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Gentry R, Greene T, Bartow H, Van Landingham C, Rodricks J, Clewell H. Consideration of the variability in control tumor incidence data at the Ramazzini Institute in evaluating treatment-related effects following chemical exposure. Crit Rev Toxicol 2024; 54:153-173. [PMID: 38470145 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2024.2314056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
The Ramazzini Institute (RI) has been conducting animal carcinogenicity studies for decades, many of which have been considered by authoritative bodies to determine potential carcinogenicity in humans. Unlike other laboratories, such as the U.S. National Toxicology Program (NTP), the RI does not provide a report or record of historical control data. Transparently documenting historical control data is critical in the interpretation of individual study results within the same laboratory. Historical control data allow an assessment of significant trends, either increasing or decreasing, resulting from changes in laboratory methods or genetic drift. In this investigation: (1) we compiled a dataset of the tumors reported in control groups of Sprague-Dawley rats and Swiss mice based on data included in published RI studies on specific substances, and (2) conducted case studies to compare data from this RI control dataset to the findings from multiple RI studies on sweeteners and corresponding breakdown products. We found considerable variability in the tumor incidence across multiple tumor types when comparing across control groups from RI studies. When compared to the tumor incidence in treated groups from multiple studies, the incidence of some tumors considered to be treatment-related fell within the variability of background incidence from the RI control dataset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robinan Gentry
- Ramboll Americas Engineering Solutions, Inc., Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Tracy Greene
- Ramboll Americas Engineering Solutions, Inc., Monroe, LA, USA
| | - Holly Bartow
- Ramboll Americas Engineering Solutions, Inc., Monroe, LA, USA
| | | | - Joseph Rodricks
- Ramboll Americas Engineering Solutions, Inc., Arlington, VA, USA
| | - Harvey Clewell
- Ramboll Americas Engineering Solutions, Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Gnudi F, Panzacchi S, Tibaldi E, Iuliani M, Sgargi D, Bua L, Mandrioli D. Hemolymphoreticular Neoplasias from the Ramazzini Institute Long-term Mice and Rat Studies on Aspartame. Ann Glob Health 2023; 89:43. [PMID: 37362827 PMCID: PMC10289045 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Haemolymphoreticular neoplasias (HLRNs) from the Ramazzini Institute (RI) carcinogenicity studies on Aspartame (APM) in rats and mice were heterogeneously grouped over the years and different statistical methods were applied. Objective We report all the detailed HLRN diagnoses of all the RI rats and mice studies on APM and the related statistics. Methods Histological subtypes and lineage (myeloid or lymphoid) are reported in males (MM) and females (FF) in line with the International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria for Lesions (INHAND) for rodents and the World Health Organization (WHO) Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Statistical analyses included Fisher's Exact test and Cochran-Armitage trend test. Findings Results from the post-natal bioassay on Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats (BT6008) showed statistically significant increases in lymphomas (all types) (MM, FF), leukemias (all types) (FF), immunoblastic lymphomas (MM, FF), total lymphoid tumours (MM, FF), monocytic leukemia (FF), myeloid leukemia (FF), histiocytic sarcoma (FF), and total myeloid tumours (FF). Results from the prenatal experiment on SD rats (BT6009), showed statistically significant increases in lymphomas (all types) (FF), leukemias (all types) (FF), total lymphoid tumours (FF), myeloid leukemia (FF), and total myeloid tumours (FF). Finally, results from the prenatal bioassay on Swiss mice (BT6010) showed statistically significant increases in leukemias (all types) (MM, FF), lymphoblastic leukemia (MM, FF), monocytic leukemia (MM) and total myeloid tumours (MM). Conclusions Our analyses, performed in line with international recommended guidelines for statistics and pathology, confirm and reinforce our previous findings of statistically significant increases of HLRNs in rodents exposed to APM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Gnudi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, IT
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, IT
| | - Eva Tibaldi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, IT
| | - Martina Iuliani
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, IT
| | - Daria Sgargi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, IT
| | - Luciano Bua
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, IT
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, IT
