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Kraik K, Tota M, Laska J, Łacwik J, Paździerz Ł, Sędek Ł, Gomułka K. The Role of Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) in Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Cells 2024; 13:1271. [PMID: 39120302 PMCID: PMC11311642 DOI: 10.3390/cells13151271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2024] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) represent chronic inflammatory respiratory disorders that, despite having distinct pathophysiological underpinnings, both feature airflow obstruction and respiratory symptoms. A critical component in the pathogenesis of each condition is the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a multifunctional cytokine that exerts varying influences across these diseases. In asthma, TGF-β is significantly involved in airway remodeling, a key aspect marked by subepithelial fibrosis, hypertrophy of the smooth muscle, enhanced mucus production, and suppression of emphysema development. The cytokine facilitates collagen deposition and the proliferation of fibroblasts, which are crucial in the structural modifications within the airways. In contrast, the role of TGF-β in COPD is more ambiguous. It initially acts as a protective agent, fostering tissue repair and curbing inflammation. However, prolonged exposure to environmental factors such as cigarette smoke causes TGF-β signaling malfunction. Such dysregulation leads to abnormal tissue remodeling, marked by excessive collagen deposition, enlargement of airspaces, and, thus, accelerated development of emphysema. Additionally, TGF-β facilitates the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), a process contributing to the phenotypic alterations observed in COPD. A thorough comprehension of the multifaceted role of TGF-β in asthma and COPD is imperative for elaborating precise therapeutic interventions. We review several promising approaches that alter TGF-β signaling. Nevertheless, additional studies are essential to delineate further the specific mechanisms of TGF-β dysregulation and its potential therapeutic impacts in these chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Kraik
- Student Scientific Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Clinical Department of Allergology and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Maciej Tota
- Student Scientific Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Clinical Department of Allergology and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Julia Laska
- Student Scientific Group of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Julia Łacwik
- Student Scientific Group of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Łukasz Paździerz
- Student Scientific Group of Internal Medicine and Allergology, Clinical Department of Allergology and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Łukasz Sędek
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gomułka
- Clinical Department of Allergology and Internal Diseases, Institute of Internal Diseases, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-369 Wrocław, Poland
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Overby DR, Ethier CR, Miao C, Kelly RA, Reina-Torres E, Stamer WD. The Factors Affecting the Stability of IOP Homeostasis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2024; 65:4. [PMID: 38833261 PMCID: PMC11157970 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.65.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Shear-induced nitric oxide (NO) production by Schlemm's canal (SC) endothelial cells provides a fast, IOP-sensitive feedback signal that normally contributes to IOP homeostasis. Our goal was to analyze the response of this homeostatic system under constant flow perfusion (as occurs in vivo) vs. constant pressure perfusion (as typical for laboratory perfusions). Methods A mathematical model of aqueous humor dynamics, including shear-mediated NO signaling, was formulated and analyzed for stability. The model includes Goldmann's equation, accounting for proximal and distal outflow resistance, and describes how elevated IOP causes narrowing of SC lumen that increases the shear stress on SC cells. Elevated shear stress stimulates NO production, which acts to reduce outflow resistance and relax trabecular meshwork cells to decrease trabecular meshwork stiffness, affecting the SC luminal caliber. Results During constant flow perfusion, the outflow system is typically stable, returning to baseline IOP after a perturbation. In contrast, during constant pressure perfusion, the outflow system can become unstable and exhibit a time-dependent change in outflow resistance that diverges from baseline. Conclusions The stability of shear mediated IOP homeostasis is predicted to differ critically between constant flow vs. constant pressure perfusion. Because outflow facility is typically measured at a constant pressure in the laboratory, this instability may contribute to the characteristic time-dependent increase in outflow facility, known as washout, observed in many nonhuman species. Studies of IOP homeostasis should consider how the outflow system may respond differently under constant pressure vs. constant flow perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl R. Overby
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - C. Ross Ethier
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Institute of Technology & Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States
| | - Changxu Miao
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ruth A. Kelly
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ester Reina-Torres
