1
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Lu X, Li Y, Chen Z, Li S, Wang X, Liu Q. Recent Trends in Polymer Matrix Solid Buoyancy Materials: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2307. [PMID: 39204527 PMCID: PMC11359943 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2024] [Revised: 08/07/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymer matrix solid buoyancy materials (PSBMs) have the advantages of low density, high strength, low cost, and low water absorption, and they are widely used in marine engineering fields. How to improve the performance of PSBMs further and adapt them to harsh marine environments has become a hot topic in current research. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of PSBM, detailing both the preparation methodologies and properties of single-component and multi-component PSBM. In this paper, relevant research is systematically summarized from two dimensions of matrix and filler, and the application of thermosetting resin and thermoplastic resin as a matrix in PSBM is introduced in detail, and the corresponding research on fillers such as hollow glass microspheres, fly ash, hollow ceramic spheres and hollow polymer microspheres are expounded. This paper aims to summarize the latest advancements in PSBM research, thereby providing insights into the current state of the field and guiding future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ze Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China; (X.L.); (Y.L.); (S.L.); (X.W.); (Q.L.)
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2
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Macetti G, Sironi L, Rovida C, Geremia I, Soave R, Presti LL. On the solubility of azodicarbonamide in water/DMSO mixtures: an experimental and computational study. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2024; 11:231831. [PMID: 39100163 PMCID: PMC11296043 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.231831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
This work aims at studying why azodicarbonamide (ADCA), a formally apolar compound with good hydrogen bond (HB) acceptors, is soluble only in polar aprotic solvents like dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) but not in water. Solubility measurements, as well as quantum mechanical and classical molecular dynamics simulations, were employed to tackle the problem. We found that in the liquid phase a polar conformer of ADCA (µ = 8.7 D), unreported to date, is favoured under the enthalpic drive provided by a highly polar solvent. At the same time, the very high hydrogen bond propensity of water with itself prevents this solvent from providing an effective hydrogen bond-mediated solvation. Solvents bearing good HB acceptors, while lacking strong HB donors, contribute to further stabilizing solute-solvent adducts through weak and fluxional HBs that involve the amide groups of ADCA. Implications for the solubility of ADCA down to µM concentrations were evaluated, also with the aid of classical simulations of solution nanodroplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Macetti
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, Milano, 20133 Italy
| | - Luca Sironi
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, Milano, 20133 Italy
| | - Costanza Rovida
- TEAM mastery S.r.l., Via Giuseppe Ferrari 14, Como, 22100 Italy
| | - Ilaria Geremia
- TEAM mastery S.r.l., Via Giuseppe Ferrari 14, Como, 22100 Italy
| | - Raffaella Soave
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies ‘Giulio Natta’, National Research Council of Italy, Via Golgi 19, Milano, 20133 Italy
| | - Leonardo Lo Presti
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, Milano, 20133 Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare – Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Frascati, Roma, Italy
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3
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Gonçalves LFFF, Reis RL, Fernandes EM. Forefront Research of Foaming Strategies on Biodegradable Polymers and Their Composites by Thermal or Melt-Based Processing Technologies: Advances and Perspectives. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1286. [PMID: 38732755 PMCID: PMC11085284 DOI: 10.3390/polym16091286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed significant advances in the development of polymeric-based foam materials. These materials find several practical applications in our daily lives due to their characteristic properties such as low density, thermal insulation, and porosity, which are important in packaging, in building construction, and in biomedical applications, respectively. The first foams with practical applications used polymeric materials of petrochemical origin. However, due to growing environmental concerns, considerable efforts have been made to replace some of these materials with biodegradable polymers. Foam processing has evolved greatly in recent years due to improvements in existing techniques, such as the use of supercritical fluids in extrusion foaming and foam injection moulding, as well as the advent or adaptation of existing techniques to produce foams, as in the case of the combination between additive manufacturing and foam technology. The use of supercritical CO2 is especially advantageous in the production of porous structures for biomedical applications, as CO2 is chemically inert and non-toxic; in addition, it allows for an easy tailoring of the pore structure through processing conditions. Biodegradable polymeric materials, despite their enormous advantages over petroleum-based materials, present some difficulties regarding their potential use in foaming, such as poor melt strength, slow crystallization rate, poor processability, low service temperature, low toughness, and high brittleness, which limits their field of application. Several strategies were developed to improve the melt strength, including the change in monomer composition and the use of chemical modifiers and chain extenders to extend the chain length or create a branched molecular structure, to increase the molecular weight and the viscosity of the polymer. The use of additives or fillers is also commonly used, as fillers can improve crystallization kinetics by acting as crystal-nucleating agents. Alternatively, biodegradable polymers can be blended with other biodegradable polymers to combine certain properties and to counteract certain limitations. This work therefore aims to provide the latest advances regarding the foaming of biodegradable polymers. It covers the main foaming techniques and their advances and reviews the uses of biodegradable polymers in foaming, focusing on the chemical changes of polymers that improve their foaming ability. Finally, the challenges as well as the main opportunities presented reinforce the market potential of the biodegradable polymer foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis F. F. F. Gonçalves
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Emanuel M. Fernandes
- 3B’s Research Group, I3Bs–Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal;
- ICVS/3B’s—PT Government Associate Laboratory, Barco, 4805-017 Guimarães, Portugal
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4
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Rivera P, Torres A, Romero J, Alarcón Á, Martínez S, Arrieta MP, Rodríguez-Mercado F, Galotto MJ. Effect of Operational Variables on Supercritical Foaming of Caffeic Acid-Loaded Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) Blends for the Development of Sustainable Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:948. [PMID: 38611209 PMCID: PMC11013249 DOI: 10.3390/polym16070948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Expanded polystyrene will account for 5.3% of total global plastic production in 2021 and is widely used for food packaging due to its excellent moisture resistance and thermal insulation. However, some of these packages are often used only once before being discarded, generating large amounts of environmentally harmful plastic waste. A very attractive alternative to the conventional methods used for polymer processing is the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) since it has mass-transfer properties adapted to the foam morphology, generating different path lengths for the diffusion of active compounds within its structure and can dissolve a wide range of organic molecules under supercritical conditions. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of operational variables on the process of caffeic acid (CA) impregnation and subsequent foaming of polylactic acid (PLA) as well as two PLA/poly(butylene-co-terephthalate-adipate) (PBAT) blends using scCO2. The results showed an increase in the degree of crystallinity of the CA-impregnated samples due to the nucleation effect of the active compound. On the other hand, SEM micrographs of both films and foams showed significant differences due to the presence of PBAT and its low miscibility with PLA. Finally, the results obtained in this work contribute to the knowledge of the important parameters to consider for the implementation of the impregnation and foaming process of PLA and PLA/PBAT blends with potential use in food packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rivera
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Alejandra Torres
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Julio Romero
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Álvaro Alarcón
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170201, Chile;
| | - Sara Martínez
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - Marina P. Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Grupo de Investigación, Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Mercado
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
| | - María José Galotto
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Technology Faculty, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology CEDENNA, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile; (P.R.); (Á.A.); (S.M.); (F.R.-M.); (M.J.G.)