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Elexpuru-Zabaleta M, Lazzarini R, Tartaglione MF, Piva F, Ciarapica V, Marinelli Busilacchi E, Poloni A, Valentino M, Santarelli L, Bracci M. A 50 Hz magnetic field influences the viability of breast cancer cells 96 h after exposure. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:1005-1017. [PMID: 36378418 PMCID: PMC9889515 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08069-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The exposure of breast cancer to extremely low frequency magnetic fields (ELF-MFs) results in various biological responses. Some studies have suggested a possible cancer-enhancing effect, while others showed a possible therapeutic role. This study investigated the effects of in vitro exposure to 50 Hz ELF-MF for up to 24 h on the viability and cellular response of MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and MCF-10A breast cell line. METHODS AND RESULTS The breast cell lines were exposed to 50 Hz ELF-MF at flux densities of 0.1 mT and 1.0 mT and were examined 96 h after the beginning of ELF-MF exposure. The duration of 50 Hz ELF-MF exposure influenced the cell viability and proliferation of both the tumor and nontumorigenic breast cell lines. In particular, short-term exposure (4-8 h, 0.1 mT and 1.0 mT) led to an increase in viability in breast cancer cells, while long and high exposure (24 h, 1.0 mT) led to a decrease in viability and proliferation in all cell lines. Cancer and normal breast cells exhibited different responses to ELF-MF. Mitochondrial membrane potential and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were altered after ELF-MF exposure, suggesting that the mitochondria are a probable target of ELF-MF in breast cells. CONCLUSIONS The viability of breast cells in vitro is influenced by ELF-MF exposure at magnetic flux densities compatible with the limits for the general population and for workplace exposures. The effects are apparent after 96 h and are related to the ELF-MF exposure time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elexpuru-Zabaleta
- Research Group on Foods, Nutritional Biochemistry and Health, Universidad Europea del Atlántico, 39011, Santander, Spain
| | - Raffaella Lazzarini
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Maria Fiorella Tartaglione
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131, Ancona, Italy
| | - Veronica Ciarapica
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Marinelli Busilacchi
- Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonella Poloni
- Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Science, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Matteo Valentino
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lory Santarelli
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Massimo Bracci
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126, Ancona, Italy.
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4
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Gholipour Hamedani B, Goliaei B, Shariatpanahi SP, Nezamtaheri M. An overview of the biological effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields combined with ionizing radiation. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 172:50-59. [PMID: 35513112 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2022.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
By growing the electrical power networks and electronic devices, electromagnetic fields (EMF) have become an inseparable part of the modern world. Considering the inevitable exposure to a various range of EMFs, especially at extremely low frequencies (ELF-EMF), investigating the biological effects of ELF-EMFs on biological systems became a global issue. The possible adverse consequences of these exposures were studied, along with their potential therapeutic capabilities. Also, their biological impacts in combination with other chemical and physical agents, specifically ionizing radiation (IR), as a co-carcinogen or as adjuvant therapy in combination with radiotherapy were explored. Here, we review the results of several in-vitro and in-vivo studies and discuss some proposed possible mechanisms of ELF-EMFs' actions in combination with IR. The results of these experiments could be fruitful to develop more precise safety standards for environmental ELF-EMFs exposures. Furthermore, it could evaluate the therapeutic capacities of ELF-EMFs alone or as an improver of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Gholipour Hamedani
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bahram Goliaei
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Seyed Peyman Shariatpanahi
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryamsadat Nezamtaheri
