1
|
Nayeri T, Sarvi S, Daryani A. Effective factors in the pathogenesis of Toxoplasmagondii. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31558. [PMID: 38818168 PMCID: PMC11137575 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a cosmopolitan protozoan parasite in humans and animals. It infects about 30 % of the human population worldwide and causes potentially fatal diseases in immunocompromised hosts and neonates. For this study, five English-language databases (ScienceDirect, ProQuest, Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) and the internet search engine Google Scholar were searched. This review was accomplished to draw a global perspective of what is known about the pathogenesis of T. gondii and various factors affecting it. Virulence and immune responses can influence the mechanisms of parasite pathogenesis and these factors are in turn influenced by other factors. In addition to the host's genetic background, the type of Toxoplasma strain, the routes of transmission of infection, the number of passages, and different phases of parasite life affect virulence. The identification of virulence factors of the parasite could provide promising insights into the pathogenesis of this parasite. The results of this study can be an incentive to conduct more intensive research to design and develop new anti-Toxoplasma agents (drugs and vaccines) to treat or prevent this infection. In addition, further studies are needed to better understand the key agents in the pathogenesis of T. gondii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tooran Nayeri
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Dezful University of Medical Sciences, Dezful, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Shahabeddin Sarvi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Daryani
- Department of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Diao Y, Yao Y, El-Ashram S, Bian M. Egress Regulatory Factors: How Toxoplasma Exits from Infected Cells? Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050679. [PMID: 37242349 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an obligatory intracellular protozoan in the family Apicomplexa. It infects almost one-third of the world's population and causes toxoplasmosis, a prevalent disease. The parasite's egress from infected cells is a key step in the pathology caused by T. gondii. Moreover, T. gondii's continuous infection relies heavily on its capacity to migrate from one cell to another. Many pathways are involved in T. gondii egress. Individual routes may be modified to respond to various environmental stimuli, and many paths can converge. Regardless of the stimuli, the relevance of Ca2+ as a second messenger in transducing these signals, and the convergence of various signaling pathways in the control of motility and, ultimately, egress, is well recognized. This review attempts to outline intra- and extra-parasitic regulators that mediate T. gondii egress, and provides insight into potential clinical interventions and research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Diao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Yong Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Saeed El-Ashram
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, 18 Jiangwan Street, Foshan 528231, China
- Faculty of Science, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Maohong Bian
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Saad AE, Zoghroban HS, Ghanem HB, El-Guindy DM, Younis SS. The effects of L-citrulline adjunctive treatment of Toxoplasma gondii RH strain infection in a mouse model. Acta Trop 2023; 239:106830. [PMID: 36638878 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a zoonotic intracellular protozoan parasite and its therapeutic limitations are one of its major problems. L-citrulline is an organic compound that has beneficial effects on many diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of L-citrulline, alone or in combination with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP) on acute toxoplasmosis caused by Toxoplasma gondii RH virulent strain. In our study, 60 Swiss albino mice were divided into two main groups; the control group and the infected treated group, which was subdivided into group IIa: infected treated with L-citrulline, group IIb: infected treated with SMZ-TMP, and group IIc: infected treated with L-citrulline combined with SMZ-TMP. The effects of treatment were assessed by parasitological study, electron microscopic study of tachyzoites, and histopathological study of the liver. Moreover, ELISA measurement of the serum level of Interferon-gamma, Interleukin 10, Nitric oxide, and apoptotic markers was used. It was noticed that L-citrulline combined with SMZ-TMP significantly increased the survival time of infected mice with a significant decrease in the number of tachyzoites compared to the other groups. Moreover, it increased the levels of measured cytokines and serum anti-apoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and improved the extent of liver cell damage associated with a decrease in inflammatory infiltration. In conclusion, L-citrulline supplementation was found to be effective against acute toxoplasmosis, especially when combined with SMZ-TMP as it has multifactorial mechanisms; nitric oxide production, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and immune stimulator.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abeer E Saad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt.; Medical Parasitology sub-unit, Pathology Department, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hager S Zoghroban
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Heba B Ghanem
- Clinical Laboratory Sciences Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka, Saudi Arabia; Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Dina M El-Guindy
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Egypt
| | - Salwa S Younis
