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Wang C, Kuzyakov Y. Soil organic matter priming: The pH effects. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17349. [PMID: 38822665 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Priming of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition by microorganisms is a key phenomenon of global carbon (C) cycling. Soil pH is a main factor defining priming effects (PEs) because it (i) controls microbial community composition and activities, including enzyme activities, (ii) defines SOM stabilization and destabilization mechanisms, and (iii) regulates intensities of many biogeochemical processes. In this critical review, we focus on prerequisites and mechanisms of PE depending on pH and assess the global change consequences for PE. The highest PEs were common in soils with pH between 5.5 and 7.5, whereas low molecular weight organic compounds triggered PE mainly in slightly acidic soils. Positive PEs up to 20 times of SOM decomposition before C input were common at pH around 6.5. Negative PEs were common at soil pH below 4.5 or above 7 reflecting a suboptimal environment for microorganisms and specific SOM stabilization mechanisms at low and high pH. Short-term soil acidification (in rhizosphere, after fertilizer application) affects PE by: mineral-SOM complexation, SOM oxidation by iron reduction, enzymatic depolymerization, and pH-dependent changes in nutrient availability. Biological processes of microbial metabolism shift over the short-term, whereas long-term microbial community adaptations to slow acidification are common. The nitrogen fertilization induced soil acidification and land use intensification strongly decrease pH and thus boost the PE. Concluding, soil pH is one of the strongest but up to now disregarded factors of PE, defining SOM decomposition through short-term metabolic adaptation of microbial groups and long-term shift of microbial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Wang
- Biogeochemistry of Agroecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Tropical region of China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; Hainan Key Laboratory of Tropical Eco-Circular Agriculture, Environmental and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Yakov Kuzyakov
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Peoples Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
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Bakar B, Birhanlı E, Ulu A, Boran F, Yeşilada Ö, Ateş B. Immobilization of Trametes trogii laccase on polyvinylpyrrolidone-coated magnetic nanoparticles for biocatalytic degradation of textile dyes. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2023.2173006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Bakar
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Biochemistry and Biomaterials Research Laboratory, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Emre Birhanlı
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Biotechnology Research Laboratory, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ulu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Biochemistry and Biomaterials Research Laboratory, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Filiz Boran
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Biotechnology Research Laboratory, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Özfer Yeşilada
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Biotechnology Research Laboratory, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ateş
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Biochemistry and Biomaterials Research Laboratory, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkey
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Kyomuhimbo HD, Brink HG. Applications and immobilization strategies of the copper-centred laccase enzyme; a review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13156. [PMID: 36747551 PMCID: PMC9898315 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Laccase is a multi-copper enzyme widely expressed in fungi, higher plants, and bacteria which facilitates the direct reduction of molecular oxygen to water (without hydrogen peroxide production) accompanied by the oxidation of an electron donor. Laccase has attracted attention in biotechnological applications due to its non-specificity and use of molecular oxygen as secondary substrate. This review discusses different applications of laccase in various sectors of food, paper and pulp, waste water treatment, pharmaceuticals, sensors, and fuel cells. Despite the many advantages of laccase, challenges such as high cost due to its non-reusability, instability in harsh environmental conditions, and proteolysis are often encountered in its application. One of the approaches used to minimize these challenges is immobilization. The various methods used to immobilize laccase and the different supports used are further extensively discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Dinah Kyomuhimbo
- Water Utilisation and Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G. Brink
- Water Utilisation and Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pretoria, South Africa
