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Tang Y, Lyu T, Cao H, Zhang W, Zhang R, Liu S, Guo T, Zhou X, Jiang Y. Recommendations for the reference concentration of cadmium exposure based on a physiologically based toxicokinetic model integrated with a human respiratory tract model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135323. [PMID: 39079294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) poses a significant threat to human health. However, chronic toxicity parameters for inhalation exposure are lacking, especially for noncritical systemic toxic effects. A physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model can be used to extrapolate toxicity parameters across various exposure routes. We combined a PBTK model with a human respiratory tract (HRT) model, which is applicable to the general population and capable of simulating the deposition and clearance processes of various airborne Cd compounds in the respiratory tract. Monte Carlo analysis was used to simulate the distribution of sensitive parameters to reflect individual variability. Validation based on datasets from general and occupational populations showed that the improved model had acceptable or better predictive performance, outperforming the original model with a 14.45 % decrease in the root mean square error (RMSE). Using this PBTK-HRT model, we extrapolated toxicity parameters from oral exposure to inhalation exposure for four systemic toxic effects with doseresponse relationships but no known inhalation toxicity parameters, and ultimately recommended reference concentrations (RfCs) for four diseases (chronic kidney disease: 0.01 μg/m3, osteoporosis: 0.01 μg/m3, stroke: 0.04 μg/m3, diabetes mellitus: 0.13 μg/m3), contributing to a comprehensive assessment of the health risks of Cd inhalation exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal, can cause lung cancer, chronic kidney disease, and osteoporosis and pose a significant threat to human health. We combined a physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) model with a human respiratory tract (HRT) model to achieve better predictive performance and wider applicability; this model was subsequently employed for route-to-route extrapolation of toxicity parameters. Additionally, for the first time, we focused on multiple subchronic and chronic systemic toxic effects in addition to critical effects and derived their reference concentrations (RfCs), which can be used to assess the health risk of Cd inhalation exposure more comprehensively and accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Tang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tong Lyu
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hongbin Cao
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ruidi Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Tianqing Guo
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Engineering Research Center of Natural Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanxue Jiang
- College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
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Schaefer HR, Flannery BM, Crosby LM, Pouillot R, Farakos SMS, Van Doren JM, Dennis S, Fitzpatrick S, Middleton K. Reassessment of the cadmium toxicological reference value for use in human health assessments of foods. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 144:105487. [PMID: 37640100 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) developed an oral toxicological reference value (TRV) for characterizing potential health concerns from dietary exposure to cadmium (Cd). The development of the TRV leveraged the FDA's previously published research including (1) a systematic review for adverse health effects associated with oral Cd exposure and (2) a human physiological based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model adapted from Kjellstrom and Nordberg (1978) for use in reverse dosimetry applied to the U.S. population. Adverse effects of Cd on the bone and kidney are associated with similar points of departure (PODs) of approximately 0.50 μg Cd/g creatinine for females aged 50-60 based on available epidemiologic data. We also used the upper bound estimate of the renal cortical concentration (50 μg/g Cd) occurring in the U.S. population at 50 years of age as a POD. Based on the output from our reverse dosimetry PBPK Model, a range of 0.21-0.36 μg/kg bw/day was developed for the TRV. The animal data used for the animal TRV derivation (0.63-1.8 μg/kg bw/day) confirms biological plausibility for both the bone and kidney endpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Schaefer
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Brenna M Flannery
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lynn M Crosby
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jane M Van Doren
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Sherri Dennis
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Suzanne Fitzpatrick
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Karlyn Middleton
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
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Schaefer HR, Flannery BM, Crosby L, Jones-Dominic OE, Punzalan C, Middleton K. A systematic review of adverse health effects associated with oral cadmium exposure. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 134:105243. [PMID: 35981600 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Scientific data characterizing the adverse health effects associated with dietary cadmium (Cd) exposure were identified in order to make informed decisions about the most appropriate toxicological reference value (TRV) for use in assessing dietary Cd exposure. Several TRVs are available for Cd and regulatory organizations have used epidemiologic studies to derive these reference values; however, risk of bias (RoB) evaluations were not included in the assessments. We performed a systematic review by conducting a thorough literature search (through January 4, 2020). There were 1714 references identified by the search strings and 328 studies identified in regulatory assessments. After applying the specific inclusion and exclusion criteria, 208 studies (Human: 105, Animal: 103) were considered eligible for further review and data extraction. For the epidemiologic and animal studies, the critical effects identified for oral Cd exposure from the eligible studies were a decrease in bone mineral density (BMD) and renal tubular degeneration. A RoB analysis was completed for 49 studies (30 epidemiological and 19 animal) investigating these endpoints. The studies identified through the SR that were considered high quality and low RoB (2 human and 5 animal) can be used to characterize dose-response relationships and inform the derivation of a Cd TRV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather R Schaefer
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA.
