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Guo X, Gong D, Li J, Mo X, Ding X, Chen J, Chen X, Li X, He Y, Wang L, Liu Z, Li Q, Wang H, Wang B. Comprehensive measurement of carbonyls in Lhasa, Tibetan Plateau: Implications for strong atmospheric oxidation capacity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 948:174626. [PMID: 38997034 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Carbonyls are ubiquitous in the troposphere and play a crucial role in atmospheric oxidation capacity (AOC), particularly in photochemistry-active regions such as the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, the composition and evolution of carbonyls over the TP is still poorly understood due to a lack of comprehensive observations and modelling. Here, we conducted an intensive field measurement of 37 carbonyls and their precursors at a suburban site in Lhasa during summer 2022. Markedly higher levels of carbonyls (7.24 ± 3.83 ppbv) were found during ozone pollution episodes, with 36 % higher than those during non-episodes. Formaldehyde was the most abundant carbonyl (38 %), which primarily originating from photochemical secondary formations. Simulations using the Rapid adaptive Optimization Model for Atmospheric Chemistry (ROMAC) indicated strong AOC in Lhasa, with the daytime maximum of ·OH and ·HO2 of 9.8 × 106 and 4.2 × 108 molecules cm-3, respectively, which were even higher than that in most of the megacities in China. Notably, AOC significantly enhanced with the increasing carbonyls during the episodes, with the concentrations of ·OH and ·HO2 were boosted 21 % and 67 % than those during non-episodes, respectively. Budget analysis revealed that the ·HO2 + NO (88 %) and ·OH + VOC (74 %) pathways dominated the generation and loss of ·OH, respectively. And for ·HO2, they were ·RO2 + NO (67 %) and ·HO2 + NO (83 %). This study provides valuable insights into the strong AOC in the ecologically-fragile and climate-sensitive TP region, and highlighted the crucial role of anthropogenic-biogenic interactions in the active photochemistry of TP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Guo
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangyong Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xujun Mo
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ding
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jun Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yingyan He
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Lei Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Zhuangxi Liu
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Qinqin Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, Guangzhou 511443, China; Australia-China Centre for Air Quality Science and Management (Guangdong), Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Li Q, Gong D, Chen Z, Li J, Wu G, Deng S, Wang H, He L, Wang B. Origins of formaldehyde in a mountainous background atmosphere of southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172707. [PMID: 38657816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the key indicators of severe photochemical pollution and strong atmospheric oxidation capacity in southern China. However, current information on the origins of regional HCHO and the impacts of polluted air masses remains scarce and unclear. In this study, an intensive observation of HCHO was conducted at a mountainous background site in southern China during typical photochemical pollution episodes. The concentrations of HCHO reached up to 6.14 ppbv and averaged at 2.68 ± 1.11 ppbv. Source appointment using a photochemical age-based parameterization method revealed significant contributions of secondary formation (50 %) and biomass burning (42 %). Meanwhile, under the influence of the East Asian Winter Monsoon, polluted air masses from central and western China can significantly increase the regional HCHO levels. The simulation results adopting the Rapid Adaptive Optimization Model for Atmospheric Chemistry model further demonstrated that the intrusion of active anthropogenic pollutants (e.g., small-molecule alkenes) can accelerate the net production rate of HCHO, particularly through BVOC-oxidation pathways. This study suggests a potential enhanced mechanism of HCHO production resulting from anthropogenic-biogenic interactions. It highlights that polluted air masses carrying abundant HCHO from upwind areas may facilitate severe photochemical pollution in the Greater Bay Area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Daocheng Gong
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Jiangyong Li
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Gengchen Wu
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Shuo Deng
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
| | - Lingyan He
- School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- College of Environment and Climate, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China; Guangdong Provincial Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Environment and Carbon Neutrality in Nanling Forests, China.
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3
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Cui Y, Hua J, He Q, Guo L, Wang Y, Wang X. Comparison of three source apportionment methods based on observed and initial HCHO in Taiyuan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171828. [PMID: 38521281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Identifying the sources of formaldehyde (HCHO) is key to reducing the pollution of HCHO and ozone (O3) on the ground level. Using the same datasets applied to the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model by (Hua et al., 2023), the initial concentrations of HCHO were estimated using the photochemical age and the sources of observed and initial HCHO were apportioned based on multiple linear regression (MLR) and photochemical age-based parameterization (PCAP) methods. These results suggest that the source of the initial HCHO can better reflect its contribution. The secondary formation contributed to 49.3-69.1 % of initial HCHO at four sites in Taiyuan based on MLR, which was higher (7.4-36.2 %) than the contributions of secondary formation from observed HCHO. The HCHO was mainly affected by anthropogenic secondary (10.8-34.4 %) and background sources (17.4-78.7 %) based on the PCAP method. We compared the results of the HCHO sources from the MLR, PCAP, and PMF models under photochemical loss. There was good agreement among the emission ratios of acetylene-based HCHO obtained by the different methods at the four sites. The correlation analysis of different source apportionment methods illustrated that primary emissions from the PCAP and the MLR model had the greatest correlation (0.22-0.60). Secondary formations from the PMF and MLR models showed good correlations at all four sites, with R values ranging from 0.42 to 0.83. The HCHO peak of diurnal variation simulated by MLR appeared late compared to the other methods, and the difference in daily variation of HCHO from the PMF model was significantly higher than that of PCAP and MLR. The overlapping conclusions of different source apportionment methods should be considered and used to guide efforts to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Cui
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Jingya Hua
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiusheng He
- Department of Materials Environmental Engineering, Shanxi Polytechnic College, Taiyuan 237016, China.