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5
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Heuer A, Rees M, Weidenmann KA, Liebig WV. On the Creation and Optical Microstructure Characterisation of Additively Manufactured Foam Structures (AMF). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3544. [PMID: 37688170 PMCID: PMC10490211 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic-based additive manufacturing processes are becoming increasingly popular in the production of structural parts. Based on the idea of lightweight design and the aim of extending the functionality of additive structures, the production of additively manufactured foam structures has emerged as a new field of application. The optical characterisation of these structures is of particular importance for process adjustments and the identification of (unwanted) changes in the foam structure. The degree of foaming and the fineness of a foam structure are of interest at this point. In this context, only the part of a structure dominated by foam pores is considered a foam structure. So far, there are no sophisticated methods for such an optical characterisation. Therefore, in this work, microscope images of manufactured as well as artificially created additively manufactured foam structures were evaluated. On these images, the features porosity, pore size, pore amount and a measure for the textural change were determined in order to obtain information about changes within an additively manufactured foam structure. It is shown that additive structures show changing pore shapes depending on the orientation of the cutting plane, although there are no changes in the foaming behaviour. Therefore, caution is required when identifying changes within the foam structure. It was also found that, owing to the additive process, the total porosity is already set in the slicing process and remains constant even if the degree of foaming of individual tracks is changed. Therefore, the degree of foaming cannot be determined on the basis of the total porosity, but it can be assessed on the basis of the formation of large networks of process-related pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anselm Heuer
- Institute for Applied Materials—Materials Science and Engineering (IAM-WK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.R.); (W.V.L.)
| | - Maike Rees
- Institute for Applied Materials—Materials Science and Engineering (IAM-WK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.R.); (W.V.L.)
| | - Kay A. Weidenmann
- Institute of Materials Resource Management (MRM), University of Augsburg, Am Technologiezentrum 8, 86159 Augsburg, Germany;
| | - Wilfried V. Liebig
- Institute for Applied Materials—Materials Science and Engineering (IAM-WK), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (M.R.); (W.V.L.)
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6
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Wu Y, Gao X, Wu J, Zhou T, Nguyen TT, Wang Y. Biodegradable Polylactic Acid and Its Composites: Characteristics, Processing, and Sustainable Applications in Sports. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3096. [PMID: 37514485 PMCID: PMC10384257 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polyester polymer that is produced from renewable resources, such as corn or other carbohydrate sources. However, its poor toughness limits its commercialization. PLA composites can meet the growing performance needs of various fields, but limited research has focused on their sustainable applications in sports. This paper reviews the latest research on PLA and its composites by describing the characteristics, production, degradation process, and the latest modification methods of PLA. Then, it discusses the inherent advantages of PLA composites and expounds on different biodegradable materials and their relationship with the properties of PLA composites. Finally, the importance and application prospects of PLA composites in the field of sports are emphasized. Although PLA composites mixed with natural biomass materials have not been mass produced, they are expected to be sustainable materials used in various industries because of their simple process, nontoxicity, biodegradability, and low cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Wu
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Xing Gao
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Tongxi Zhou
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
| | - Tat Thang Nguyen
- College of Wood Industry and Interior Design, Vietnam National University of Forestry, Xuan Mai, Hanoi 13417, Vietnam
| | - Yutong Wang
- Graduate School, College of Sports and Human Sciences, Post-Doctoral Mobile Research Station, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China
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7
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Kim DH, Lee BJ, Park BK. Influence of the Foaming Process on the Burning Behavior of the PET-PEN Copolymer. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:19556-19566. [PMID: 37305302 PMCID: PMC10249124 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The manufacturing process can modify the micromechanical structure, usefulness, and functionality of foams. Although one-step foaming is a simple process, controlling the morphology of the foams is difficult compared to the two-step processing method. In this study, we investigated the experimental differences in thermal and mechanical properties, particularly combustion behavior, between PET-PEN copolymers prepared by the two methods. With an increase in foaming temperature Tf, the PET-PEN copolymers became more fragile, and the breaking stress of the one-step PET-PEN foamed at the highest Tf was only 2.4% of that of the raw material. For the pristine PET-PEN, 24% of the mass was burned, leaving 76% as a molten sphere residue. The two-step MEG PET-PEN had only 1% of its mass remaining as a residue, whereas the one-step PET-PENs had between 41 and 55%. The actual mass burning rates were similar for all the samples except the raw material. The coefficient of thermal expansion of the one-step PET-PEN was about two orders of magnitude lower than that of the two-step SEG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyeon Kim
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Byeong Jun Lee
- School
of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Byung Kyu Park
- Institute
of Advanced Machines and Design, Seoul National
University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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8
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Zena Y, Periyasamy S, Tesfaye M, Tumsa Z, Jayakumar M, Mohamed BA, Asaithambi P, Aminabhavi TM. Essential characteristics improvement of metallic nanoparticles loaded carbohydrate polymeric films - A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 242:124803. [PMID: 37182627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum-based films have contributed immensely to various environmental issues. Developing green-based films from carbohydrate polymers is crucial for addressing the harms encountered. However, some limitations exist on their property, processibility, and applicability that prohibit their processing for further developments. This review discusses the potential carbohydrate polymers and their sources, film preparation methods, such as solvent-casting, tape-casting, extrusion, and thermo-mechanical compressions for green-based films using various biological polymers with their merits and demerits. Research outcomes revealed that the essential characteristics improvement achieved by incorporating different metallic nanoparticles has significantly reformed the properties of biofilms, including crystallization, mechanical stability, thermal stability, barrier function, and antimicrobial activity. The property-enhanced bio-based films made with nanoparticles are potentially interested in replacing fossil-based films in various areas, including food-packaging applications. The review paves a new way for the commercial use of numerous carbohydrate polymers to help maintain a sustainable green environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yezihalem Zena
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama 1888, Ethiopia
| | - Selvakumar Periyasamy
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama 1888, Ethiopia.
