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Zhang W, Xu J, Zhang L, Ni T. The value of histopathologic examination and Xpert (MTB/RIF) assay in diagnosis of cervical lymph node tuberculosis after coarse needle biopsy guided by CEUS: a retrospective analysis of 612 cases. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 43:1951-1957. [PMID: 39088108 PMCID: PMC11405491 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-024-04913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the value of histopathological examination (HPE) and Xpert Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacilli/rifampicin (MTB/RIF) assay in diagnosis of cervical lymph node tuberculosis (LN TB) after coarse needle biopsy (CNB). METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 612 samples obtained from October 2017 to August 2023 from patients suspected cervical LN TB with surgically pathological, microbial culture confirmed, and clinically confirmed cervical lymph node enlargement who received ultrasound-guided CNB assisted by contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) at our hospital. All specimens were assessed by HPE and the Xpert (MTB/RIF) assay. We analyzed the results to determine the diagnostic value of HPE and Xpert (MTB/RIF) assay in samples taken after CEUS-assisted CNB of LN TB, and to evaluate the safety of CNB. RESULTS Based on the comprehensive reference standard established in this study, 532 of 612 patients were diagnosed with cervical LN TB, of which 476 were CNB positive cases, the positive rate of diagnosis was 89.5%。The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative and predictive value of HPE were 80.4%, 91.2%, 98.4%, 41.2% respectively, while those of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay were 75.7%, 98.7%, 99.7%, 38.0% respectively. No postoperative complications were noted, and the Clavien-Dindo grade was 2. CONCLUSION CEUS-assisted CNB has high diagnostic value and is safe for cervical LN TB. The sensitivity of HPE is slightly higher than that of Xpert (MTB/RIF) assay, and the specificity of Xpert (MTB/RIF) assay is higher than that of HPE, so Xpert (MTB/RIF) assay can correct the cervical lymph node tuberculosis with negative HPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital (Integrated Chinese and Western Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital (Integrated Chinese and Western Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital (Integrated Chinese and Western Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tu Ni
- Department of Ultrasonography, Hangzhou Red Cross Hospital (Integrated Chinese and Western Hospital of Zhejiang Province), Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Liu P, Sun J, Wang Y, Qin Y, Liu B. Influence of preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration on perioperative complications in patients treated with epididymectomy for epididymal tuberculosis. Int J Urol 2024; 31:927-932. [PMID: 38752466 DOI: 10.1111/iju.15493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the influence of preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration on perioperative epididymectomy complications in patients with epididymal tuberculosis (ETB). METHODS This retrospective study examined patients with ETB between January 1, 2013, and March 31, 2023, who underwent unilateral epididymectomy at our hospital. We selected preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration of 2, 4, and 8 weeks as the cutoffs for this study, to explore whether there are differences in the incidence of intraoperative and 30-day postoperative complications among the patients with different preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy durations. Intraoperative complications were graded according to the Satava classification, and 30-day postoperative complications were defined according to the Clavien-Dindo classification. The study groups were compared using the unpaired t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Pearson's chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test, as appropriate. RESULTS Overall, 155 patients were included. Statistical analysis revealed that there were no significant differences in the incidence of intraoperative and 30-day postoperative complications between patients with shorter preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration and those with longer preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration. CONCLUSIONS In patients with ETB, preoperative antituberculosis chemotherapy duration did not significantly affect the incidence of perioperative complications after epididymectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiazhu Sun
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yeqiang Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Qin
- Department of Urology, Zhejiang Chinese Medicine and Western Medicine Integrated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ben Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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Nakou I, Kotoulas SC, Sionidou M, Daios S, Manika C, Hadji-Mitrova M, Papadaki E, Manika K. Two Cases of Testicular Tuberculosis and Review of the Recent Literature. Int J Mycobacteriol 2024; 13:225-236. [PMID: 39277883 DOI: 10.4103/ijmy.ijmy_130_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In this review, two cases of testicular tuberculosis (TB) are presented, and another 58 cases published in PubMed between January 1, 2012, and July 31, 2023, are reviewed. Testicular TB remains a disease mainly of the developing world, with one notable exception - the infections caused as a result of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infusion immunotherapy for bladder cancer. Its clinical course is subacute; however, it might get disseminated and become life-threatening; therefore, prompt diagnosis is very important. The diagnosis can be quite challenging, and testicular tissue is the sample with the highest diagnostic yield, either for microbiological or histopathological diagnosis. On the other hand, its treatment follows the standard guidelines for TB treatment; however, the avoidance of an unnecessary orchiectomy is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifigeneia Nakou