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Wu Y, Zhang H, Li J, Wang Z, Jiang Y. Adsorption of soil invertase to goethite, gibbsite and their organic complexes and the effects on enzyme catalytic performance. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113073. [PMID: 36495696 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Soil invertase plays important role in the enzyme-driven degradation of soil organic carbon, and influenced by the adsorption of minerals or clays. We studied the adsorption effects of goethite, gibbsite and their organic complexes (with tannic acid) on invertase, aiming to explore the influence on the mobility and catalytic behavior of invertase. Results showed that both minerals and mineral-tannic acid complexes (henceforth 'complexes') had considerable adsorption capacity for invertase and restricted its mobility. The catalytic performance of invertase was characterized. Under optimum conditions, the kinetics of the enzyme was reduced markedly after adsorption, indicating the decreased enzyme-substrate affinity. Adsorbed invertases retained 30.9-46.1% of the original activity and the mineral-adsorbed enzymes showed lower activities than the complex-adsorbed enzymes. All minerals and complexes had similar patterns on the influence on the pH and thermal properties of invertase, in which the adsorption improved the pH stability of the enzyme at various pH values, lowered the pH sensitivity and shifted the optimum pH towards the acid sites; while decreased thermal stability at various temperature values and higher temperature sensitivity of the adsorbed invertase were observed. In a 150-h incubation under soil-like conditions, all adsorbed invertases showed greater long-term stability than free invertase, and higher total activities (sum of adsorbed activities and dissolved activities) in adsorption system were observed after the incubation. These results implied that, in a soil microenvironment, the goethite, gibbsite and their organic complexes have a protection effect on invertase through adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Huihong Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Jianwei Li
- Agricultural Technology Extension Center of Shandong Province, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Zhonghua Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
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Birhanlı E, Noma SAA, Boran F, Ulu A, Yeşilada Ö, Ateş B. Design of laccase-metal-organic framework hybrid constructs for biocatalytic removal of textile dyes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133382. [PMID: 34954196 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to present a simple and effective carrier matrix to immobilize laccase as opposed to complex and tedious immobilization processes and also to use it in the removal of textile dyes. For this purpose, Cobalt (Co) and Copper (Cu) based metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) were prepared and laccase was immobilized on two different MOFs via encapsulation. The characterization outcomes showed that laccase was well immobilized into MOF supports. Optimum pH and temperature were found for Lac/Co-MOF (pH 4.5 at 50 °C) and Lac/Cu-MOF (pH 5.0 at 50 °C). The Km (0.03 mM) and Vmax (97.4 μmol/min) values of Lac/Cu-MOF were lower than those of Lac/Co-MOF (Km = 0.13 mM, Vmax = 230.7 μmol/min). The immobilized laccases showed good reusability as well as improved resistance to temperature denaturation and high storage stability. For instance, the Lac/Co-MOF and Lac/Cu-MOF retained more than 58% activity after 4 weeks of storage at room temperature. Meanwhile, Lac/Co-MOF and Lac/Cu-MOF maintained 56.5% and 55.8% of their initial activity, respectively, after 12 reuse cycles. Moreover, thermal deactivation kinetic studies of immobilized laccases displayed lower k value, higher t1/2, and enhancement of thermodynamic parameters, which means better thermostability. Finally, the decolorization activities for the Lac/Co-MOF were 78% and 61% at the 5th cycle for Reactive Blue 171 and Reactive Blue 198, respectively. In conclusion, it can be inferred that the MOFs are more sustainable and beneficial support for laccase immobilization and they can be efficient for removing textile dyes from industrial wastes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Birhanlı
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inönü University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Samir Abbas Ali Noma
- Biochemistry and Biomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inönü University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Filiz Boran
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inönü University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Ulu
- Biochemistry and Biomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inönü University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
| | - Özfer Yeşilada
- Biotechnology Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inönü University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey
| | - Burhan Ateş
- Biochemistry and Biomaterials Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Science, Inönü University, 44280, Malatya, Turkey.
