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Huang Q, Yang J, Li C, Song Y, Zhu Y, Zhao N, Mou X, Tang X, Luo G, Tong A, Sun B, Tang H, Li H, Bai L, Bao R. Structural characterization of PaFkbA: A periplasmic chaperone from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:2460-2467. [PMID: 34025936 PMCID: PMC8113782 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial Mip-like FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) mostly exhibit peptidyl-prolyl-cis/trans-isomerase (PPIase) and chaperone activities. These activities are associated with various intracellular functions with diverse molecular mechanisms. Herein, we report the PA3262 gene-encoded crystal structure of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1's Mip-like protein PaFkbA. Biochemical characterization of PaFkbA demonstrated PaFkbA's chaperone activity for periplasmic protein MucD, a negative regulator of alginate biosynthesis. Furthermore, structural analysis of PaFkbA was used to describe the key features of PaFkbA chaperone activity. The outcomes of this analysis showed that the hinge region in the connecting helix of PaFbkA leads to the crucial conformational state transition for PaFkbA activity. Besides, the N-terminal domains participated in dimerization, and revealed its potential connection with FKBP domain and substrate binding. Mutagenesis and chaperone activity assay supported the theory that inter-domain motions are essential for PaFkbA function. These results provide biochemical and structural insights into the mechanism for FKBP's chaperone activity and establish a plausible correlation between PaFkbA and P. aeruginosa MucD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Changcheng Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingjie Song
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Yibo Zhu
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Ninglin Zhao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xingyu Mou
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Guihua Luo
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Tang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Li
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Lang Bai
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Bao
- Center of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University and Collaborative Innovation Center, Chengdu, China
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Capelli-Peixoto J, Mule SN, Tano FT, Palmisano G, Stolf BS. Proteomics and Leishmaniasis: Potential Clinical Applications. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1800136. [PMID: 31347770 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are diseases caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. They are endemic in 98 countries, affect around 12 million people worldwide and may present several distinct clinical forms. Unfortunately, there are only a few drugs available for treatment of leishmaniasis, which are toxic and not always effective. Different parasite species and different clinical forms require optimization of the treatment or more specific therapies, which are not available. The emergence of resistance is also a matter of concern. Besides, diagnosis can sometimes be complicated due to atypical manifestations and associations with other pathologies. In this review, proteomic data are presented and discussed in terms of their application in important issues in leishmaniasis such as parasite resistance to chemotherapy, diagnosis of active disease in patients and dogs, markers for different clinical forms, identification of virulence factors, and their potential use in vaccination. It is shown that proteomics has contributed to the discovery of potential biomarkers for prognosis, diagnosis, therapeutics, monitoring of disease progression, treatment follow-up and identification of vaccine candidates for specific diseases. However, the authors believe its capabilities have not yet been fully explored for routine clinical analysis for several reasons, which will be presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Capelli-Peixoto
- Leishmaniasis laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simon Ngao Mule
- GlycoProteomics laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabia Tomie Tano
- Leishmaniasis laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuseppe Palmisano
- GlycoProteomics laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Simonsen Stolf
- Leishmaniasis laboratory, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Parasitology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Kesper N, Teixeira MMG, Lindoso JAL, Barbieri CL, Umezawa ES. Leptomonas seymouri and Crithidia fasciculata exoantigens can discriminate human cases of visceral leishmaniasis from American tegumentary leishmaniasis ones. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2017; 59:e1. [PMID: 28380110 PMCID: PMC5441150 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201759001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Exoantigens (exo) from Leptomonas seymouri and Crithidia fasciculata were used in an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), showing 100% reactivity with sera from visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases, and no reactivity with American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) ones. Our results have indicated that these exoantigens can be applied in the discrimination of VL and ATL cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norival Kesper
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marta Maria G Teixeira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Parasitologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Angelo L Lindoso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Instituto Emilio Ribas de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara Lúcia Barbieri
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eufrosina Setsu Umezawa
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, São Paulo, Brazil
