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Choi SW, Hong HK, Jeon J, Choi JY, Kim M, Kim P, Lee BC, Woo SJ. FITC-Labeled RGD Peptides as Novel Contrast Agents for Functional Fluorescent Angiographic Detection of Retinal and Choroidal Neovascularization. Cells 2023; 12:1902. [PMID: 37508566 PMCID: PMC10377818 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a crucial factor in the pathophysiology and prognosis of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, the detection of CNV is essential for establishing an appropriate diagnosis and treatment plan. Current ophthalmic imaging techniques, such as fundus fluorescent angiography and optical coherence tomography, have limitations in accurately visualizing CNV lesions and expressing CNV activity, owing to issues such as excessive dye leakage with pooling and the inability to provide functional information. Here, using the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) peptide's affinity for integrin αvβ3, which is expressed in the neovascular endothelial cells in ocular tissues, we propose the use of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled RGD peptide as a novel dye for effective molecular imaging of CNV. FITC-labeled RGD peptides (FITC-RGD2), prepared by bioconjugation of one FITC molecule with two RGD peptides, demonstrated better visualization and precise localization of CNV lesions than conventional fluorescein dyes in laser-induced CNV rodent models, as assessed using various imaging techniques, including a commercially available clinical fundus camera (Optos). These results suggest that FITC-RGD2 can serve as an effective novel dye for the diagnosis of neovascular retinal diseases, including AMD, by enabling early detection and treatment of disease occurrence and recurrence after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Woo Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Kyoung Hong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jehwi Jeon
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Choi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
- Bio-Max Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Minah Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology (KIHST), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Joon Woo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
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Fan X, Jiang K, Geng F, Lu W, Wei G. Ocular therapies with biomacromolecules: From local injection to eyedrop and emerging noninvasive delivery strategies. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114864. [PMID: 37156266 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.114864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The last two decades have witnessed a continuously increasing number of biomacromolecules approved for the treatment of ocular diseases. The eye possesses multiple protective mechanisms to resist the invasion of exogenous substances, but meanwhile these physiological defense systems also act as strong barriers, impeding absorption of most biomacromolecules into the eye. As a result, local injections play predominant roles for posterior ocular delivery of biomacromolecules in clinical practice. To achieve safe and convenient application of biomacromolecules, alternative strategies to realize noninvasive intraocular delivery are necessary. Various nanocarriers, novel penetration enhancers and physical strategies have been explored to facilitate delivery of biomacromolecules to both anterior and posterior ocular segments but still suffered difficulties in clinical translation. This review compares the anatomical and physiological characteristics of the eyes from those frequently adopted experimental species and profiles the well-established animal models of ocular diseases. We also summarize the ophthalmic biomacromolecules launched on the market and put emphasis on emerging noninvasive intraocular delivery strategies of peptides, proteins and genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyan Fan
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; Eye Institute and Department of Ophthalmology, Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, P.R. China
| | - Feiyang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China
| | - Gang Wei
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery, Ministry of Education & Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201203, PR China; The Institutes of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of ImmunoTherapeutics, Shanghai, 201203, PR China.
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Xie Z, Wu X, Cheng R, Huang J, Wang X, Shi Q, Xu B, Paulus YM, Yuan S, Liu Q. A novel model of subretinal edema induced by DL-alpha aminoadipic acid. Exp Eye Res 2023; 228:109388. [PMID: 36652968 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2023.109388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In this study we described a new model of subretinal edema induced by single intraocular injection of DL-alpha-aminoadipic acid (DLAAA) that can be employed to study the mechanism of retinal edema and test the efficacy or potential toxicity of treatments. The progression of subretinal edema was evaluated by fundus photography, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography for up to 4 weeks following DLAAA injection. The VEGF, IL-6, TNF-α, Occludin, ZO-1, AQP4, Kir4.1, GFAP and GS levels were examined in DLAAA models by immunostaining, immumohistochemical staining and Western blot. Additionally, bulk RNA-seq was used to detect the mechanism involved in DLAAA-induced retinal Müller cellular injuries. In vivo and vitro assays were further conducted to confirm the sequencing results. Subretinal edema was successfully induced by DLAAA in New Zealand White rabbits (1.29 mg/eye) and C57BL/6 mice (50 or 100 μg/eye). Our results demonstrated that the disruption of blood-retinal-barrier, including vascular hyperpermeability, inflammation, and Müller cell dysfunction of fluid clearance, was involved in subretinal edema formation in the model. Bulk RNA-seq and in vitro studies indicated the activation of p38 MAPK signaling pathway in DLAAA models. This DLAAA-induced subretinal edema model can be used for mechanistic studies or drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinjing Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruiwen Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Junlong Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiuying Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qile Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Bei Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yannis M Paulus
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kellogg Eye Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Songtao Yuan