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Ardila-Leal LD, Monterey-Gutiérrez PA, Poutou-Piñales RA, Quevedo-Hidalgo BE, Galindo JF, Pedroza-Rodríguez AM. Recombinant laccase rPOXA 1B real-time, accelerated and molecular dynamics stability study. BMC Biotechnol 2021; 21:37. [PMID: 34088291 PMCID: PMC8178886 DOI: 10.1186/s12896-021-00698-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laccases (EC 1.10.3.2) are multi-copper oxidoreductases with great biotechnological importance due to their high oxidative potential and utility for removing synthetic dyes, oxidizing phenolic compounds, and degrading pesticides, among others. Methods A real-time stability study (RTS) was conducted for a year, by using enzyme concentrates from 3 batches (L1, L3, and L4). For which, five temperatures 243.15, 277.15, 298.15, 303.15, 308.15, and 313.15 K were assayed. Using RTS data and the Arrhenius equation, we calculated the rPOXA 1B accelerated stability (AS). Molecular dynamics (MD) computational study results were very close to those obtained experimentally at four different temperatures 241, 278, 298, and 314 K. Results In the RTS, 101.16, 115.81, 75.23, 46.09, 5.81, and 4.83% of the relative enzyme activity were recovered, at respective assayed temperatures. AS study, showed that rPOXA 1B is stable at 240.98 ± 5.38, 277.40 ± 1.32 or 297.53 ± 3.88 K; with t1/2 values of 230.8, 46.2, and 12.6 months, respectively. Kinetic and thermodynamic parameters supported the high stability of rPOXA 1B, with an Ed value of 41.40 KJ mol− 1, a low variation of KM and Vmax, at 240.98 ± 5.38, and 297.53 ± 3.88 K, and ∆G values showing deactivation reaction does not occur. The MD indicates that fluctuations in loop, coils or loops with hydrophilic or intermediate polarity amino acids as well as in some residues of POXA 1B 3D structure, increases with temperature; changing from three fluctuating residues at 278 K to six residues at 298 K, and nine residues at 314 K. Conclusions Laccase rPOXA 1B demonstrated experimentally and computationally to be a stable enzyme, with t1/2 of 230.8, 46.2 or 12.6 months, if it is preserved impure without preservatives at temperatures of 240.98 ± 5.38, 277.40 ± 1.32 or 297.53 ± 3.88 K respectively; this study could be of great utility for large scale producers. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12896-021-00698-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy D Ardila-Leal
- Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ). Bogotá, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Pedro A Monterey-Gutiérrez
- Vicerrectoría Académica. Universidad Antonio Nariño, Programa de Maestría y Doctorado en Educación Matemática, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
| | - Raúl A Poutou-Piñales
- Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ). Bogotá, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Bogotá, D.C, Colombia.
| | - Balkys E Quevedo-Hidalgo
- Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ), Laboratorio de Biotecnología Aplicada, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Bogotá, D.C, Colombia.
| | - Johan F Galindo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, D.C, Colombia.
| | - Aura M Pedroza-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Microbiología. Facultad de Ciencias. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana (PUJ). Bogotá, Laboratorio de Microbiología Ambiental y de Suelos, Grupo de Biotecnología Ambiental e Industrial (GBAI), Bogotá, D.C, Colombia
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Laccase-zein interactions at the air-water interface: Reactors on an air bubble and naphthalene removal from water. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Kołodziejczak-Radzimska A, Budna A, Ciesielczyk F, Moszyński D, Jesionowski T. Laccase from Trametes versicolor supported onto mesoporous Al2O3: Stability tests and evaluations of catalytic activity. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Goldhahn C, Taut JA, Schubert M, Burgert I, Chanana M. Enzyme immobilization inside the porous wood structure: a natural scaffold for continuous-flow biocatalysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20608-20619. [PMID: 35517771 PMCID: PMC9054300 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10633b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are often immobilized on solid supports to enable their recovery from reaction solutions, facilitate their reuse and hence increase cost-effectiveness in their application. Immobilized enzymes may even be used for flow-through applications in continuous processes. However, the synthesis of traditional immobilization scaffolds and immobilization techniques lack sustainability as they are often based on fuel-based materials and tedious synthesis- and immobilization approaches. Here, we present the natural material wood as a green alternative for enzyme immobilization. Its natural structure provides a mechanically stable porous scaffold with a high inner surface area that allows for directional flow-through of liquids. Enzymes were immobilized by nanoparticle-mediated adsorption, a simple, versatile and completely water-based process. The resulting wood-enzyme hybrids were intensely investigated for the model enzyme laccase. Reaction kinetics, as well as catalytic activities at various pH-values, temperatures, and ionic strengths were determined. The wood-enzyme hybrids could quickly and completely be removed from the reaction solution. Hence, they allow for multifold reusability. We show a series of 25 consecutive reaction cycles with a remaining activity in the last cycle of 90% of the maximal activity. Moreover, the anisotropic porosity of wood enabled the application of the hybrid material as a biocatalytic flow-through reactor. Flow-rate dependent productivity of a single-enzyme reaction was determined. Moreover, we show a two-step reaction cascade in continuous flow by the immobilization of the enzymes glucose oxidase and horseradish peroxidase. Therefore, the natural material wood proved to be a promising material for application in continuous-flow biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Goldhahn
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Cellulose & Wood Materials Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Josef A Taut
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Mark Schubert