- Laboratory of Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Perez FP, Bandeira JP, Perez Chumbiauca CN, Lahiri DK, Morisaki J, Rizkalla M. Multidimensional insights into the repeated electromagnetic field stimulation and biosystems interaction in aging and age-related diseases. J Biomed Sci 2022; 29:39. [PMID: 35698225 PMCID: PMC9190166 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-022-00825-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide a multidimensional sequence of events that describe the electromagnetic field (EMF) stimulation and biological system interaction. We describe this process from the quantum to the molecular, cellular, and organismal levels. We hypothesized that the sequence of events of these interactions starts with the oscillatory effect of the repeated electromagnetic stimulation (REMFS). These oscillations affect the interfacial water of an RNA causing changes at the quantum and molecular levels that release protons by quantum tunneling. Then protonation of RNA produces conformational changes that allow it to bind and activate Heat Shock Transcription Factor 1 (HSF1). Activated HSF1 binds to the DNA expressing chaperones that help regulate autophagy and degradation of abnormal proteins. This action helps to prevent and treat diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease (PD) by increasing clearance of pathologic proteins. This framework is based on multiple mathematical models, computer simulations, biophysical experiments, and cellular and animal studies. Results of the literature review and our research point towards the capacity of REMFS to manipulate various networks altered in aging (Reale et al. PloS one 9, e104973, 2014), including delay of cellular senescence (Perez et al. 2008, Exp Gerontol 43, 307-316) and reduction in levels of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) (Perez et al. 2021, Sci Rep 11, 621). Results of these experiments using REMFS at low frequencies can be applied to the treatment of patients with age-related diseases. The use of EMF as a non-invasive therapeutic modality for Alzheimer's disease, specifically, holds promise. It is also necessary to consider the complicated and interconnected genetic and epigenetic effects of the REMFS-biological system's interaction while avoiding any possible adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe P Perez
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
| | - Joseph P Bandeira
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cristina N Perez Chumbiauca
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Debomoy K Lahiri
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatric Research, Neuroscience Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jorge Morisaki
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Maher Rizkalla
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Vornoli A, Tibaldi E, Gnudi F, Sgargi D, Manservisi F, Belpoggi F, Tovoli F, Mandrioli D. Evaluation of Toxicant-Associated Fatty Liver Disease and Liver Neoplastic Progress in Sprague-Dawley Rats Treated with Low Doses of Aflatoxin B1 Alone or in Combination with Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050325. [PMID: 35622572 PMCID: PMC9143281 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The term toxicant-associated fatty liver disease (TAFLD) has been proposed to describe fatty liver diseases connected to toxicants other than alcohol. Aflatoxins are mycotoxins commonly found as contaminants in foods and feeds, which are known liver toxicants and potential candidates as potential causes of TAFLD. Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) was administered at low doses to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, alone or in combination with S-50 Hz an extremely low frequency electromagnetic field (ELFEMF), to study the evolution of TAFLD, preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions of the liver and the potential enhancing effect of lifespan exposure to ELFEMF. Steatosis, inflammation and foci of different types were significantly increased in both aflatoxin-treated males and females, which is consistent with a pattern of TAFLD. A significant increase in adenomas, cystic dilation of biliary ducts, hepatocellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy and oval cell hyperplasia were also observed in treated females only. The administration of low doses of AFB1 caused TAFLD in SD rats, inducing liver lesions encompassing fatty infiltration, foci of different types and adenomas. Furthermore, the pattern of change observed in preneoplastic liver lesions often included liver steatosis and steatohepatitis (TASH). ELFEMF did not result in any enhancing or toxic effect in the liver of SD rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vornoli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Eva Tibaldi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Federica Gnudi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Daria Sgargi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
| | - Francesco Tovoli
- Division of Internal Medicine, Hepatobiliary and Immunoallergic Diseases, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Daniele Mandrioli
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Center, Ramazzini Institute, Via Saliceto 3, 40010 Bentivoglio, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (D.S.); (F.M.); (F.B.); (D.M.)