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - W. Daniel Stamer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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Hu Y, Ge K, Du Y. Paeoniflorin alleviates TGF-β2-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling and oxidative stress in human trabecular meshwork cells. Int Ophthalmol 2024; 44:229. [PMID: 38795168 DOI: 10.1007/s10792-024-02917-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multifunctional profibrotic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGF-β2) is implicated in the pathophysiology of primary open angle glaucoma. Paeoniflorin (PAE) is a monoterpene glycoside with multiple pharmacological efficacies, such as antioxidant, anti-fibrotic, and anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have demonstrated that paeoniflorin protects human corneal epithelial cells, retinal pigment epithelial cells, and retinal microglia from damage. Here, the biological role of PAE in TGF-β2-dependent remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the trabecular meshwork (TM) microenvironment. METHODS Primary or transformed (GTM3) human TM (HTM) cells conditioned in serum-free media were incubated with TGF-β2 (5 ng/mL). PAE (300 μM) was added to serum-starved confluent cultures of HTM cells for 2 h, followed by incubation with TGF-β2 for 22 h. SB-431542, a TGF-β receptor inhibitor (10 μM), was used as a positive control. The levels of intracellular ROS were evaluated by CellROX green dye. Western blotting was used to measure the levels of TGF-β2/Smad2/3 signaling-related molecules. Collagen 1α1, collagen 4α1, and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Immunofluorescence assay was conducted to measure collagen I/IV expression in HTM cells. Phalloidin staining assay was conducted for evaluating F-actin stress fiber formation in the cells. RESULTS PAE attenuated TGF-β2-induced oxidative stress and suppressed TGF-β2-induced Smad2/3 signaling in primary or transformed HTM cells. Additionally, PAE repressed TGF-β2-induced upregulation of collagen 1α1, collagen 4α1, and CTGF expression and reduced TGF-β2-mediated collagen I/IV expression and of F-actin stress fiber formation in primary or transformed HTM cells. CONCLUSION PAE alleviates TGF-β2-induced ECM deposition and oxidative stress in HTM cells through inactivation of Smad2/3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Hu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan, No.1 Wenhua Avenue, Zhifang Street, Jiangxia District, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Kui Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan, No.1 Wenhua Avenue, Zhifang Street, Jiangxia District, Wuhan, 430200, China
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First People's Hospital of Jiangxia District, Wuhan, No.1 Wenhua Avenue, Zhifang Street, Jiangxia District, Wuhan, 430200, China.
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Buonfiglio F, Pfeiffer N, Gericke A. Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Drugs in Glaucoma Treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1193. [PMID: 37765001 PMCID: PMC10535738 DOI: 10.3390/ph16091193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma, a group of diseases characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell loss, cupping of the optic disc, and a typical pattern of visual field defects, is a leading cause of severe visual impairment and blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is the leading risk factor for glaucoma development. However, glaucoma can also develop at normal pressure levels. An increased susceptibility of retinal ganglion cells to IOP, systemic vascular dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, and autoimmune imbalances have been suggested as playing a role in the pathophysiology of normal-tension glaucoma. Since inflammation and oxidative stress play a role in all forms of glaucoma, the goal of this review article is to present an overview of the inflammatory and pro-oxidant mechanisms in the pathophysiology of glaucoma and to discuss immunomodulatory and antioxidant treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Buonfiglio
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
| | | | - Adrian Gericke
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Langenbeckstrasse 1, 55131 Mainz, Germany;
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Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I. Advances in targeting the extracellular matrix for glaucoma therapy: current updates. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2023; 27:1217-1229. [PMID: 38069479 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2023.2293748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/31/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is a well-recognized risk factor for development of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG), a leading cause of irreversible blindness. Ocular hypertension is associated with excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition in trabecular meshwork (TM) resulting in increased aqueous outflow resistance and elevated IOP. Hence, therapeutic options targeting ECM remodeling in TM to lower IOP in glaucomatous eyes are of considerable importance. AREAS COVERED This paper discusses the complex process of ECM regulation in TM and explores promising therapeutic targets. The role of Transforming Growth Factor-β as a central player in ECM deposition in TM is discussed. We elaborate the key regulatory processes involved in its activation, release, signaling, and cross talk with other signaling pathways including Rho GTPase, Wnt, integrin, cytokines, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone. Further, we summarize the therapeutic agents that have been explored to target ECM dysregulation in TM. EXPERT OPINION Targeting molecular pathways to reduce ECM deposition and/or enhance its degradation are of considerable significance for IOP lowering. Challenges lie in pinpointing specific targets and designing drug delivery systems to precisely interact with pathologically active/inactive signaling. Recent advances in monoclonal antibodies, fusion molecules, and vectored nanotechnology offer potential solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Igor Iezhitsa