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wei Z, Zhou T, Xia Z, Liu S, Li M, Zhang G, Tian Y, Li B, Wang L, Liu S. Absolute Configuration and Biological Evaluation of Novel Triterpenes as Possible Anti-Inflammatory or Anti-Tumor Agents. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196641. [PMID: 36235179 PMCID: PMC9572544 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new compounds, ardisiapunine B (1) and ardisiapunine C (2), were isolated from Ardisia lindleyana D. Dietr. Their structures were examined using HR-ESI-MS, IR, (1D, 2D) NMR spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and ECD calculation. It was found that the two new compounds belong to unusual oleanane-type triterpenes, with compound 1 bearing an acetal unit and a C-13-C-18 double bond, and compound 2 bearing a C-28 aldehyde group and a C-18-C-19 double bond. The anti-inflammatory properties of compounds 1 and 2 were tested on NO production and cellular morphology using RAW264.7 cells, and their anti-tumor properties were tested on cytotoxic activities, cellular morphology, cell apoptosis, and cell cycle. The results showed that compound 1 exhibited a potent cytotoxicity against HepG2 cell lines with an IC50 of 12.40 μM. Furthermore, it is possible that compound 1 inhibits cell proliferation by blocking the cell G2/M phase and promoting cell apoptosis. Compound 2 exhibited a potential anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the production of NO in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Comparative analysis of the structures of compounds 1 and 2 revealed that the acetal structure and double bond positions were the main differences between them, and these are presumed to be the main reasons for the extreme differences in their cytotoxicity and anti-inflammatory activities. From these new findings, two promising lead compounds were identified for the future development of potential anti-inflammatory or anti-tumor agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Wei
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100022, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Tiqiang Zhou
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100022, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ziming Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Sifan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Guangjie Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Ying Tian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (S.L.)
| | - Shuchen Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (L.W.); (S.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jin M, Cao B, Lin C, Li J, Xu Q, Ren Q, Xu S, Tang C. Tianma Gouteng Decoction Exerts Pregnancy-Protective Effects Against Preeclampsia via Regulation of Oxidative Stress and NO Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:849074. [PMID: 35401241 PMCID: PMC8985411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.849074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Preeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy-specific syndrome with the major molecular determinants of placenta-borne oxidative stress and consequently impaired nitric oxide (NO) generation, has been considered to be one of the leading causes of maternal morbidity as well as mortality and preterm delivery worldwide. Several medical conditions have been found to be associated with increased PE risk, however, the treatment of PE remains unclear. Here, we report that Tianma Gouteng Decoction (TGD), which is used clinically for hypertension treatment, regulates oxidative stress and NO production in human extravillous trophoblast-derived TEV-1 cells. In human preeclamptic placental explants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were elevated and NO production was inhibited, while TGD treatment at different periods effectively down-regulated the H2O2-induced ROS levels and significantly up-regulated the H2O2-suppressed NO production in human TEV-1 cells. Mechanistically, TGD enhanced the activity of total nitric oxide synthase (TNOS), which catalyze L-arginine oxidation into NO, and simultaneously, TGD promoted the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), two isoforms of nitric oxide synthetases (NOS) in human placenta, resulting in the increased NO generation. More importantly, TGD administration not only increased the weight gain during pregnancy and revealed a hypotensive effect, but also improved the placental weight gain and attenuated fetal growth restriction in an NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)-induced mouse PE-like model. Our results thereby provide new insights into the role of TGD as a potentially novel treatment for PE.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meiyuan Jin
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Obstetrics, Tongde Hospital of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Cao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiayong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qianlei Ren
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shouying Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chao Tang
- National Clinical Research Center for Child Health of the Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yan X, Han W, Liu X, Suo X. Exogenous nitric oxide stimulates early egress of Eimeria tenella sporozoites from primary chicken kidney cells in vitro. Parasite 2021; 28:11. [PMID: 33576739 PMCID: PMC7880050 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2021007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Egress plays a vital role in the life cycle of apicomplexan parasites including Eimeria tenella, which has been attracting attention from various research groups. Many recent studies have focused on early egress induced by immune molecules to develop a new method of apicomplexan parasite elimination. In this study, we investigated whether nitric oxide (NO), an immune molecule produced by different types of cells in response to cytokine stimulation, could induce early egress of eimerian sporozoites in vitro. Eimeria tenella sporozoites were extracted and cultured in primary chicken kidney cells. The number of sporozoites egressed from infected cells was analyzed by flow cytometry after treatment with NO released by sodium nitroferricyanide (II) dihydrate. The results showed that exogenous NO stimulated the rapid egress of E. tenella sporozoites from primary chicken kidney cells before replication of the parasite. We also found that egress was dependent on intra-parasitic calcium ion (Ca2+) levels and no damage occurred to host cells after egress. The virulence of egressed sporozoites was significantly lower than that of fresh sporozoites. The results of this study contribute to a novel field examining the interactions between apicomplexan parasites and their host cells, as well as that of the clearance of intracellular pathogens by the host immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yan