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de Sousa Junior FC, de Araújo Padilha CE, Chibério AS, Ribeiro VT, Martins DRA, de Oliveira JA, de Macedo GR, dos Santos ES. Modeling and simulation of breakthrough curves of recombinant 503 antigen using immobilized metal affinity expanded bed adsorption chromatography. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Markikou-Ouni W, Drini S, Bahi-Jaber N, Chenik M, Meddeb-Garnaoui A. Immunomodulatory Effects of Four Leishmania infantum Potentially Excreted/Secreted Proteins on Human Dendritic Cells Differentiation and Maturation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143063. [PMID: 26581100 PMCID: PMC4651425 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites and some molecules they secrete are known to modulate innate immune responses through effects on dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages. Here, we characterized four Leishmania infantum potentially excreted/secreted recombinant proteins (LipESP) identified in our laboratory: Elongation Factor 1 alpha (LiEF-1α), a proteasome regulatory ATPase (LiAAA-ATPase) and two novel proteins with unknown functions, which we termed LiP15 and LiP23, by investigating their effect on in vitro differentiation and maturation of human DCs and on cytokine production by DCs and monocytes. During DCs differentiation, LipESP led to a significant decrease in CD1a. LiP23 and LiEF-1α, induced a decrease of HLA-DR and an increase of CD86 surface expression, respectively. During maturation, an up-regulation of HLA-DR and CD80 was found in response to LiP15, LiP23 and LiAAA-ATPase, while an increase of CD40 expression was only observed in response to LiP15. All LipESP induced an over-expression of CD86 with significant differences between proteins. These proteins also induced significant IL-12p70 levels in immature DCs but not in monocytes. The LipESP-induced IL-12p70 production was significantly enhanced by a co-treatment with IFN-γ in both cell populations. TNF-α and IL-10 were induced in DCs and monocytes with higher levels observed for LiP15 and LiAAA-ATPase. However, LPS-induced cytokine production during DC maturation or in monocyte cultures was significantly down regulated by LipESP co-treatment. Our findings suggest that LipESP strongly interfere with DCs differentiation suggesting a possible involvement in mechanisms established by the parasite for its survival. These proteins also induce DCs maturation by up-regulating several costimulatory molecules and by inducing the production of proinflammatory cytokines, which is a prerequisite for T cell activation. However, the reduced ability of LipESP-stimulated DCs and monocytes to respond to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) that can be observed during human leishmaniasis, suggests that under certain circumstances LipESP may play a role in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafa Markikou-Ouni
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sima Drini
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- Unité de Parasitologie moléculaire et Signalisation, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Narges Bahi-Jaber
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- UPSP EGEAL Institut Polytechnique LaSalle Beauvais, Beauvais, France
| | - Mehdi Chenik
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Meddeb-Garnaoui
- Laboratory of Medical Parasitology, Biotechnology and Biomolecules, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia
- * E-mail:
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Jain K, Jain NK. Vaccines for visceral leishmaniasis: A review. J Immunol Methods 2015; 422:1-12. [PMID: 25858230 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis, which is also known as Kala-Azar, is one of the most severely neglected tropical diseases recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO). The threat of this debilitating disease continues due to unavailability of promising drug therapy or human vaccine. An extensive research is undergoing to develop a promising vaccine to prevent this devastating disease. In this review we compiled the findings of recent research with a view to facilitate knowledge on experimental vaccinology for visceral leishmaniasis. Various killed or attenuated parasite based first generation vaccines, second generation vaccines based on antigenic protein or recombinant protein, and third generation vaccines derived from antigen-encoding DNA plasmids including heterologous prime-boost Leishmania vaccine have been examined for control and prevention of visceral leishmaniasis. Vaccines based on recombinant protein and antigen-encoding DNA plasmids have given promising results and few vaccines including Leishmune®, Leishtec, and CaniLeish® have been licensed for canine visceral leishmaniasis. A systematic investigation of these vaccine candidates can lead to development of promising vaccine for human visceral leishmaniasis, most probably in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keerti Jain
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India.
| | - N K Jain
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Research Laboratory, ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India.
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Microbial peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases): virulence factors and potential alternative drug targets. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2015; 78:544-71. [PMID: 25184565 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00015-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Initially discovered in the context of immunomodulation, peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerases (PPIases) were soon identified as enzymes catalyzing the rate-limiting protein folding step at peptidyl bonds preceding proline residues. Intense searches revealed that PPIases are a superfamily of proteins consisting of three structurally distinguishable families with representatives in every described species of prokaryote and eukaryote and, recently, even in some giant viruses. Despite the clear-cut enzymatic activity and ubiquitous distribution of PPIases, reports on solely PPIase-dependent biological roles remain scarce. Nevertheless, they have been found to be involved in a plethora of biological processes, such as gene expression, signal transduction, protein secretion, development, and tissue regeneration, underscoring their general importance. Hence, it is not surprising that PPIases have also been identified as virulence-associated proteins. The extent of contribution to virulence is highly variable and dependent on the pleiotropic roles of a single PPIase in the respective pathogen. The main objective of this review is to discuss this variety in virulence-related bacterial and protozoan PPIases as well as the involvement of host PPIases in infectious processes. Moreover, a special focus is given to Legionella pneumophila macrophage infectivity potentiator (Mip) and Mip-like PPIases of other pathogens, as the best-characterized virulence-related representatives of this family. Finally, the potential of PPIases as alternative drug targets and first tangible results are highlighted.
