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Kang J, Li R, Hu Y, Huang X, Chen XX, Han BZ. Microbial interactions in mixed-species biofilms on the surfaces of Baijiu brewing environments. Food Res Int 2024; 191:114698. [PMID: 39059954 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Environmental microorganisms commonly inhabit dense multispecies biofilms, fostering mutualistic relationships and co-evolution. However, the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation and microbial interactions within the Baijiu fermentation microecosystem remain poorly understood. Hence, the objective of this study was to investigate the composition, structure, and interactions of microorganisms residing in biofilms on environmental surfaces in Baijiu production. The results revealed a shift in the bacteria-fungi interaction network following fermentation, transitioning from a cooperative/symbiotic relationship to a competitive/antagonistic dynamic. Core microbiota within the biofilms comprised lactic acid bacteria (LAB), yeast, and filamentous fungi. From the environmental surface samples, we isolated two strains of LAB (Lactiplantibacillus pentosus EB27 and Pediococcus pentosaceus EB35) and one strain of yeast (Pichia kudriavzevii EF8), all displaying remarkable biofilm formation and fermentation potential. Co-culturing LAB and yeast demonstrated a superior capacity for dual-species biofilm formation compared to mono-species biofilms. The dual-species biofilm displayed a two-layer structure, with LAB in the lower layer and serving as the foundation for the yeast community in the upper layer. The upper layer exhibited a dense distribution of yeast, enhancing aerobic respiration. Metabolic activities in the dual-species biofilm, such as ABC transporter, oxidative phosphorylation, citric acid cycle, sulfur metabolism, glycine, serine, threonine metabolism, lysine degradation, and cysteine and methionine metabolism, showed significant alterations compared to LAB mono-species biofilms. Moreover, bacterial chemotaxis, starch, and sucrose metabolism in the dual-species biofilm exhibited distinct patterns from those observed in the yeast mono-species biofilm. This study demonstrated that a core microbiota with fermentation potential may exist in the form of a biofilm on the surface of a Baijiu brewing environment. These findings provide a novel strategy for employing synthetic stable microbiotas in the intelligent brewing of Baijiu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Rengshu Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yunan Hu
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoning Huang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Xiao-Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bei-Zhong Han
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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2
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Zheng Y, Qu G, Yang Q, Chen S, Tang J, Yang S, Wu Q, Xu Y. Developing defined starter culture for reproducible profile of flavour compound in Chinese xiaoqu baijiu fermentation. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104533. [PMID: 38637092 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Defined starter cultures, containing selected microbes could reduce the complexity of natural starter, are beneficial for controllable food fermentations. However, there are challenges in identifying key microbiota and constructing synthetic microbiota for traditional food fermentations. Here, we aimed to develop a defined starter culture for reproducible profile of flavour compounds, using Chinese Xiaoqu Baijiu fermentation as a case. We classified all microbes into 4 modules using weighted correlation network analysis. Module 3 presented significant correlations with flavour compounds (P < 0.05) and the highest gene abundance related with flavour compound production. 13 dominant species in module 3 were selected for mixed culture fermentation, and each species was individually deleted to analyse the effect on flavour compound production. Ten species, presenting significant effects (P < 0.05) on flavour compound production, were selected for developing the starter culture, including Rhizopus oryzae, Rhizopus microsporus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Pichia kudriavzevii, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Lactobacillus acetotolerans, Levilactobacillus brevis, Weissella paramesenteroides, Pediococcus acidilactici, and Leuconostoc pseudomesenteroides. After optimising the structure of the starter culture, the profile similarity of flavour compounds produced by the starter culture reached 81.88% with that by the natural starter. This work indicated feasibility of reproducible profile of flavour compounds with defined starter culture for food fermentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifu Zheng
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Guanyi Qu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Qiang Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Company, Limited, Daye, Hubei 435100, China
| | - Shenxi Chen
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Company, Limited, Daye, Hubei 435100, China
| | - Jie Tang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Company, Limited, Daye, Hubei 435100, China
| | - Shengzhi Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Company, Limited, Daye, Hubei 435100, China
| | - Qun Wu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China.