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GENDER DIFFERENCES IN EFFECTS OF PRENATAL AND POSTNATAL EXPOSURE TO ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD AND PRENATAL ZINC ON BEHAVIOUR AND SYNAPTIC PROTEINS IN RATS. J Chem Neuroanat 2022; 122:102092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2022.102092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Xin Q, Chen Z, Wei W, Wu Y. Animal models of acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Recapitulating the human disease to evaluate drug efficacy and discover therapeutic targets. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 198:114970. [PMID: 35183530 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.114970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant hematologic tumor with highly aggressive characteristics, which is prone to relapse, has a poor prognosis and few clinically effective drugs. It is meaningful to gain a better understanding of its pathogenesis in order to discover and evaluate potential therapeutic drugs and new treatment targets. The goal of developing novel targeted drugs and treatment methods is to increase complete remission, reduce toxicity and morbidity, and that is also the most important prerequisite for modern leukemia treatment. However, the process of new drugs from research and development to clinical application is long and difficult. Many promising drugs were rejected by the USFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA) due to serious adverse drug reactions (ADR) in clinical phase I trials. Animal models provide us with an excellent tool to understand the complex pathological mechanisms of human diseases, to evaluate the potential of new targeted drugs and therapeutic approaches to treat ALL in vivo and, more importantly, to assess the potential ADR they may have on healthy organs. In this article we review ALL animal models' progression, their roles in revealing the pathogenesis of ALL and drug development. Additionally, we mainly focus on the mouse models, especially xenotransplantation and transgenic models that more closely reproduce the human phenotype. In conclusion, we summarize the advantages and limitations of each model, thereby facilitating further understanding the etiology of ALL, and eventually contributing to the effective management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianling Xin
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Zhaoying Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
| | - Yujing Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Anhui Provincial Institute of Translational Medicine, Hefei 230032, China.
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Wang J, Yang S, Liu X, Zhang Y, Ding L, Wu X, He M, Ruan G, Lai J, Chen C. The effects of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields exposure at 1 mT on hemogram and blood biochemisgtry in rats. Electromagn Biol Med 2021; 40:138-149. [PMID: 33107341 DOI: 10.1080/15368378.2020.1839490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The biological effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) exposure are not fully clarified. We conducted this investigation to explore the effects of ELF-EMF on hematologic and biochemical indexes in adult rats. Thirty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to ELF-EMF at 1 mT for 24 weeks, while another 30 SD rats were sham exposed. During the exposure, peripheral blood was collected every 4 weeks to analyze the hematologic parameters and biochemical indexes. The morphology of liver and kidney was detected by hematoxylin-eosin staining at the end of the experiment. Exposed to ELF-EMF at 1 mT did not exert any statistic difference on hematologic parameters including total white blood cell count, neutrophil ratio, lymphocyte ratio, red blood cells, hemoglobin concentration and platelets count, compared to the control group. Similarly, biochemical indexes, such as glucose, lipid profile, liver function and renal function, were not affected by ELF-EMF exposure. In addition, no morphological change was observed in the liver and kidney from the exposure group. The exposure to ELF-EMF at the intensity of 1 mT for 24 weeks did not affect hematologic and biochemical indexes in adult rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Wang
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Shenglan Yang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
| | - Xingfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute , Wuhan, China
| | - Yemao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute , Wuhan, China
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei, China
| | - Lijian Ding
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology , Hefei, China
| | - Xiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute , Wuhan, China
| | - Mengying He
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Guoran Ruan
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
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Souques M, Magne I, Plante M, Point S. Letter to editor regarding "residential proximity to power lines and risk of brain tumor in the general population" by carles C. and coll. Environ Res. 2020;185:109473. Doi: 10.1016/j.envres. 2020.109473. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 191:109904. [PMID: 33167166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Souques
- Service des Etudes Médicales, EDF, 4 Rue Floréal, 75017, Paris, France.
