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Patko E, Szabo E, Toth D, Tornoczky T, Bosnyak I, Vaczy A, Atlasz T, Reglodi D. Distribution of PACAP and PAC1 Receptor in the Human Eye. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2176-2187. [PMID: 35253081 PMCID: PMC9726800 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-01985-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution and diverse biological functions. Several studies show that PACAP has strong cytoprotective effects mediated mostly through its specific PAC1 receptor (PAC1-R) and it plays important roles in several pathological conditions. Its distribution and altered expression are known in various human tissues, but there is no descriptive data about PACAP and its receptors in the human eyebulb. Since PACAP38 is the dominant form of the naturally occurring PACAP, our aim was to investigate the distribution of PACAP38-like immunoreactivity in the human eye and to describe the presence of PAC1-R. Semiquantitative evaluation was performed after routine histology and immunohistochemical labeling on human eye sections. Our results showed high level of immunopositivity in the corneal epithelium and endothelium. Within the vascular layer, the iris and the ciliary body had strong immunopositivity for both PACAP and PAC1-R. Several layers of the retina showed immunoreactivity for PACAP and PAC1-R, but the ganglion cell layer had a special pattern in the immunolabeling. Labeling was observed in the neuropil within the optic nerve in both cases and glial cells displayed immunoreactivity for PAC1-R. In summary, our study indicates the widespread occurrence of PACAP and its specific receptor in the human eye, implying that the results from in vitro and animal studies have translational value and most probably are also present in the human eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Patko
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Denes Toth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Tornoczky
- Department of Pathology, Medical School and Clinical Center, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Inez Bosnyak
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Vaczy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
- Szentagothai Research Center, Medical School, University of Pecs, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
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Seasonal Differences in Expression of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) in Visual Centers of Spotted Munia (Lonchura punctulata). BIRDS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/birds3030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The visual perception of birds is an incredibly exciting subject of research. Birds have significantly higher visual acuity than most other animals, which helps them stay safe in flight and detect their prey. Understanding how the eyes send information to the brain for additional processing is crucial. The brain has sections (nuclei) that accept input from the retina. The key areas where information is processed are the hyperpallium apicale (HA), hippocampus (HP), optic tectum (TeO), nucleus rotundus (RoT), and the geniculatus lateralis ventralis (Glv); among these, the RoT is one of the most investigated nuclei for vision. This study looked at how the visual centers of non-photoperiodic songbirds (Spotted Munia) adapt in different life history stages by looking at NPY expression. We immunohistochemically quantified NPY expression in four different seasons, including pre-breeding (June), breeding (September), post-breeding (December), and regressed (March) in the brain of Spotted Munia. We evaluated changes in the expression levels of the peptide throughout the year, by determining the expression at four different periods throughout the year. Peptide expression levels were projected to fluctuate within photoperiod-induced seasons. It was discovered that the parts of the brain related to vision (RoT, HA, and HP) have a higher number of immunoreactive cells during their mating season, i.e., during the summer. The appearance of NPY, a non-photic marker, in brain areas linked with light perception, was fascinating. Indirectly, NPY aids avian reproduction in a variety of ways. These findings demonstrate the importance of these nuclei in the process of reproduction, as well as the involvement of NPY in the visual brain areas of Spotted Munia.
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Effects of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) in corneal epithelial regeneration and signal transduction in rats. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCorneal epithelium responds to insults with a rapid wound healing, which is essential for maintaining vision. The proper balance of apoptotic and proliferation-stimulating pathways is critical for normal regeneration. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is an important growth factor during the development of the nervous system and exerts cytoprotective effects in injuries. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PACAP on corneal epithelial wound healing in rats and on two important protective signaling molecules, Akt and ERK1/2, both of which have been reported to play important roles during cell survival and regeneration, including corneal wound healing. Wistar rats received PACAP treatment in form of eyedrops, containing 1, 5 and 10 µg PACAP27, immediately and every two hours after corneal abrasion. Corneas were stained with fluorescein dye and further processed for histological staining or Western blot analysis for Akt and ERK1/2 expression. Our results showed that topical PACAP application enhanced corneal wound healing, as the area of injury was significantly less in PACAP-treated groups. Furthermore, both ERK1/2 and Akt signaling was induced upon PACAP administration in both injured and intact corneas. In summary, the present results show that PACAP enhances corneal wound healing in a rat model of corneal abrasion.
