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Luo R, Kang D, Huang C, Yan T, Li P, Ren H, Zhang Z. Mechanical Properties, Radiation Resistance Performances, and Mechanism Insights of Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Irradiated with High-Dose Gamma Rays. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3723. [PMID: 37765577 PMCID: PMC10535737 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The radiation effect of materials is very important and directly related to the safety and reliability of nuclear reactors. Polymer materials, one of the indispensable materials in nuclear power equipment, must withstand the ordeal of high-energy ionizing rays. In this work, through screening different γ-ray dose irradiation conditions, we systematically and comprehensively study the changes in the structure and properties of nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) before and after γ-ray static irradiation at a high dose rate, and master the rule and mechanism of the γ-ray static irradiation effect of these polymer materials. The mapping relationship between the macroscopic properties, microstructure, and irradiation dose of NBR is accurately characterized. With an increase in total irradiation dose, the C=C double bond reaction occurs, and the C≡N bond, C=C, and C=O participate in the hyper crosslinking reaction. The glass transition temperature (Tg) increases with the cumulative irradiation amount. With the increased total irradiation amount, the degree of rubber cross-linking increases, causing an increased crystallinity and decomposition temperature. A growing amount of gamma irradiation causes the mechanical properties of the rubber to degrade simultaneously, increasing the shore hardness while decreasing the tensile strength and ultimate elongation at break. When the cumulative amount reaches 1 MGy, the ultimate elongation at break decreases significantly. A cumulative dose of radiation resistance of 4 MGy can be achieved by the samples. This work can provide theoretical and experimental support for the long-term stability of nitrile butadiene rubber and its derivatives in nuclear radiation fields and space radiation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Luo
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Daoan Kang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tengfei Yan
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Pengyuan Li
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Hongxi Ren
- Guizhou Aerospace Technology Control Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Guizhou Aerospace Technology Control Co., Ltd., Guiyang 550025, China
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Borbath T, Nicula N, Zaharescu T, Borbath I, Boros TF. The Contribution of BaTiO 3 to the Stability Improvement of Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber: Part I-Pristine Filler. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092190. [PMID: 37177336 PMCID: PMC10181093 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study presents the functional effects of BaTiO3 powder loaded in ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) in three concentrations: 0, 1, and 2.5 phr. The characterization of mechanical properties, oxidation strength, and biological vulnerability is achieved on these materials subjected to an accelerated degradation stimulated by their γ-irradiation at 50 and 100 kGy. The thermal performances of these materials are improved when the content of filler becomes higher. The results obtained by chemiluminescence, FTIR-ATR, and mechanical testing indicate that the loading of 2.5 phr is the most proper composition that resists for a long time after it is γ-irradiated at a high dose. If the oxidation starts at 176 °C in the pristine polymer, it becomes significant at 188 and 210 °C in the case of composites containing 1 and 2.5 phr of filler, respectively. The radiation treatment induces a significant stability improvement measured by the enlargement of temperature range by more than 1.5 times, which explains the durability growth for the radiation-processed studied composites. The extension of the stability period is also based on the interaction between degrading polymer substrate and particle surface in the composite richest in titanate fraction when the exposure is 100 kGy was analyzed. The mechanical testing as well as the FTIR investigation clearly delimits the positive effects of carbon black on the functionality of EPDM/BaTiO3 composites. The contribution of carbon black is a defining feature of the studied composites based on the nucleation of the host matrix by which the polymer properties are effectively ameliorated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tunde Borbath
- ROSEAL SA, 5 A Nicolae Bălcescu, Odorheiu Secuiesc, 535600 Harghita, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Nicula
- INCDIE ICPE CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Traian Zaharescu
- ROSEAL SA, 5 A Nicolae Bălcescu, Odorheiu Secuiesc, 535600 Harghita, Romania
- INCDIE ICPE CA, 313 Splaiul Unirii, 030138 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Istvan Borbath
- ROSEAL SA, 5 A Nicolae Bălcescu, Odorheiu Secuiesc, 535600 Harghita, Romania
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Lee SH, Park GW, Kim HJ, Chung K, Jang KS. Effects of Filler Functionalization on Filler-Embedded Natural Rubber/Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Monomer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173502. [PMID: 36080577 PMCID: PMC9460543 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural rubber (NR) presents a number of advantages over other types of rubber but has poor resistance to chemicals and aging. The incorporation of ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) into the NR matrix may be able to address this issue. Mineral fillers, such as carbon black (CB) and silica are routinely incorporated into various elastomers owing to their low cost, enhanced processability, good functionality, and high resistance to chemicals and aging. Other fillers have been examined as potential alternatives to CB and silica. In this study, phlogopite was surface-modified using 10 phr