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Vaz MRF, de Sousa Junior FC, Costa LMR, dos Santos ES, Martins DRA, de Macedo GR. Optimization of culture medium for cell growth and expression of 648 antigen from Leishmania infantum chagasi in recombinant Escherichia coli M15. ANN MICROBIOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-014-1000-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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9
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Bras-Gonçalves R, Petitdidier E, Pagniez J, Veyrier R, Cibrelus P, Cavaleyra M, Maquaire S, Moreaux J, Lemesre JL. Identification and characterization of new Leishmania promastigote surface antigens, LaPSA-38S and LiPSA-50S, as major immunodominant excreted/secreted components of L. amazonensis and L. infantum. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 24:1-14. [PMID: 24614507 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that sera from dogs vaccinated with excreted/secreted antigens (ESA) of Leishmania infantum promastigotes (LiESAp) mainly recognized an immunodominant antigen of 54 kDa. An anti-LiESAp-specific IgG2 humoral response was observed and associated to Th1-type response in vaccinated dogs. This response was highly correlated with a long-lasting and strong LiESAp-vaccine protection toward L. infantum experimental infection. In addition, it was also shown that dogs from the vaccinated group developed a selective IgG2 response against an immunodominant antigen of 45 kDa of Leishmania amazonensis ESA promastigotes (LaESAp). In order to identify and characterize these immunodominant antigens, a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb F5) was produced by immunization against LaESAp. It was found to recognize the major antigenic targets of both LaESAp and LiESAp. Analysis with mAb F5 of L. amazonensis amastigote and promastigote cDNA expression libraries enabled the identification of clones encoding proteins with significant structural homology to the promastigote surface antigens named PSA-2/gp-46. Among them, one clone presented a full-length cDNA and encoded a novel L. amazonensis protein of 38.6 kDa calculated molecular mass (LaPSA-38S) sharing an amino acid sequence consistent with that of the PSA polymorphic family and a N-terminal signal peptide, characteristic of a secreted protein. We then screened a L. infantum promastigote DNA cosmid library using a cDNA probe derived from the LaPSA-38S gene and identified a full-length clone of a novel excreted/secreted protein of L. infantum with a calculated molecular mass of 49.2 kDa and named LiPSA-50S. The fact that a significant immunological reactivity was observed against PSA, suggests that these newly identified proteins could have an important immunoregulatory influence on the immune response. This hypothesis is supported by the fact that (i) these proteins were naturally excreted/secreted by viable Leishmania promastigotes and amastigotes, and (ii) they are selectively recognized by vaccinated and protected dogs.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Protozoan/blood
- Antibodies, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Antigens, Surface/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Dog Diseases/immunology
- Dog Diseases/parasitology
- Dogs/blood
- Dogs/parasitology
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Leishmania infantum/immunology
- Leishmania mexicana/immunology
- Leishmaniasis Vaccines
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/prevention & control
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/prevention & control
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protozoan Proteins/immunology
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Vaccination
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Bras-Gonçalves
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les maladies infectieuses à trypanosomatidae", 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
| | - Elodie Petitdidier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les maladies infectieuses à trypanosomatidae", 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Julie Pagniez
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les maladies infectieuses à trypanosomatidae", 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Renaud Veyrier
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les maladies infectieuses à trypanosomatidae", 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Prisca Cibrelus
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les maladies infectieuses à trypanosomatidae", 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Mireille Cavaleyra
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les maladies infectieuses à trypanosomatidae", 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Sarah Maquaire
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les maladies infectieuses à trypanosomatidae", 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jérôme Moreaux
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les maladies infectieuses à trypanosomatidae", 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jean-Loup Lemesre
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR177 IRD/CIRAD "Interactions Hôtes-Vecteurs-Parasites dans les maladies infectieuses à trypanosomatidae", 911 avenue Agropolis, BP 64501, 34394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Peysselon F, Launay G, Lisacek F, Duclos B, Ricard-Blum S. Comparative analysis of Leishmania exoproteomes: Implication for host–pathogen interactions. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:2653-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pinedo-Cancino V, Kesper N, Barbiéri CL, Lindoso JAL, Umezawa ES. The efficacy of L. (L.) chagasi excreted-secreted antigens (ESAs) for visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis is due to low levels of cross-reactivity. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2013; 88:559-65. [PMID: 23324219 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.12-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The analysis of promastigote excreted-secreted antigen (ESA) reactivity with 53 visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases showed that each sample reacted regardless of the antigen or the Leishmania species used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) displayed 100% positivity with the L. (L.) chagasi ESA-blot recognizing bands of molecular weight ranging from 26.5 to 31.5 kDa. The analysis of 160 non-visceral cases showed that 5% of the samples cross-reacted with the L. (L.) chagasi ESA-ELISA and 9.4% reacted with the ESA isolated from L. (L.) amazonensis and L. (V.) braziliensis, whereas a high cross-reaction ranging from 24.4% to 25% was observed with total crude promastigote antigens (PRO-ELISA). The ESA-blot of L. (L.) chagasi tested with non-visceral sera samples showed a cross-reaction with 8.8% of cases; most of these cases represented tegumentary leishmaniasis and only one acute chagasic case. These data lead us to recommend the use of ESA as an alternative antigen in VL diagnosis.