- School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Rao VR, Stubbs EB. TGF-β2 Promotes Oxidative Stress in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells by Selectively Enhancing NADPH Oxidase 4 Expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:4. [PMID: 33821883 PMCID: PMC8039474 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.4.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The multifunctional profibrotic cytokine TGF-β2 is implicated in the pathophysiology of primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). While the underlying cause of POAG remains unclear, TGF-β2 dependent remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the trabecular meshwork (TM) microenvironment is considered an early pathologic consequence associated with impaired aqueous humor (AH) outflow and elevated IOP. Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants have been recently shown by our group to markedly attenuate TGF-β2 profibrotic responses, strongly implicating oxidative stress as a key facilitator of TGF-β2 signaling in human TM cells. In this study, we determined the mechanism by which oxidative stress facilitates TGF-β2 profibrotic responses in cultured primary human TM cells. Methods Semiconfluent cultures of primary or transformed human TM cells were conditioned overnight in serum-free media and subsequently challenged without or with TGF-β2 (5 ng/mL). Relative changes in the mRNA content of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (Nox) isoforms, connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), collagen 1α1 and 4α1 isoforms or relative changes in the protein content of Nox4, phospho- and total-Smad2 and -Smad3, collagens I and IV were determined in the absence or presence of GKT137831, a Nox1-Nox4 dual enzyme inhibitor, and quantified by real-time qPCR or by immunoblot, respectively. Relative in situ changes in collagens I and IV and in alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were semiquantified by immunocytochemistry, whereas relative changes in filamentous actin stress fiber formation was semiquantified by phalloidin staining. Results Quiescent primary human TM cells cultured in the presence of TGF-β2 exhibited a marked selective increase in endogenous Nox4 mRNA and Nox4 protein expression. Actinomycin D prevented TGF-β2 mediated increases in Nox4 mRNA expression. TM cells reverse transfected with siRNA against Smad3 prevented TGF-β2 mediated increases in Nox4 mRNA expression. Pre-incubating TM cells with GKT137831 attenuated TGF-β2 mediated increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), in COL1A1, COL4A1, and CTGF mRNA expression, in Smad3 protein phosphorylation, in collagens I, collagens IV, and αSMA protein expression, and in filamentous actin stress fiber formation. Conclusions TGF-β2 promotes oxidative stress in primary human TM cells by selectively increasing expression of NADPH oxidase 4. Dysregulation of redox equilibrium by induction of NADPH oxidase 4 expression appears to be a key early event involved in the pathologic profibrotic responses elicited by TGF-β2 canonical signaling, including ECM remodeling, filamentous actin stress fiber formation, and αSMA expression. Selective inhibition of Nox4 expression/activation, in combination with mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, represents a novel strategy by which to slow the progression of TGF-β2 elicited profibrotic responses within the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya R. Rao
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Evan B. Stubbs
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, IL, United States
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Baudouin C, Kolko M, Melik-Parsadaniantz S, Messmer EM. Inflammation in Glaucoma: From the back to the front of the eye, and beyond. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 83:100916. [PMID: 33075485 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of glaucoma is complex, multifactorial and not completely understood. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and/or impaired retinal blood flow may cause initial optic nerve damage. In addition, age-related oxidative stress in the retina concurrently with chronic mechanical and vascular stress is crucial for the initiation of retinal neurodegeneration. Oxidative stress is closely related to cell senescence, mitochondrial dysfunction, excitotoxicity, and neuroinflammation, which are involved in glaucoma progression. Accumulating evidence from animal glaucoma models and from human ocular samples suggests a dysfunction of the para-inflammation in the retinal ganglion cell layer and the optic nerve head. Moreover, quite similar mechanisms in the anterior chamber could explain the trabecular meshwork dysfunction and the elevated IOP in primary open-angle glaucoma. On the other hand, ocular surface disease due to topical interventions is the most prominent and visible consequence of inflammation in glaucoma, with a negative impact on filtering surgery failure, topical treatment efficacy, and possibly on inflammation in the anterior segment. Consequently, glaucoma appears as an outstanding eye disease where inflammatory changes may be present to various extents and consequences along the eye structure, from the ocular surface to the posterior segment, and the visual pathway. Here we reviewed the inflammatory processes in all ocular structures in glaucoma from the back to the front of the eye and beyond. Our approach was to explain how para-inflammation is necessary to maintain homoeostasis, and to describe abnormal inflammatory findings observed in glaucomatous patients or in animal glaucoma models, supporting the hypothesis of a dysregulation of the inflammatory balance toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype. Possible anti-inflammatory therapeutic approaches in glaucoma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Baudouin
- Quinze-Vingts National Ophthalmology Hospital, INSERM-DGOS CIC 1423, IHU Foresight, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de La Vision, Paris, France; Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, APHP, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.