| | - Brenna M Flannery
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Lynn Crosby
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Olivia E Jones-Dominic
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Cecile Punzalan
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Karlyn Middleton
- US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, College Park, MD, USA
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4
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Luo H, Gu R, Ouyang H, Wang L, Shi S, Ji Y, Bao B, Liao G, Xu B. Cadmium exposure induces osteoporosis through cellular senescence, associated with activation of NF-κB pathway and mitochondrial dysfunction. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118043. [PMID: 34479166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal toxicant as a common pollutant derived from many agricultural and industrial sources. The absorption of Cd takes place primarily through Cd-contaminated food and water and, to a significant extent, via inhalation of Cd-contaminated air and cigarette smoking. Epidemiological data suggest that occupational or environmental exposure to Cd increases the health risk for osteoporosis and spontaneous fracture such as itai-itai disease. However, the direct effects and underlying mechanism(s) of Cd exposure on bone damage are largely unknown. We used primary bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMMSCs) and found that Cd significantly induced BMMSC cellular senescence through over-activation of NF-κB signaling pathway. Increased cell senescence was determined by production of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), cell cycle arrest and upregulation of p21/p53/p16INK4a protein expression. Additionally, Cd impaired osteogenic differentiation and increased adipogenesis of BMMSCs, and significantly induced cellular senescence-associated defects such as mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were chronically exposed to Cd to verify that Cd significantly increased adipocyte number, and decreased mineralization tissues of bone marrow in vivo. Interestingly, we observed that Cd exposure remarkably retarded bone repair and regeneration after operation of skull defect. Notably, pretreatment of melatonin is able to partially prevent Cd-induced some senescence-associated defects of BMMSCs including mitochondrial dysfunction and DNA damage. Although Cd activated mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, rapamycin only partially ameliorated Cd-induced cell apoptosis rather than cellular senescence phenotypes of BMMSCs. In addition, a selective NF-κB inhibitor moderately alleviated Cd-caused the senescence-related defects of the BMMSCs. The study shed light on the action and mechanism of Cd on osteoporosis and bone ageing, and may provide a novel option to ameliorate the harmful effects of Cd exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huigen Luo
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Renjie Gu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huiya Ouyang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihong Wang
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shanwei Shi
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuna Ji
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baicheng Bao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guiqing Liao
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Baoshan Xu
- Hospital of Stomatology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Malin Igra A, Warnqvist A, Rahman SM, Ekström EC, Rahman A, Vahter M, Kippler M. Environmental metal exposure and growth to 10 years of age in a longitudinal mother-child cohort in rural Bangladesh. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106738. [PMID: 34246127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early-life exposure to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead (Pb) has been linked to smaller birth and early childhood anthropometry, but little is known beyond the first years in life. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the impact of gestational and childhood exposures to As, Cd, and Pb on growth up to 10 years of age. METHODS We studied 1530 mother-child dyads from a nested sub-cohort of the MINIMat trial in rural Matlab, Bangladesh. Metal concentrations in maternal erythrocytes during pregnancy and in children's urine at 10y were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Child height and weight were measured at 19 occasions from birth until 10y and converted to height-for-age Z-scores (HAZ) and weight-for-age Z-scores (WAZ). Associations between log2-transformed metal concentrations and growth parameters were assessed with multivariable-adjusted regression models. RESULTS Children's concurrent urinary Cd (median 0.24 µg/L), reflecting long-term exposure, was inversely associated with WAZ (B: -0.072; 95% confidence interval (CI): -0.12, -0.020; p = 0.007), and possibly HAZ (B: -0.046; 95% CI: -0.096, 0.0014; p = 0.057), at 10y. The association with WAZ was stronger in boys than in girls. Maternal erythrocyte Cd (median 0.90 µg/kg) during pregnancy was inversely associated with WAZ during childhood only in boys (B: -0.071, 95% CI: -0.14, -0.0047, p = 0.036). Concurrent urinary Pb (median 1.6 µg/L) was inversely associated with WAZ (B: -0.084; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.0085; p = 0.029) and HAZ (B: -0.087; 95% CI: -0.15, -0.021; p = 0.010) in boys, but not in girls. Neither gestational nor childhood As exposure (median maternal erythrocyte As 4.3 µg/kg and children's urinary As 57 µg/L) was associated with growth up to 10y. CONCLUSIONS While all effect estimates were small, environmental exposure to Cd and Pb is common and impaired growth is of public health concern, especially for children already at risk of reduced growth due to malnutrition. Gender differences in susceptibility need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Malin Igra