| | - Melaku Tesfaye
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama 1888, Ethiopia
| | - Zelalem Tumsa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, Adama Science and Technology University, Adama 1888, Ethiopia
| | - Mani Jayakumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Haramaya Institute of Technology, Haramaya University, P.O. Box No. 138, Haramaya, Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
| | - Badr A Mohamed
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Perumal Asaithambi
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jimma Institute of Technology, Jimma University, Po Box - 378, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Tejraj M Aminabhavi
- Center for Energy and Environment, School of Advanced Sciences, KLE Technological University, Hubballi 580 031, India.
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Kouhi F, Vahidifar A, Naderi G, Esmizadeh E. Tire-derived reclaimed rubber as a secondary raw material for rubber foams: in the framework of circular economy strategy. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03467-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Improper disposal and accumulation of waste tire rubbers have posed a serious threat to the development of a circular economy, a sustainable environment, and human health. In light of the drawback of the current waste management of waste tires, the recycling and transformation of reclaimed rubber (RR) into valuable end products has received significant attention from industries and the academic field. Herein, we propose a facile method to reuse RR in developing closed-cell elastomeric foams based on ethylene propylene diene rubber (EPDM). Rheometry results revealed that the introduction of RR up to 20 phr, increased the cure rate from 11.7 to 13.48%/min, reduced curing time from 12.21 to 9.3 min and also increased ultimate torque from 6.51 to 7.24 N.m. Morphological studies indicated that the RR increased the cell density from 12 to 78 cell/mm3 and reduced the number average cell size from 940 to 110 µm. The mechanical results indicated that the introduction of RR could be a feasible alternative for the fabrication of high-performance EPDM foams with improved hardness and resilience. By increasing RR content of EPDM/RR foams, the relative density and cell density of EPDM/RR foams increased, while cell size decreased. The introduction of 10 phr of RR, increased the hardness and resilience of the EPDM foam by 37 shore A and 68%, respectively. The research verified that the attempt to use RR to produce a good foam structure was found to be successful. The results open a way for EPDM/RR foam composites to be applied for sealing and gasket industries as an eco-friendly replacement for virgin products.
Highlights
• Use of reclaimed rubber from waste tires as secondary raw material for EPDM rubber foams
• Tire-derived reclaimed rubber/EPDM closed-cell foams support the circular economy of waste tires
• Tire-derived reclaimed rubber/EPDM closed-cell foams exhibit superior mechanical properties at the low cost
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Borgmann LM, Johnsen S, Santos de Oliveira C, Martins de Souza E Silva J, Li J, Kirchlechner C, Gomard G, Wiegand G, Hölscher H. Porous polymeric microparticles foamed with supercritical CO 2as scattering white pigments. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2023; 18:026011. [PMID: 36731134 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/acb899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is the most commercially relevant white pigment. Nonetheless, it is widely criticized due to its energy-intensive extraction and costly disposal of harmful by-products. Furthermore, recent studies discuss its potential harm for the environment and the human health. Environment-friendly strategies for the replacement of TiO2as a white pigment can be inspired from nature. Here whiteness often originates from broadband light scattering air cavities embedded in materials with refractive indices much lower than that of TiO2. Such natural prototypes can be mimicked by introducing air-filled nano-scale cavities into commonly used polymers. Here, we demonstrate the foaming of initially transparent poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres with non-toxic, inert, supercritical CO2. The properties of the foamed, white polymeric pigments with light scattering nano-pores are evaluated as possible replacement for TiO2pigments. For that, the inner foam structure of the particles was imaged by phase-contrast x-ray nano-computed tomography (nano-CT), the optical properties were evaluated via spectroscopic measurements, and the mechanical stability was examined by micro compression experiments. Adding a diffusion barrier surrounding the PMMA particles during foaming allows to extend the foaming process towards smaller particles. Finally, we present a basic white paint prototype as exemplary application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Maren Borgmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Siegbert Johnsen
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | | | - Juliana Martins de Souza E Silva
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Physics, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microstructure of Materials and Systems IMWS, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Juan Li
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christoph Kirchlechner
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Guillaume Gomard
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Carl Zeiss AG, Zeiss Innovation Hub, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 6, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Wiegand
- Institute of Catalysis Research and Technology (IKFT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hölscher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), PO Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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11
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Li Z, Wang X, Wang Y, Chen S. Preparing low-Density microcellular polystyrene foam by in-Situ fibrillated PTFE and supramolecular nucleator TMC-300 in the presence of sc-CO 2. J CELL PLAST 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x231154619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
A method using in-situ fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and octamethylenedicarboxylicdibenzoylhydrazide (TMC-300) supramolecular nucleator was presented to prepare low density polystyrene foams. This study used a torque rheometer in the molten compound preparation of PS/fibrillated-PTFE/TMC-300 composites. Scanning electron microscopy showed in-situ fibrillated polytetrafluoroethylene in Polystyrene melt and a nanofiber network with high aspect ratio. The formation of nanometer-sized fiber networks improved the melt viscoelasticity of matrices which promoted cell nucleation. As the results demonstrated, low-density foams with 11 μm average cell size were obtained using Polystyrene. The self-assembly nucleating agent TMC-300 was then introduced to the composite materials. TMC-300 and polytetrafluoroethylene as a composite cell nucleating agent were used in Polystyrene foams. Meanwhile, their nucleating efficiency was investigated. TMC-300 completed self-assembly in Polystyrene and served as composite nucleating agent in combination with polytetrafluoroethylene. Compared with the sample PS/PTFE-0.5, the average cell size of the sample PS/PTFE-0.5/TMC-2 had a reduction rate of 28.16% from 12.18 μm to 8.75 μm. The cell density increased by an order of magnitude. The composite nucleating agent was successful in controlling Polystyrene foam cell morphology, thus leading to the preparation of low-density Polystyrene microporous foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuolun Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqiao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Shihong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, Beijing, China