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Liu G, Ma X, Li W, Chen J, Ji Y, An T. Pollution characteristics, source appointment and environmental effect of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area: Implication for air quality management. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 919:170836. [PMID: 38346658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Same as other bay areas, the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA) is also suffering atmospheric composite pollution. Even a series of atmospheric environment management policies have been conducted to win the "blue sky defense battle", the atmospheric secondary pollutants (e.g., O3) originated from oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) still threaten the air quality in GBA. However, there lacks a systematic summary on the emission, formation, pollution and environmental effects of OVOCs in this region for further air quality management. This review focused on the researches related to OVOCs in GBA, including their pollution characteristics, detection methods, source distributions, secondary formations, and impacts on the atmosphere. Pollution profile of OVOCs in GBA revealed that the concentration percentage among total VOCs from Guangzhou and Dongguan cities exceeded 50 %, while methanol, formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the top four highest concentrated OVOCs. The detection technique on regional atmospheric OVOCs (e.g., oxygenated organic molecules (OOMs)) underwent an evolution of off-line derivatization method, on-line spectroscopic method and on-line mass spectrometry method. The OVOCs in GBA were mainly from primary emissions (up to 80 %), including vehicle emissions and biomass combustion. The anthropogenic alkenes and aromatics in urban area, and natural isoprene in rural area also made a significant contribution to the secondary emission (e.g., photochemical formation) of OVOCs. About 20 % in average of ROx radicals was produced from photolysis of formaldehyde in comparison with O3, nitrous acid and rest OVOCs, while the reaction between OVOCs and free radical accelerated the NOx-O3 cycle, contributing to 15 %-60 % cumulative formation of O3 in GBA. Besides, the heterogeneous reactions of dicarbonyls generated 21 %-53 % of SOA. This review also provided suggestions for future research on OVOCs in terms of regional observation, analytical method and mechanistic study to support the development of a control and management strategy on OVOCs in GBA and China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyong Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaoyao Ma
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong Technology Research Center for Photocatalytic Technology Integration and Equipment Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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5
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Yuan Q, Zhang Z, Chen Y, Hui L, Wang M, Xia M, Zou Z, Wei W, Ho KF, Wang Z, Lai S, Zhang Y, Wang T, Lee S. Origin and transformation of volatile organic compounds at a regional background site in Hong Kong: Varied photochemical processes from different source regions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168316. [PMID: 37949123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important gaseous constituents in the troposphere, impacting local and regional air quality, human health, and climate. Oxidation of VOCs, with the participation of nitrogen oxides (NOx), leads to the formation of tropospheric ozone (O3). Accurately apportioning the emission sources and transformation processes of ambient VOCs, and effectively estimation of OH reactivity and ozone formation potential (OFP) will play an important role in reducing O3 pollution in the atmosphere and improving public health. In this study, field measurements were conducted at a regional background site (Hok Tsui; HT) in Hong Kong from October to November 2020 with proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). VOC data coupled with air mass back trajectory cluster analysis and receptor modelling were applied to reveal the pollution pattern, emission sources and transformation of ambient VOCs at HT in autumn 2020. Seven sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, namely vehicular + industrial, solvent usage, primary oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), secondary OVOCs 1, secondary OVOCs 2 (aged), biogenic emissions, and background + biomass burning. Secondary formation and vehicular + industrial emissions are the vital sources of ambient VOCs at HT supersite, contributing to 20.8 % and 46.7 % of total VOC mixing ratios, respectively. Integrated with backward trajectory analysis and correlations of VOCs with their oxidation products, short-range transport of air masses from inland regions of southeast China brought high levels of total VOCs but longer-range transport of air masses brought more secondary OVOCs in aged air masses. Photolysis of OVOCs was the most important contributor to OH reactivity and OFP, among which aldehyde was the dominant contributor. The results of this study highlight the photochemical processing of VOCs from different source regions which should be considered in strategy making for pollution reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhuozhi Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Lirong Hui
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Meng Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Men Xia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Zhouxing Zou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Wan Wei
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Senchao Lai
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yingyi Zhang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong.