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Warnqvist
- Unit of Biostatistics, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Syed Moshfiqur Rahman
- International Maternal and Child Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Eva-Charlotte Ekström
- International Maternal and Child Health, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anisur Rahman
- Maternal and Child Health Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Marie Vahter
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Kippler
- Unit of Metals and Health, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Donangelo CM, Kerr BT, Queirolo EI, Vahter M, Peregalli F, Mañay N, Kordas K. Lead exposure and indices of height and weight in Uruguayan urban school children, considering co-exposure to cadmium and arsenic, sex, iron status and dairy intake. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110799. [PMID: 33508259 PMCID: PMC10916356 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Child growth depends on complex factors including diet, nutritional status, socioeconomic, and sanitary conditions, and exposure to environmental chemicals. Lead exposure is known to impair growth in young children but effects in school-age children are less clear. The effects of co-exposure to low-level lead and other toxic metals on child growth are not well understood. We examined cross-sectional associations of blood lead (BLL) with growth indices (Z scores of body mass index for age, BAZ, and height for age, HAZ) in Uruguayan urban school children (n = 259; ~7 y). Potential differences in these associations in children with lower vs. higher urinary inorganic arsenic metabolites (U-As), urinary cadmium (U-Cd), sex (42% girls), iron deficiency (ID, 39% children), or intake of dairy foods below recommended levels were examined. BLL was measured using AAS, U-As using HPLC-HGICP-MS, and U-Cd using ICP-MS. Dietary information was obtained by two 24-h recalls completed by caregivers. Children's linear growth was within age and sex-appropriate reference values. Overweight (BAZ > 1 2 SD) was found in 20.1%, and obesity (BAZ > 2 SD) in 18.5%, of children. Ranges (5th, 95th percentile) of biomarker concentrations were: BLL, 0.8-7.8 μg/dL; U-Cd, 0.01-0.2 μg/L, and U-As, 4.0-27.3 μg/L. BLL was inversely associated with HAZ ([95% CI]: 0.10 [-0.17, -0.03]) in covariate-adjusted models. Although this association was slightly more pronounced in girls, children without ID, and children with lower U-As, there was little evidence of effect modification due to overlapping CIs in stratified models. BLLs were not associated with BAZ, except for a suggestion of a negative relationship in girls (-0.10 [-0.23, 0.02]) but not boys [0.001 [-0.11, 0.12]). Our findings indicate that exposure to low levels of lead was associated with lower HAZ in apparently normally growing urban school children. Larger future studies should help elucidate if these associations persist over time and across populations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan T Kerr
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Elena I Queirolo
- Departmento de Neurocognición, Centro de Investigación Mullin, Universidad Católica Del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Marie Vahter
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Fabiana Peregalli
- Departmento de Neurocognición, Centro de Investigación Mullin, Universidad Católica Del Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Nelly Mañay
- Departmento de Toxicología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Katarzyna Kordas
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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Tulinska J, Masanova V, Liskova A, Mikusova ML, Rollerova E, Krivosikova Z, Stefikova K, Uhnakova I, Ursinyova M, Babickova J, Babelova A, Busova M, Tothova L, Wsolova L, Dusinska M, Sojka M, Horvathova M, Alacova R, Vecera Z, Mikuska P, Coufalik P, Krumal K, Capka L, Docekal B. Six-week inhalation of CdO nanoparticles in mice: The effects on immune response, oxidative stress, antioxidative defense, fibrotic response, and bones. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:110954. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wang J, Yang J, Cheng X, Xiao R, Zhao Y, Xu H, Zhu Y, Yan Z, Ommati MM, Manthari RK, Wang J. Calcium Alleviates Fluoride-Induced Bone Damage by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:10832-10843. [PMID: 31464433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b04295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Excessive fluoride mainly causes skeletal lesions. Recently, it has been reported that an appropriate level of calcium can alleviate fluorosis. However, the appropriate concentration and mechanism of calcium addition is unclear. Hence, we evaluated the histopathology and ultrastructure, DNA fragmentation, hormonal imbalances, biomechanical levels, and expression of apoptosis-related genes after treating the rats with 150 mg/L NaF and different concentrations of CaCO3. Our results suggested that NaF induced the histopathological and ultrastructural injury, with a concomitant increase in the DNA fragmentation (P < 0.05) and serum OC (17.5 ± 0.89 