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12
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He Q, Yang W, Wang J, Ren F, Wang D, Li F, Shi Z. Direct In-Mold Impregnation of Glass Fiber Fabric by Polypropylene with Supercritical Nitrogen in Microcellular Injection Molding Process. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15040875. [PMID: 36850159 PMCID: PMC9960510 DOI: 10.3390/polym15040875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Combining microcellular injection molding and insert injection molding, an injection molding technique for glass fiber fabric (GFF) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composite foams was proposed. The GFF was directly set in the mold cavity, and then the PP with supercritical nitrogen (SCN) was injected into the cavity for in-mold impregnation. The impregnation effects of two types of GFFs (EWR300 and EWR600) by the PP/SCF solutions at different injection temperatures (230, 240, and 250 °C) were investigated. The results of the morphological and tensile properties of the samples showed that the interfacial bonding was not good, because of the heterogeneity between the GFF and PP. In comparison with solid PP, the unfoamed GFF/PP did not present a higher tensile strength and presented a lower specific tensile strength. However, the increased tensile strength of the GFF/PP composite foams indicated an improvement in the impregnation effect and interfacial bonding. The SCN decreased the viscosity, which benefited the direct in-mold impregnation of the GFF. Increasing the temperature can improve the interfacial bonding, but it also influenced the foaming and thus led to a decrease in the tensile strength. According to the temperature distribution, the samples from different positions in the mold cavity had different properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qichao He
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weimin Yang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +86-10-64434734
| | - Feng Ren
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Da Wang
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Fuhai Li
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhonghe Shi
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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13
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Lan X, Huang P, Chong Y, Wu F, Su Y, Luo H, Lee PC, Zheng W. Autoclave foaming and steam-chest molding of polypropylene/polybutene-1 blend bead foams and their crystallization and mechanical properties. J CELL PLAST 2023. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221150863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Expanded polypropylene (EPP) foams have showed wide applications in our daily life, such as automotive and packaging. Usually, autoclave foaming combined with steam-chest molding is the main artwork to prepare the high-precision EPP foam products. However, the foaming behavior of EPP and the excessive pressure required for molding still need to be further improved, which is great significance for energy saving and cost saving, etc. Herein, this study finds that adding a certain amount of polybutene-1 (PB-1) into the PP can help to reduce the temperature and pressure required for foaming/molding, and to broaden the foaming temperature. For example, in order to make the foam beads bonding well and with the expansion ratio of 20, the molding pressure should be higher than 2.7 bar for Neat PP foams, but just 1.5 bar for PP/PB-1 mixtures. Moreover, the effects of PB-1 content on the crystallization properties and foaming/molding behaviors of the PP/PB-1 bead foams are illustrated, and then the mechanical properties are also studied. Furthermore, the low-pressure foaming strategy presented here is beneficial for reducing the barriers of energy consumption and promoting the development of new bead foam materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqin Lan
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Pengke Huang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Yunkai Chong
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Fei Wu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Yaozhuo Su
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haibin Luo
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
| | - Partrick C Lee
- Composites Manufacturing Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Open-Celled Foams from Polyethersulfone/Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Blends Using Foam Extrusion. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010118. [PMID: 36616468 PMCID: PMC9824152 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethersulfone (PESU), as both a pristine polymer and a component of a blend, can be used to obtain highly porous foams through batch foaming. However, batch foaming is limited to a small scale and is a slow process. In our study, we used foam extrusion due to its capacity for large-scale continuous production and deployed carbon dioxide (CO2) and water as physical foaming agents. PESU is a high-temperature thermoplastic polymer that requires processing temperatures of at least 320 °C. To lower the processing temperature and obtain foams with higher porosity, we produced PESU/poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) blends using material penetration. In this way, without the use of organic solvents or a compounding extruder, a partially miscible PESU/PEG blend was prepared. The thermal and rheological properties of homopolymers and blends were characterized and the CO2 sorption performance of selected blends was evaluated. By using these blends, we were able to significantly reduce the processing temperature required for the extrusion foaming process by approximately 100 °C without changing the duration of processing. This is a significant advancement that makes this process more energy-efficient and sustainable. Additionally, the effects of blend composition, nozzle temperature and foaming agent type were investigated, and we found that higher concentrations of PEG, lower nozzle temperatures, and a combination of CO2 and water as the foaming agent delivered high porosity. The optimum blend process settings provided foams with a porosity of approximately 51% and an average foam cell diameter of 5 µm, which is the lowest yet reported for extruded polymer foams according to the literature.