| | - Yan Xu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
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3
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Pennington T, Eshima J, Smith BS. Identification of volatile metabolites produced from levodopa metabolism by different bacteria strains of the gut microbiome. BMC Microbiol 2024; 24:260. [PMID: 38997651 PMCID: PMC11245815 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-024-03373-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Interspecies pathways in the gut microbiome have been shown to metabolize levodopa, the primary treatment for Parkinson's disease, and reduce its bioavailability. While the enzymatic reactions have been identified, the ability to establish the resulting macromolecules as biomarkers of microbial metabolism remains technically challenging. In this study, we leveraged an untargeted mass spectrometry-based approach to investigate volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during levodopa metabolism by Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium sporogenes, and Eggerthella lenta. We cultured these organisms with and without their respective bioactive metabolites and detected levodopa-induced shifts in VOC profiles. We then utilized bioinformatics to identify significant differences in 2,6-dimethylpyrazine, 4,6-dimethylpyrimidine, and 4,5-dimethylpyrimidine associated with its biotransformation. Supplementing cultures with inhibitors of levodopa-metabolizing enzymes revealed specific modulation of levodopa-associated diazines, verifying their relationship to its metabolism. Furthermore, functional group analysis depicts strain-specific VOC profiles that reflect interspecies differences in metabolic activity that can be leveraged to assess microbiome functionality in individual patients. Collectively, this work identifies previously uncharacterized metabolites of microbe-mediated levodopa metabolism to determine potential indicators of this activity and further elucidate the metabolic capabilities of different gut bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Pennington
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Jarrett Eshima
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Barbara S Smith
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA.
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Kang J, Huang X, Li R, Zhang Y, Chen XX, Han BZ. Deciphering the core microbes and their interactions in spontaneous Baijiu fermentation: A comprehensive review. Food Res Int 2024; 188:114497. [PMID: 38823877 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The spontaneous Baijiu fermentation system harbors a complex microbiome that is highly dynamic in time and space and varies depending on the Jiuqu starters and environmental factors. The intricate microbiota presents in the fermentation environment is responsible for carrying out various reactions. These reactions necessitate the interaction among the core microbes to influence the community function, ultimately shaping the distinct Baijiu styles through the process of spontaneous fermentation. Numerous studies have been conducted to enhance our understanding of the diversity, succession, and function of microbial communities with the aim of improving fermentation manipulation. However, a comprehensive and critical assessment of the core microbes and their interaction remains one of the significant challenges in the Baijiu fermentation industry. This paper focuses on the fermentation properties of core microbes. We discuss the state of the art of microbial traceability, highlighting the crucial role of environmental and starter microbiota in the Baijiu brewing microbiome. Also, we discuss the various interactions between microbes in the Baijiu production system and propose a potential conceptual framework that involves constructing predictive network models to simplify and quantify microbial interactions using co-culture models. This approach offers effective strategies for understanding the core microbes and their interactions, thus beneficial for the management of microbiota and the regulation of interactions in Baijiu fermentation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamu Kang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Xiaoning Huang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rengshu Li
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuandi Zhang
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Chen
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
| | - Bei-Zhong Han
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Cai Z, Guo Y, Zheng Q, Liu Z, Zhong G, Zeng L, Huang M, Pan D, Wu Z. Screening of a potential probiotic Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NUC08 and its synergistic effects with yogurt starter. J Dairy Sci 2024; 107:2760-2773. [PMID: 38135047 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2023-24113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolates possessing physiological characteristics suitable for use as probiotics in yogurt fermentation. Following acid and bile salt tolerance tests, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (NUC08 and NUC101), Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (NUC55 and NUC201), and Lacticaseibacillus paracasei (NUC159, NUC216, and NUC351) were shortlisted based on intraspecies distribution for further evaluation. Their physiological probiotic properties, including transit tolerance, adhesion, autoaggregation, surface hydrophobicity, biofilm formation, and antibacterial activity, were assessed. Principal component analysis indicated that Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NUC08 was the preferred choice among the evaluated strains. Subsequent investigations revealed that co-culturing Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NUC08 with 2 yogurt starter strains resulted in a cooperative and synergistic effect, enhancing the growth of mixed strains and increasing their tolerance to simulated gastric and intestinal conditions. Additionally, when Vibrio harveyi bioluminescent reporter strain was used, the 3 cocultured strains cooperated to induce the activity of a quorum sensing (QS) molecule autoinducer-2 (AI-2), hinting a potential connection between phenotypic traits and QS in the cocultured strains. Importantly, LAB viable counts were significantly higher in yogurt co-fermented with Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NUC08, consistently throughout the storage period. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that the probiotic strain Lactiplantibacillus plantarum NUC08 can be employed in synergy with yogurt starter strains, affirming its potential for use in the development of functional fermented dairy products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhendong Cai
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Yingqi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Qing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co. Ltd., Shanghai, 200436, China
| | - Guowei Zhong
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Liping Zeng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
| | - Mingquan Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Flavor Chemistry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Daodong Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China
| | - Zhen Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Key Laboratory of Animal Protein Deep Processing Technology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang-Malaysia Joint Research Laboratory for Agricultural Product Processing and Nutrition, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315800, China.
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6
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Li X, Sun Y, Xiong Q. Volatile compounds produced in smoked bacon inoculated with potential spoilage bacteria. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:93-103. [PMID: 37532681 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced during meat storage are mainly derived from the decomposition of meat components and the metabolism of spoilage bacteria. VOCs produced in sterile bacon model substrate inoculated or un-inoculated with spoilage bacteria, Staphylococcus xylosus (P2), Leuconostoc mesenteroides (P6), Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (P9), Leuconostoc gelidum (P16) and Serratia liquefaciens (P20), previously isolated, were identified by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Furthermore, combinations of the strains (Pm) were also obtained. RESULTS In total, 54 volatile compounds, including aldehydes, alcohols, phenols, ketones, alkanes, alkanes, organic acids, esters and so forth, were determined after 45 days of storage in bacon inoculated with potential spoilage bacteria using the HS-SPME/GC-MS method. VOC concentrations of alcohols and organic acids in groups inoculated with bacteria were remarkably higher (P < 0.05) compared to that in control samples. Specifically, some VOCs are closely related to the metabolic activity of the inoculated bacterial strains; for example, 2,3-butanediol was associated with P2, P16 and P20, and acetic acid was mainly related to P6 and P9. CONCLUSION The results of partial least squares regression indicated that there was a high correlation between the electronic nose sensors and VOCs of smoked inoculated potential spoilage bacteria. These compounds are potentially important for predicting deterioration of smoked bacon. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfu Li
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yun Sun
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Xiong
- College of Food Science and Light Industry, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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7
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Chen X, Huang X, Sun S, Han B. Effect of Fortified Inoculation with Indigenous Lactobacillus brevis on Solid-State Fermentation of Light-Flavor Baijiu. Foods 2023; 12:4198. [PMID: 38231663 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Baijiu, one of the world's oldest distilled liquors, is widely consumed globally and has gained increasing popularity in East Asia. However, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying principles behind this traditional liquor product remains elusive. Currently, Baijiu is facing the industrial challenge of modernization and standardization, particularly in terms of food quality, safety, and sustainability. The current study selected a Lactobacillus brevis strain based on experiments conducted to assess its environmental tolerance, enzyme activity, and fermentation performance, and highlight its exceptional fermentation characteristics. The subsequent analysis focused on examining the effects of fortifying the fermentation process of L.brevis on key microbiotas, physicochemical parameters, and volatile profiles. The qPCR results revealed that the inoculated L. brevis strategically influenced the the composition of the dominant microbial communities by promoting mutual exclusion, ultimately leading to improved controllability of the fermentation process. Moreover, the metabolism of the inoculated L. brevis provided more compounds for the formation of flavor profiles during fermentation (the content of ethyl acetate was increased to 57.76 mg/kg), leading to a reduction in fermentation time (from 28 d to 21 d). These findings indicate promising potential for the application of the indigenous strain in Baijiu production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Xiaoning Huang