- Pulmonary Department, Respiratory Infections Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Serafeim-Chrysovalantis Kotoulas
- Pulmonary Department, Respiratory Infections Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Intensive Care Unit, Hippocration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Sionidou
- Pulmonary Department, Respiratory Infections Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Stylianos Daios
- Pulmonary Department, Respiratory Infections Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Manika
- Department of Radiology, "Agios Pavlos" General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Marija Hadji-Mitrova
- Pulmonary Department, Respiratory Infections Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Papadaki
- Pulmonary Department, Respiratory Infections Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Manika
- Pulmonary Department, Respiratory Infections Unit, "G. Papanikolaou" General Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Cesilia C, Nugraha HG, Siregar S, Nataprawira HM. The challenges in diagnosing isolated epididymal tuberculosis (TB) in an adolescent male: a case report. BMC Urol 2024; 24:61. [PMID: 38504239 PMCID: PMC10949577 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-024-01442-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genitourinary tuberculosis (GUTB) is a common form of extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) in children. An example of GUTB is epididymal TB, which usually presents unspecific chronic clinical manifestations. Definitive diagnosis can be conducted based on bacteriologic confirmation and histopathologic results, but this is challenging due to the paucibacillary nature of EPTB. Therefore, we reported the challenges in diagnosing isolated epididymal TB in an adolescent male. CASE PRESENTATION A 16-year-old male presented to respirology clinic with painful swelling of the left scrotum for 3 months before visiting to the hospital. The symptoms were associated with persistent coughing for 2 months, and physical examination of the left scrotum showed swelling accompanied by cardinal signs. A palpable hard mass was found on the left scrotum, with firm borders, measuring 7 × 4 cm. Laboratory examination and tumor markers were within normal limits, although leukocyturia was found, and the urine culture was negative. Genital ultrasound (US) showed epididymitis sinistra with septal hydrocele, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicated inhomogeneous left epididymitis with bilateral inguinal lymph node enlargement. Although TB evaluation presented a negative purified protein derivative (PPD) test and bacteriologic examination, chest X-ray (CXR) showed perihilar lymphadenopathy. Based on the clinical and radiologic results suggesting TB, the patient was diagnosed with isolated epididymal TB and received quadruple antituberculosis therapy (ATT) for 6 months. After treatment, the left testicle size started to shrink and was equal to the right testicle, also, there were no signs of inflammation, the body weight increased by 5 kg, and cough disappeared. Sperm analysis at the end of treatment indicated teratozoospermia, which was subsequently treated by the urologic surgery department. CONCLUSIONS Biopsy and bacteriologic confirmation for TB epididymitis were challenging to perform in the clinical setting. Epididymal TB should be considered in adolescent males with complaints of chronic scrotal swelling and pain. Clinical judgment based on history taking, physical examination, and radiologic features supporting TB features could be helpful in accurate and fast diagnosis for favorable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Citra Cesilia
- Division of Respirology, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/ Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Pasteur Street No. 38, Sukajadi, Bandung, West Java, 40161, Indonesia
| | - Harry Galuh Nugraha
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Pasteur Street No. 38, Sukajadi, Bandung, West Java, 40161, Indonesia
| | - Safendra Siregar
- Department of Urology Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Pasteur Street No. 38, Sukajadi, Bandung, West Java, 40161, Indonesia
| | - Heda Melinda Nataprawira
- Division of Respirology, Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/ Hasan Sadikin General Hospital, Pasteur Street No. 38, Sukajadi, Bandung, West Java, 40161, Indonesia.
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Undie CU, Jibrin P, Nnana EI, Torporo KR. The diagnostic challenge of a tuberculous cold abscess of the epididymis: a case report. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-022-00309-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
While genitourinary tuberculosis is a common form of extra-pulmonary tuberculosis, cold abscess of the epididymis is rare with our literature search finding no reports from the West African subregion. Where the index of suspicion is low, diagnosis is missed and unnecessary surgery may be performed on suspicion of a tumour. The aim of this case report is to highlight the diagnostic challenges of this condition in resource-limited settings in order to create awareness within the health community, increase the chance of appropriate diagnosis, thereby facilitating early commencement of treatment so as to avoid needless testicular loss or complications, such as infertility.