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15
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Kuhnigk J, Krebs N, Mielke C, Standau T, Pospiech D, Ruckdäschel H. Influence of Molecular Weight on the Bead Foaming and Bead Fusion Behavior of Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT). Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justus Kuhnigk
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Niko Krebs
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Christian Mielke
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Street 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Doris Pospiech
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Street 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
- Bavarian Polymer Institute and Bayreuth Institute of Macromolecular Research, University of Bayreuth, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany
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16
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Zhou M, Li M, Jiang J, Li Y, Liu H, Chen B, Zhao D, Zhai W. Porous polyetherimide fiber fabricated by a facile micro-extrusion foaming for high temperature thermal insulation. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Dippold M, Ruckdäschel H. Influence of pressure-induced temperature drop on the foaming behavior of amorphous polylactide (PLA) during autoclave foaming with supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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18
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Esmaili P, Azdast T, Doniavi A. Innovative technique to fabricate nanocomposite bimodal foams containing expandable polymeric miroballoons: piezoelectric characteristics. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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19
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Faba S, Arrieta MP, Agüero Á, Torres A, Romero J, Rojas A, Galotto MJ. Processing Compostable PLA/Organoclay Bionanocomposite Foams by Supercritical CO 2 Foaming for Sustainable Food Packaging. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:4394. [PMID: 36297972 PMCID: PMC9612032 DOI: 10.3390/polym14204394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This article proposes a foaming method using supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) to obtain compostable bionanocomposite foams based on PLA and organoclay (C30B) where this bionanocomposite was fabricated by a previous hot melt extrusion step. Neat PLA films and PLA/C30B films (1, 2, and 3 wt.%) were obtained by using a melt extrusion process followed by a film forming process obtaining films with thicknesses between 500 and 600 μm. Films were further processed into foams in a high-pressure cell with scCO2 under constant conditions of pressure (25 MPa) and temperature (130 °C) for 30 min. Bionanocomposite PLA foams evidenced a closed cell and uniform cell structure; however, neat PLA presented a poor cell structure and thick cell walls. The thermal stability was significantly enhanced in the bionanocomposite foam samples by the good dispersion of nanoclays due to scCO2, as demonstrated by X-ray diffraction analysis. The bionanocomposite foams showed improved overall mechanical performance due to well-dispersed nanoclays promoting increased interfacial adhesion with the polymeric matrix. The water uptake behavior of bionanocomposite foams showed that they practically did not absorb water during the first week of immersion in water. Finally, PLA foams were disintegrated under standard composting conditions at higher rates than PLA films, showing their sustainable character. Thus, PLA bionanocomposite foams obtained by batch supercritical foaming seem to be a sustainable option to replace non-biodegradable expanded polystyrene, and they represent a promising alternative to be considered in applications such as food packaging and other products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simón Faba
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Marina P. Arrieta
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Industriales, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ETSII-UPM), Calle José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación: Polímeros, Caracterización y Aplicaciones (POLCA), 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Agüero
- Instituto de Tecnología de Materiales (ITM), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Alejandra Torres
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Julio Romero
- Laboratory of Membrane Separation Processes (LabProSeM), Department of Chemical Engineering and Bioprocesses, Engineering Faculty, University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - Adrián Rojas
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
| | - María José Galotto
- Packaging Innovation Center (LABEN), Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Technology, Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), University of Santiago de Chile (USACH), Santiago 9170201, Chile
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20
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Weng Z, Ren Q, Wu M, Zhu X, Li W, Wang L, Zheng W. Lightweight and tough PVDF foams via high‐pressure foam injection molding with core‐back operation. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.26125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsheng Weng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P.R. China
- Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry Jiangxi University of Science and Technology Ganzhou P.R. China
| | - Qian Ren
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Minghui Wu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P.R. China
- Advanced Materials and Composites Department University of Nottingham Ningbo China Ningbo P.R. China
| | - Xiuyu Zhu
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang Province P.R. China
| | - Wanwan Li
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering Ningbo University Ningbo Zhejiang Province P.R. China
| | - Long Wang
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
| | - Wenge Zheng
- Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing P.R. China
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21
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Doyle L, Weidlich I, Di Maio E. Developing Insulating Polymeric Foams: Strategies and Research Needs from a Circular Economy Perspective. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:6212. [PMID: 36143523 PMCID: PMC9502929 DOI: 10.3390/ma15186212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Insulating polymeric foams have an important role to play in increasing energy efficiency and therefore contributing to combating climate change. Their development in recent years has been driven towards the reduction of thermal conductivity and achievement of the required mechanical properties as main targets towards sustainability. This perception of sustainability has overseen the choice of raw materials, which are often toxic, or has placed research efforts on optimizing one constituent while the other necessary reactants remain hazardous. The transition to the circular economy requires a holistic understanding of sustainability and a shift in design methodology and the resulting research focus. This paper identifies research needs and possible strategies for polymeric foam development compatible with Circular Product Design and Green Engineering, based on an extensive literature review. Identified research needs include material characterization of a broader spectrum of polymer melt-gas solutions, ageing behavior, tailoring of the polymer chains, detailed understanding and modeling of the effects of shear on cell nucleation, and the upscaling of processing tools allowing for high and defined pressure drop rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Doyle
- Technical Infrastructure Management, HafenCity University, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Weidlich
- Technical Infrastructure Management, HafenCity University, 20457 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
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22
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Lee JH, Chu RK, Li R, Kwan K, Park CB. Utilization of CO2 as a physical blowing agent for foaming of high temperature sulfone polymers. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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23
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Morita H, Yoda S, Ono T, Tazumi K, Furuya T. Analysis of nanocellular foaming with nucleating agents based on coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Zhao J, Wei C, Wang G, Li S, Zhang A, Dong G, Zhao G. Miscible polymethyl methacrylate/polylactide blend with enhanced foaming behavior and foam mechanical properties. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Merillas B, Vareda JP, Martín-de León J, Rodríguez-Pérez MÁ, Durães L. Thermal Conductivity of Nanoporous Materials: Where Is the Limit? Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2556. [PMID: 35808603 PMCID: PMC9269606 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, our society is facing problems related to energy availability. Owing to the energy savings that insulators provide, the search for effective insulating materials is a focus of interest. Since the current insulators do not meet the increasingly strict requirements, developing materials with a greater insulating capacity is needed. Until now, several nanoporous materials have been considered as superinsulators achieving thermal conductivities below that of the air 26 mW/(m K), like nanocellular PMMA/TPU, silica aerogels, and polyurethane aerogels reaching 24.8, 10, and 12 mW/(m K), respectively. In the search for the minimum thermal conductivity, still undiscovered, the first step is understanding heat transfer in nanoporous materials. The main features leading to superinsulation are low density, nanopores, and solid interruptions hindering the phonon transfer. The second crucial condition is obtaining reliable thermal conductivity measurement techniques. This review summarizes these techniques, and data in the literature regarding the structure and thermal conductivity of two nanoporous materials, nanocellular polymers and aerogels. The key conclusion of this analysis specifies that only steady-state methods provide a reliable value for thermal conductivity of superinsulators. Finally, a theoretical discussion is performed providing a detailed background to further explore the lower limit of superinsulation to develop more efficient materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Merillas
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Department of Condensed Material Physics, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (B.M.); (J.M.-d.L.); (M.Á.R.-P.)
| | - João Pedro Vareda
- University of Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal;
| | - Judith Martín-de León
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Department of Condensed Material Physics, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (B.M.); (J.M.-d.L.); (M.Á.R.-P.)
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez-Pérez
- Cellular Materials Laboratory (CellMat), Department of Condensed Material Physics, Facultad de Ciencias, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; (B.M.); (J.M.-d.L.); (M.Á.R.-P.)