| | - Miriam Kolko
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Glostrup, Denmark
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Yemanyi F, Vranka J, Raghunathan VK. Glucocorticoid-induced cell-derived matrix modulates transforming growth factor β2 signaling in human trabecular meshwork cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15641. [PMID: 32973273 PMCID: PMC7518434 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72779-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant remodeling of trabecular meshwork (TM) extracellular matrix (ECM) may induce ocular hypertensive phenotypes in human TM (hTM) cells to cause ocular hypertension, via a yet unknown mechanism. Here, we show that, in the absence of exogenous transforming growth factor-beta2 (TGFβ2), compared with control matrices (VehMs), glucocorticoid-induced cell-derived matrices (GIMs) trigger non-Smad TGFβ2 signaling in hTM cells, correlated with overexpression/activity of structural ECM genes (fibronectin, collagen IV, collagen VI, myocilin), matricellular genes (connective tissue growth factor [CTGF], secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine), crosslinking genes/enzymes (lysyl oxidase, lysyl oxidase-like 2–4, tissue transglutaminase-2), and ECM turnover genes/enzymes (matrix metalloproteinases-MMP2,14 and their inhibitors-TIMP2). However, in the presence of exogenous TGFβ2, VehMs and GIMs activate Smad and non-Smad TGFβ2 signaling in hTM cells, associated with overexpression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and differential upregulation of aforementioned ECM genes/proteins with new ones emerging (collagen-I, thrombospondin-I, plasminogen activator inhibitor, MMP1, 9, ADAMTS4, TIMP1); with GIM-TGFβ2-induced changes being mostly more pronounced. This suggests dual glaucomatous insults potentiate profibrotic signaling/phenotypes. Lastly, we demonstrate type I TGFβ receptor kinase inhibition abrogates VehM-/GIM- and/or TGFβ2-induced upregulation of α-SMA and CTGF. Collectively, pathological TM microenvironments are sufficient to elicit adverse cellular responses that may be ameliorated by targeting TGFβ2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Yemanyi
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Janice Vranka
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Vijay Krishna Raghunathan
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Optometry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cullen College of Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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Yoshimatsu Y, Wakabayashi I, Kimuro S, Takahashi N, Takahashi K, Kobayashi M, Maishi N, Podyma‐Inoue KA, Hida K, Miyazono K, Watabe T. TNF-α enhances TGF-β-induced endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition via TGF-β signal augmentation. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:2385-2399. [PMID: 32385953 PMCID: PMC7385392 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of various components including cancer cells, tumor vessels, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), and inflammatory cells. These components interact with each other via various cytokines, which often induce tumor progression. Thus, a greater understanding of TME networks is crucial for the development of novel cancer therapies. Many cancer types express high levels of TGF-β, which induces endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT), leading to formation of CAFs. Although we previously reported that CAFs derived from EndMT promoted tumor formation, the molecular mechanisms underlying these interactions remain to be elucidated. Furthermore, tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells secrete various cytokines, including TNF-α. However, the role of TNF-α in TGF-β-induced EndMT has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study examined the effect of TNF-α on TGF-β-induced EndMT in human endothelial cells (ECs). Various types of human ECs underwent EndMT in response to TGF-β and TNF-α, which was accompanied by increased and decreased expression of mesenchymal cell and EC markers, respectively. In addition, treatment of ECs with TGF-β and TNF-α exhibited sustained activation of Smad2/3 signals, which was presumably induced by elevated expression of TGF-β type I receptor, TGF-β2, activin A, and integrin αv, suggesting that TNF-α enhanced TGF-β-induced EndMT by augmenting TGF-β family signals. Furthermore, oral squamous cell carcinoma-derived cells underwent epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in response to humoral factors produced by TGF-β and TNF-α-cultured ECs. This EndMT-driven EMT was blocked by inhibiting the action of TGF-βs. Collectively, our findings suggest that TNF-α enhances TGF-β-dependent EndMT, which contributes to tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yoshimatsu
- Department of BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
- Division of PharmacologyGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesNiigata UniversityNiigataJapan
| | - Ikumi Wakabayashi
- Department of BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Shiori Kimuro
- Department of BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Naoya Takahashi