-
Food Science and Engineering College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot 010018 China
| | - Wenying Han
-
Food Science and Engineering College of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University Hohhot 010018 China
| | - Xianyong Liu
-
State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China
| | - Xun Suo
-
State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University Beijing 100193 China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Uboldi AD, Wilde ML, Bader SM, Tonkin CJ. Environmental sensing and regulation of motility in Toxoplasma. Mol Microbiol 2020; 115:916-929. [PMID: 33278047 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.14661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma and other apicomplexan parasites undergo a unique form of cellular locomotion referred to as "gliding motility." Gliding motility is crucial for parasite survival as it powers tissue dissemination, host cell invasion and egress. Distinct environmental cues lead to activation of gliding motility and have become a prominent focus of recent investigation. Progress has been made toward understanding what environmental cues are sensed and how these signals are transduced in order to regulate the machinery and cellular events powering gliding motility. In this review, we will discuss new findings and integrate these into our current understanding to propose a model of how environmental sensing is achieved to regulate gliding motility in Toxoplasma. Collectively, these findings also have implications for the understanding of gliding motility across Apicomplexa more broadly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro D Uboldi
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Mary-Louise Wilde
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stefanie M Bader
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Christopher J Tonkin
- Division of Infectious Disease and Immune Defense, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The course of infection with Toxoplasma gondii RH strain in mice pre-vaccinated with gamma irradiated tachyzoites. Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107733. [PMID: 31408623 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is a ubiquitous protozoan of major medical and veterinary importance. Its treatment is difficult since the available drugs have severe side effects and reactivation may occur anytime. Vaccination with irradiated parasites exhibits ideal characteristics for vaccine development. In our experimental mice model, the protection against challenge with the virulent RH strain was assessed, using 255Gy irradiated tachyzoites. Eighty mice were allocated into 3 groups: naive control group, challenged with virulent RH tachyzoites group and a third group which is challenged with 1 × 106 irradiated tachyzoites, administered as two biweekly doses intraperitoneally. Protection was tested by challenging vaccinated mice with the virulent type RH tachyzoites 30 days after the 2nd vaccination dose. The assessment was built on qualitative clinical, quantitative parasitological, histopathological parameters and measurement of serum Nitric Oxide (NO). The results showed prolonged survival rate, absence of tachyzoites in the peritoneal aspirate by counting, absence of tachyzoites in all examined organs by impression smears, amelioration of histopathological changes in the liver, spleen, brain and lung specimens and increase of the serum NO level in the vaccinated group. Therefore, we propose that irradiated Toxoplasma tachyzoites confer protection for challenged mice and could be an alternative immunization schedule for vaccine development especially for who are at risk of severe immunosuppression.
Collapse
|
9
|
Toxoplasma gondii Modulates the Host Cell Responses: An Overview of Apoptosis Pathways. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6152489. [PMID: 31080827 PMCID: PMC6475534 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6152489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Infection with Toxoplasma gondii has a major implication in public health. Toxoplasma gondii is an obligate intracellular protozoan parasite that can infect all nucleated cells belonging to a wide range of host species. One of the particularities of this parasite is its invasion and persistence in host cells of immunocompetent people. This infection is usually asymptomatic. In immunocompromised patients, the infection is severe and symptomatic. The mechanisms by which T. gondii persists are poorly studied in humans. In mouse models, many aspects of the interaction between the parasite and the host cells are being studied. Apoptosis is one of these mechanisms that could be modulated by Toxoplasma to persist in host cells. Indeed, Toxoplasma has often been implicated in the regulation of apoptosis and viability mechanisms in both human and murine infection models. Several of these studies centered on the regulation of apoptosis pathways have revealed interference of this parasite with host cell immunity, cell signalling, and invasion mechanisms. This review provides an overview of recent studies concerning the effect of Toxoplasma on different apoptotic pathways in infected host cells.