of compatibilizers, such as aminopropyltriethoxysilane (A1S), aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane (A2S), or 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (ES), and mixed with NR/EPDM blends. The effects of untreated and surface-treated phlogopite on the mechanical properties of the rubber blend were then compared with those of common fillers (CB and silica) for rubbers. The incorporation of surface-modified phlogopite into NR/EPDM considerably enhanced various properties. The functionalization of the phlogopite surface using silane-based matters (amino- and epoxide-functionalized) led to excellent compatibility between the rubber matrix and phlogopite, thereby improving diverse properties of the elastomeric composites, with effects analogous to those of CB. The tensile strength and elongation at break of the phlogopite-embedded NR/EPDM composite were lower than those of the CB-incorporated NR/EPDM composite by 30% and 10%, respectively. Among the prepared samples, the ES-functionalized phlogopite showed the best compatibility with the rubber matrix, exhibiting a tensile strength and modulus of composites that were 35% and 18% higher, respectively, compared with those of the untreated phlogopite-incorporated NR/EPDM composite. The ES-functionalized phlogopite/NR/EPDM showed similar strength and higher modulus (by 18%) to the CB/NR/EPDM rubber composite, despite slightly lower elongation at break and toughness. The results of rebound resilience and compression set tests indicated that the elasticity of the surface-modified phlogopite/NR/EPDM rubber composite was higher than that of the silica- and CB-reinforced composites. These improvements could be attributed to enhancements in the physical and chemical interactions among the rubber matrix, stearic acid, and functionalized (compatibilized) phlogopite. Therefore, the functionalized phlogopite can be utilized in a wide range of applications for rubber compounding.
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Nihmath A, Ramesan MT. Studies on the role of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles in imparting unique thermal, dielectric, flame retardancy and petroleum fuel resistance to novel chlorinated EPDM/chlorinated NBR blend. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-020-04239-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Şen M, Aksüt D, Karaağaç B. The effect of ionizing radiation on the temperature scanning stress relaxation properties of nitrile-butadiene rubber elastomers reinforced by lignin. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Han R, Wu Y, Quan X, Niu K. Effects of crosslinking densities on mechanical properties of nitrile rubber composites in thermal oxidative aging environment. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruijie Han
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Xudong Quan
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
| | - Kangmin Niu
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology Beijing Beijing China
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Hegazi EM, Eyssa HM, El-Megeed AAA. Effect of nanofiller on the ageing of rubber seal materials under gamma irradiation. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS 2019; 53:2065-2076. [DOI: 10.1177/0021998318819178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of high gamma irradiation and nanosilica on the structure and mechanical properties of the acrylonitrile butadiene rubber seal materials was investigated in this study. Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber nanocomposites containing (25, 50 and 75 phr) unmodified and modified nanosilica were irradiated at different doses (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1 MGy). The dispersion of nanosilica-based filler in acrylonitrile butadiene rubber was investigated by scanning electron microscope. Fourier-transform infrared analysis, swelling, crosslinking, mechanical and the thermal resistance properties of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber nanocomposites were investigated. From the results, it is clear that with modified nanosilica, acrylonitrile butadiene rubber phase crosslinking is accelerated with increasing γ-doses compared to unmodified nanosilica and seems to enhance physical, mechanical and the thermal properties of the rubber. The surface of the acrylonitrile butadiene rubber nanocomposites was investigated by scanning electron microscope and found better dispersion for acrylonitrile butadiene rubber with 25 phr of modified nanosilica at 0.6 MGy. The compression set of the results indicated that 25 phr modified nanosilica has best properties under high gamma irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham M Hegazi
- Quality Control and Quality Assurance Department, Egyptian Nuclear & Radiological Regulatory Authority (ENRRA), Egypt
| | - HM Eyssa
- Radiation Chemistry Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Egypt
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9
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Elnaggar MY, Fathy ES, Amdeha E, Hassan MM. Impact of gamma irradiation on virgin styrene butadiene rubber blended with ultrasonically devulcanized waste rubber. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Y. Elnaggar
- Polymer Chemistry DepartmentNational Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority Nasr City Egypt
| | - El Sayed Fathy
- Polymer Chemistry DepartmentNational Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority Nasr City Egypt
| | - Enas Amdeha
- Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute Nasr City Egypt
| | - Medhat M. Hassan
- Polymer Chemistry DepartmentNational Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority Nasr City Egypt