pmoL/L) at 120 days. In addition, the qRT-PCR and western blotting results indicated that NaF exposure upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of Bax, Calpain, Caspase 12, Caspase 9, Caspase 7, Caspase 3, CAD, PARP, and AIF while downregulated Bcl-2 (P < 0.01) and decreased the bone ultimate load by 27.1%, the ultimate stress by 10.1%, and the ultimate deformity by 23.3% at 120 days. However, 1% CaCO3 supplementation decreased the serum OC (14.7 ± 0.65 pmoL/L), bone F content (P < 0.01), and fracture and breakage of collagen fibers and changed the expression of endoplasmic reticulum pathway-related genes and proteins at 120 days. Further, 1% CaCO3 supplementation increased the bone ultimate load by 20.9%, the ultimate stress by 4.89%, and the ultimate deformity by 21.6%. In summary, we conclude that 1% CaCO3 supplementation alleviated fluoride-induced bone damage by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Knani L, Bartolini D, Kechiche S, Tortoioli C, Murdolo G, Moretti M, Messaoudi I, Reiter RJ, Galli F. Melatonin prevents cadmium-induced bone damage: First evidence on an improved osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation balance of mesenchymal stem cells as underlying mechanism. J Pineal Res 2019; 67:e12597. [PMID: 31340072 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) plays a role in preserving bone health, a function that may depend on homeostatic effects on both mature osteoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) of the bone tissue. In this study, these functions of MLT have been investigated in rat bone (femur) and in human adipose MSC (hMSC) during chronic exposure to low-grade cadmium (Cd) toxicity, a serious public health concern. The in vivo findings demonstrate that MLT protects against Cd-induced bone metabolism disruption and accumulation of bone marrow adipocytes, a cue of impaired osteogenic potential of skeletal MSC niches. This latter symptom was recapitulated in hMSCs in which Cd toxicity stimulated adipogenic differentiation. MLT was found to rescue, at least in part, the osteogenic differentiation properties of these cells. This study reports on a new bone cytoprotection function of MLT pertinent to Cd toxicity and its interfering effect on skeletal MSC differentiation properties that is worth investigating for its possible impact on human bone pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latifa Knani
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Desirée Bartolini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Safa Kechiche
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Cristina Tortoioli
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Murdolo
- Section of Internal Medicine, Endocrine and Metabolic Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Massimo Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Imed Messaoudi
- Laboratoire LR11ES41 Génétique Biodiversité et Valorisation des Bio-ressources, Institut Supérieur de Biotechnologie de Monastir, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Francesco Galli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
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Buha A, Jugdaohsingh R, Matovic V, Bulat Z, Antonijevic B, Kerns JG, Goodship A, Hart A, Powell JJ. Bone mineral health is sensitively related to environmental cadmium exposure- experimental and human data. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108539. [PMID: 31247431 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cadmium (Cd) is recognised as one of the risk factors for osteoporosis, although critical exposure levels and exact mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we first confirmed that in male Wistar rats challenged orally with 6 different levels of Cd (0.3-10 mg/kg b.w.), over 28 days, there was a direct dose relationship to bone Cd concentration. Moreover, bone mineral content was significantly diminished by ∼15% (p < 0.0001) plateauing already at the lowest exposure level. For the other essential bone elements zinc (Zn) loss was most marked. Having established the sensitive metrics (measures of Cd exposure), we then applied them to 20 randomly selected human femoral head bone samples from 16 independent subjects. Bone Cd concentration was inversely proportional to trabecular bone mineral density and mineral (calcium) content and Zn content of bone, but not the donor's age. Our findings, through direct bone analyses, support the emerging epidemiological view that bone health, adjudged by mineral density, is extremely sensitive to even background levels of environmental Cd. Importantly, however, our data also suggest that Cd may play an even greater role in compromised bone health than prior indirect estimates of exposure could reveal. Environmental Cd may be a substantially determining factor in osteoporosis and large cohort studies with direct bone analyses are now merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Buha
- Department of Toxicology, Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Ravin Jugdaohsingh
- Biomineral Research, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Vesna Matovic
- Department of Toxicology, Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zorica Bulat
- Department of Toxicology, Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Biljana Antonijevic
- Department of Toxicology, Akademik Danilo Soldatović", University of Belgrade-Faculty of Pharmacy, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jemma G Kerns
- Lancaster Medical School, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YG, UK
| | - Allen Goodship