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Shanfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Beizhong Han
- Key Laboratory of Precision Nutrition and Food Quality, Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100089, China
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8
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Pan F, Qiu S, Lv Y, Li D. Exploring the controllability of the Baijiu fermentation process with microbiota orientation. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113249. [PMID: 37803561 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Product quality and stability improvement is important for development of the Baijiu industry. Generally, Baijiu brewing is carried out in a spontaneous fermentation system mediated by microbiota. Thus, complexity and instability are major features. Due to the insufficient understanding of the mechanism for producing Baijiu, the precise control of the fermentation progress has still not been realized, ultimately affecting product quality and stability. The flavor of Baijiu is the most important factor in determining its quality and is formed by microbiota under the driving force of various physicochemical parameters, such as moisture, acidity, and temperature. Therefore, exploring the association among microbiota (core), physicochemical factors (reference) and flavor compounds (target) has become a key point to clarify the formation mechanism for the flavor quality of Baijiu. Daqu fermentation and liquor fermentation are the two major stages of Baijiu brewing. Daqu, distillers' grains, and pit mud, as the most important fermentation substrates of the microbiota respectively, provide a large number of functional microorganisms related to the flavor components. To this end, we reviewed the relevant research progress of microbiota diversity in different fermentation substrates and the interaction mechanisms among microbiota, physicochemical parameters, and flavor components in this paper. Moreover, a research hypothesis of precise control of the Baijiu fermentation process by building fermentation models based on this is proposed. The key point for this idea is the identification of core microbiota closely associated with the formation of key flavor components by multi-omics technology and the acquisition of culturable strains. With this foundation, fermentation models suitable for different brewing environments will be established by constructing synthetic microbiota, designing mathematical models, and determining key fermentation model parameters. The ultimate goal will be to effectively improve the quality and stability of Baijiu products through model regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengshuang Pan
- Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biological Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shuyi Qiu
- Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biological Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Yiyi Lv
- Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biological Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Dounan Li
- Province Key Laboratory of Fermentation Engineering and Biological Pharmacy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; College of Liquor and Food Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Liquor Making Biological Technology and Application of key laboratory of Sichuan Province, Yibin 644000, China.
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9
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Chen L, Wang G, Teng M, Wang L, Yang F, Jin G, Du H, Xu Y. Non-gene-editing microbiome engineering of spontaneous food fermentation microbiota-Limitation control, design control, and integration. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:1902-1932. [PMID: 36880579 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-gene-editing microbiome engineering (NgeME) is the rational design and control of natural microbial consortia to perform desired functions. Traditional NgeME approaches use selected environmental variables to force natural microbial consortia to perform the desired functions. Spontaneous food fermentation, the oldest kind of traditional NgeME, transforms foods into various fermented products using natural microbial networks. In traditional NgeME, spontaneous food fermentation microbiotas (SFFMs) are typically formed and controlled manually by the establishment of limiting factors in small batches with little mechanization. However, limitation control generally leads to trade-offs between efficiency and the quality of fermentation. Modern NgeME approaches based on synthetic microbial ecology have been developed using designed microbial communities to explore assembly mechanisms and target functional enhancement of SFFMs. This has greatly improved our understanding of microbiota control, but such approaches still have shortcomings compared to traditional NgeME. Here, we comprehensively describe research on mechanisms and control strategies for SFFMs based on traditional and modern NgeME. We discuss the ecological and engineering principles of the two approaches to enhance the understanding of how best to control SFFM. We also review recent applied and theoretical research on modern NgeME and propose an integrated in vitro synthetic microbiota model to bridge gaps between limitation control and design control for SFFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangqiang Chen
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,Kweichow Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd., Zunyi, China
| | | | | | - Li Wang