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Kovacs AK, Atlasz T, Werling D, Szabo E, Reglodi D, Toth GK. Stability Test of PACAP in Eye Drops. J Mol Neurosci 2020; 71:1567-1574. [PMID: 32323126 PMCID: PMC8349324 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01532-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PACAP is a neuropeptide with widespread distribution and diverse biological functions. It has strong cytoprotective effects mediated mainly through specific PAC1 receptors. Experimental data show protective effects of PACAP in the retina and cornea in several pathological conditions. Although intravitreal injections are a common practice in some ocular diseases, delivery of therapeutic agents in the form of eye drops would be more convenient and would lead to fewer side effects. We have previously shown that PACAP, in the form of eye drops, is able to pass through the ocular barriers and can exert retinoprotective effects. As eye drops represent a promising form of administration of PACAP in ocular diseases, it is important to investigate the stability of PACAP in solutions used in eye drops. In this study, the stability of PACAP1-27 and PACAP1-38 in eye drops was measured in four common media and a commercially available artificial tear solution at both room temperature and +4 °C. Mass spectrometry results show that the highest stability was gained with PACAP1-38 in water and 0.9% saline solution at +4 °C, representing 80–90% drug persistence after 2 weeks. PACAP1-38 in the artificial tear showed very fast degradation at room temperature, but was stable at +4 °C. In summary, PACAP1-38 has higher stability than PACAP1-27, with highest stability at +4 °C in water solution, but both peptides in each medium can be stored for relatively longer periods without significant degradation. These data can provide reference for future therapeutic use of PACAP in eye drops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K Kovacs
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dom Sq 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
| | - Tamas Atlasz
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str 12, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary. .,Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Ifjusag str 6, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary.
| | - Dora Werling
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str 12, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary.,Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, University of Pecs, Rakoczi str 2, Pecs, H-7623, Hungary
| | - Edina Szabo
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str 12, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Group, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti str 12, Pecs, H-7624, Hungary
| | - Gabor K Toth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Dom Sq 8, Szeged, H-6720, Hungary
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Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Hohberger B, Jünemann A, Kofler B, Reitsamer HA, Schrödl F. Distribution of the neuro-regulatory peptide galanin in the human eye. Neuropeptides 2017; 64:85-93. [PMID: 27914762 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Galanin (GAL) is a neuro-regulatory peptide involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes. While data of GAL origin/distribution in the human eye are rather fragmentary and since recently the presence of GAL-receptors in the normal human eye has been reported, we here systematically search for sources of ocular GAL in the human eye. Human eyes (n=14) were prepared for single- and double-immunohistochemistry of GAL and neurofilaments (NF). Cross- and flat-mount sections were achieved; confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used for documentation. In the anterior eye, GAL-immunoreactivity (GAL-IR) was detected in basal layers of corneal epithelium, endothelium, and in nerve fibers and keratinocytes of the corneal stroma. In the conjunctiva, GAL-IR was seen throughout all epithelial cell layers. In the iris, sphincter and dilator muscle and endothelium of iris vessels displayed GAL-IR. It was also detected in stromal cells containing melanin granules, while these were absent in others. In the ciliary body, ciliary muscle and pigmented as well as non-pigmented ciliary epithelium displayed GAL-IR. In the retina, GAL-IR was detected in cells associated with the ganglion cell layer, and in endothelial cells of retinal blood vessels. In the choroid, nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma as well as fibers forming boutons and surrounding choroidal blood vessels displayed GAL-IR. Further, the majority of intrinsic choroidal neurons were GAL-positive, as revealed by co-localization-experiments with NF, while a minority displayed NF- or GAL-IR only. GAL-IR was also detected in choroidal melanocytes, as identified by the presence of intracellular melanin-granules, as well as in cells lacking melanin-granules, most likely representing macrophages. GAL-IR was detected in numerous cells and tissues throughout the anterior and posterior eye and might therefore be an important regulatory peptide for many aspects of ocular control. Upcoming studies in diseased tissue will help to clarify the role of GAL in ocular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Bettina Hohberger