| | - I Magne
- Service des Etudes Médicales, EDF, 4 Rue Floréal, 75017, Paris, France
| | - M Plante
- Direction Santé et Sécurité, Hydro-Québec, 75, Boulevard René-Lévesque Ouest, Montreal, Quebec, H2Z 1A4, Canada
| | - S Point
- Emergency Lighting Design and Qualification Department, Cooper Sécurité SAS, Rue Beethoven, BP 10184, 63204, Riom Cedex, France
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12
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Gaps in Knowledge Relevant to the "Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric and Magnetic Fields (1 Hz-100 kHz)". HEALTH PHYSICS 2020; 118:533-542. [PMID: 32251081 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000001261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sources of low-frequency fields are widely found in modern society. All wires or devices carrying or using electricity generate extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields (EFs) and magnetic fields (MFs), but they decline rapidly with distance to the source. High magnetic flux densities are usually found in the vicinity of power lines and close to equipment using strong electrical currents, but can also be found in buildings with unbalanced return currents, or indoor transformer stations. For decades, epidemiological as well as experimental studies have addressed possible health effects of exposure to ELF-MFs. The main goal of ICNIRP is to protect people and the environment from detrimental exposure to all forms of non-ionizing radiation (NIR). To this end, ICNIRP provides advice and guidance by developing and disseminating exposure guidelines based on the available scientific research. Research in the low-frequency range began more than 40 years ago, and there is now a large body of literature available on which ICNIRP set its protection guidelines. A review of the literature has been carried out to identify possible relevant knowledge gaps, and the aim of this statement is to describe data gaps in research that would, if addressed, assist ICNIRP in further developing guidelines and setting revised recommendations on limiting exposure to electric and magnetic fields. It is articulated in two parts: the main document, which reviews the science related to LF data gaps, and the annex, which explains the methodology used to identify the data gaps.
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Zhang Y, Li L, Liu X, Ding L, Wu X, Wang J, He M, Hou H, Ruan G, Lai J, Chen C. Examination of the Effect of a 50-Hz Electromagnetic Field at 500 μT on Parameters Related With the Cardiovascular System in Rats. Front Public Health 2020; 8:87. [PMID: 32318532 PMCID: PMC7154052 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Whether electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure affects the function of the cardiovascular system is under debate. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of 500 μT EMF exposure on the cardiovascular system in rats. Methods: Forty-eight-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: the sham group and the exposure group. During 24-week EMF exposure (20 h per day), the blood pressure and pulse rate were recorded every 4 weeks. Before sacrifice, electrocardiography, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization analysis were conducted to evaluate the cardiac function. Meanwhile, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, Western blot, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to identify morphological and molecular changes indicative of cardiac remodeling. Results: The heart rate, blood pressure, and pulse rate were not influenced by EMF exposure compared with the control group. In addition, HE staining showed no change in the morphology and arrangement of cardiomyocytes. Further, we found that the mRNA and protein levels of cardiac hypertrophy-related genes were not affected by EMF exposure. Finally, no significant difference was observed in cardiac function between the two groups by echocardiography and cardiac catheterization detection. Conclusion: The 24-week exposure to EMF at 500 μT did not have apparent effects on the cardiovascular system in rats, at least for the variables studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yemao Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijuan Li
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xingfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Lijian Ding
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xiong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Power Grid Environmental Protection, High Voltage Research Institute, China Electric Power Research Institute, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengying He
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huiying Hou
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guoran Ruan
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinsheng Lai