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Qinghuai Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Corey TM, Woodley VV, O'Connor M, Connolly E, Doyle S, Shrader S, Phipps C, Isaac K, Lawrence M. Evaluation of the Dose-Dependent Inflammatory Response and No-Observable Adverse Effect Level of Intravitreal Endotoxin in the African Green Monkey. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:17. [PMID: 35980670 PMCID: PMC9404367 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.8.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the inflammatory effects and no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of intravitreal endotoxin in an African green monkey model of uveitis. Methods Fifteen green monkeys were administered intravitreal endotoxin ranging from 0.005 to 0.08 endotoxin unit (EU)/eye. Inflammation was evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect fundoscopy, tonometry, color fundus photography, ocular coherence tomography, laser flare photometry, and histopathology, with analysis of cytokine levels in aqueous and vitreous humor. The inter-rater reliability of a refined nonhuman primate ophthalmic scoring system was evaluated. Results A dose-dependent inflammatory response was observed beginning at 0.02 EU/eye; no inflammatory response exceeding the vehicle was observed at 0.005 EU/eye. Retinal pathology was minimal, and posterior visualization degraded with increasing inflammation. Inflammation was observed by histopathology at 0.04 EU/eye. Inter-rater reliability of the scoring system was high, with 99.2% of individual scores differing by 1 scale unit or less and 87.2% of summary scores differing by 2 scale units or less. Conclusions The NOAEL for intravitreal endotoxin in the green monkey is 0.005 EU/eye, with inflammation increasing with increasing dose beginning at 0.02 EU/eye. This updated nonhuman primate ophthalmic scoring system allows for high inter-rater reliability for the quantification of mild to severe inflammation in the green monkey eye. Translational Relevance Validation of the ophthalmic inflammation scoring system enables application of the green monkey as a valuable translational model. Candidate therapeutics should be confirmed to have endotoxin levels below this threshold before safety testing in this species to enable interpretation of inflammation and minimize impact on animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emma Connolly
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Doyle
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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Kumar S, Quach J, Cook N, Gum G, Naageshwaran V. Characterization and validation of a chronic retinal neovascularization rabbit model by evaluating the efficacy of anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory drugs. Int J Ophthalmol 2022; 15:15-22. [PMID: 35047351 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2022.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To establish a rabbit model with chronic condition of retinal neovascularization (RNV) induced by intravitreal (IVT) injection of DL-2-aminoadipic acid (DL-AAA), a retinal glial (Müller) cell toxin, extensive characterization of DL-AAA induced angiographic features and the suitability of the model to evaluate anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory therapies for ocular vascular diseases. METHODS DL-AAA (80 mmol/L) was administered IVT into both eyes of Dutch Belted rabbit. Post DL-AAA delivery, clinical ophthalmic examinations were performed weekly following modified McDonald-Shadduck Scoring System. Color fundus photography, fluorescein angiography (FA), and optical coherence tomography (OCT) procedures were performed every 2 or 4wk until stable retinal vascular leakage was observed. Once stable retinal leakage (12wk post DL-AAA administration) was established, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (bevacizumab, ranibizumab and aflibercept) and anti-inflammatory (triamcinolone, TAA) drugs were tested for their efficacy after IVT administration. Fluorescein angiograms were scored before and after treatment following a novel grading system, developed for the DL-AAA rabbit model. RESULTS Post DL-AAA administration, eyes were presented with moderate to severe retinal/choroidal inflammation which was accompanied by intense vitreous flare and presence of inflammatory cells in the vitreous humor. Retinal hemorrhage was restricted to the tips of neo-retinal vessels. FA revealed maximum retinal vascular leakage at 2wk after DL-AAA injection and then persisted as evidenced by stable mean FA scores in weeks 8 and 12. Retinal vascular angiographic and tomographic features were stable and consistent up to 36mo among two different staggers induced for RNV at two different occasions. Day 7, mean FA scores showed that 1 µg/eye of bevacizumab, ranibizumab, aflibercept and 2 µg/eye of TAA suppress 65%, 90%, 100% and 50% retinal vascular leakage, respectively. Day 30, bevacizumab and TAA continued to show 66% and 44% suppression while ranibizumab effect was becoming less effective (68%). In contrast, aflibercept was still able to fully (100%) suppress vascular leakage on day 30. On day 60, bevacizumab, ranibizumab and TAA showed suppression of 7%, 12%, and 9% retinal vascular leakage, respectively, however, aflibercept continued to be more effective showing 50% suppression of vascular leakage. CONCLUSION The DL-AAA rabbit model mimics RNV angiographic features like RNV and chronic retinal leakage. Based on these features the DL-AAA rabbit model provides an invaluable tool that could be used to test the therapeutic efficacy and duration of action of novel anti-angiogenic formulations, alone or in combination with anti-inflammatory compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Absorption Systems: a Pharmaron company, 7901 Vickers St, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - John Quach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Absorption Systems: a Pharmaron company, 7901 Vickers St, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Nicholas Cook
- Department of Ophthalmology, Absorption Systems: a Pharmaron company, 7901 Vickers St, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Glenwood Gum
- Department of Ophthalmology, Absorption Systems: a Pharmaron company, 7901 Vickers St, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
| | - Vatsala Naageshwaran
- Department of Ophthalmology, Absorption Systems: a Pharmaron company, 7901 Vickers St, San Diego, CA 92111, USA
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Discovering the Potential of Natural Antioxidants in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010101. [PMID: 35056157 PMCID: PMC8777838 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease associated with anatomical changes in the inner retina. Despite tremendous advances in clinical care, there is currently no cure for AMD. This review aims to evaluate the published literature on the therapeutic roles of natural antioxidants in AMD. A literature search of PubMed, Web of Science and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed articles published between 1 January 2011 and 31 October 2021 was undertaken. A total of 82 preclinical and 18 clinical studies were eligible for inclusion in this review. We identified active compounds, carotenoids, extracts and polysaccharides, flavonoids, formulations, vitamins and whole foods with potential therapeutic roles in AMD. We evaluated the integral cellular signaling pathways including the activation of antioxidant pathways and angiogenesis pathways orchestrating their mode of action. In conclusion, we examined the therapeutic roles of natural antioxidants in AMD which warrant further study for application in clinical practice. Our current understanding is that natural antioxidants have the potential to improve or halt the progression of AMD, and tailoring therapeutics to the specific disease stages may be the key to preventing irreversible vision loss.
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