- Kweichow Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd., Zunyi, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Kweichow Moutai Distillery Co., Ltd., Zunyi, China
| | - Guangyuan Jin
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Hai Du
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Laboratory of Brewing Microbiology and Applied Enzymology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology of Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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10
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Fu J, Feng J, Zhang G, Liu J, Li N, Xu H, Zhang Y, Cao R, Li L. Role of bacterial community succession in flavor formation during Sichuan sun vinegar grain (Cupei) fermentation. J Biosci Bioeng 2023; 135:109-117. [PMID: 36509651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sichuan sun vinegar (SSV) is a traditional Chinese vinegar with a unique flavor and it is fermented with bran as the main raw material. In the present study, we explored the bacterial community succession in fermented grains (Cupei) during SSV production. High-throughput sequencing results showed that bacterial community richness and diversity peaked on day 7 of fermentation. Lactobacillus and Acetobacter were the dominant bacteria throughout the fermentation process. However, Acetobacter, Cupriavidus, Sphingomonas, Pelomonas, and Lactobacillus were the most abundant genera in the late phase of fermentation on day 17. The boundaries of trilateral co-fermentation were determined through cluster analysis. Days 1-3 were considered the early fermentation stage (starch saccharification), days 5-11 were the middle fermentation stage (alcoholic fermentation), and days 13-17 represented the late fermentation stage (acetic acid fermentation). Changes in flavor compounds during Cupei fermentation were subsequently analyzed and a total of 86 volatile compounds, 9 organic acids, and 17 amino acids were detected. Although acetic acid, lactic acid, alcohols, and esters were the main metabolites, butyrate was also detected. Correlation analysis indicated that 20, 21, and 28 microorganisms were positively correlated with the abundance of amino acids, organic acids, and volatile flavor compounds, respectively. We further explored the microbial and metabolic mechanisms associated with the dominant volatile flavor compounds during SSV fermentation. Collectively, the findings of the current study provide detailed insights regarding the fermentation mechanisms of SSV, which may prove relevant for producing high-quality fermented products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Fu
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Jieya Feng
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China; Forgood Distillery Industry Co. Ltd., Mianyang 621000, China
| | - Guirong Zhang
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Jun Liu
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China
| | - Hongwei Xu
- Sichuan Taiyuanjing Vinegar Co. Ltd., Zigong 643000, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Sichuan Taiyuanjing Vinegar Co. Ltd., Zigong 643000, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Sichuan Taiyuanjing Vinegar Co. Ltd., Zigong 643000, China
| | - Li Li
- College of Biotechnology Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin 644000, China.
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11
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Zhu Y, Liu S, Ma D, Xu Y, Yang C, Mao J. Stabilization of jiuyao quality for huangjiu brewing by fortifying functional strains based on core microbial community analysis. FOOD BIOSCI 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2023.102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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12
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Analysis of the Microbial Community Structure and Volatile Metabolites of JIUYAO in Fangxian, China. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
JIUYAO is an important saccharification starter in the production of huangjiu and is also an important source of flavor. In this study, the microbial community structure of JIUYAO from Fangxian was studied by high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technology for the first time. The volatile flavor compounds of the JIUYAO metabolites were also analyzed by headspace solid-phase microextraction combined with full two-dimensional gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC×GC/MS) for the first time. The results showed that there were 15 dominant bacterial genera, including Weissella, Pediococcus, unclasssified_k_norank_d_Bacteria, Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, etc. Thirteen species of dominant fungi included Wickerhamomyces, Saccharomycopsis, Rhizopus, etc. The different samples of JIUYAO were similar in their microbial species, but the number of species was significantly different. A total of 191 volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) were detected, among which esters, alcohols, acids, and alkenes were the main flavor compounds, and 21 terpenoids were also detected. In addition, the functional prediction of micro-organisms in JIUYAO revealed that global and overview maps, amino acid metabolism, and carbohydrate metabolism were the dominant categories. Through correlation analysis, 538 potential correlations between the dominant micro-organisms and the different flavor compounds were obtained. This study revealed the interactions between the micro-organisms and the volatile metabolites in JIUYAO, which provided reliable data for the analysis of the microbial community structure of Fangxian JIUYAO and provided theoretical support for the quality evaluation of JIUYAO.