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Division of Cardiology and Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Mechanisms of Cardiological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Caiati C, Pollice P, Favale S, Lepera ME. The Herbicide Glyphosate and Its Apparently Controversial Effect on Human Health: An Updated Clinical Perspective. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:489-505. [PMID: 31613732 DOI: 10.2174/1871530319666191015191614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glyphosate (G) is the most common weed-killer in the world. Every year tons and tons of G are applied on crop fields. G was first introduced in the mid 1970s and since then its usage has gradually increased to reach a peak since 2005. Now G usage is approximately 100 -fold what it was in 1970. Its impact on human health was considered benign at the beginning. But over the years, evidence of a pervasive negative effect of this pesticide on humans has been mounting. Nonetheless, G usage is allowed by government health control agencies (both in the United States and Europe), that rely upon the evidence produced by the G producer. However, the IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) in 2015 has stated that G is probable carcinogenic (class 2A), the second highest class in terms of risk. OBJECTIVE In this review, we explore the effect of G on human health, focusing in particular on more recent knowledge. RESULTS We have attempted to untangle the controversy about the dangers of the product for human beings in view of a very recent development, when the so -called Monsanto Papers, consisting of Emails and memos from Monsanto came to light, revealing a coordinated strategy to manipulate the debate about the safety of glyphosate to the company's advantage. CONCLUSION The story of G is a recurrent one (see the tobacco story), that seriously jeopardizes the credibility of the scientific study in the modern era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Caiati
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Pollice
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Favale
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Mario Erminio Lepera
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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15
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Carpenter DO. Extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields and cancer: How source of funding affects results. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 178:108688. [PMID: 31476684 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While there has been evidence indicating that excessive exposure to magnetic fields from 50 to 60 Hz electricity increases risk of cancer, many argue that the evidence is inconsistent and inconclusive. This is particularly the case regarding magnetic field exposure and childhood leukemia. A major goal of this study is to examine how source of funding influences the reported results and conclusions. Several meta-analyses dating from about 2000 all report significant associations between exposure and risk of leukemia. By examining subsequent reports on childhood leukemia it is clear that almost all government or independent studies find either a statistically significant association between magnetic field exposure and childhood leukemia, or an elevated risk of at least OR = 1.5, while almost all industry supported studies fail to find any significant or even suggestive association. A secondary goal of this report is to examine the level of evidence for exposure and elevated risk of various adult cancers. Based on pooled or meta-analyses as well as subsequent peer-reviewed studies there is strong evidence that excessive exposure to magnetic fields increases risk of adult leukemia, male and female breast cancer and brain cancer. There is less convincing but suggestive evidence for elevations in several other cancer types. There is less clear evidence for bias based on source of funding in the adult cancer studies. There is also some evidence that both paternal and maternal prenatal exposure to magnetic fields results in an increased risk of leukemia and brain cancer in offspring. When one allows for bias reflected in source of funding, the evidence that magnetic fields increase risk of cancer is neither inconsistent nor inconclusive. Furthermore adults are also at risk, not just children, and there is strong evidence for cancers in addition to leukemia, particularly brain and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O Carpenter
- Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, A Collaborating Centre of the World Health Organization, 5 University Place, Room A 217, Rensselaer, NY, N 12144, USA.
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16
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Galli C, Colangelo M, Pedrazzi G, Guizzardi S. The Response of Osteoblasts and Bone to Sinusoidal Electromagnetic Fields: Insights from the Literature. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:127-147. [PMID: 30997574 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00554-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) have been proposed as a tool to ameliorate bone formation and healing. Despite their promising results, however, they have failed to enter routine clinical protocols to treat bone conditions where higher bone mass has to be achieved. This is no doubt also due to a fundamental lack of knowledge and understanding on their effects and the optimal settings for attaining the desired therapeutic effects. This review analysed the available in vitro and in vivo studies that assessed the effects of sinusoidal EMFs (SEMFs) on bone and bone cells, comparing the results and investigating possible mechanisms of action by which SEMFs interact with tissues and cells. The effects of SEMFs on bone have not been as thoroughly investigated as pulsed EMFs; however, abundant evidence shows that SEMFs affect the proliferation and differentiation of osteoblastic cells, acting on multiple cellular mechanisms. SEMFs have also proven to increase bone mass in rodents under normal conditions and in osteoporotic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Galli
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy.