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Li ZJ, He LY, Ma HN, Peng X, Tang MX, Du K, Huang XF. Sources of atmospheric oxygenated volatile organic compounds in different air masses in Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 340:122871. [PMID: 37926416 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
As precursors of photochemical secondary pollutants, oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) play an important role in atmospheric photochemistry. In this study, 23 OVOCs were monitored using a commercial proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometer at an urban site in Shenzhen, China. During the campaign, the mean total concentration of OVOCs was 23.3 ± 15.5 ppb (mean ± standard deviation), with a total ozone formation potential (TOFP) of 87.3 ± 58.7 ppb. Aldehydes contributed the most to the concentration and TOFP of OVOCs, followed by ketones, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. Formaldehyde, acetone, and acetaldehyde were the three most abundant atmospheric carbonyls. An optimized photochemical age-based parameterization method was locally applied for the source apportionment of OVOCs. OVOCs in Shenzhen primarily originated from biogenic sources during the summer. Secondary anthropogenic sources were also important contributors of most carbonyl compounds. The campaign was divided into four periods. Two periods were dominated by the east wind from the relatively clean coastal areas, with the mean concentration of anthropogenic OVOCs largely decreasing during the Chinese National Day holidays. The other two periods were dominated by northwest wind and northeast wind, respectively, with larger OVOC contributions from anthropogenic sources, suggesting that pollution transport from the inland was a main contributor to OVOCs. This study highlights the important contributions of both local and regional OVOC sources in urban atmospheres.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jie Li
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Hao-Nan Ma
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xing Peng
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Meng-Xue Tang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Observation Supersite, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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Li R, Gao Y, Han Y, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Fu H, Wang G. Elucidating the mechanisms of rapid O 3 increase in North China Plain during COVID-19 lockdown period. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167622. [PMID: 37806584 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) levels in North China Plain (NCP) suffered from rapid increases during the COVID-19 period. Many previous studies have confirmed more rapid NOx reduction compared with VOCs might be responsible for the O3 increase during this period, while the comprehensive impacts of each VOC species and NOx on ambient O3 and their interactions with meteorology were not revealed clearly. To clarify the detailed reasons for the O3 increase, a continuous campaign was performed in a typical industrial city of NCP. Meanwhile, the machine-learning technique and the box model were employed to reveal the mechanisms of O3 increase from the perspective of meteorology and photochemical process, respectively. The result suggested that the ambient O3 level in Tangshan increased from 18.7 ± 4.63 to 45.6 ± 8.52 μg/m3 (143%) during COVID-19 lockdown, and the emission reduction and meteorology contributed to 54 % and 46 % of this increment, respectively. The lower wind speed (WS) coupled with regional transport played a significant role on O3 increase (30.8 kg/s). The O3 sensitivity verified that O3 production was highly volatile organic compounds (VOC)-sensitive (Relative incremental reactivity (RIR): 0.75), while the NOx showed the negative impact on O3 production in Tangshan (RIR: -0.59). It suggested that the control of VOCs rather than NOx might be more effective in reducing O3 level in Tangshan because it was located on the VOC-limited regime. Besides, both of ozone formation potential (OFP) analysis and observation-based model (OBM) demonstrated that the alkenes (36.3 ppb) and anthropogenic oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) (15.2 ppb) showed the higher OFP compared with other species, and their reactions released a large number of HO2 and RO2 radicals. Moreover, the concentrations of these species did not experience marked decreases during COVID-19 lockdown, which were major contributors to O3 increase during this period. This study also underlined the necessity of priority controlling alkenes and OVOCs across the NCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
| | - Yining Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yu Han
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Tangshan Ecological Environment Publicity and Education Center, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, PR China
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Tangshan Ecological Environment Publicity and Education Center, Tangshan 063000, Hebei, PR China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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Hui L, Feng X, Yuan Q, Chen Y, Xu Y, Zheng P, Lee S, Wang Z. Abundant oxygenated volatile organic compounds and their contribution to photochemical pollution in subtropical Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 335:122287. [PMID: 37562529 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which are ubiquitous pollutants in the urban and regional atmosphere, promote the formation of ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols, thereby significantly affecting the air quality and human health. The ambient VOCs at a coastal suburban site in Hong Kong were continuously measured using proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) from November 2020 to December 2020. 83 VOC species, including 23 CxHy, 53 CxHyO1-3, and 7 nitrogen-containing species, were measured during the campaign, with a mean concentration of 36.75 ppb. Oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) accounted for most (77.4%) of the measured species, including CxHyO1 (50.7%) and CxHyO2 (25.1%). The measured VOC species exhibited distinct temporal and diurnal variations. High concentrations of isoprene and OVOCs were measured in autumn with more active photochemistry, whereas large evening peaks of aromatics from local and regional primary emissions were prominent in winter. The OH reactivity and O3 formation potential (OFP) of key precursors were quantified. OVOCs contributed about half of the total OH reactivity and OFP, followed by alkenes and aromatics, and the contribution of aromatics increased significantly in winter. The potential source contribution function was used to investigate the potential source regions associated with high VOC concentrations. Through positive matrix factorization analysis, six major sources were identified based on fingerprint molecules. The contributions of biogenic sources and secondary formation to the observed species were notable in late autumn, whereas vehicle emissions and solid fuel combustion had higher contributions in winter. The findings highlight the important role of OVOCs in photochemical pollution and provide valuable insights for the development of effective pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lirong Hui
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xin Feng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yang Xu
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Penggang Zheng
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Shuncheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China.