- BioEcoUVA Research Institute on Bioeconomy, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Luisa Durães
- University of Coimbra, Chemical Process Engineering and Forest Products Research Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, Rua Sílvio Lima, 3030-790 Coimbra, Portugal;
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26
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Extruded polypropylene foams with radially gradient porous structures and selective filtration property via supercritical CO2 foaming. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Effect of Wettability on Vacuum-Driven Bubble Nucleation. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10061073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleation is the formation of a new phase that has the ability to irreversibly and spontaneously grow into a large-sized nucleus within the body of a metastable parent phase. In this experimental work, the effect of wettability on the incipiation of vacuum-driven bubble nucleation, boiling, and the consequent rate of evaporative cooling are studied. One hydrophilic (untreated), and three hydrophobic (chlorinated polydimethylsiloxane, chlorinated fluoroalkylmethylsiloxane and (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)triethoxysilane) glass vials of different wettabilities were filled with degassed deionized water and exposed to a controlled vacuum inside a transparent desiccator. The vacuum was increased by 34 mbar abs. (1 inHg rel.) steps with 15-min waiting period to observe bubble nucleation. The average onset pressures for gas/vapor bubble nucleation in CM, CF, and HT vials were 911 ± 30, 911 ± 34, and 925 ± 17 mbar abs., respectively. Bubble nucleation was not observed in hydrophilic vial even at 65 mbar abs. pressure. During the vacuum boiling at 65 mbar abs., the average temperatures of water in hydrophilic, CM, CF, and HT vials reduced from room temperature (~22.5 °C) to 15.2 ± 0.9, 13.1 ± 0.9, 12.9 ± 0.5, and 11.2 ± 0.3 °C, respectively. The results of this study show that the wettability of the container surface has a strong influence on the onset vacuum for vapor/gas bubble nucleation, rate of vacuum boiling, and evaporative cooling. These findings are expected to be useful to develop wettability-based vacuum boiling technologies.
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28
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Güzel K, Zarges JC, Heim HP. Effect of Cell Morphology on Flexural Behavior of Injection-Molded Microcellular Polycarbonate. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15103634. [PMID: 35629661 PMCID: PMC9144126 DOI: 10.3390/ma15103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The quantitative study of the structure and properties relationship in cellular materials is mostly limited to cell diameter, cell density, skin layer thickness, and cell size distribution. In addition, the investigation of the morphology is generally carried out in two dimensions. Therefore, the interrelation between morphological properties and mechanical characteristics of the foam structure has remained in an uncertain state. In this study, during the physical foaming process, a foam morphology is locally created by using a mold equipped with a core-back insert. The variation in morphology is obtained by modifying the mold temperature, injection flow rate, and blowing agent content in the polymer melt. X-ray microtomography (μCT) is used to acquire the 3D visualization of the cells structure. The Cell Distribution Index (CDI) is calculated to represent the polydispersity in cell size distribution. The relationship between the wide range of morphological qualities and relevant flexural properties is made explicit via a statistical model. According to the results, the morphology, particularly cell shape, characterizes the mechanism of the linear elastic deformation of the closed-cell foams. IR-thermography reveals the bending failure of cellular structures in the tensile region despite the differences in cell diameter.
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Microcellular ground tire rubber/ethylene vinyl acetate compounds: Mechanical properties and structure relationships. POLYM ENG SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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30
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Lei W, Wang D, Li Y, Li K, Liu Q, Wang P, Feng W, Liu Q, Yang X. High temperature resistant polymer foam based on bi-functional benzoxazine-phthalonitrile resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Albuquerque RQ, Brütting C, Standau T, Ruckdäschel H. A machine learning investigation of low-density polylactide batch foams. E-POLYMERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2022-0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Developing novel foams with tailored properties is a challenge. If properly addressed, efficient screening can potentially accelerate material discovery and reduce material waste, improving sustainability and efficiency in the development phase. In this work, we address this problem using a hybrid experimental and theoretical approach. Machine learning (ML) models were trained to predict the density of polylactide (PLA) foams based on their processing parameters. The final ML ensemble model was a linear combination of gradient boosting, random forest, kernel ridge, and support vector regression models. Comparison of the actual and predicted densities of PLA systems resulted in a mean absolute error of 30 kg·m−3 and a coefficient of determination (R
2) of 0.94. The final ensemble model was then used to explore the ranges of predicted density in the space of processing parameters (temperature, pressure, and time) and to suggest some parameter sets that could lead to low-density PLA foams. The new PLA foams were produced and showed experimental densities in the range of 36–48 kg·m−3, which agreed well with the corresponding predicted values, which ranged between 38 and 54 kg·m−3. The experimental–theoretical procedure described here could be applied to other materials and pave the way to more sustainable and efficient foam development processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Q. Albuquerque
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30 , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
- Neue Materialien Bayreuth GmbH, Gottlieb-Keim-Straße 60 , 95448 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Christian Brütting
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30 , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Tobias Standau
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30 , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
| | - Holger Ruckdäschel
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30 , 95447 Bayreuth , Germany
- Neue Materialien Bayreuth GmbH, Gottlieb-Keim-Straße 60 , 95448 Bayreuth , Germany
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Raje A, Buhr K, Koll J, Lillepärg J, Abetz V, Handge UA. Open-Celled Foams of Polyethersulfone/Poly( N-vinylpyrrolidone) Blends for Ultrafiltration Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:1177. [PMID: 35335507 PMCID: PMC8953762 DOI: 10.3390/polym14061177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Since membranes made of open porous polymer foams can eliminate the use of organic solvents during their manufacturing, a series of previous studies have explored the foaming process of various polymers including polyethersulfone (PESU) using physical blowing agents but failed to produce ultrafiltration membranes. In this study, blends containing different ratios of PESU and poly(N-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were used for preparation of open-celled polymer foams. In batch foaming experiments involving a combination of supercritical CO2 and superheated water as blowing agents, blends with low concentration of PVP delivered uniform open-celled foams that consisted of cells with average cell size less than 20 µm and cell walls containing open pores with average pore size less than 100 nm. A novel sample preparation method was developed to eliminate the non-foamed skin layer and to achieve a high porosity. Flat sheet membranes with an average cell size of 50 nm in the selective layer and average internal pore size of 200 nm were manufactured by batch foaming a PESU blend with higher concentration of PVP and post-treatment with an aqueous solution of sodium hypochlorite. These foams are associated with a water-flux up to 45 L/(h m2 bar). Retention tests confirmed their applicability as ultrafiltration membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Raje
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Kristian Buhr
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Joachim Koll
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Jelena Lillepärg
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
| | - Volker Abetz
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich A. Handge
- Institute of Membrane Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany; (A.R.); (K.B.); (J.K.); (J.L.); (V.A.)