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Cellulose & Wood Materials Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Ingo Burgert
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Cellulose & Wood Materials Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Munish Chanana
- ETH Zürich, Institute for Building Materials Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
- Empa - Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technology, Cellulose & Wood Materials Überlandstrasse 129 8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Swiss Wood Solutions AG Stefano-Franscini-Platz 3 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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10
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Song Y, Wang C. High-power biofuel cells based on three-dimensional reduced graphene oxide/carbon nanotube micro-arrays. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:46. [PMID: 31636935 PMCID: PMC6799826 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized enzymatic biofuel cells (EBFCs) with high cell performance are promising candidates for powering next-generation implantable medical devices. Here, we report a closed-loop theoretical and experimental study on a micro EBFC system based on three-dimensional (3D) carbon micropillar arrays coated with reduced graphene oxide (rGO), carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and a biocatalyst composite. The fabrication process of this system combines the top-down carbon microelectromechanical systems (C-MEMS) technique to fabricate the 3D micropillar array platform and bottom-up electrophoretic deposition (EPD) to deposit the reduced rGO/CNTs/enzyme onto the electrode surface. The Michaelis-Menten constant KM of 2.1 mM for glucose oxidase (GOx) on the rGO/CNTs/GOx bioanode was obtained, which is close to the KM for free GOx. Theoretical modelling of the rGO/CNT-based EBFC system via finite element analysis was conducted to predict the cell performance and efficiency. The experimental results from the developed rGO/CNT-based EBFC showed a maximum power density of 196.04 µW cm-2 at 0.61 V, which is approximately twice the maximum power density obtained from the rGO-based EBFC. The experimental power density is noted to be 71.1% of the theoretical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Song
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Science Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174 USA
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Science Engineering, Florida International University, 10555 West Flagler Street, Miami, FL 33174 USA
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Bilal M, Zhao Y, Noreen S, Shah SZH, Bharagava RN, Iqbal HMN. Modifying bio-catalytic properties of enzymes for efficient biocatalysis: a review from immobilization strategies viewpoint. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2018.1564744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Yuping Zhao
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Sadia Noreen
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Department of Microbiology (DM), Laboratory for Bioremediation and Metagenomics Research (LBMR), Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Lucknow, India
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Monterrey, Mexico
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12
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Surendran A, Siddiqui Y, Saud H, Ali N, Manickam S. Inhibition and kinetic studies of lignin degrading enzymes ofGanoderma boninenseby naturally occurring phenolic compounds. J Appl Microbiol 2018; 125:876-887. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Surendran
- The Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production; Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security; University of Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - Y. Siddiqui
- The Laboratory of Plant Science and Technology; Institute of Plantation Studies; University of Putra Malaysia; Serdang Malaysia
| | - H.M. Saud
- Department of Agriculture Technology; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Putra Malaysia; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - N.S. Ali
- Department of Plant Protection; Faculty of Agriculture; University of Putra Malaysia; Serdang Selangor Malaysia
| | - S. Manickam
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering; University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus; Semenyih Selangor Malaysia
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13
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Formulation of Laccase Nanobiocatalysts Based on Ionic and Covalent Interactions for the Enhanced Oxidation of Phenolic Compounds. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/app7080851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative biocatalysis by laccase arises as a promising alternative in the development of advanced oxidation processes for the removal of xenobiotics. The aim of this work is to develop various types of nanobiocatalysts based on laccase immobilized on different superparamagnetic and non-magnetic nanoparticles to improve the stability of the biocatalysts. Several techniques of enzyme immobilization were evaluated based on ionic exchange and covalent bonding. The highest yields of laccase immobilization were achieved for the covalent laccase nanoconjugates of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles (2.66 U mg−1 NPs), formed by the covalent attachment of the enzyme between the aldehyde groups of the glutaraldehyde-functionalized nanoparticle and the amino groups of the enzyme. Moreover, its application in the biotransformation of phenol as a model recalcitrant compound was tested at different pH and successfully achieved at pH 6 for 24 h. A sequential batch operation was carried out, with complete recovery of the nanobiocatalyst and minimal deactivation of the enzyme after four cycles of phenol oxidation. The major drawback associated with the use of the nanoparticles relies on the energy consumption required for their production and the use of chemicals, that account for a major contribution in the normalized index of 5.28 × 10−3. The reduction of cyclohexane (used in the synthesis of silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles) led to a significant lower index (3.62 × 10−3); however, the immobilization was negatively affected, which discouraged this alternative.