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science UCL, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Alister Hart
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science UCL, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Brockley Hill, Stanmore, London, HA7 4LP, UK
| | - Jonathan J Powell
- Biomineral Research, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
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Chen X, Wang Z, Zhu G, Nordberg GF, Jin T, Ding X. The association between cumulative cadmium intake and osteoporosis and risk of fracture in a Chinese population. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2019; 29:435-443. [PMID: 30185939 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-018-0057-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone is one of the target organs for cadmium toxicity. However, few studies have shown the association between cumulative cadmium intake and prevalence of osteoporosis and bone fracture. In the present study, we evaluated the association between cumulative cadmium intake and osteoporosis and risk of fracture in a Chinese population. A total of 790 subjects (488 women and 302 men) living in a control area and two cadmium-polluted areas were included. The cumulative cadmium intake was estimated by a food survey. The bone mineral density was determined by using single-photon absorptiometry. The cumulative cadmium intakes were 0.48, 2.14, and 11.00 g for men, and 0.42, 2.11, and 11.12 g in women in control, and moderately and heavily polluted areas, respectively. In women, the odds ratios (ORs) of subjects with a cadmium intake between 2.21 and 10.63 g and >10.63 g were 1.30 (95% CI: 0.58-2.94) and 2.36 (95% CI: 1.14-5.16), compared with those with a cadmium intake < 0.58 g after adjusting to the confounders for osteoporosis. The ORs of subjects with a cadmium intake >10.63 g were 2.34 (95% CI: 1.23-4.38) for all of the women and 2.62 (95% CI: 1.02-5.58) in women ≥ 60 years old, compared with those with a cadmium intake <10.63 g after adjusting to the confounders for bone fractures. In men, similar trends were observed, but no statistical significance was found. In addition, those subjects with renal tubular dysfunction showed high risk of bone fracture. Our results indicate that a high level of cumulative cadmium intake is associated with an increased rate of osteoporosis and fractures among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 155 # hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Kidney Disease and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 155 # hanzhong Road, Nanjing, 210029, China
| | - Guoying Zhu
- Institute of Radiation Medicine, Fudan University, 2094 Xietu Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Gunnar F Nordberg
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Taiyi Jin
- Department of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Fudan University, 150 Dongan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiaoqiang Ding
- Department of Nephrology, Zhongshan Hospital Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Kidney Disease and Dialysis, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Malin Igra A, Vahter M, Raqib R, Kippler M. Early-Life Cadmium Exposure and Bone-Related Biomarkers: A Longitudinal Study in Children. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:37003. [PMID: 30848671 PMCID: PMC6768315 DOI: 10.1289/ehp3655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic cadmium exposure has been associated with osteotoxicity in adults, but little is known concerning its effects on early growth, which has been shown to be impaired by cadmium. OBJECTIVES Our objective was to assess the impact of early-life cadmium exposure on bone-related biomarkers and anthropometry at 9 y of age. METHODS For 504 children in a mother-child cohort in Bangladesh, cadmium exposure was assessed by concentrations in urine (U-Cd, long-term exposure) and erythrocytes (Ery-Cd, ongoing exposure) at 9 and 4.5 y of age, and in their mothers during pregnancy. Biomarkers of bone remodeling [urinary deoxypyridinoline (DPD), urinary calcium, plasma parathyroid hormone, osteocalcin, vitamin D3, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, IGF binding protein 3, thyroid stimulating hormone] were measured at 9 y of age. RESULTS In multivariable-adjusted linear models, a doubling of concurrent U-Cd was associated with a mean increase in osteocalcin of [Formula: see text] (95% CI: 0.042, 5.9) and in urinary DPD of [Formula: see text] (95% CI: 12, 32). In a combined exposure model, a doubling of maternal Ery-Cd was associated with a mean increase in urinary DPD of [Formula: see text] (95% CI: [Formula: see text], 30). Stratifying the osteocalcin model by gender ([Formula: see text] 0.001), a doubling of concurrent U-Cd was associated with a mean decrease in osteocalcin of [Formula: see text] (95% CI: [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]) in boys and a mean increase of [Formula: see text] (95% CI: 5.4, 13) in girls. The same pattern was seen with U-Cd at 4.5 y of age ([Formula: see text] 0.016). Children's U-Cd and Ery-Cd, concurrent and at 4.5 y of age, were inversely associated with vitamin D3. CONCLUSIONS Childhood cadmium exposure was associated with several bone-related biomarkers and some of the associations differed by gender. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP3655.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Vahter
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladeshs
| | - Maria Kippler