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Hua J, Cui Y, Guo L, Li H, Fan J, Li Y, Wang Y, Liu K, He Q, Wang X. Spatial characterization of HCHO and reapportionment of its secondary sources considering photochemical loss in Taiyuan, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161069. [PMID: 36584945 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) plays an important role in atmospheric ozone (O3) formation. To accurately identify the sources of HCHO, carbonyls and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured at three urban sites (Taoyuan, TY-U; Jinyuan, JY-U; Xiaodian, XD-U) and a suburban site (Shanglan, SL-B) in Taiyuan during a high O3 period (from July 20 to August 3, 2020). The average mixing ratio of HCHO at XD-U (8.1 ± 2.8 ppbv) was comparable to those at TY-U (7.4 ± 2.1 ppbv) and JY-U (7.0 ± 2.3 ppbv) but higher (p < 0.01) than that at SL-B (4.9 ± 2.3 ppbv). HCHO contributed to 54.3-59.9 % of the total ozone formation potentials (OFPs) of non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) at four sites. The diurnal variation of HCHO concentrations reached a peak value at 12:00-15:00, which may be attributed to the strong photochemical reaction. To obtain more accurate source results of HCHO under the condition of photochemical loss, the initial concentrations of NMHCs were estimated based on photochemical age parameterization and incorporated into the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model (termed IC-PMF). According to the IC-PMF results, secondary formation (SF) contributed the most to HCHO at XD-U (35.6 %) and SL-B (25.1 %), whereas solvent usage (SU) (40.9 %) and coking sources (CS) (36.0 %) were the major sources at TY-U and JY-U, respectively. Compared to the IC-PMF, the conventional PMF analysis based on the observed data underestimated the contributions of SU (100.5-154.2 %) and biogenic sources (BS) (28.5-324.7 %). Further reapportionment of secondary HCHO by multiple linear regression indicated that SU dominated the sources of HCHO at SL-B (28.3 %) and TY-U (41.7 %), while industrial emissions (IE) and CS contributed the most to XD-U (26.6 %) and JY-U (43.0 %) in Taiyuan from north to south, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingya Hua
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yang Cui
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.
| | - Lili Guo
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Hongyan Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Jie Fan
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yanan Li
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Kankan Liu
- School of Environment and Safety Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Qiusheng He
- School of Environment and Resources, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Zhang Q, Bao X, Liang Q, Sun Q, Xu W, Zou X, Huang C, Shen C, Chu Y. Evaluation of a New DC-Ion Funnel Drift Tube for Use in Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2022; 94:7174-7180. [PMID: 35536750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have developed and characterized a novel drift tube called the direct current-ion funnel (DC-ion funnel) drift tube, consisting of 20 traditional ring electrodes and 5 new DC-focusing electrodes (DC-FEs) for use in proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). Ion trajectory simulations demonstrate the ion focusing effect of the DC-FE and DC-ion funnel drift tube. Further comparative experiments show that the PTR-MS with the novel DC-ion funnel drift tube has a higher sensitivity (3.8-7.3 times for the volatile organic compounds considered in this work) than the PTR-MS with a traditional drift tube. Different from conventional radiofrequency (rf) focusing methods, the DC-ion funnel drift tube can realize ion focusing with only a DC electric field and no additional rf power supply, which makes it especially suitable for instruments requiring miniaturization and low power consumption to improve detection sensitivity. In addition, the DC-ion funnel drift tube can easily be coupled to other types of mass spectrometers to increase their detection sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangling Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Xun Bao
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qu Liang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qin Sun
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xue Zou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Chaoqun Huang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Chengyin Shen
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China.,Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Yannan Chu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Technology, Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
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11
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Zhou X, Li Z, Zhang T, Wang F, Tao Y, Zhang X. Multisize particulate matter and volatile organic compounds in arid and semiarid areas of Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118875. [PMID: 35074457 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the chemical components, sources, and interactions of particulate matter (PM) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), a field campaign was implemented during the spring of 2018 in nine cities in northwestern (NW) China. PM was mainly contributed by organic matter and water-soluble inorganic ions (41% for PM10 and approximately 60% for PM2.5 and PM1). Two typical haze patterns were observed: anthropogenic pollution type (AP-type), wherein contributions of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) increased, and dust pollution type (DP-type), wherein contributions of Ca2+ increased and SNA decreased. Source appointment suggested that regional sources contributed close to half to PM2.5 pollution (40% for AP-type and 50% for DP-type). Thus, sources from regional transport are also important for haze and dust pollution. The ranking of VOC concentrations was methanol > acetaldehyde > formic acid + ethanol > acetone. Compared with other cities, there are higher oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) and lower aromatics in NW China. The relationships between VOCs and PM were discussed. The dominating secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation potential precursors were C10-aromatics, xylene, and styrene under low-nitrogen oxide (NOx) conditions, and benzene, C10-aromatics, and toluene dominated under high-NOx conditions. The quadratic polynomial was the most suitable fitting model for their correlation, and the results suggested that VOC oxidations explained 6.1-10.8% and 9.9-20.7% of SOA formation under high-NOx and low-NOx conditions, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhongqin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China; College of Sciences, Shihezi University, Xinjiang, 832000, China; College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Tingjun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Feiteng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Tao
- Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources; Tianshan Glaciological Station, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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12
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Zhang Z, Man H, Qi L, Wang X, Liu H, Zhao J, Wang H, Jing S, He T, Wang S, He K. Measurement and minutely-resolved source apportionment of ambient VOCs in a corridor city during 2019 China International Import Expo episode. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149375. [PMID: 34375262 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, real-time measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) was conducted at an urban site in Changzhou, a typical corridor city in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China, by Proton-Transfer-Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) during 2019 China International Import Expo (CIIE) episode. An improved method based on Air Quality Index (AQI) value is applied to identify polluted and clean periods. Diurnal pattern of VOC levels revealed elevated photochemical reactivity during polluted periods. Five VOC sources were identified by Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model, including secondary formation (22.71 ± 12.33%), biogenic (21.50% ± 11.76%), solvent usage (20.50 ± 10.07%), vehicle exhaust (18.32 ± 8.32%), and industrial process and fuel usage (16.96 ± 13.21%). The mean contribution of vehicular exhaust was 10.84% higher during the nighttime than the daytime under polluted days. The biogenic source contributed more during clean periods, while the secondary formation presented the opposite. Spatial analysis displayed that the VOC concentration was higher in the S and SSE. In terms of the regional transport, short-distance air masses from the northeast and the south within the YRD region led to high VOC levels and biogenic VOC derived from the ocean might affect the entire region. Stringent emission control policies enforced over the YRD for 2019 CIIE provided an excellent opportunity to determine the source-receptor response. As joint control area, the VOC level of Changzhou exhibited a substantial reduction and the VOC amounts emitted by solvent usage showed the biggest decrease (-58%). The findings of this study highlight the superiority of high time-resolved data in identifying the dynamic variation pattern (with the change of time and wind) of VOC levels and emission intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhining Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hanyang Man
- Digital Fujian Internet-of-things Laboratory of Environmental Monitoring, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Lijuan Qi
- College of Eco-environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
| | - Xiaotong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Junchao Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengao Jing
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Tao He
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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13
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Pei Y, Qin J, Wang J, Hu Y. Fe-based metal organic framework derivative with enhanced Lewis acidity and hierarchical pores for excellent adsorption of oxygenated volatile organic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:148132. [PMID: 34111790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A series of Fe-based metal organic framework derived materials were prepared by thermal treating MIL-100(Fe) in nitrogen atmosphere for adsorption removal of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) such as methanol, formaldehyde and acetone under dynamic conditions. The experimental results showed that the partially carbonized M-350 material obtained by calcining MIL-100(Fe) at 350 °C exhibited the best adsorption performance and high stability. The breakthrough adsorption capacity of M-350 for methanol was 61.5% higher than that of pure MIL-100 (Fe), and it was 24.7, 6.5 and 2.6 times higher than that of commercial activated carbon, ZSM-5 and SAPO-34 adsorbents, respectively. The excellent adsorption performance was attributed to the exposure of abundant coordinatively unsaturated iron metal sites acting as Lewis acid sites through high temperature calcination, which had a strong affinity for OVOCs. Meanwhile, a hierarchical porous structure and high specific surface area further promoted the adsorption. This work provides new insights into the further development of metal organic frameworks based functional materials for VOCs removal and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Pei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Junxian Qin
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yun Hu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment and Pollution Control, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering and Technology Research Centre for Environmental Risk Prevention and Emergency Disposal, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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14
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Zhu B, Huang XF, Xia SY, Lin LL, Cheng Y, He LY. Biomass-burning emissions could significantly enhance the atmospheric oxidizing capacity in continental air pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 285:117523. [PMID: 34380222 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important precursors of photochemical pollution. However, a substantial fraction of VOCs, namely, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), have not been sufficiently characterized to evaluate their sources in air pollution in China. In this study, a total of 119 VOCs, including 60 OVOCs in particular, were monitored to provide a more comprehensive picture based on different online measurement techniques, proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS) and online gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), at a receptor site in southeastern China during a photochemically active period. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) and photochemical age-based parameterization were combined to identify and quantify different sources of major VOCs during daytime hours, with the advantage of including VOC decay processes. The results revealed the unexpected role of biomass burning (21%) in terms of ozone (O3) formation potential (OFP) when including the contributions of OVOCs and large contributions (30-32%) of biomass burning to aldehydes, as more OVOCs were measured in this study. We argue that biomass burning could significantly enhance the continental atmospheric oxidizing capacity, in addition to the well-recognized contributions of primary pollutants, which should be seriously considered in photochemical models and air pollution control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| | - Shi-Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Li-Liang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yong Cheng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ling-Yan He
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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15