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14
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Jasni MJF, Sathishkumar P, Sornambikai S, Yusoff ARM, Ameen F, Buang NA, Kadir MRA, Yusop Z. Fabrication, characterization and application of laccase–nylon 6,6/Fe3+ composite nanofibrous membrane for 3,3′-dimethoxybenzidine detoxification. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2016; 40:191-200. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-016-1686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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15
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Chan-Cupul W, Heredia-Abarca G, Rodríguez-Vázquez R. Atrazine degradation by fungal co-culture enzyme extracts under different soil conditions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2016; 51:298-308. [PMID: 26830051 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1128742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was undertaken to determine the atrazine degradation by fungal enzyme extracts (FEEs) in a clay-loam soil microcosm contaminated at field application rate (5 μg g(-1)) and to study the influence of different soil microcosm conditions, including the effect of soil sterilization, water holding capacity, soil pH and type of FEEs used in atrazine degradation through a 2(4) factorial experimental design. The Trametes maxima-Paecilomyces carneus co-culture extract contained more laccase activity and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) content (laccase = 18956.0 U mg protein(-1), H2O2 = 6.2 mg L(-1)) than the T. maxima monoculture extract (laccase = 12866.7 U mg protein(-1), H2O2 = 4.0 mg L(-1)). Both extracts were able to degrade atrazine at 100%; however, the T. maxima monoculture extract (0.32 h) achieved a lower half-degradation time than its co-culture with P. carneus (1.2 h). The FEE type (p = 0.03) and soil pH (p = 0.01) significantly affected atrazine degradation. The best degradation rate was achieved by the T. maxima monoculture extract in an acid soil (pH = 4.86). This study demonstrated that both the monoculture extracts of the native strain T. maxima and its co-culture with P. carneus can efficiently and quickly degrade atrazine in clay-loam soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilberth Chan-Cupul
- a Biological Control and Applied Mycology Laboratory, Faculty of Biological and Agro-livestock Sciences, University of Colima , Tecoman , Colima , Mexico
| | | | - Refugio Rodríguez-Vázquez
- c Department of technology and Bioengineering, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute , Mexico City , Mexico
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Forootanfar H, Faramarzi MA. Insights into laccase producing organisms, fermentation states, purification strategies, and biotechnological applications. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:1443-63. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Forootanfar
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy; Kerman University of Medical Sciences; Kerman Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Faramarzi
- Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran 1417614411 Iran
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Ihssen J, Schubert M, Schwarze FWMR, Thöny-Meyer L. Efficient production of Al(OH)3-immobilized laccase with a Heterobasidion annosum strain selected by microplate screening. J Appl Microbiol 2015; 110:924-34. [PMID: 21235688 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2011.04948.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Wild-type white rot fungi are the most important production organisms for laccase, a promising oxidative biocatalyst with numerous applications. This study aimed at identifying novel highly productive strains, finding optimal cultivation conditions for laccase production and establishing a simple immobilization procedure. METHODS AND RESULTS By using a newly developed 96-well microplate cultivation method, 23 species of white rot fungi, represented by 29 strains, were directly compared with regard to the amount of secreted laccase. Both, with glucose and spruce saw dust as growth substrate a Heterobasidion annosum strain and a Physisporinus vitreus strain were the most productive (730–2200 U l−1 of secreted laccase). Cultivation conditions for laccase production with H. annosum were optimized in larger-scale liquid cultures. Aeration with a sparger lead to a 3·8-fold increase in laccase activity when compared to nonaerated flask cultures. More than 3000 U l−1 laccase was produced in glucose medium supplemented with yeast extract and the inducer veratryl alcohol. Culture supernatant was incubated with short-range ordered Al(OH)3 particles to directly immobilize and concentrate laccase by adsorption. Active laccase was recovered in 40% yield and the Al(OH)3-adsorbed laccase was suitable for repeated decolourization of indigo carmine. CONCLUSIONS Microplate cultivation allowed a large-scale comparison of the capacity of different fungal species for laccase production. Laccase secretion of a highly productive H. annosum strain was found to vary strongly with different cultivation conditions. Adsorption to Al(OH)3 proved to be suitable as direct immobilization technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ihssen
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomaterials, St Gallen, Switzerland.