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anselm Jünemann
- Dept. of Ophthalmology, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Research Program of Receptor Biochemistry and Tumor Metabolism, Dept. of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Director of the Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Experimental Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University/SALK, Salzburg, Austria; Dept. of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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Shioda S, Takenoya F, Wada N, Hirabayashi T, Seki T, Nakamachi T. Pleiotropic and retinoprotective functions of PACAP. Anat Sci Int 2016; 91:313-24. [PMID: 27324639 DOI: 10.1007/s12565-016-0351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a 27- or 38-amino acid neuropeptide, which belongs to the vasoactive intestinal polypeptide/glucagon/secretin family. PACAP and its three receptor subtypes are expressed in neural tissues of the eye, including the retina, cornea and lacrimal gland, and PACAP is known to exert pleiotropic effects throughout the central nervous system. This review provides an overview of current knowledge regarding the cell protective effects, mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential of PACAP in response to several types of eye injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Shioda
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan.
| | - Fumiko Takenoya
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Wada
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
| | - Tamotsu Seki
- Department of Anatomy and Ophthalmology, Showa University School of Medicine, 1-5-8 Hatanodai, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nakamachi
- Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, 3190 Gofuku, Toyama, 930-8555, Japan
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7
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Santos-Carvalho A, Ambrósio AF, Cavadas C. Neuropeptide Y system in the retina: From localization to function. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 47:19-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Schrödl F, Kaser-Eichberger A, Trost A, Strohmaier C, Bogner B, Runge C, Bruckner D, Motloch K, Holub B, Kofler B, Reitsamer HA. Distribution of galanin receptors in the human eye. Exp Eye Res 2015; 138:42-51. [PMID: 26122049 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2015.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide galanin (GAL) is widely distributed within intrinsic and extrinsic sources supplying the eye. It is involved in regulation of the vascular tone, thus important for ocular homeostasis. Since the presence/distribution of its receptors is unknown, we here screen for the presence of the various GAL receptors in the human eye. Meeting the Helsinki-Declaration, human eyes (n = 6; 45-83 years of age, of both sex, post mortem time 10-19 h) were obtained from the cornea bank and prepared for immunohistochemistry against GAL receptors 1-3 (GALR1-GALR3). Over-expressing cell assays served as positive controls and confocal laser-scanning microscopy was used for documentation. Cell assays reliably detected immunoreactivity for GALR1-3 and cross-reactions between antibodies used were not observed. In the cornea, GALR1-3 were detected in basal layers of the epithelium, stroma, endothelium, as well as in adjacent conjunctiva. In the iris, GALR1-3 were detected in iris sphincter and dilator, while iris vessels displayed immunoreactivity for GALR1 and GALR3. In the ciliary body, GALR1 was exclusively found in the non-pigmented epithelium while GALR3 was detected in the ciliary muscle and vessels. In the retina, GALR1 was present in fibers of the IPL, OPL, NFL, many cells of the INL and few cells of the ONL. GALR2 and GALR3 were present in few neurons of the INL, while GALR2 was also found surrounding retinal vessels. RPE displayed weak immunoreactivity for GALR2 but intense immunoreactivity for GALR3. In the choroid, GALR1-3 were detectable in intrinsic choroidal neurons and nerve fibers of the choroidal stroma, and all three receptors were detected surrounding choroidal blood vessels, while the choriocapillaris was immunoreactive for GALR3 only. This is the first report of the various GALRs in the human eye. While the presence of GALRs in cornea and conjunctiva might be relevant for wound healing or inflammatory processes, the detection in iris vessels (GALR1, 2) and choroidal vessels (GALR1-3) highlights the role of GAL in vessel dynamics. Presence of GALR1 in ciliary body epithelium and GALR3 in ciliary vessels indicates involvement in aqueous humor production, whereas retinal GALR distribution might contribute to signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Schrödl
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria; Department of Anatomy, Paracelsus Medical University, Strubergasse 21, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Alexandra Kaser-Eichberger
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Andrea Trost
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Clemens Strohmaier
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Bogner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Christian Runge
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniela Bruckner