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Borowska S, Brzóska MM, Gałażyn-Sidorczuk M, Rogalska J. Effect of an Extract from Aronia melanocarpa L. Berries on the Body Status of Zinc and Copper under Chronic Exposure to Cadmium: An In Vivo Experimental Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:E1374. [PMID: 29257101 PMCID: PMC5748824 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In an experimental model of low-level and moderate environmental human exposure to cadmium (Cd), it was investigated whether the consumption of a polyphenol-rich Aronia melanocarpa L. berries (chokeberries) extract (AE) may influence the body status of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu). The bioelements' apparent absorption, body retention, serum and tissue concentrations, total pool in internal organs, excretion, and the degree of binding to metallothionein were evaluated in female rats administered 0.1% aqueous AE or/and Cd in their diet (1 and 5 mg/kg) for 3-24 months. The consumption of AE alone had no influence on the body status of Zn and Cu. The extract administration at both levels of Cd treatment significantly (completely or partially) protected against most of the changes in the metabolism of Zn and Cu caused by this xenobiotic; however, it increased or decreased some of the Cd-unchanged indices of their body status. Based on the findings, it seems that rational amounts of chokeberry products may be included in the daily diet without the risk of destroying Zn and Cu metabolisms; however, their potential prophylactic use under exposure to Cd needs further study to exclude any unfavourable impact of these essential elements on the metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Borowska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata M Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Gałażyn-Sidorczuk
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Rogalska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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Zhang R, Xing L, Bao J, Sun H, Bi Y, Liu H, Li J. Selenium supplementation can protect from enhanced risk of keel bone damage in laying hens exposed to cadmium. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra26614b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether selenium (Se) supplementation can provide protection from an enhanced risk of keel bone damage (KBD) in laying hens due to the cadmium (Cd) toxicity associated with sub-chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxiang Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Xing
- College of Life Science
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Bao
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hanqing Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- People's Republic of China
| | - Yanju Bi
- College of Animal Science and Technology
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin 150030
- People's Republic of China
| | - Huo Liu
- College of Life Science
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Li
- College of Life Science
- Northeast Agricultural University
- Harbin
- People's Republic of China
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15
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Smith JT, Schneider AD, Katchko KM, Yun C, Hsu EL. Environmental Factors Impacting Bone-Relevant Chemokines. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:22. [PMID: 28261155 PMCID: PMC5306137 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play an important role in normal bone physiology and the pathophysiology of many bone diseases. The recent increased focus on the individual roles of this class of proteins in the context of bone has shown that members of the two major chemokine subfamilies-CC and CXC-support or promote the formation of new bone and the remodeling of existing bone in response to a myriad of stimuli. These chemotactic molecules are crucial in orchestrating appropriate cellular homing, osteoblastogenesis, and osteoclastogenesis during normal bone repair. Bone healing is a complex cascade of carefully regulated processes, including inflammation, progenitor cell recruitment, differentiation, and remodeling. The extensive role of chemokines in these processes and the known links between environmental contaminants and chemokine expression/activity leaves ample opportunity for disruption of bone healing by environmental factors. However, despite increased clinical awareness, the potential impact of many of these environmental factors on bone-related chemokines is still ill defined. A great deal of focus has been placed on environmental exposure to various endocrine disruptors (bisphenol A, phthalate esters, etc.), volatile organic compounds, dioxins, and heavy metals, though mainly in other tissues. Awareness of the impact of other less well-studied bone toxicants, such as fluoride, mold and fungal toxins, asbestos, and chlorine, is also reviewed. In many cases, the literature on these toxins in osteogenic models is lacking. However, research focused on their effects in other tissues and cell lines provides clues for where future resources could be best utilized. This review aims to serve as a current and exhaustive resource detailing the known links between several classes of high-interest environmental pollutants and their interaction with the chemokines relevant to bone healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew D. Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karina M. Katchko
