)) in the isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. Isopods were exposed to contaminated Lufa 2.2 soil or alder leaves as food. Uptake and elimination rate constants for soil exposure did not significantly differ between Ag NPs and ionic Ag at 30 and 60 mg Ag/kg. For dietary exposure, the uptake rate constant was up to 5 times higher for Ag NPs than for AgNO3, but this was related to feeding activity and exposure concentrations, while no difference in the elimination rate constants was found. When comparing both routes, dietary exposure resulted in lower Ag uptake rate constants but elimination rate constants did not differ. A fast Ag uptake was observed from both routes and most of the Ag taken up seemed not to be eliminated. Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence showed Ag in the S-cells of the hepatopancreas, thus supporting the observations from the kinetic experiment (i.e. low elimination). In addition, our results show that isopods have an extremely high Ag accumulation capacity, suggesting the presence of an efficient Ag storage compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula S Tourinho
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A John Morgan
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, BIOSI 1, University of Cardiff, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Peter Kille
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, BIOSI 1, University of Cardiff, P.O. Box 915, Cardiff, CF10 3TL, UK
| | - Claus Svendsen
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Kerstin Jurkschat
- Department of Materials, Oxford University, Begbroke Science Park, Sandy Lane Yarnton, Oxford, OX5 1PF, UK
| | - J Fred W Mosselmans
- Diamond Light Source Ltd., Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana Loureiro
- Department of Biology and the Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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