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Karolina Motloch
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Holub
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Laura-Bassi Centre of Expertise, THERAPEP, Department of Pediatrics, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Herbert A Reitsamer
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Research Program for Ophthalmology and Glaucoma Research, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
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Genovese RF, Benton BJ, Oubre JL, Fleming PJ, Jakubowski EM, Mioduszewski RJ. Evaluation of miosis, behavior and cholinesterase inhibition from low-level, whole-body vapor exposure to soman in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabeus). J Med Primatol 2011; 39:318-27. [PMID: 20412376 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2010.00413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Relatively little is known about the effects of very low-level exposures to nerve agents where few signs or symptoms are present. METHODS African green monkeys (Chlorocebus sabeus) (n = 8) were exposed for 10 min, whole-body, to a single concentration of soman (0.028-0.891 mg/m³). RESULTS EC₅₀ values for miosis were determined to be 0.055 mg/m³ and 0.132 mg/m³ when defined as a 50 percent reduction in pupil area and diameter, respectively. In general, performance on a serial probe recognition task remained unchanged at lower concentrations, but responding was suppressed at the largest concentration tested. Soman produced concentration-dependent inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity and, to a lesser extent, butyrylcholinesterase activity. CONCLUSIONS These results characterize threshold soman exposure concentrations that produce miosis in the absence of other overt signs of toxicity and extend previous studies indicating that miosis is a valuable early indicator for the detection of soman vapor exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond F Genovese
- Division of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910-7500, USA.
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10
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Atlasz T, Szabadfi K, Kiss P, Racz B, Gallyas F, Tamas A, Gaal V, Marton Z, Gabriel R, Reglodi D. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide in the retina: focus on the retinoprotective effects. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2010; 1200:128-39. [PMID: 20633141 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05512.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neurotrophic and neuroprotective peptide that has been shown to exert protective effects against different neuronal injuries, such as traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, models of neurodegenerative diseases, and cerebral ischemia. PACAP and its receptors are present in the retina. In this study, we summarize the current knowledge on retinal PACAP with focus on the retinoprotective effects. Results of histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular biological analysis are reviewed. In vitro, PACAP shows protection against glutamate, thapsigargin, anisomycin, and anoxia. In vivo, the protective effects of intravitreal PACAP treatment have been shown in the following models of retinal degeneration in rats: excitotoxic injury induced by glutamate and kainate, ischemic injury, degeneration caused by UV-A light, optic nerve transection, and streptozotocin-induced diabetic retinopathy. Studying the molecular mechanism has revealed that PACAP acts by activating antiapoptotic and inhibiting proapoptotic signaling pathways in the retina in vivo. These studies strongly suggest that PACAP is an excellent candidate retinoprotective agent that could be a potential therapeutic substance in various retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Atlasz
- Department of Sportbiology, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
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11
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Yamaji K, Sakai H, Okumura Y, Usui S. Customizable neuroinformatics database system: XooNIps and its application to the pupil platform. Comput Biol Med 2007; 37:1036-41. [PMID: 17101123 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2005] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The developing field of neuroinformatics includes technologies for the collection and sharing of neuro-related digital resources. These resources will be of increasing value for understanding the brain. Developing a database system to integrate these disparate resources is necessary to make full use of these resources. This study proposes a base database system termed XooNIps that utilizes the content management system called XOOPS. XooNIps is designed for developing databases in different research fields through customization of the option menu. In a XooNIps-based database, digital resources are stored according to their respective categories, e.g., research articles, experimental data, mathematical models, stimulations, each associated with their related metadata. Several types of user authorization are supported for secure operations. In addition to the directory and keyword searches within a certain database, XooNIps searches simultaneously across other XooNIps-based databases on the Internet. Reviewing systems for user registration and for data submission are incorporated to impose quality control. Furthermore, XOOPS modules containing news, forums schedules, blogs and other information can be combined to enhance XooNIps functionality. These features provide better scalability, extensibility, and customizability to the general neuroinformatics community. The application of this system to data, models, and other information related to human pupils is described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutsuna Yamaji