- Department of BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kazuki Takahashi
- Department of BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Miho Kobayashi
- Department of BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Nako Maishi
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular PathologyGraduate School of Dental MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Katarzyna A. Podyma‐Inoue
- Department of BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
| | - Kyoko Hida
- Department of Vascular Biology and Molecular PathologyGraduate School of Dental MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Kohei Miyazono
- Department of Molecular PathologyGraduate School of MedicineThe University of TokyoTokyoJapan
| | - Tetsuro Watabe
- Department of BiochemistryGraduate School of Medical and Dental SciencesTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
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Rao VR, Lautz JD, Kaja S, Foecking EM, Lukács E, Stubbs EB. Mitochondrial-Targeted Antioxidants Attenuate TGF-β2 Signaling in Human Trabecular Meshwork Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:3613-3624. [PMID: 31433458 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-27542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose POAG is a progressive optic neuropathy that is currently the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. While the underlying cause of POAG remains unclear, TGF-β2-dependent remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) within the trabecular meshwork (TM) microenvironment is considered an early pathologic consequence associated with impaired aqueous humor (AH) outflow and elevated IOP. Early studies have also demonstrated markedly elevated levels of oxidative stress markers in AH from POAG patients along with altered expression of antioxidant defenses. Here, using cultured primary or transformed human TM cells, we investigated the role oxidative stress plays at regulating TGF-β2-mediated remodeling of the ECM. Methods Primary or transformed (GTM3) human TM cells conditioned in serum-free media were incubated in the absence or presence of TGF-β2 and relative changes in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured using oxidation-sensitive fluorogenic dyes CellROX green or 6-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (carboxy-H2DCFDA). TGF-β2-mediated changes in the content of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and collagen types 1α1 (COL1A1) and 4α1 (COL4A1) mRNA or collagens I and IV isoform proteins were determined in the absence or presence of mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants (XJB-5-131 or MitoQ) and quantified by quantitative PCR or by immunoblot and immunocytochemistry. Smad-dependent canonic signaling was determined by immunoblot, whereas Smad-dependent transcriptional activity was quantified using a Smad2/3-responsive SBE-luciferase reporter assay. Results Primary or transformed human TM cells cultured in the presence of TGF-β2 (5 ng/mL; 2 hours) exhibited marked increases in CellROX or fluorescein fluorescence. Consistent with previous reports, challenging cultured human TM cells with TGF-β2 elicited measurable increases in regulated Smad2/3 signaling as well as increases in CTGF, COL1A1, and COL4A1 mRNA and collagen protein content. Pretreating human TM cells with mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants XJB-5-131 (10 μM) or MitoQ (10 nM) attenuated TGF-β2-mediated changes in Smad-dependent transcriptional activity. Conclusions The multifunctional profibrotic cytokine TGF-β2 elicits a marked increase in oxidative stress in human TM cells. Mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants attenuate TGF-β2-mediated changes in Smad-dependent transcriptional activity, including marked reductions in CTGF and collagen isoform gene and protein expression. These findings suggest that mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants, when delivered directly to the TM, exhibit potential as a novel strategy by which to slow the progression of TGF-β2-mediated remodeling of the ECM within the TM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vidhya R Rao
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Jonathan D Lautz
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States
- Program of Neuroscience, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Simon Kaja
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Eileen M Foecking
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Surgery, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Emoke Lukács
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States
| | - Evan B Stubbs
- Research Service, Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, Illinois, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Health Science Division, Maywood, Illinois, United States