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The Influence of Seasons on the Composition of Microbial Communities and the Content of Lactic Acid during the Fermentation of Fen-Flavor Baijiu. FERMENTATION-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
During the fermentation of Fen-flavor Baijiu, the number of lactic acid bacteria is high in summer, resulting in excessive lactic acid and an unpleasant astringent taste. Thus, it is necessary to identify the critical influence factors for the formation of lactic acid and the composition of the microbial community in the fermented grains during the brewing process of Fen-flavor Baijiu in cold and hot seasons using HPLC and high-throughput sequencing technology. The results suggest that Lactobacillus acetotolerans is the key microorganism causing different contents of lactic acid in fermented grains and that Lactobacillus plantarum is a favorable factor for acid production in the fermentation process during hot seasons. Twelve lactic-acid-producing strains were isolated from the fermented grains at the latter stage of fermentation, and the analysis of these strains showed that the Lactobacillus plantarum LP strain has the strongest capacity for lactic acid production and the Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LR strain has the strongest capacity for acid production, respectively. In addition, the Lentilactobacillus hilgardii LH strain has the characteristics of both acid and alcohol resistance. The results obtained from this study provide a reference for reducing the content of lactic acid in summer and have potential value for further improving the quality of Fen-flavor Baijiu.
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14
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Xia Y, Luo H, Wu Z, Zhang W. Microbial diversity in jiuqu and its fermentation features: saccharification, alcohol fermentation and flavors generation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 107:25-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12291-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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15
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Chen C, Xiong Y, Xie Y, Zhang H, Jiang K, Pang XN, Huang M. Metabolic characteristics of lactic acid bacteria and interaction with yeast isolated from light-flavor Baijiu fermentation. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Chen L, Liu B, Feng S, Ma X, Wang S, Zhang Y. Correlation between microbe, physicochemical properties of Jiuqu in different plateau areas and volatile flavor compounds of highland barley alcoholic drink. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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17
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Liu Y, Li X, Li H, Zhang H, Shen X, Zhang L, Han S, Pan C. Taorong-type Baijiu starter: Analysis of fungal community and metabolic characteristics of middle-temperature Daqu and high-temperature Daqu. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274881. [PMID: 36194604 PMCID: PMC9531834 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the difference between the fungal community compositional and fragrance components in medium- and high-Temperature Taorong-type Baijiu Daqu. The microbial communities and fragrance components of Taorong-type Baijiu Daqu were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing (HTS) and headspace-solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). With an abundance at the phylum and genus levels ≥0.01% as the threshold, 3 phyla, Mucoromycota, Ascomycota, and Basidiomycota, were found in both medium- and high-temperature Daqu, but their abundances differed. At the genus level, 15 and 13 genera were recognized. Rhizopus (72.40%) and Thermomyces (53.32%) accounted for the most significant proportions in medium-temperature and high-temperature Daqu, respectively. Medium-temperature Daqu and high-temperature Daqu were found to have 40 and 29 fragrance components, respectively and contained the highest proportions of pyrazines (53.12%) and acids (32.68%). Correlation analyses between microbes and fragrance components showed that Aspergillus, Hyphopichia, Trichosporon, Alternaria were all highly and positively correlated with pyrazines, but the dominant fungal communities were highly correlated with only a few individual acid compounds but not with acid compounds overall. The unique Daqu -making process and environment lead to these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Liu
- College of Food and Biological Engineering(Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Postdoctoral Programme, Henan Yangshao Distillery Co., Ltd., Mianchi, China
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan Liquor Style Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Liquor Brewing Microbial Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering(Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Liquor Style Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Liquor Brewing Microbial Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Haideng Li
- College of Food and Biological Engineering(Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huimin Zhang
- College of Food and Biological Engineering(Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Liquor Style Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Liquor Brewing Microbial Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiangkun Shen