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Lambertz U, Silverman JM, Nandan D, McMaster WR, Clos J, Foster LJ, Reiner NE. Secreted virulence factors and immune evasion in visceral leishmaniasis. J Leukoc Biol 2012; 91:887-99. [PMID: 22442494 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0611326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evasion or subversion of host immune responses is a well-established paradigm in infection with visceralizing leishmania. In this review, we summarize current findings supporting a model in which leishmania target host regulatory molecules and pathways, such as the PTP SHP-1 and the PI3K/Akt signaling cascade, to prevent effective macrophage activation. Furthermore, we describe how virulence factors, secreted by leishmania, interfere with macrophage intracellular signaling. Finally, we discuss mechanisms of secretion and provide evidence that leishmania use a remarkably adept, exosome-based secretion mechanism to export and deliver effector molecules to host cells. In addition to representing a novel mechanism for trafficking of virulence factors across membranes, recent findings indicate that leishmania exosomes may have potential as vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Lambertz
- Department of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and the Experimental Medicine Program, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Shi GQ, Yu QY, Zhang Z. Annotation and evolution of the antioxidant genes in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 79:87-103. [PMID: 22392770 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Antioxidant system, which is composed of multiple gene families, plays a major role in reducing oxidative damage and xenobiotic detoxification in all living organisms. We identified 50 silkworm antioxidant genes from nine gene families based on the assembled genome sequence. A comparative analysis of the antioxidant genes of the silkworm with other order insects Anopheles gambiae, Apis mellifera, Drosophila melanogaster, and Tribolium castaneum, was performed. We found that most of the antioxidant gene families are highly conserved but Catalase (CAT) and heme-containing peroxidase (HPX) families were lineage-specifically expanded in the silkworm. The expression patterns of the silkworm antioxidant genes were investigated with the known ESTs, microarray data, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Forty two of the 50 silkworm antioxidant genes were transcribed and most of the transcribed genes showed tissue-specific expression patterns. More than a half of lineage-specifically expanded BmCATs lacked 15 or more than 15 of the 36 heme-binding residues and might lose catalase activities. However, the genes encoding these BmCATs showed almost a ubiquitous tissue expression pattern, indicating that they might have evolved new functions. In addition, the lineage-specifically expanded BmHPXs could function in maintaining cell homeostasis in the process of the synthesis of large amounts of silk proteins because they were predominantly expressed in silk gland of the silkworm. The lineage-specific expansion of antioxidant gene families in the silkworm provides useful information for understanding evolution and functional versatility of antioxidant genes in the silkworm even Lepidopteran insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Qin Shi
- The Institute of Agricultural and Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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14
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Silverman JM, Reiner NE. Leishmania exosomes deliver preemptive strikes to create an environment permissive for early infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2012; 1:26. [PMID: 22919591 PMCID: PMC3417360 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2011.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we review evidence supporting a role for Leishmania exosomes during early infection. We suggest a model in which Leishmania secreted microvesicles released into the extracellular milieu deliver effector cargo to host target cells. This cargo mediates immunosuppression and functionally primes host cells for Leishmania invasion. Leishmania ssp. release microvesicles and the amount of vesicle release and the specific protein cargo of the vesicles is sensitive to changes in environmental conditions that mimic infection. Leishmania exosomes influence the phenotype of treated immune cells. For example, wild-type (WT) exosomes attenuate interferon-γ-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α) by Leishmania-infected monocytes while conversely enhancing production of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The Leishmania proteins GP63 and elongation factor-1α (EF-1α) are found in secreted vesicles and are likely important effectors responsible for these changes in phenotype. GP63 and EF-1α access host cell cytosol and activate multiple host protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Activation of these PTPs negatively regulates interferon-γ signaling and this prevents effective expression of the macrophage microbicidal arsenal, including TNF-α and nitric oxide. In addition to changing macrophage phenotype, WT vesicles dampen the immune response of monocyte-derived dendritic cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes. This capacity is lost when the protein cargo of the vesicles is modified, specifically when the amount of GP63 and EF-1α in the vesicles is reduced. It appears that exosome delivery of effector proteins results in activation of host PTPs and the negative regulatory effects of the latter creates a pro-parasitic environment. The data suggest that Leishmania exosomes secreted upon initial infection are capable of delivering effector cargo to naïve target cells wherein the cargo primes host cells for infection by interfering with host cell signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Maxwell Silverman
- Brain Research Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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