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Wang H, Li H, Lee CK, Mat Nanyan NS, Tay GS. Recent Advances in the Enzymatic Synthesis of Polyester. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235059. [PMID: 36501454 PMCID: PMC9740404 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyester is a kind of polymer composed of ester bond-linked polybasic acids and polyol. This type of polymer has a wide range of applications in various industries, such as automotive, furniture, coatings, packaging, and biomedical. The traditional process of synthesizing polyester mainly uses metal catalyst polymerization under high-temperature. This condition may have problems with metal residue and undesired side reactions. As an alternative, enzyme-catalyzed polymerization is evolving rapidly due to the metal-free residue, satisfactory biocompatibility, and mild reaction conditions. This article presented the reaction modes of enzyme-catalyzed ring-opening polymerization and enzyme-catalyzed polycondensation and their combinations, respectively. In addition, the article also summarized how lipase-catalyzed the polymerization of polyester, which includes (i) the distinctive features of lipase, (ii) the lipase-catalyzed polymerization and its mechanism, and (iii) the lipase stability under organic solvent and high-temperature conditions. In addition, this article also focused on the advantages and disadvantages of enzyme-catalyzed polyester synthesis under different solvent systems, including organic solvent systems, solvent-free systems, and green solvent systems. The challenges of enzyme optimization and process equipment innovation for further industrialization of enzyme-catalyzed polyester synthesis were also discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Hongpeng Li
- Tangshan Jinlihai Biodiesel Co. Ltd., Tangshan 063000, China
| | - Chee Keong Lee
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Noreen Suliani Mat Nanyan
- Bioprocess Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
- Renewable Biomass Transformation Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
| | - Guan Seng Tay
- Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
- Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang USM 11800, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
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Utilization of Suberinic Acids Containing Residue as an Adhesive for Particle Boards. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112304. [PMID: 35683976 PMCID: PMC9182914 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The birch (Betula spp.) outer bark is a valuable product rich in betulin. After removal of betulin extractives, suberin containing tissues are left. Suberin is a biopolyester built from α,ω-bifunctional fatty acids (suberinic acids), which after depolymerization together with lignocarbohydrate complex is a potential adhesive as a side-stream product (residue) from obtaining suberinic acids for polyol synthesis. In this work, we studied the utilization possibilities in particleboards of the said residue obtained by depolymerization in four different solvents (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol and 1-butanol). The adhesives were characterised by chemical (acid number, solubility in tetrahydrofuran, epoxy and ash content) and instrumental analytical methods (SEC-RID, DSC, TGA and FTIR). Based on the results of mechanical characteristics, ethanol was chosen as the most suitable depolymerization medium. The optimal hot-pressing parameters for particleboards were determined using the design of experiments approach: adhesive content 20 wt%; hot-pressing temperature 248 °C, and hot-pressing time 6.55 min.
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d'Almeida Gameiro M, Jacob PL, Kortsen K, Ward T, Taresco V, Stockman RA, Chebude Y, Howdle SM. Greener
extraction‐chemical modification‐polymerization
pipeline of vernolic acid from Ethiopian ironweed plant. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20220050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thomas Ward
- School of Chemistry University of Nottingham Nottingham UK
| | | | | | - Yonas Chebude
- Chemistry Department Addis Ababa University Addis Ababa Ethiopia
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Sagnelli D, Calabrese M, Kaczmarczyk O, Rippa M, Vestri A, Marchesano V, Kortsen K, Cuzzucoli Crucitti V, Villani F, Loffredo F, Borriello C, Nenna G, Cocca M, Ambrogi V, Matczyszyn K, Simoni F, Petti L. Photo-Responsivity Improvement of Photo-Mobile Polymers Actuators Based on a Novel LCs/Azobenzene Copolymer and ZnO Nanoparticles Network. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123320. [PMID: 34947671 PMCID: PMC8705796 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The efficiency of photomobile polymers (PMP) in the conversion of light into mechanical work plays a fundamental role in achieving cutting-edge innovation in the development of novel applications ranging from energy harvesting to sensor approaches. Because of their photochromic properties, azobenzene monomers have been shown to be an efficient material for the preparation of PMPs with appropriate photoresponsivity. Upon integration of the azobenzene molecules as moieties into a polymer, they act as an engine, allowing fast movements of up to 50 Hz. In this work we show a promising approach for integrating ZnO nanoparticles into a liquid crystalline polymer network. The addition of such nanoparticles allows the trapping of incoming light, which acts as diffusive points in the polymer matrix. We characterized the achieved nanocomposite material in terms of thermomechanical and optical properties and finally demonstrated that the doped PMP was better performing that the undoped PMP film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Sagnelli
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (G.N.); (L.P.)
| | - Marcella Calabrese
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Olga Kaczmarczyk
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Massimo Rippa
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Ambra Vestri
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Valentina Marchesano
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Kristoffer Kortsen
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Valentina Cuzzucoli Crucitti
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK;
| | - Fulvia Villani
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici Research Centre, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (F.V.); (F.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Fausta Loffredo
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici Research Centre, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (F.V.); (F.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Carmela Borriello
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici Research Centre, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (F.V.); (F.L.); (C.B.)
| | - Giuseppe Nenna
- ENEA, Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Portici Research Centre, Portici, 80055 Naples, Italy; (F.V.); (F.L.); (C.B.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (G.N.); (L.P.)
| | - Mariacristina Cocca
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy;
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, 80125 Naples, Italy;
| | - Katarzyna Matczyszyn
- Advanced Materials Engineering and Modelling Group, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeze Wyspianskiego 27, 50-370 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Francesco Simoni
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
| | - Lucia Petti
- Institute of Applied Sciences and Intelligent Systems of CNR, 80072 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.C.); (O.K.); (M.R.); (A.V.); (V.M.); (F.S.)
- Correspondence: (D.S.); (G.N.); (L.P.)
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