- Chair of Plastics Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, TU Dortmund University, Leonhard-Euler-Straße 5, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
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33
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Tomin M, Kmetty Á. Polymer foams as advanced energy absorbing materials for sports applications—A review. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Márton Tomin
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
| | - Ákos Kmetty
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budapest Hungary
- MTA–BME Research Group for Composite Science and Technology Budapest Hungary
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34
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Ultra-elastic and super-insulating biomass PEBA nanoporous foams achieved by combining in-situ fibrillation with microcellular foaming. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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35
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A facile strategy for preparation of strong tough poly(lactic acid) foam with a unique microfibrillated bimodal micro/nano cellular structure. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 199:264-274. [PMID: 34999040 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the design and fabrication of strong tough poly(lactic acid) (PLA) foam by combining pressure-induced-flow (PIF) processing with supercritical CO2 foaming. PIF processing widened the foaming window of PLA to 40-120 °C, while supercritical CO2 foaming released the undesired internal stress of PLA samples with PIF processing (P-PLA). The prepared PLA foams displayed a unique microfibrillated bimodal micro/nano cellular structure which is strongly affected by saturation temperature (Ts). Both micron and nano cells showed decreasing cells size and increasing cell density as Ts elevated. The orientation factor as well as internal stress of PLA foams decreased with increased Ts. Compared with P-PLA samples, PLA foam prepared at Ts of 40 °C showed negligible reduction of orientation from 0.45 to 0.41 and release of internal stress characterized by the rightward shift of Raman peak (stretching vibration of CO bond from 1763 to 1766 cm-1). Furthermore, PLA foam prepared at Ts of 40 °C presented excellent impact strength (32.3 kJ/m2), tensile strength (42.0 MPa), and ductility (14.2%). The combination of PIF processing and supercritical CO2 foaming provides a facile and effective method to prepare strong tough PLA foam that has immense potential in biomedical, aerospace, automotive, and other structural applications.
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36
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Sadeghi B, Sadeghi P, Marfavi Y, Kowsari E, Zareiyazd AA, Ramakrishna S. Impacts of cellulose nanofibers on the morphological behavior and dynamic mechanical thermal properties of extruded polylactic acid/cellulose nanofibril nanocomposite foam. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peyman Sadeghi
- Faculty of Polymer and Chemical Engineering University of Tehran Tehran Iran
| | - Yousef Marfavi
- Department of Chemistry Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Elaheh Kowsari
- Department of Chemistry Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | | | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology National University of Singapore Singapore Singapore
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37
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Foaming with scCO2 and Impregnation with Cinnamaldehyde of PLA Nanocomposites for Food Packaging. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcellular nanocomposite foams functionalized with cinnamaldehyde (Ci) were obtained through two-step supercritical foaming and impregnation processing. PLA nanocomposite foams with different C30B concentrations (1, 2, and 3 wt.%) were obtained by foaming with scCO2 at 25 MPa and 135 °C and impregnated with Ci at 12 MPa and 40 °C. The effect of the C30B content and Ci incorporation on the morphological, structural, thermal, and release properties of the developed foams were investigated. The incorporation of Ci was not influenced by C30B’s addition. The presence of C30B and Ci incorporation reduced the average pore diameter slightly and the crystallinity degree of the foams extensively. Simultaneously, the experimental and theoretical characterization of the Ci release from the PLA nanocomposite foams in EtOH 50% was analyzed. The mechanism of Ci release from the foams was defined as a quasi-Fickian diffusion process that could be successfully described using the Korsmeyer–Peppas model. The active PLA foams presented a higher potential of migration and faster release when compared with that reported in commonly used PLA films, showing that biopolymeric foams could be potentially used as active food packaging to improve the migration of active compounds with low migration potentials in order to improve their biological activity in foods.
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38
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Effect of the crystallization of modified polybutylene terephthalate on its foaming using supercritical CO2: Transition from microcellular to nanocellular foam. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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39
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Ling Y, Yao S, Chen Y, Hu D, Xi Z, Zhao L. Synergetic effect between curing reaction and CO2 diffusion for microcellular epoxy foam preparation in supercritical CO2. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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40
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Shahbazi M, Aghvami‐Panah M, Panahi‐Sarmad M, Seraji AA, Zeraatkar A, Ghaffarian Anbaran R, Xiao X. Fabricating bimodal microcellular structure in polystyrene/carbon nanotube/glass‐fiber hybrid nanocomposite foam by microwave‐assisted heating: A proof‐of‐concept study. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Shahbazi
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Aghvami‐Panah
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Mahyar Panahi‐Sarmad
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
| | - Amir Abbas Seraji
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Ali Zeraatkar
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Ghaffarian Anbaran
- Department of Polymer Engineering & Color Technology AmirKabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
| | - Xueliang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Eco‐Textiles, Ministry of Education Jiangnan University Wuxi PR China
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41
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Song M, Luo W, Feng S, Jiang W, Ge Y, Liu T. Effect of viscoelasticity on the foaming behaviour of long-chain branched polypropylene with different branching degrees analysed by using bubble-growth modelling. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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42
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Haurat M, Tassaing T, Dumon M. FTIR in situ measurement of swelling and CO2 sorption in acrylic polymers at high CO2 pressures. J Supercrit Fluids 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2022.105534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Li S, Jiang S, Gong S, Ma S, Yang H, Pan K, Deng J. Preparation Methods, Performance Improvement Strategies, and Typical Applications of Polyamide Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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44
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Wu B, Wang H, Chen Y, Wang Z, Maertens T, Kuang T, Fan P, Chen F, Zhong M, Tan J, Yang J. Preparation and properties of thermoplastic polyurethane foams with bimodal structure based on TPU/PDMS blends. J Supercrit Fluids 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2021.105324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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45
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Peculiar micro and nano cell morphology of PBT/PTFE nanofibrillated composite foams of supercritical CO2 foaming induced by in-situ formed 3D PTFE nanofiber networks. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.124165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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46
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Li M, Tian F, Jiang J, Zhou M, Chen Q, Zhao D, Zhai W. Robust and Multifunctional Porous Polyetheretherketone Fiber Fabricated via a Microextrusion CO 2 Foaming. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100463. [PMID: 34490937 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Fabrication of multifunctional porous fibers with excellent mechanical properties has attracted abundant attention in the fields of personal thermal management textiles and smart wearable devices. However, the high cost and harsh preparation environment of the traditional solution-solvent phase separation method for making porous fibers aggravates the problems of resource consumption and environmental pollution. Herein, a microextrusion process that combines environmentally friendly CO2 physical foaming with fused deposition modeling technology is proposed, via the dual features of high gas uptake and restricted cell growth, to implement the continuous production of porous polyetheretherketone (PEEK) fibers with a production efficiency of 10.5 cm s-1 . The porous PEEK fiber exhibits excellent stretchability (234.8% strain) and good high-temperature thermal insulation property. The open-cell structure on the surface is favorable for the adsorption to achieve superhydrophobicity (154.4°) and high-efficiency photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (90.4%). Moreover, the parameterized controllability of the cell structure is beneficial to widening the multifunctional window. In short, the first porous PEEK physical foaming fiber, which opens up a new avenue for the application expansion, especially in the medical field, is realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengya Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Fangwei Tian