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Zhang H, Chen C, Yan W, Wu N, Bo Y, Zhang Q, He K. Characteristics and sources of non-methane VOCs and their roles in SOA formation during autumn in a central Chinese city. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 782:146802. [PMID: 33838366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are essential in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation due to their dual roles as precursors and oxidant producers. In order to explore the dominant contributions of SOA formation from VOCs in central China, 53 VOC species were observed with proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) and canister grab samples in Xinxiang, a mid-sized city located in Henan Province, from November 5th to December 3rd, 2018. The result showed that anthropogenic emissions were intensive compared with many studies in the world. Among the observed VOCs, benzene and toluene had the largest SOA formation potential (SOAFP), and their contributions in SOA formation kept stable with the aggravation of pollution. Among VOCs, formaldehyde was the strongest radical contributor, and the contribution of acetaldehyde was also found significant in this study, especially in polluted periods. Based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model, benzenoids (mainly single-ring aromatics) were majorly emitted from chemical process, solvent evaporation, and residential heating, with a total fraction of 75%, and these sources were estimated to have largest SOAFP. However, thermal power generation, chemical process, and solvent evaporation had highest radical contribution rates. According to the backward trajectory analysis, the VOC concentrations were dominated by local emissions. Emissions in the surrounding provinces occupied fractions of 33%-42% in the five sources. Therefore, regional collaborative emission reduction is also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixu Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chunrong Chen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weijia Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Nana Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Bo
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modelling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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16
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Volatile Organic Compounds Monitored Online at Three Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) Region during Summer 2016: Sources and Emission Areas. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were monitored online at three photochemical assessment monitoring stations (MDS, WQS and HGS) in the Pearl River Delta region during the summer of 2016. Measured levels of VOCs at the MDS, WQS and HGS sites were 34.78, 8.54 and 8.47 ppbv, respectively, with aromatics and alkenes as major ozone precursors and aromatics as major precursors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA). The positive matrix factorization (PMF) model revealed that VOCs at the sites mainly came from vehicle exhaust, petrochemical industry, and solvent use. Vehicle exhaust and industrial processes losses contributed most to ozone formation potentials (OFP) of VOCs, while industrial processes losses contributed most to SOA formation potentials of VOCs. Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis revealed a north-south distribution for source regions of aromatics occurring at MDS with emission sources in Guangzhou mainly centered in the Guangzhou central districts, and source regions of aromatics at WQS showed an east-west distribution across Huizhou, Dongguan and east of Guangzhou, while that at HGS showed a south-north distribution across Guangzhou, Foshan, Zhaoqing and Yangjiang. This study demonstrates that multi-point high time resolution data can help resolve emission sources and locate emission areas of important ozone and SOA precursors.
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Xia SY, Wang C, Zhu B, Chen X, Feng N, Yu GH, Huang XF. Long-term observations of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in an urban atmosphere in southern China, 2014-2019. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116301. [PMID: 33360596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are important precursors and intermediate products of atmospheric photochemical reactions, which can promote the formation of secondary pollutants such as ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA). However, there have been few studies on the sources of and long-term variation in ambient OVOCs. This study combined sensitive, near real-time measurements of VOCs by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) with an improved photochemical age parameterization method to quantify daytime sources of OVOCs in an urban atmosphere in China from 2014 to 2019, permitting the observation of the impacts of emission control strategies that were implemented during this period. Temporal variation in six key OVOCs (methanol, acetaldehyde, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), formic acid, and acetic acid) were observed. The sum of concentrations of OVOCs was averagely 13% higher during the dry season (November to April), when winds transported polluted air masses to Shenzhen from the continent, than during the wet season, and peak diurnal levels occurred during the daytime year-round due to photochemical production and higher daytime anthropogenic emissions. The average dry season concentration of OVOCs declined from a peak of 30.3 ppb in 2015 to 18.7 ppb in 2019. The results of source apportionment showed that primary anthropogenic sources contributed the most to methanol, MEK, and acetic acid (32-51%); the dominant sources of acetaldehyde and formic acid were both primary and secondary anthropogenic sources; and biomass burning contributed a small fraction (5-11%) to the six OVOCs. From 2014 to 2019, contributions from primary anthropogenic sources of OVOCs decreased significantly by 50-60% due to intensive pollution control measures in Shenzhen, whereas pollution control measures had no observable impact on secondary OVOCs, indicating their formation was not limited by availability of their primary VOC precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ning Feng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guang-He Yu
- Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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18