Case presentation
A 33-year-old Black African College-educated public service employee resident in Abuja, Nigeria, presented with a one-week history of right scrotal pain and swelling. Genital examination revealed a firm, non-tender epididymal mass which was initially mistaken for a malignancy. There were no constitutional symptoms, and the contralateral testis was normal. The swelling involved only the epididymis. The testis was distinctly palpable but not oedematous. There was some hemi-scrotal oedema. Blood count and urine cultures were normal. Ultrasound scan showed a hypoechogenic, uniformly enlarged epididymis. Testicular tumour markers were negative. However, CT-abdomen showed enlarged para-caval and pelvic nodes which were thought to be due to secondary deposits from a testicular tumour. Scrotal swelling was later found to be due to an abscess of the epididymis at surgery. Histology showed caseous granulomas typical of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Gene-Xpert, a cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test, later confirmed that patient had tuberculosis, for which he is being treated.
Conclusion
The differential diagnosis of an epididymal cold abscess from testicular tumour or chronic epididymitis can be challenging. Therefore, a high index of suspicion as well as a complete tuberculosis screen is essential in an apparently healthy patient presenting with a chronic epididymal swelling.
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Liu P, Cai G, Gu H, Qin Y. Diagnostic nomogram to differentiate between epididymal tuberculosis and bacterial epididymitis. Infection 2022; 51:447-454. [PMID: 36114385 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-022-01916-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We developed and validated a diagnostic nomogram for differentiating epididymal tuberculosis (TB) from bacterial epididymitis. METHODS In this retrospective study, we developed a prediction model based on demographics and clinical characteristics. Eligible patients were randomly divided into derivation and validation cohorts (ratio 7:3). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were used to filter variables and select predictors. Multivariate logistic regression was used to construct the nomogram. Concordance index (C-index), calibration plots, and decision curves analysis (DCA) were used to assess the discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness of the nomogram. RESULTS We included 147 patients (epididymal TB, 93; bacterial epididymitis, 54). The derivation cohort included 66 patients with epididymal TB and 38 with bacterial epididymitis; the validation cohort included 27 patients with epididymal TB and 16 with bacterial epididymitis. One regression model was built from three differential variables: body mass index, purified protein derivative, and chronic infection. Accordingly, one nomogram was developed. The model had good discrimination and calibration. C-indexes of the derivation and validation cohorts were 0.89 and 0.98 (95% confidence intervals, 0.83-0.95 and 0.94-1.01), respectively. DCA showed that the proposed nomogram was useful for differentiation. CONCLUSION The nomogram can differentiate between epididymal TB and bacterial epididymitis.
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Mehboob K, Madani T. Isolated tuberculous orchitis presented as epididymo-orchitis: An unusual presentation of tuberculosis. Urol Ann 2022; 14:189-195. [PMID: 35711493 PMCID: PMC9197016 DOI: 10.4103/ua.ua_12_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Huang Y, Chen B, Cao D, Chen Z, Li J, Guo J, Dong Q, Wei Q, Liu L. Surgical management of tuberculous epididymo-orchitis: a retrospective study of 81 cases with long-term follow-up. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:1068. [PMID: 34654377 PMCID: PMC8520285 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06753-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nowadays, most studies of tuberculous epididymo-orchitis (TBEO) are case reports or small sample cohort series. Our study is aimed to present the largest series of TBEO with our management experiences and long-term follow-up outcomes. METHODS Patients diagnosed with TBEO after surgical procedures at Department of Urology, West China Hospital from 2008 to 2019 were included. All clinical features, auxiliary examination results, treatment and histopathological findings were extracted if available. RESULTS Eighty-one patients (mean age 50.77 ± 16.1 years) were included. Scrotal swelling (N = 47, 58.0%) and pain (N = 29, 35.8%) were the most common presenting complaint. Pyuria and microscopic hematuria were observed in twenty-two (27.2%) and eight patients (9.9%), respectively. Urine acid fast bacilli cultures were available in 16 patients and all were negative. The mean duration between the onset of symptoms and the definite diagnosis was 6.42 ± 7.0 months. TBEO was considered in 30 (37.0%), tumors in 28 (34.6%) and nonspecific bacterial epididymo-orchitis in 23 (28.4%) patients. All patients received triple therapy of chemotherapy-surgery-pharmacotherapy and definite diagnosis was confirmed through histopathology of surgical specimens. Fifty-five patients were followed up regularly (mean follow-up 82.35 ± 36.6 months). One patient (1.2%) died from liver cirrhosis and no recurrence was observed. Postoperative complications included erectile dysfunction in 4 patients (4.9%), premature ejaculation in 5 patients (6.2%) and sterility in 7 patients (8.6%). CONCLUSIONS We recommend patients with advanced TBEO to receive triple therapy of chemotherapy-surgery-pharmacotherapy. Physicians should pay more attention to patients' sexual function and fertility during follow up after treatment completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Huang