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Cao Q, Xiao B, Jin G, Lin J, Wang Y, Young CA, Lin J, Zhou Y, Zhang B, Cao M, Wu K, Zheng D. Expression of transforming growth factor β and matrix metalloproteinases in the aqueous humor of patients with congenital ectopia lentis. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:559-566. [PMID: 31180551 PMCID: PMC6579998 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), which is able to stimulate multiple intracellular signaling pathways, exerts an important role in Marfan syndrome, although the effects of TGFβ on congenital ectopia lentis (CEL) have yet to be fully elucidated. In the present study, the expression levels of TGFβ and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were investigated in the aqueous humor of patients with ectopic lentis who differed in terms of the severity of the disease. A total of 17 CEL patients with 21 eyes (aged 12.76±9.37 years) and 12 congenital cataract (CC) patients with 17 eyes (aged 6.82±9.18 years) were randomized in the present study. The levels of active TGFβ and MMPs in the aqueous humor were analyzed with Luminex xMAP® technology by using commercially available Bio‑Plex Pro™ Human MMP and TGFβ assays. The distance from the lens edge to the pupil edge and the white to white corneal diameter (i.e. the horizontal distance between the borders of the corneal limbus) were measured, and the ratio was calculated as the degree of lens dislocation. The association between TGFβ and MMP levels and the degree of lens dislocation was analyzed using Spearman's correlation test. Compared with the patients with CC, the level of TGFβ2 in the patients with CEL was increased significantly. Specifically, the level of TGFβ2 in the CEL patients was 855.19 pg/ml (744.33, 1,009.24), whereas it was 557.08 (438.24, 692.71) pg/ml in the CC patients (P<0.001). In addition, it was noted that the levels of MMP‑2 and ‑10 in the aqueous humor of the patients with CEL were higher compared with those in the CC patients, although this increase did not reach the level of statistical significance. Notably, the levels of MMP‑8 and ‑9 in the aqueous humor of patients with CEL were significantly lower compared with those in the CC patients (P=0.014 and P=0.002, respectively). Furthermore, a marginal correlation was identified between the severity of ectopic lentis and the levels of TGFβ2 in the aqueous humor (r2=0.379; P=0.003) of the patients with CEL. Taken together, these results demonstrated that a significant correlation existed between high levels of aqueous humor TGFβ2 and the severity of ectopia lentis in patients with CEL. In addition, aqueous humor TGFβ2 levels in the CEL patients were significantly higher compared with those in CC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianzhong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Bing Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Guangming Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Jianqiang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | | | - Junxiong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Yijing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhe Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Kaili Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
| | - Danying Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat‑Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P.R. China
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12
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Wang X, Huai G, Wang H, Liu Y, Qi P, Shi W, Peng J, Yang H, Deng S, Wang Y. Mutual regulation of the Hippo/Wnt/LPA/TGF‑β signaling pathways and their roles in glaucoma (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 41:1201-1212. [PMID: 29286147 PMCID: PMC5819904 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide and there is no effective treatment thus far. The trabecular meshwork has been identified as the major pathological area involved. Certain signaling pathways in the trabecular meshwork, including the Wnt, lysophosphatidic acid and transforming growth factor-β pathways, have been identified as novel therapeutic targets in glaucoma treatment. Meanwhile, it has been reported that key proteins in these pathways, particularly the primary transcription regulator Yes-associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ), exhibit interactions with the Hippo pathway. The Hippo pathway, which was first identified in Drosophila, has drawn great focus with regard to various aspects of studies in recent years. One role of the Hippo pathway in the regulation of organ size was indicated by more recent evidence. Defining the relevant physiological function of the Hippo pathway has proven to be extremely complicated. Studies have ascribed a role for the Hippo pathway in an overwhelming number of processes, including cell proliferation, cell death and cell differentiation. Therefore, the present review aimed to unravel the roles of YAP and TAZ in the Hippo pathway and the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Furthermore, a new and creative study for the treatment of glaucoma is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
| | - Guoli Huai
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
| | - Hailian Wang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yuande Liu
- 91388 Military Hospital, Zhanjiang, Guangdong 524022, P.R. China
| | - Ping Qi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Wei Shi
- Department of Pediatrics, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Jie Peng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
| | - Hongji Yang