- Henan Food Industry Science Research Institute Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lixin Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Suna Han
- Postdoctoral Programme, Henan Yangshao Distillery Co., Ltd., Mianchi, China
| | - Chunmei Pan
- College of Food and Biological Engineering(Liquor College), Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Henan Liquor Style Engineering Technology Research Center, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- Zhengzhou Key Laboratory of Liquor Brewing Microbial Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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18
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Huang X, Xin Y, Lu T. A systematic, complexity-reduction approach to dissect the kombucha tea microbiome. eLife 2022; 11:76401. [PMID: 35950909 PMCID: PMC9371603 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One defining goal of microbiome research is to uncover mechanistic causation that dictates the emergence of structural and functional traits of microbiomes. However, the extraordinary degree of ecosystem complexity has hampered the realization of the goal. Here, we developed a systematic, complexity-reducing strategy to mechanistically elucidate the compositional and metabolic characteristics of microbiome by using the kombucha tea microbiome as an example. The strategy centered around a two-species core that was abstracted from but recapitulated the native counterpart. The core was convergent in its composition, coordinated on temporal metabolic patterns, and capable for pellicle formation. Controlled fermentations uncovered the drivers of these characteristics, which were also demonstrated translatable to provide insights into the properties of communities with increased complexity and altered conditions. This work unravels the pattern and process underlying the kombucha tea microbiome, providing a potential conceptual framework for mechanistic investigation of microbiome behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoning Huang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongping Xin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States
| | - Ting Lu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,Center for Biophysics and Quantitative Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, United States.,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, Urbana, United States
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19
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Kang J, Chen X, Han BZ, Xue Y. Insights into the bacterial, fungal, and phage communities and volatile profiles in different types of Daqu. Food Res Int 2022; 158:111488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Kang J, Jia L, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Huang X, Chen X, Han BZ. Comparison of physicochemical characteristics and microbiome profiles of low-temperature Daqu with and without adding tartary buckwheat. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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21
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Mao F, Huang J, Zhou R, Qin H, Zhang S, Cai X, Qiu C. Effects of Different Daqu on Microbial Community Domestication and Metabolites in Nongxiang Baijiu Brewing Microecosystem. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:939904. [PMID: 35847071 PMCID: PMC9279870 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.939904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The quality and yield of the fresh Baijiu mainly depend on the activity of pit mud (PM) and the quality of Daqu. However, the cultivation of PM is a long-term process, and high-quality Daqu can change the community structure of fermented grain (FG) and accelerate the evolution of PM communities. The present research aimed to investigate the four different types of Daqu on the FG-fermenting microbial community structure and metabolites and their interphase interactions with PM. These results show that Kroppenstedtia in the bacterial community of Taikong Daqu (TK) was positively correlated with ethyl caproate, which significantly increased the content of FG volatile metabolites, especially lipid components, and facilitated the accelerated evolution of Methanobacteriales and Methanosarcinales in PM. Bacillus has a high relative abundance in Qianghua Daqu (QH), which shows obvious advantages to improving the alcoholic strength of FG and contributing to increasing the abundance of Methanomicrobiales in PM. Qianghua and traditional-mixed Daqu (HH) have a similar bacterial composition to QH and a similar fungal composition to traditional Daqu (DZ), and thus also showed the advantage of increased yield, but the volatile flavor metabolites produced were not as dominant as DZ. β-diversity analysis showed that in TK fermentation systems, FG is more likely to domesticate the structure of PM microorganisms. These results indicated that the interaction between microbial communities in Baijiu fermentation niches was significantly influenced by different Daqu. It can not only enhance the key volatiles in FG but also accelerate the evolving direction of the community in PM. Daqu fortified by functional genera or microbiota can evolve a community structure more suitable for Baijiu fermentation. The microbiota composition and interaction between the communities in both Daqu and PM significantly impacts the yield and quality of the base liquor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengjiao Mao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun Huang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongqing Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Laboratory of Clean Technology for Leather Manufacture, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- National Engineering Research Centre of Solid-State Brewing, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Rongqing Zhou,