| | - M Colangelo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Histology and Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - G Pedrazzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Neuroscience Unit, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - S Guizzardi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Histology and Embryology Lab, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Soffritti M, Giuliani L. The carcinogenic potential of non-ionizing radiations: The cases of S-50 Hz MF and 1.8 GHz GSM radiofrequency radiation. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125 Suppl 3:58-69. [PMID: 30801980 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have suggested that human exposure to extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields from the electric power and to mobile phone radiofrequency electromagnetic fields induce an increased risk of developing malignant tumours. However, no adequate laboratory data, in particular long-term carcinogenicity bioassays to support the epidemiological evidence, have yet been available. This motivated the Ramazzini Institute to embark on a first project of four large life-span carcinogenic bioassays conducted on over 7000 Sprague Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to S-50 Hz MF alone or combined with gamma radiation or formaldehyde or aflatoxin B1. Results now available from these studies, which started concurrently, have shown that exposure to Sinusoidal-50 Hz Magnetic Field (S-50 Hz MF) combined with acute exposure to gamma radiation or to chronic administration of formaldehyde in drinking water induces a significantly increased incidence of malignant tumours in males and females. A second project of two large life-span carcinogenic bioassays was conducted on over 3000 Sprague Dawley rats exposed from prenatal life until natural death to 1.8 GHz GSM of mobile phone radio base station, alone or combined with acute exposure to gamma radiation. Early results from the experiment on 1.8 GHz GSM alone show a statistically significant increase in the incidence of heart malignant schwannoma among males exposed at the highest dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morando Soffritti
- Ramazzini Institute for the Study and the Control of Tumors and Environmental Diseases, Bologna, Italy.,European Foundation for Cancer Research, Environmental and Occupational Diseases "Ruberti-Schileo", Treviso, Italy
| | - Livio Giuliani
- Laboratory Degree Course in Physical Medicine, Abruzzo University, Chieti, Italy
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18
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Golomb BA. Diplomats' Mystery Illness and Pulsed Radiofrequency/Microwave Radiation. Neural Comput 2018; 30:2882-2985. [PMID: 30183509 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Importance: A mystery illness striking U.S. and Canadian diplomats to Cuba (and now China) "has confounded the FBI, the State Department and US intelligence agencies" (Lederman, Weissenstein, & Lee, 2017). Sonic explanations for the so-called health attacks have long dominated media reports, propelled by peculiar sounds heard and auditory symptoms experienced. Sonic mediation was justly rejected by experts. We assessed whether pulsed radiofrequency/microwave radiation (RF/MW) exposure can accommodate reported facts in diplomats, including unusual ones. Observations: (1) Noises: Many diplomats heard chirping, ringing or grinding noises at night during episodes reportedly triggering health problems. Some reported that noises were localized with laser-like precision or said the sounds seemed to follow them (within the territory in which they were perceived). Pulsed RF/MW engenders just these apparent "sounds" via the Frey effect. Perceived "sounds" differ by head dimensions and pulse characteristics and can be perceived as located behind in or above the head. Ability to hear the "sounds" depends on high-frequency hearing and low ambient noise. (2) Signs/symptoms: Hearing loss and tinnitus are prominent in affected diplomats and in RF/MW-affected individuals. Each of the protean symptoms that diplomats report also affect persons reporting symptoms from RF/MW: sleep problems, headaches, and cognitive problems dominate in both groups. Sensations of pressure or vibration figure in each. Both encompass vision, balance, and speech problems and nosebleeds. Brain injury and brain swelling are reported in both. (3) Mechanisms: Oxidative stress provides a documented mechanism of RF/MW injury compatible with reported signs and symptoms; sequelae of endothelial dysfunction (yielding blood flow compromise), membrane damage, blood-brain barrier disruption, mitochondrial injury, apoptosis, and autoimmune triggering afford downstream mechanisms, of varying persistence, that merit investigation. (4) Of note, microwaving of the U.S. embassy in Moscow is historically documented. Conclusions and relevance: Reported facts appear consistent with pulsed RF/MW as the source of injury in affected diplomats. Nondiplomats citing symptoms from RF/MW, often with an inciting pulsed-RF/MW exposure, report compatible health conditions. Under the RF/MW hypothesis, lessons learned for diplomats and for RF/MW-affected civilians may each aid the other.
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