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Enzymatic technologies for remediation of hydrophobic organic pollutants in soil. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:8815-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Fungal enzymes for environmental management. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 33:268-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Mohajershojaei K, Mahmoodi NM, Khosravi A. Immobilization of laccase enzyme onto titania nanoparticle and decolorization of dyes from single and binary systems. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-014-0196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Gioia L, Rodríguez-Couto S, Menéndez MDP, Manta C, Ovsejevi K. Reversible covalent immobilization of Trametes villosa laccase onto thiolsulfinate-agarose: An insoluble biocatalyst with potential for decoloring recalcitrant dyes. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2014; 62:502-13. [PMID: 25196324 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of a solid-phase biocatalyst based on the reversible covalent immobilization of laccase onto thiol-reactive supports (thiolsulfinate-agarose [TSI-agarose]) was performed. To achieve this goal, laccase-producing strains isolated from Eucalyptus globulus were screened and white rot fungus Trametes villosa was selected as the best strain for enzyme production. Reduction of disulfide bonds and introduction of "de novo" thiol groups in partially purified laccase were assessed to perform its reversible covalent immobilization onto thiol-reactive supports (TSI-agarose). Only the thiolation process dramatically improved the immobilization yield, from 0% for the native and reduced enzyme to 60% for the thiolated enzyme. Mild conditions for the immobilization process (pH 7.5 and 4°C) allowed the achievement of nearly 100% of coupling efficiency when low loads were applied. The kinetic parameters, pH, and thermal stabilities for the immobilized biocatalyst were similar to those for the native enzyme. After the first use and three consecutives reuses, the insoluble derivative kept more than 80% of its initial capacity for decolorizing Remazol Brilliant Blue R, showing its suitability for color removal from textile industrial effluents. The possibility of reusing the support was demonstrated by the reversibility of enzyme-support binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Gioia
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Susana Rodríguez-Couto
- CEIT, Unit of Environmental Engineering, San Sebastian 20018, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain
| | - María Del Pilar Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Biocatálisis y Biotransformaciones, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carmen Manta
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Karen Ovsejevi
- Cátedra de Bioquímica, Departamento de Biociencias, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Modeling and Simulation of Enzymatic Biofuel Cells with Three-Dimensional Microelectrodes. ENERGIES 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/en7074694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Recent developments and applications of immobilized laccase. Biotechnol Adv 2013; 31:1808-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2012.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Wu Y, Jiang Y, Jiao J, Liu M, Hu F, Griffiths BS, Li H. Adsorption of Trametes versicolor laccase to soil iron and aluminum minerals: enzyme activity, kinetics and stability studies. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 114:342-8. [PMID: 24225344 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Laccases play an important role in the degradation of soil phenol or phenol-like substance and can be potentially used in soil remediation through immobilization. Iron and aluminum minerals can adsorb extracellular enzymes in soil environment. In the present study, we investigated the adsorptive interaction of laccase, from the white-rot fungus Trametes versicolor, with soil iron and aluminum minerals and characterized the properties of the enzyme after adsorption to minerals. Results showed that both soil iron and aluminum minerals adsorbed great amount of laccase, independent of the mineral specific surface areas. Adsorbed laccases retained 26-64% of the activity of the free enzyme. Compared to the free laccase, all adsorbed laccases showed higher Km values and lower Vmax values, indicating a reduced enzyme-substrate affinity and a lower rate of substrate conversion in reactions catalyzed by the adsorbed laccase. Adsorbed laccases exhibited increased catalytic activities compared to the free laccase at low pH, implying the suitable application of iron and aluminum mineral-adsorbed T. versicolor laccase in soil bioremediation, especially in acid soils. In terms of the thermal profiles, adsorbed laccases showed decreased thermal stability and higher temperature sensitivity relative to the free laccase. Moreover, adsorption improved the resistance of laccase to proteolysis and extended the lifespan of laccase. Our results implied that adsorbed T. versicolor laccase on soil iron and aluminum minerals had promising potential in soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Ying Jiang
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Jiaguo Jiao
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Manqiang Liu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | - Feng Hu
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
| | | | - Huixin Li
- Soil Ecology Lab, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.