Collapse
|
10
|
Caldas LA, de Souza W. A Window to Toxoplasma gondii Egress. Pathogens 2018; 7:pathogens7030069. [PMID: 30110938 PMCID: PMC6161258 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens7030069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The Toxoplasma gondii cellular cycle has been widely studied in many lifecycle stages; however, the egress event still is poorly understood even though different types of molecules were shown to be involved. Assuming that there is no purpose or intentionality in biological phenomena, there is no such question as “Why does the parasite leaves the host cell”, but “Under what conditions and how?”. In this review we aimed to summarize current knowledge concerning T. gondii egress physiology (signalling pathways), structures, and route.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucio Ayres Caldas
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Wanderley de Souza
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
- Centro Nacional de Biologia Estrutural e Bioimagem (CENABIO), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-902, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vicentino-Vieira SL, Góis MB, Trevizan AR, de Lima LL, Leatte EP, Nogueira de Melo GDA, Garcia JL, Araújo EJDA, Sant'Ana DDMG. Toxoplasma gondii infection causes structural changes in the jejunum of rats infected with different inoculum doses. Life Sci 2017; 191:141-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
12
|
Yao Y, Liu M, Ren C, Shen J, Ji Y. Exogenous tumor necrosis factor-alpha could induce egress of Toxoplasma gondii from human foreskin fibroblast cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 24:45. [PMID: 29173277 PMCID: PMC5703069 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2017051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii is an intra-cellular protozoan parasite that can infect almost all nucleated cells, eliciting host immune responses against infection. Host tissue damage is mainly caused by cellular lysis when T. gondii egresses from infected cells. However, the effects of cytokines released by host immune cells on egression of T. gondii remain elusive. This study aimed to investigate the role of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) on the egress of T. gondii from infected human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that regulate TNF-α-induced egress. Using flow cytometry to count tachyzoites of T. gondii released into cell culture medium, we found that egress of T. gondii from infected HFF cells could be induced by 10 ng/mL TNF-α in a time-dependent manner. Pre-treatment of infected HFF cells with BAPTA-AM to chelate intra-parasitic calcium could greatly inhibit TNF-α-induced egress. Similar results were obtained when using cytochalasin D to block parasite motility before the TNF-α-induced egress assay. In addition, blocking host apoptosis by Z-VAD-FMK could decrease TNF-α induced egress, while blocking necroptosis by necrostatin-1 has little impact on TNF-α-induced egress. The egressed tachyzoites displayed a normal growth rate and lost no virulence. Our results suggest that host cytokines could influence the cellular lytic processes of T. gondii, providing new insights into the relationship between host TNF-α and T. gondii pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Miao Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Cuiping Ren
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Jijia Shen
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yongsheng Ji
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Microbiology and Parasitology; Laboratory of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases Control; Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yan X, Tao G, Liu X, Ji Y, Suo X. Calcium-dependent microneme protein discharge and in vitro egress of Eimeria tenella sporozoites. Exp Parasitol 2016; 170:193-197. [PMID: 27680997 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Egress is a vital step in the endogenous development of apicomplexan parasites, as it assures the parasites exit from consumed host cells and entry into fresh ones. However, little information has previously been reported on this step of Eimeria spp. In this study, we investigated in vitro egress of Eimeria tenella sporozoites triggered by acetaldehyde. We found that addition of exogenous acetaldehyde induces egress of sporozoites from primary chicken kidney cells (PCKs) and stimulate secretion of E. tenella microneme 2 protein (EtMic 2). Moreover, by using cellular calcium inhibitors, we further proved that these processes were dependent on the intracellular calcium of the parasites. Our findings provide clues to the study of interaction between eimerian parasites and their hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Geru Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xun Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yan X, Ji Y, Liu X, Suo X. Nitric oxide stimulates early egress of Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites from Human foreskin fibroblast cells. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:420. [PMID: 26264067 PMCID: PMC4534117 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Egress is a vital step in the life cycle of Toxoplasma gondii which attracts attentions of many groups. Previous studies have shown that exogenous nitric oxide (NO) stimulates the early egress of T. gondii from infected peritoneal macrophages, a kind of immune cells. However, because Toxoplasma forms cysts in brain and muscle tissues, the development of autonomous immunity in non-immune cells is vital for limiting parasite burden and cyst formation. Therefore, we attempted to investigate whether exogenous NO could induce the early egress of T. gondii from infected non-immune cells. METHODS T. gondii tachyzoites were cultured in human foreskin fibroblast (HFF) cells and were then treated with NO released by sodium nitroferricyanide (III) dihydrate (SNP). The egressed parasites were analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The results showed that NO induced the early egress of parasites from HFF cells before completing their intracellular life cycles. We also found that the occurrence of egress was dependent on intracellular calcium (Ca(2+)) levels and the mobility of the parasite. Compared with freshly isolated tachyzoites, the developmental ability and virulence of egressed tachyzoites presented no difference. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings demonstrate a novel assay for the analysis of egress signalling mechanisms and an avenue of parasite clearance by hosts of T. gondii.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. .,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. .,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xianyong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. .,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Xun Suo