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Li B, Ho SSH, Qu L, Gong S, Ho KF, Zhao D, Qi Y, Chan CS. Temporal and spatial discrepancies of VOCs in an industrial-dominant city in China during summertime. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128536. [PMID: 33049507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) pollution is currently problematic to cities across the globe. Many non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) are efficient O3 precursors. In this study, target volatile organic compounds (VOCs), including oxygenated VOCs (known as carbonyls), were monitored at eight sampling sites distributed in urban and suburban in the typical and industrial-dominant city of Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, China. At the suburban sites, C8-C12 alkanes, aromatics with lower reactivity (kOH <13 × 10-12 cm3 mol-1 s-1) and acetonitrile were more abundant than urban ones due to higher emissions from diesel-fueled trucks and biomass burning. In general, higher abundances of total quantified NMHCs (ΣNMHC) were found on high O3 (HO) days. The increments of formaldehyde (C1) and O3 were higher in urban than suburban, while a reverse trend was seen for acetaldehyde (C2). Substantial and local biogenic inputs of C2 were found in suburban in the afternoon when both temperature and light intensity reached maximum of the day. In urban, higher increment was found for O3 than the carbonyls, representing that the secondary formation of O3 was more efficient. Distance decay gradient of most representative NMHCs were positively correlated to the distances from a westernmost industrial origin located at the upwind location. The net loss rates of the NMHCs ranged from -0.009 to -0.11 ppbv km-1, while the higher rates were seen for the most reactive species like C2-C4 alkenes. The results and interpretation of this study are informative to establish efficient local control measures for O3 and the related percussors for the microscale industrial cities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environment and Resource, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Linli Qu
- Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Voltech Analytical and Technology Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sunling Gong
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China; Center for Atmosphere Watch and Services of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Kin Fai Ho
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dongxu Zhao
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Yijin Qi
- Langfang Academy of Eco Industrialization for Wisdom Environment, Langfang, 065000, China
| | - Chi Sing Chan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China
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19
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Tong D, Chen J, Qin D, Ji Y, Li G, An T. Mechanism of atmospheric organic amines reacted with ozone and implications for the formation of secondary organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139830. [PMID: 32526582 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic amines are one of the most important nitrogen-containing compounds in the atmosphere, and their reactions with tropospheric ozone contribute significantly to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). However, the chemical pathways of their reaction with atmospheric ozone are poorly understood. This study investigates the atmospheric ozonolysis mechanism of two typical organic amines-diethylamine and triethylamine using experimental and theoretical methods. Intermediate results from GC-MS and PTR-TOF-MS analysis confirm the formation of eight and eleven nitrogen- and oxygen-containing products during the ozonolysis of diethylamine and triethylamine, respectively. N-ethylethanimine (56.5% in average) or acetaldehyde (64.9% in average) is formed as the dominant product from the ozonolysis of each organic amine. Ozonolysis pathway results indicate that the conversion to N-ethylethanimine is the dominant pathway for diethylamine ozonolysis. At the same time, triethylamine prefers the initial transformation to diethylamine with the discharge of acetaldehyde and then converts to N-ethylethanimine. Higher SOA mass concentration is obtained from the ozonolysis of triethylamine than diethylamine, probably because the former releases a larger amount of intermediate products, especially acetaldehyde. Our results provide a deep insight into the atmospheric processing of organic amines via ozonolysis and the implications of this mechanism for SOA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Tong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiangyao Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Dandan Qin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yuemeng Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Taicheng An
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangzhou Key Laboratory Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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20
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Huang XF, Zhang B, Xia SY, Han Y, Wang C, Yu GH, Feng N. Sources of oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) in urban atmospheres in North and South China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114152. [PMID: 32066058 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated volatile organic compounds (OVOCs) are critical precursors of atmospheric ozone (O3) and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Although China is experiencing increasing O3 pollution from north to south, understanding the major sources of OVOCs in this region is still limited due to their active photochemical behaviors. In this study, five critical OVOCs at a northern urban site (Beijing) and a southern urban site (Shenzhen) were monitored in summer using proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). The mean total concentration of VOCs measured in Beijing (39.4 ppb) was much higher than that measured in Shenzhen (16.7 ppb), with methanol and formaldehyde being the most abundant in concentration at both sites. The source apportionment of daytime OVOCs was conducted effectively using a photochemical age-based parameterization method. Biogenic and anthropogenic secondary sources were the main sources of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acetone at both sites, with a total contribution of 46-82%; acetone also had a large regional-scale background contribution (36-38%); methanol and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) were mainly derived from anthropogenic primary sources (35-55%) at both sites. In addition, the regional background levels of OVOCs measured in North China were shown to be much higher than those measured in South China. The calculation of the total O3 formation potential (OFP) of OVOCs highlights the comparable contributions from anthropogenic and biogenic sources in both Beijing and Shenzhen, indicating the important role of biogenic OVOC sources even in polluted environments. Since biogenic sources are already important but uncontrollable, anthropogenic emissions in China need to be restricted even more critically in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Feng Huang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shi-Yong Xia
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Han
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Chuan Wang
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China
| | - Guang-He Yu
- Environmental Laboratory, PKU-HKUST Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institution, Lishui Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518057, China.