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.,College of Science, China University of Petroleum, Beijing, 102249, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.,Ningbo Key Lab of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Mengnan Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Qiyuan Chen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Dan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China
| | - Wentao Zhai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, P. R. China.,Sun Yat-sen University Nanchang Research Institute, Nanchang, 330224, P. R. China
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47
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Radhakrishna G, Dugad R, Gandhi A. Morphological evaluation of microcellular foamed composites developed through gas batch foaming integrating Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893211040938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the development of microcellular structure foams has developed by integrating the two successful and existing technologies, namely CO2 gas batch foaming and Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D printing technique. It is a novel approach to manufacture complex design porous products for customized applications. The eventual cell morphologies of the extruded 3D printing filament depends on the process parameters pertaining to both microcellular foaming and 3D printing processes. Further, morphological study has been conducted to evaluate the cell morphologies of the 3D printing filament developed through customized FDM setup. During this process, the significance of various process parameters including saturation pressure, saturation time, desorption time, feed rate and extrusion temperature were thoroughly studied. To pursue this study base material used was acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). The 3D printed filaments consisted of cells with an average cell size in the range of 2.3–276 µm and the average cell density in the range of 4.7 × 104 to 4.3 × 109 cells/cm3. Finally, it has found that by controlling the process parameters different cell morphologies can be developed as per the end application.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Radhakrishna
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Rupesh Dugad
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Abhishek Gandhi
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—APDDRL, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
- CIPET: School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP)—LARPM, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
- CIPET: IPT Murthal, Sonepat, Haryana, India
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48
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Rostami M, Azdast T, Hasanzadeh R, Moradian M. A study on fabrication of nanocomposite polyethylene foam through extrusion foaming procedure. CELLULAR POLYMERS 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/02624893211040949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Foaming a polymer not only turns it into a lightweight material but also gives some special properties to it. However, the most important issue is controlling the foaming process to achieve a desirable structure with high cell density and low relative density. In the present study, the extrusion foaming process of polyethylene was studied through stepwise amendments. An innovative extrusion system was designed and implemented to produce extrusion foams under different material and process conditions using N2 as blowing agent. In the first step, the final cooling condition was investigated. The air-cooling condition led to a higher cell density/lower cell size compared to the water-cooling condition although a higher relative density was obtained. In the second step, the effects of the addition of talc and the synergetic effect of talc/nanoclay at different contents were investigated in detail. The hybrid of talc/nanoclay had a noticeably improving effect on the cellular structure. In the third step, the effects of processing parameters including the die temperature and screw speed were studied on the foam properties. Finally, up to 49.4% decrease in the relative density of samples was observed, also cell densities up to 2.5 × 104 cell/cm3 and cell sizes as small as 280 µm were achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Rostami
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Taher Azdast
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Rezgar Hasanzadeh
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Milad Moradian
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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49
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Yao S, Chen Y, Ling Y, Hu D, Xi Z, Zhao L. Analysis of Bubble Growth in Supercritical CO 2 Extrusion Foaming Polyethylene Terephthalate Process Based on Dynamic Flow Simulation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162799. [PMID: 34451336 PMCID: PMC8401983 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bubble growth in the polymer extrusion foaming process occurs under a dynamic melt flow. For non-Newtonian fluids, this work successfully coupled the dynamic melt flow simulation with the bubble growth model to realize bubble growth predictions in an extrusion flow. The initial thermophysical properties and dynamic rheological property distribution at the cross section of the die exit were calculated based on the finite element method. It was found that dynamic rheological properties provided a necessary solution for predicting bubble growth during the supercritical CO2 polyethylene terephthalate (PET) extrusion foaming process. The introduction of initial melt stress could effectively inhibit the rapid growth of bubbles and reduce the stable size of bubbles. However, the initial melt stress was ignored in previous work involving bubble growth predictions because it was not available. The simulation results based on the above theoretical model were consistent with the evolution trends of cell morphology and agreed well with the actual experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (S.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yichong Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (S.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Yijie Ling
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (S.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Dongdong Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (S.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhenhao Xi
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (S.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (Z.X.)
| | - Ling Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Multiphase Materials Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (S.Y.); (Y.C.); (Y.L.); (D.H.); (Z.X.)
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
- Correspondence:
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50
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Ding Y, Hassan MH, Bakker O, Hinduja S, Bártolo P. A Review on Microcellular Injection Moulding. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14154209. [PMID: 34361403 PMCID: PMC8348032 DOI: 10.3390/ma14154209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Microcellular injection moulding (MuCell®) is a polymer processing technology that uses a supercritical fluid inert gas, CO2 or N2, to produce light-weight products. Due to environmental pressures and the requirement of light-weight parts with good mechanical properties, this technology recently gained significant attention. However, poor surface appearance and limited mechanical properties still prevent the wide applications of this technique. This paper reviews the microcellular injection moulding process, main characteristics of the process, bubble nucleation and growth, and major recent developments in the field. Strategies to improve both the surface quality and mechanical properties are discussed in detail as well as the relationships between processing parameters, morphology, and surface and mechanical properties. Modelling approaches to simulate microcellular injection moulding and the mathematical models behind Moldex 3D and Moldflow, the two most commonly used software tools by industry and academia, are reviewed, and the main limitations are highlighted. Finally, future research perspectives to further develop this technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ding
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mohammed H Hassan
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Otto Bakker
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Srichand Hinduja
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Paulo Bártolo
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Civil Engineering, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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