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chawon Yun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erin L. Hsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute for BioNanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- *Correspondence: Erin L. Hsu,
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16
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Mataliotakis GI, Tsouknidas A, Panteliou S, Vekris MD, Mitsionis GI, Agathopoulos S, Beris AE. A new, low cost, locking plate for the long-term fixation of a critical size bone defect in the ratfemur: in vivo performance, biomechanical and finite element analysis. Biomed Mater Eng 2015; 25:335-46. [PMID: 26407196 DOI: 10.3233/bme-151540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimum fixation device for the critical size bone defect is not established yet. OBJECTIVE A reliable, feasible and low-cost fixation device for the long-term maintenance of a critical bone defect. METHODS A custom-made plate made of poly-methyl-methacrylate was used for the fixation of a critical defect of rats' femurs. The screws were securely fixing both on the plate and the bone. A three point bending test, aimed to resemble the in vivo loading pattern, a Finite Element Analysis and a 24-week in vivo monitoring of the integrity of the plate fixation were utilized. RESULTS The plate has linear and reproducible behavior. It presents no discontinuities in the stress field of the fixation. Its properties are attributed to the material and the locking principle. It fails beyond the level of magnitude of the normal ambulatory loads. In vivo, 100% of the plates maintained the bone defect intact up to 12 weeks and 85% of them at 24 weeks. CONCLUSION This novel locking plate shows optimal biomechanical performance and reliability with high long-term in vivo survival rate. It is fully implantable, inexpensive and easily manufactured. It can be qualified for long term critical defect fixation in bone regeneration studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Tsouknidas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Sofia Panteliou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Marios D Vekris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | | | - Simeon Agathopoulos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Alexander E Beris
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece
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17
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Olgun O, Bahtiyarca Y. Effects of Dietary Cadmium and Boron Supplementation on Performance, Eggshell Quality and Mineral Concentrations of Bone in Laying Hens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 167:56-62. [PMID: 25749927 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the effects of supplementation of different levels of cadmium and boron on performance, eggshell quality, and mineral concentrations of bone in layer diets. In this trial, a total of 144 layer chickens, 21 weeks old, were randomly divided into 12 experimental groups. In each experimental group, there were four replicates, and in each of the replicates, there were three hens. Experimental diets consisted of all possible combinations of four levels of added cadmium (0, 5, 15, and 45 mg/kg) and three levels of added boron (0, 60, and 120 mg/kg) to the basal diet. Added cadmium (15 or 45 mg/kg) had a significant adverse effect on performance parameters (P < 0.01). Eggshell thickness increased with the addition of 5 mg/kg level of cadmium to the diet (P < 0.01). Tibia cadmium content increased with the addition of cadmium and boron in the diet (P < 0.01). However, tibia boron content decreased with the supplementation of cadmium (P < 0.01). These results indicate that the addition of boron to the diet did not prevent adverse effect of cadmium on performance and eggshell quality, or accumulation of cadmium in bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman Olgun
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42075, Konya, Turkey,
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18
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The Content of the 14 Metals in Cancellous and Cortical Bone of the Hip Joint Affected by Osteoarthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:815648. [PMID: 26357659 PMCID: PMC4555358 DOI: 10.1155/2015/815648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to determine the content of particular elements Ca, Mg, P, Na, K, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mo, Cr, Ni, Ba, Sr, and Pb in the proximal femur bone tissue (cancellous and cortical bone) of 96 patients undergoing total hip replacement for osteoarthritis using ICP-AES and FAAS analytical techniques. The interdependencies among these elements and their correlations depended on factors including age, gender, place of residence, tobacco consumption, alcohol consumption, exposure to environmental pollution, physical activity, and type of degenerative change which were examined by statistical and chemometric methods. The factors that exerted the greatest influence on the elements in the femoral head and neck were tobacco smoking (higher Cr and Ni content in smokers), alcohol consumption (higher concentrations of Ni, Cu in people who consume alcohol), and gender (higher Cu, Zn, and Ni concentrations in men). The factors influencing Pb accumulation in bone tissue were tobacco, alcohol, gender, and age. In primary and secondary osteoarthritis of the hip, the content and interactions of elements are different (mainly those of Fe and Pb). There were no significant differences in the concentrations of elements in the femoral head and neck that could be attributed to residence or physical activity.