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. .,National Animal Protozoa Laboratory & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China. .,Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture & College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yan X, Liu X, Ji Y, Tao G, Suo X. Ethanol and isopropanol trigger rapid egress of intracellular Eimeria tenella sporozoites. Parasitol Res 2014; 114:625-30. [PMID: 25407127 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-4224-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Egress from host cells is a vital step of the intracellular life cycle of apicomplexan parasites such as Toxoplasma gondii. This phenomenon has attracted attentions from many research groups. Previous studies have shown that ethanol could stimulate the release of microneme proteins by elevating intracellular Ca(2+) concentration of T. gondii, resulting in the parasite egress from host cells. However, little information about egress is known on Eimeria species, the causative agent of coccidiosis in poultry and livestock. In this report, we studied the effect of ethanol and isopropanol on the egress of eimerian parasites. Eimeria tenella sporozoites cultured in primary chicken kidney cells were treated with ethanol and isopropanol, then the egressed parasites were analyzed. Ethanol and isopropanol could induce the rapid egress of E. tenella sporozoites from host cells. No substantial damage was found in parasite-egressed host cells. Compared to the freshly isolated sporozoites, the re-invading ability and reproductivity of the egressed parasites significantly decreased by 43.4 and 44.1 % individually. We also found that fewer sporozoites egressed from host cells when the parasites developed for a longer time before the alcohol treatment. These results demonstrate an in vitro egress mode different from that of T. gondii, facilitating the deciphering of the mechanisms of egress of eimerian parasites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luna-Gomes T, Filardy AA, Rocha JDB, Decote-Ricardo D, LaRocque-de-Freitas IF, Morrot A, Bozza PT, Castro-Faria-Neto HC, DosReis GA, Nunes MP, Freire-de-Lima CG. Neutrophils increase or reduce parasite burden in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected macrophages, depending on host strain: role of neutrophil elastase. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90582. [PMID: 24599360 PMCID: PMC3944110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are involved in the initial steps of most responses to pathogens and are essential components of the innate immune response. Due to the ability to produce and release various soluble mediators, neutrophils may participate in the regulation of the inflammatory response. Little is known about the role of neutrophils during protozoan infections including infection by Trypanosoma cruzi. In the present study we investigated the importance of inflammatory neutrophils on macrophage activation and T. cruzi replication in vitro, in cells obtained from BALB/c mice and C57Bl/6 mice. Co-cultures of BALB/c apoptotic or live neutrophils with infected peritoneal macrophages resulted in increased replication of the parasites and in the production of TGF-β and PGE2. The treatment with anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody and COX inhibitor blocked the parasite replication in vitro. On the other hand, co-cultures of T. cruzi infected macrophages with live neutrophils isolated from C57BL/6 mice resulted in decreased number of trypomastigotes in culture and increased production of TNF-α and NO. The addition of anti-TNF-α neutralizing antibody or elastase inhibitor resulted in the abolishment of macrophage microbicidal effect and increased parasite replication. Addition of elastase to infected macrophages reduced the replication of the parasites, and on the other hand, addition of a selective inhibitor of iNOS increased parasite growth, suggesting the role of NO in this system. Our findings reveal that neutrophils may regulate T. cruzi experimental infection and determine susceptibility and resistance to infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Luna-Gomes
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A. Filardy
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Dutra B. Rocha
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debora Decote-Ricardo
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Alexandre Morrot
- Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | | | - George A. DosReis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Célio G. Freire-de-Lima
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Abstract
Phagocytosis and phagosome maturation are crucial processes in biology. Phagocytosis and the subsequent digestion of phagocytosed particles occur across a huge diversity of eukaryotes and can be achieved by many different cells within one organism. In parallel, diverse groups of pathogens have evolved mechanisms to avoid killing by phagocytic cells. The present review discusses a key innate immune cell, the macrophage, and highlights the myriad mechanisms microbes have established to escape phagocytic killing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leanne M Smith
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|