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Ralla K, Sohling U, Suck K, Sander F, Kasper C, Ruf F, Scheper T. Adsorption and separation of proteins by a synthetic hydrotalcite. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2011; 87:217-25. [PMID: 21684727 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2011.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2011] [Accepted: 05/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the potential use of a synthetic Mg/Al hydrotalcite (layered double hydroxide) as a novel chromatography material for protein purification was investigated. The hydrotalcite is present in its carbonate form and is characterized by an Al/Mg-ratio of 1.85. Zetapotential measurements confirm a positive surface potential up to pH 10 suggesting applicability as anion exchanger. The binding of model proteins covering a broad range of isoelectric points and molecular weights was performed at different pH-values under batch conditions to evaluate the binding behaviour of the hydrotalcite. Furthermore, static binding capacities were exemplarily determined for hemoglobin and human serum albumin. Additionally, the adsorption and elution of hemoglobin was studied under dynamic conditions. The binding behaviour of the hydrotalcite was compared to commercially available anion exchangers and was found to be a function of pH, depending on the model protein. Variant adsorption behaviour is explained by further interactions like hydrogen bonds and by an unequal charge distribution over the protein surfaces. The hydrotalcite reveals high adsorption capacities under static (260 mg/g) as well as under dynamic conditions (88 mg/g at 34 cm/h; 61 mg/g at 340 cm/h). With appropriate buffers like 500 mM carbonate (pH 10) the adsorbed proteins can be nearly completely desorbed making regeneration possible. Due to the binding and elution properties it is concluded, that the hydrotalcite can serve anion exchange material for chromatographic protein separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Ralla
- Institut für Biotechnologie, FG Bioverfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Acevedo F, Pizzul L, Castillo MD, González ME, Cea M, Gianfreda L, Diez MC. Degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by free and nanoclay-immobilized manganese peroxidase from Anthracophyllum discolor. CHEMOSPHERE 2010; 80:271-8. [PMID: 20435332 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2010.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Manganese peroxidase (MnP) produced by Anthracophyllum discolor, a Chilean white rot fungus, was immobilized on nanoclay obtained from volcanic soil and its ability to degrade polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) compared with the free enzyme was evaluated. At the same time, nanoclay characterization was performed. Nanoclay characterization by transmission electronic microscopy showed a particle average size smaller than 100 nm. The isoelectric points (IEP) of nanoclay and MnP from A. discolor were 7.0 and 3.7, respectively, as determined by micro electrophoresis migration and preparative isoelectric focusing. Results indicated that 75% of the enzyme was immobilized on the nanoclay through physical adsorption. As compared to the free enzyme, immobilized MnP from A. discolor achieved an improved stability to temperature and pH. The activation energy (Ea) value for immobilized MnP (51.9 kJ mol(-1)) was higher than that of the free MnP (34.4 kJ mol(-1)). The immobilized enzyme was able to degrade pyrene (>86%), anthracene (>65%), alone or in mixture, and to a less extent fluoranthene (<15.2%) and phenanthrene (<8.6%). Compared to free MnP from A. discolor, the enzyme immobilized on nanoclay enhanced the enzymatic transformation of anthracene in soil. Overall results indicate that nanoclay, a carrier of natural origin, is a suitable support material for MnP immobilization. In addition, immobilized MnP shows an increased stability to high temperature, pH and time storage, as well as an enhanced PAHs degradation efficiency in soil. All these characteristics may suggest the possible use of nanoclay-immobilized MnP from A. discolor as a valuable option for in situ bioremediation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Acevedo
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco, Chile