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Shaoping Deng
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610072, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Medical School of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, P.R. China
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13
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Ebner M, Mariacher S, Hurst J, Szurman P, Schnichels S, Spitzer MS, Januschowski K. Characterization of a Standardized Ex-vivo Porcine Model to Assess Short Term Intraocular Pressure Changes and Trabecular Meshwork Vitality After Pars Plana Vitrectomy with Different Silicone Oil and BSS Tamponades. Curr Eye Res 2017; 42:1130-1135. [DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1297461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Ebner
- Knappschaft Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - Siegfried Mariacher
- Knappschaft Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach, Germany
| | - José Hurst
- University Eye Hospital Tuebingen, Center for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Peter Szurman
- Knappschaft Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach, Germany
- University Eye Hospital Tuebingen, Center for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Sven Schnichels
- University Eye Hospital Tuebingen, Center for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Martin S. Spitzer
- University Eye Hospital Tuebingen, Center for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Kai Januschowski
- Knappschaft Eye Clinic Sulzbach, Knappschaft Hospital Saar, Sulzbach, Germany
- University Eye Hospital Tuebingen, Center for Ophthalmology, Tuebingen, Germany
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14
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Role of the Rho GTPase/Rho kinase signaling pathway in pathogenesis and treatment of glaucoma: Bench to bedside research. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:23-32. [PMID: 27593914 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) is considered to be a predominant risk factor for primary open angle glaucoma, the most prevalent form of glaucoma. Although the etiological mechanisms responsible for increased IOP are not completely clear, impairment in aqueous humor (AH) drainage through the conventional or trabecular pathway is recognized to be a primary cause in glaucoma patients. Importantly, lowering of IOP has been demonstrated to reduce progression of vision loss and is a mainstay of treatment for all types of glaucoma. Currently however, there are limited therapeutic options available for lowering IOP especially as it relates to enhancement of AH outflow through the trabecular pathway. Towards addressing this challenge, bench and bedside research conducted over the course of the last decade and a half has identified the significance of inhibiting Rho kinase for lowering IOP. Rho kinase is a downstream effector of Rho GTPase signaling that regulates actomyosin dynamics in numerous cell types. Studies from several laboratories have demonstrated that inhibition of Rho kinase lowers IOP via relaxation of the trabecular meshwork which enhances AH outflow. By contrast, activation of Rho GTPase/Rho kinase signaling in the trabecular outflow pathway increases IOP by altering the contractile, cell adhesive and permeability barrier characteristics of the trabecular meshwork and Schlemm's canal tissues, and by influencing extracellular matrix production and fibrotic activity. This article, written in honor of the late David Epstein, MD, summarizes findings from both basic and clinical studies that have been instrumental for recognition of the importance of the Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathway in regulation of AH outflow, and in the development of Rho kinase inhibitors as promising IOP- lowering agents for glaucoma treatment.
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15
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Pervan CL. Smad-independent TGF-β2 signaling pathways in human trabecular meshwork cells. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:137-145. [PMID: 27453344 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant expression and signaling of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β is strongly associated with development of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG). In cells of the trabecular meshwork, a key component of the conventional outflow pathway, TGF-β is well-known to promote expression of multiple ocular hypertensive mediators, including genes associated with fibrosis as well as cellular contractility. These effects are mediated by induction of canonical (Smad) as well as non-canonical (MAPK, Rho GTPase) signaling cascades. In the present review, we will highlight the non-canonical, Smad-independent signaling pathways activated by TGF-β2 in human TM cells, as well as the genes known to be induced by non-canonical TGF-β2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia L Pervan
- Research Service (151), Department of Veterans Affairs, Edward Hines Jr. VA Hospital, Hines, IL, 60141, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, USA.
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