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El-Nemr KF, Ali MAM, Hassan MM, Hamed HE. Synergistic effect of vermiculite clay and ionizing irradiation on the physical and mechanical properties of polybutadiene rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer nanocomposite. RADIOCHIM ACTA 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/ract-2018-3035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Blends of rubber-rubber have desired properties intermediated between two rubber matrices. On the other hand, polymer-clay nanocomposites have attracted the attention of many researchers and experimental results are presented in a large number of recent papers and patents because of the outstanding mechanical properties and low gas permeability that are achieved in many cases. Polymer-clay nanocomposites are a new class of mineral-field polymer that contain relatively small amounts (<10%) of nanometer-sized clay particles. In this study, new nanocomposite materials were produced from the blend of polybutadiene rubber (BR) and ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (EPDM), BR/EPDM (50/50) as matrix and organically modified vermiculite clay (VMT) by quaternary alkylammonium in different contents (3, 6, 9 and 12 phr) as the filler by using rubber mill then, the rubber nanocomposite sheets were irradiated at doses of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 150 kGy using γ-radiation technique as a crosslinking tool. The prepared composites can be characterized by using various analytical techniques including X-ray diffractometer (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) as well as mechanical properties measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled F. El-Nemr
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority , Nasr City, Cairo 11731 , Egypt
| | - Magdy A. M. Ali
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority , Nasr City, Cairo 11731 , Egypt
| | - Medhat M. Hassan
- National Center for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority , Nasr City, Cairo 11731 , Egypt
| | - Huda E. Hamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science , Al-Azhar University , Nasr City, Cairo , Egypt
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Nano lead oxide and epdm composite for development of polymer based radiation shielding material: Gamma irradiation and attenuation tests. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Roy S, Srivastava SK, Mittal V. Noncovalent assembly of carbon nanofiber-layered double hydroxide as a reinforcing hybrid filler in thermoplastic polyurethane-nitrile butadiene rubber blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Roy
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - S. K. Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry; Indian Institute of Technology; Kharagpur 721302 India
| | - V. Mittal
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Petroleum Institute; Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
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Razak JA, Ahmad SH, Ratnam CT, Mahamood MA, Yaakub J, Mohamad N. Effects of EPDM- g-MAH compatibilizer and internal mixer processing parameters on the properties of NR/EPDM blends: An analysis using response surface methodology. J Appl Polym Sci 2015; 132:n/a-n/a. [DOI: 10.1002/app.42199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeefferie Abd Razak
- School of Applied Physics; Faculty of Science and Technology; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
- Engineering Materials Department; Carbon Research Technology Research Group, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka; Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia
| | - Sahrim Haji Ahmad
- School of Applied Physics; Faculty of Science and Technology; Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia; 43600 UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia
| | - Chantara Thevy Ratnam
- Composites and Polymer Blends Group; Radiation Processing Technology Division, Malaysian Nuclear Agency; Bangi 43000 Kajang Malaysia
| | - Mazlin Aida Mahamood
- Engineering Materials Department; Carbon Research Technology Research Group, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka; Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia
| | - Juliana Yaakub
- Engineering Materials Department; Carbon Research Technology Research Group, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka; Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia
| | - Noraiham Mohamad
- Engineering Materials Department; Carbon Research Technology Research Group, Faculty of Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka; Hang Tuah Jaya, 76100 Durian Tunggal Melaka Malaysia
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Hassan MM, Aly RO, Aal SA, El-Masry AM, Fathy E. Styrene butadiene-based blends containing waste rubber powder: Physico-mechanical effects of mechanochemical devulcanization and gamma irradiation. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2013.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Enhanced solvent resistance of acrylonitrile–butadiene rubber by electron beam irradiation. J IND ENG CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Radiation vulcanization of NR/SBR composite enhanced with different polyfunctional monomers. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-012-1882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Yasin T, Khan S, Nho YC, Ahmad R. Effect of polyfunctional monomers on properties of radiation crosslinked EPDM/waste tire dust blend. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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The effect of gamma irradiation and particle size of CaCO3 on the properties of HDPE/EPDM blends. ARAB J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Manshaie R, Nouri Khorasani S, Jahanbani Veshare S, Rezaei Abadchi M. Effect of electron beam irradiation on the properties of natural rubber (NR)/styrene–butadiene rubber (SBR) blend. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2010.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Wang Q, Ye H. Effects of gamma radiation on properties of halogen-free flame retardant EPDM-PVMQ rubber blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/app.33152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Mohamed RM, Radwan RM, Abdel-Aziz MM, Khattab MM. Electrical and thermal properties of γ-irradiated nitrile rubber/rice husk ash composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/app.31158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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