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Chaer G, Fernandes M, Myrold D, Bottomley P. Comparative resistance and resilience of soil microbial communities and enzyme activities in adjacent native forest and agricultural soils. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2009; 58:414-424. [PMID: 19330551 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-009-9508-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of soil properties following deforestation and long-term soil cultivation may lead to decreases in soil microbial diversity and functional stability. In this study, we investigated the differences in the stability (resistance and resilience) of microbial community composition and enzyme activities in adjacent soils under either native tropical forest (FST) or in agricultural cropping use for 14 years (AGR). Mineral soil samples (0 to 5 cm) from both areas were incubated at 40 degrees C, 50 degrees C, 60 degrees C, or 70 degrees C for 15 min in order to successively reduce the microbial biomass. Three and 30 days after the heat shocks, fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis, cellulase and laccase activities, and phospholipid-derived fatty acids-based microbial community composition were measured. Microbial biomass was reduced up to 25% in both soils 3 days after the heat shocks. The higher initial values of microbial biomass, enzyme activity, total and particulate soil organic carbon, and aggregate stability in the FST soil coincided with higher enzymatic stability after heat shocks. FDA hydrolysis activity was less affected (more resistance) and cellulase and laccase activities recovered more rapidly (more resilience) in the FST soil relative to the AGR counterpart. In the AGR soil, laccase activity did not show resilience to any heat shock level up to 30 days after the disturbance. Within each soil type, the microbial community composition did not differ between heat shock and control samples at day 3. However, at day 30, FST soil samples treated at 60 degrees C and 70 degrees C contained a microbial community significantly different from the control and with lower biomass regardless of high enzyme resilience. Results of this study show that deforestation followed by long-term cultivation changed microbial community composition and had differential effects on microbial functional stability. Both soils displayed similar resilience to FDA hydrolysis, a composite measure of a broad range of hydrolases, supporting the concept of high functional redundancy in soil microbial communities. In contrast, the resilience of the substrate-specific activities of laccase and cellulase were lower in AGR soils, indicating a less diverse community of microorganisms capable of producing these enzymes and confirming that specific microbial functions are more sensitive measurements for evaluating change in the ecological stability of soils.
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Zimmerman AR, Kang DH, Ahn MY, Hyun S, Banks MK. Influence of a soil enzyme on iron-cyanide complex speciation and mineral adsorption. CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:1044-51. [PMID: 17845813 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2007] [Revised: 07/25/2007] [Accepted: 07/31/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide is commonly found as ferrocyanide [Fe(II)(CN)(6)](-4) and in the more mobile form, ferricyanide [Fe(III)(CN)(6)](-3) in contaminated soils and sediments. Although soil minerals may influence ferrocyanide speciation, and thus mobility, the possible influence of soil enzymes has not been examined. In a series of experiments conducted under a range of soil-like conditions, laccase, a phenoloxidase enzyme derived from the fungi Trametes versicolor, was found to exert a large influence on iron-cyanide speciation and mobility. In the presence of laccase, up to 93% of ferrocyanide (36-362ppm) was oxidized to ferricyanide within 4h. No significant effect of pH (3.6 and 6.2) or initial ferrocyanide concentration on the extent or rate of oxidation was found and ferrocyanide oxidation did not occur in the absence of laccase. Relative to iron-cyanide-mineral systems without laccase, ferrocyanide adsorption to aluminum hydroxide and montmorillonite decreased in the presence of laccase and was similar to or somewhat greater than that of ferricyanide without laccase. Laccase-catalyzed conversion of ferrocyanide to ferricyanide was extensive though up to 33% of the enzyme was mineral-bound. These results demonstrate that soil enzymes can play a major role in ferrocyanide speciation and mobility. Biotic soil components must be considered as highly effective oxidation catalysts that may alter the mobility of metals and metal complexes in soil. Immobilized enzymes should also be considered for use in soil metal remediation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Zimmerman
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Florida, 241 Williamson Hall, P.O. Box 112120, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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