| | - Hui Qin
- Lu Zhou Lao Jiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou, China
| | - Suyi Zhang
- Lu Zhou Lao Jiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Cai
- Lu Zhou Lao Jiao Co., Ltd., Luzhou, China
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22
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Zhou W, Xia Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Wu Z, Suyama T, Zhang W. Study on the Effect of Key Genes ME2 and adhE during Luzhou-flavor Baijiu Brewing. Foods 2022; 11:foods11050700. [PMID: 35267332 PMCID: PMC8909148 DOI: 10.3390/foods11050700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Luzhou-flavor baijiu (LFB) is brewed by the combined action of various microorganisms, and its flavor is affected by the microbial community and the genes they express, but which genes are the key ones during LFB brewing is less clear. Based on our previous studies the genes ME2 and adhE were identified as key genes, but which role they play was also unknown. In this study functional microorganisms were screened based on the key genes ME2 and adhE, and they were identified to be Rummeliibacillus suwonensis, Clostridium tyrobutyricum and Lactobacillus buchneri. Then simulated fermentation experiments were carried out with the functional microorganisms, and during the fermentation process expression of the key genes and the amounts of the main flavors were detected to analyze the role of the key genes. The results showed that the key gene ME2 was significantly positively correlated with the contents of the main acids, however the key gene adhE and the formation of the main esters in the LFB brewing process was a significant positive correlation. This study verified the two key genes ME2 and adhE complement each other in the LFB brewing process, playing an important role in promoting the formation of flavor substances, and are very beneficial to improve the quality of LFB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.)
- Department of Light Industry Engineering, Sichuan Technology and Business College, Dujiangyan 611800, China
| | - Yu Xia
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yajiao Zhao
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhengyun Wu
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Taikei Suyama
- National Institute of Technology, Akashi College, Akashi 674-8501, Japan;
| | - Wenxue Zhang
- College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (W.Z.); (Y.X.); (Y.Z.); (Y.W.); (Z.W.)
- School of Liquor-Making Engineering, Sichuan University Jinjiang College, Meishan 620860, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-028-8540-1785; Fax: +86-028-3760-0278
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Abstract
Stacking is a widely used method of microbial enrichment in the field of fermentation and is traditionally used to promote flavor in Chinese sauce-flavor Baijiu; however, its precise mechanism is unknown. This study assessed the fermentation process of light-flavor Baijiu with the simplest microbial source. After comparing differences in the microbial composition of different kinds of Daqu, a high-temperature Daqu with a microbial composition that significantly differs from light-flavor Daqu was selected for stacking. The physical and chemical indicators, microbial community composition, and metabolite profiles during the fermentation process were tracked, and the total ester content in Baiju was significantly higher with stacking than Baijiu without stacking. The dominant bacteria during stacking fermentation were Bacillus and Enterococcus, while Lactobacillus was the dominant bacteria during middle and late fermentation periods. Low levels of Lactobacillus and Pichia in Daqu were screened and enriched during the stacking process, while the glucose and acetate content significantly increased. Flavor compounds such as esters and acids were positively correlated with dominant genera such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, and Pichia. Stacking provides microorganisms for environmental screening, which regulates the microbial community structure and produces various metabolites and precursors of flavor substances to fully saccharify and promote the production of flavor substances. Stacking during the production of light-flavor Baijiu can help regulate the fermentation process and improve Baijiu quality.
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Hu Y, Huang X, Yang B, Zhang X, Han Y, Chen XX, Han BZ. Contrasting the microbial community and metabolic profile of three types of light-flavor Daqu. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Screening of potential probiotics with anti-Helicobacter pylori activity from infant feces through principal component analysis. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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