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley, No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.,West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley, No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Dehong Cao
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley, No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley, No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley, No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbing Guo
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley, No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley, No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Wei
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley, No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liangren Liu
- Department of Urology, Institute of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Guoxue Alley, No. 37, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
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Liu JY, Li SQ, Yao SJ, Liu Q. Omental mass combined with indirect inguinal hernia leads to a scrotal mass: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2021; 9:7850-7856. [PMID: 34621837 PMCID: PMC8462230 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v9.i26.7850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary omental tumors are uncommon, and omental fibromas account for 2% of these tumors. Due to the low incidence of omental fibromas and the limited relevant literature, it is challenging for clinicians to make an accurate diagnosis of this condition, especially before surgery.
CASE SUMMARY A 30-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of a left epididymal mass with vague discomfort for more than 1 mo. A physical examination was performed, and the findings showed that the epididymal mass may have entered the abdominal cavity. Pelvic computed tomography was performed in our hospital and revealed a left inguinal hernia with a mass in the hernial contents, and no masses were found in the left epididymis. A traditional inguinal hernia incision was made. Intraoperative hernia contents were found to be of the greater omentum, and a 2.5 cm-diameter mass was found at the distal end of the greater omentum. The scrotum and epididymis did not exhibit other masses. Then, the mass of the greater omentum was excised. Intraoperative frozen pathological examination suggested a spindle cell tumor. The postoperative pathological examination suggested that the mass was an omental angiofibroma. Postoperatively, the patient recovered well and was discharged. Outpatient re-examinations were performed at 1 mo and half a year after the operation and showed no obvious abnormalities.
CONCLUSION Due to the low morbidity rate associated with and latent nature of omental tumors, these tumors are difficult to diagnose preoperatively; thorough medical history taking, detailed physical examinations, and necessary imaging auxiliary examinations can help clinicians diagnose and treat these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shuai-Qi Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Shi-Jie Yao
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Urology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300192, China
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Asghar MM, Wang Z, Wang B, Zaidi SAH. Nonrenewable energy-environmental and health effects on human capital: empirical evidence from Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:2630-2646. [PMID: 31836971 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This research work reconnoiters the impact of nonrenewable energy (NRE) consumptions, environmental pollution, and mortality rate on human capital in the presence of economic growth and two common diseases, measles and tuberculosis (TB) in Pakistan. The study uses data from 1995 to 2017 and employs the Autoregressive Distributive Lag (ARDL) model to investigate cointegration and long-run dynamics. Results indicate that nonrenewable energy (oil, coal, and gas) increase air pollution, measles, TB cases, and mortality rate, which affect the human capital in Pakistan. The results of the ARDL confirm the long-run and short-run effects of fossils fuels, air pollution, and diseases on human capital. The results of the Granger Causality confirm the feedback hypothesis between nonrenewable consumption and human capital, between air pollution and human capital. Measles and TB diseases Granger cause human capital. The study recommends some essential points for energy management, environmental management, and diseases control programs to uplift the human capital in Pakistan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhaohua Wang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Electric Vehicles in Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Energy Economics and Environmental Management, Beijing, 100081, China
- Sustainable Development Research Institute for Economy and Society of Beijing, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Bo Wang
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
- Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Syed Anees Haider Zaidi
- School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
- COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal Campus, Islamabad, Pakistan.
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