- Laboratory for Neuroinformatics, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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12
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Rácz B, Gallyas F, Kiss P, Tóth G, Hegyi O, Gasz B, Borsiczky B, Ferencz A, Roth E, Tamás A, Lengvári I, Lubics A, Reglodi D. The neuroprotective effects of PACAP in monosodium glutamate-induced retinal lesion involve inhibition of proapoptotic signaling pathways. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 137:20-6. [PMID: 16945433 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2006.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2005] [Revised: 02/10/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors are present in the retina and exert several distinct functions. PACAP has well-known neuroprotective effects in neuronal cultures in vitro and against different insults in vivo. Recently we have shown that PACAP is neuroprotective against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced retinal degeneration. In the present study we investigated the possible signal transduction pathways involved in the protective effect of intravitreal PACAP administration against apoptotic retinal degeneration induced by neonatal MSG treatment. MSG induced activation of proapoptotic signaling proteins and reduced the levels of antiapoptotic molecules in neonatal retinas. Co-treatment with PACAP attenuated the MSG-induced activation of caspase-3 and JNK, inhibited the MSG-induced cytosolic translocation of apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c, and increased the level of phospho-Bad. Furthermore, PACAP treatment alone decreased cytosolic AIF and cytochrome c levels, while PACAP6-38 increased cytochrome c release, caspase-3 and JNK activity and decreased phospho-Bad activity. In summary, our results show that PACAP treatment attenuated the MSG-induced changes in apoptotic signaling molecules in vivo and suggest that also endogenously present PACAP has neuroprotective effects. These results may have further clinical implications in reducing glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in several ophthalmic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boglárka Rácz
- Department of Surgical Research and Techniques, University of Pecs, Hungary
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Topalkara A, Karadas B, Toker MI, Kaya T, Durmus N, Turgut B. Relaxant effects of β-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol and BRL 37344 on bovine iris sphincter and ciliary muscle. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 548:144-9. [PMID: 16973159 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 07/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the relaxant effect of beta2-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol and beta3-adrenoceptor agonist BRL 37344 on bovine iris sphincter and ciliary muscle and measured cAMP and cGMP levels. Iris sphincter (n = 16) and ciliary muscle (n = 16) strips were mounted in organ baths and tested for changes in isometric tension in response to formoterol and BRL 37344. Their relaxant effects on serotonin-induced contractions in the presence or absence of metoprolol, ICI 118.551 and SR 59230A (beta1-, beta2-, beta3-adrenoceptor antagonist, respectively) were investigated. Their effects on cAMP and cGMP levels in iris sphincter (n = 12) and ciliary muscle (n = 12) were evaluated. Formoterol (10(-11)-10(-5) M) and BRL 37344 (10(-10)-10(-5) M) decreased the serotonine-induced contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. Emax values of formoterol were significantly higher than those of BRL 37344 in iris sphincter and ciliary muscle, with no significant change in pD2 values. The relaxation responses by formoterol and BRL 37344 were antagonized with ICI 118.551 (10(-6) M) and SR 59230A (10(-6) M). cAMP levels of formoterol- and BRL 37344-treated tissues were significantly higher than those of the control tissues. cGMP levels of BRL 37344-treated tissues were significantly higher than those of control tissues, but this effect of BRL 37344 was less significant than its effect on cAMP levels. beta-adrenoceptor relaxation responses in bovine iris sphincter and ciliary muscle are mediated by a mixed population of beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptor subtypes, with a predominant contribution of cAMP. Potency of formoterol and BRL 37344 was similar, but efficacy of formoterol was better than BRL 37344.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aysen Topalkara
- Department of Ophthalmology, Cumhuriyet University School of Medicine, 58140 Sivas, Turkey.
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