| | - Ning Feng
- Key Laboratory for Urban Habitat Environmental Science and Technology, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Science and Technology Park, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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21
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Garcia-Alcega S, Nasir ZA, Cipullo S, Ferguson R, Yan C, Whitby C, Dumbrell AJ, Drew G, Colbeck I, Tyrrel S, Coulon F. Fingerprinting ambient air to understand bioaerosol profiles in three different environments in the south east of England. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137542. [PMID: 32120091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Molecular and chemical fingerprints from 10 contrasting outdoor air environments, including three agricultural farms, three urban parks and four industrial sites were investigated to advance our understanding of bioaerosol distribution and emissions. Both phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) and microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOC) profiles showed a different distribution in summer compared to winter. Further to this, a strong positive correlation was found between the total concentration of MVOCs and PLFAs (r = 0.670, p = 0.004 in winter and r = 0.767, p = 0.001 in summer) demonstrating that either chemical or molecular fingerprints of outdoor environments can provide good insights into the sources and distribution of bioaerosols. Environment specific variables and most representative MVOCs were identified and linked to microbial species emissions via a MVOC database and PLFAs taxonomical classification. While similar MVOCs and PLFAs were identified across all the environments suggesting common microbial communities, specific MVOCs were identified for each contrasting environment. Specifically, 3,4-dimethylpent-1-yn-3-ol, ethoxyethane and propanal were identified as key MVOCs for the industrial areas (and were correlated to fungi, Staphylococcus aureus (Gram positive bacteria) and Gram negative bacteria, R = 0.863, R = 0.618 and R = 0.676, respectively) while phthalic acid, propene and isobutane were key for urban environments (correlated to Gram negative bacteria, fungi and bacteria, R = 0.874, R = 0.962 and R = 0.969 respectively); and ethanol, 2-methyl-2-propanol, 2-methyl-1-pentene, butane, isoprene and methyl acetate were key for farms (correlated to fungi, Gram positive bacteria and bacteria, R = 0.690 and 0.783, R = 0.706 and R = 0.790, 0.761 and 0.768). The combination of MVOCs and PLFAs markers can assist in rapid microbial fingerprinting of distinct environmental influences on ambient air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Garcia-Alcega
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Zaheer Ahmad Nasir
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Sabrina Cipullo
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Robert Ferguson
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Cheng Yan
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK; China University of Geosciences, School of Environmental Studies, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Corinne Whitby
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Alex J Dumbrell
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Gillian Drew
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Ian Colbeck
- University of Essex, School of Biological Sciences, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Sean Tyrrel
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- Cranfield University, School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK.
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22
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Lyu X, Guo H, Wang Y, Zhang F, Nie K, Dang J, Liang Z, Dong S, Zeren Y, Zhou B, Gao W, Zhao S, Zhang G. Hazardous volatile organic compounds in ambient air of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125731. [PMID: 31918083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are ubiquitous in the atmosphere and the majority of them have been proved to be detrimental to human health. The hazardous VOCs were studied very insufficiently in China, despite the enormous emissions of VOCs. In this study, the concentrations and sources of 17 hazardous VOCs reported in literature were reviewed, based on which the health effects were assessed. In-depth survey indicated that benzene and toluene had the highest concentrations in eastern China (confined to the study regions reviewed, same for the other geographic generalization), which however showed significant declines. The southern China featured high levels of trichloroethylene. Dichloromethane and chloroform were observed to be concentrated in northern China. The distributions of 1,2-dichloropropane and tetrachloroethylene were homogeneous across the country. Basically consistent with the spatial patterns of ozone, the summertime formaldehyde exhibited higher levels in eastern and northern China, and increased continuously. While transportation served as the largest source of benzene and toluene, industrial emissions and secondary formation were the predominant contributors of halogenated hydrocarbons and aldehydes (formaldehyde and acetaldehyde), respectively. The chronic non-cancer effects of inhalation exposure to the hazardous VOCs were insignificant, however the probabilities of developing cancers by inhaling the hazardous VOCs in ambient air of China were quite high. Formaldehyde was identified as the primary carcinogenic VOC in the atmosphere of most regions. The striking results, especially the high inhalation cancer risks, alerted us that the emission controls of hazardous VOCs were urgent in China, which must be grounded upon full understanding of their occurrence, presence and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopu Lyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hai Guo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kun Nie
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Juan Dang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhirong Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shuhao Dong
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yangzong Zeren
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Beining Zhou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Shanghai Meteorological Service, Shanghai, China
| | - Shizhen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China.
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23
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Liu Y, Song M, Liu X, Zhang Y, Hui L, Kong L, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Qu Y, An J, Ma D, Tan Q, Feng M. Characterization and sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and their related changes during ozone pollution days in 2016 in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113599. [PMID: 31796324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 99 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were continuously measured online at an urban site in Beijing, China, in January, April, July, and October 2016. Characterization and sources of VOCs and their related changes during days with heavy ozone (O3) pollution were analysed. The total observed concentration of VOCs (TVOCs) was 44.0 ± 28.9 ppbv. The VOC pollution level has decreased in Beijing but remains higher than in other Chinese cities. Alkanes comprised the highest proportion among seven major sampled VOC groups. The concentrations and sources of ambient VOCs showed obvious temporal variations. Six emission sources were identified by the positive matrix factorization (PMF), including biomass burning, coal combustion, gasoline vehicles, diesel vehicles, solvent usage, and biogenic + secondary emissions. The combustion source was the key control factor for VOC reduction in Beijing. From the potential source contribution function (PSCF) and concentration-weighted trajectory (CWT) model, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia, Shandong, and Henan were identified as major potential source regions of ambient VOCs. O3 formation was sensitive to VOCs in Beijing according to the VOC/NOx ratio (ppbC/ppbv, 8:1 threshold). High- and low-O3 days in July were identified, and high O3 levels were due to both enhanced VOC emission levels and meteorological conditions favourable to the production of O3. These findings provide evidence that the fuel combustion and regional transport have a great impact on concentrations and sources of VOCs in urban Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mengdi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lirong Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Liuwei Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Chen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yu Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Junling An
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Depeng Ma
- Appraisal Center for Environment & Engineering, Ministry of Environment and Ecology, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
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