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19
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Multi-generational drinking of bottled low mineral water impairs bone quality in female rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121995. [PMID: 25803851 PMCID: PMC4372292 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of reproductions and hormone changes, females are more sensitive to bone mineral loss during their lifetime. Bottled water has become more popular in recent years, and a large number of products are low mineral water. However, research on the effects of drinking bottled low mineral water on bone health is sparse. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the skeletal effects of multi-generational bottled water drinking in female rats. METHODS Rats continuously drank tap water (TW), bottled natural water (bNW), bottled mineralized water (bMW), or bottled purified water (bPW) for three generations. RESULTS The maximum deflection, elastic deflection, and ultimate strain of the femoral diaphysis in the bNW, bMW, and bPW groups and the fracture strain in the bNW and bMW groups were significantly decreased. The tibiae calcium levels in both the bNW and bPW groups were significantly lower than that in the TW group. The tibiae and teeth magnesium levels in both the bNW and bPW groups were significantly lower than those in the TW group. The collagen turnover markers PICP (in both bNW and bPW groups) were significantly lower than that in the TW group. In all three low mineral water groups, the 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D levels were significantly lower than those in the TW group. CONCLUSION Long-term drinking of low mineral water may disturb bone metabolism and biochemical properties and therefore weaken biomechanical bone properties in females. Drinking tap water, which contains adequate minerals, was found to be better for bone health. To our knowledge, this is the first report on drinking bottled low mineral water and female bone quality on three generation model.
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20
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The effect of dietary cadmium supplementation on performance, egg quality, tibia biomechanical properties and eggshell and bone mineralisation in laying quails. Animal 2015; 9:1298-303. [DOI: 10.1017/s1751731115000579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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21
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Environmental cadmium exposure and osteoporosis: a review. Int J Public Health 2013; 58:737-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00038-013-0488-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Revised: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Rodríguez-Estival J, Álvarez-Lloret P, Rodríguez-Navarro AB, Mateo R. Chronic effects of lead (Pb) on bone properties in red deer and wild boar: relationship with vitamins A and D3. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 174:142-9. [PMID: 23262069 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here we study the occurrence of abnormalities on bone tissue composition and turnover mechanisms through the Pb-mediated disruption of vitamins A and D in wild ungulates living in a lead (Pb)-polluted mining area. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) from the mining area had significantly higher liver and bone Pb levels than controls, which were associated with the depletion of liver retinyl esters and the corresponding increase of free retinol levels both in deer and boar from the mining area. Pb-exposed adult deer had lower carbonate content in bone mineral than controls, which was associated with the increased free retinol percentage. In wild boar, the degree of bone mineralization was also positively associated with higher burdens of retinyl esters. These results suggest that Pb-associated changes in bone composition and mineralization is likely influenced by the depletion of vitamin A in wildlife exposed to environmental Pb pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Rodríguez-Estival
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (CSIC, UCLM, JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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23
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Youness ER, Mohammed NA, Morsy FA. Cadmium impact and osteoporosis: mechanism of action. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013; 22:560-7. [PMID: 22708652 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.702796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread environmental pollutant that is associated with increased risk of osteoporosis. It has been proposed that Cd's toxic effect on bone is exerted via impaired activation of vitamin D, secondary to the kidney effects. OBJECTIVE The present study was designed to investigate the damaging impact of Cd in drinking water on bone from biochemical and histopathological point of view. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was conducted on 30, 3-months-old female Sprague Dawley rats exposed to cadmium chloride in a dose of 50 mg Cd/L in drinking water for 3 months. Serum was taken for determination of calcium, phosphorous levels, parathyroid hormone, 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D(3), osteocalcin (OC) and bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) activity. RESULTS The result revealed that Cd administration induces significant increase in serum calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in concomitant with significant reduction in serum vitamin D(3), osteocalcin (OC) levels and bone specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) activity. CONCLUSION The present study provided clear evidence that long-term exposure to cadmium chloride produced marked abnormalities in bone biomarkers and increasing risk of fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman R Youness
- Department of Medical Biochemistry-National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt.
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Martinez-Finley EJ, Chakraborty S, Fretham SJB, Aschner M. Cellular transport and homeostasis of essential and nonessential metals. Metallomics 2012; 4:593-605. [PMID: 22337135 DOI: 10.1039/c2mt00185c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metals can have a number of detrimental or beneficial effects in the cell, but first they must get in. Organisms have evolved transport mechanisms to get metals that are required, or essential into the cell. Nonessential metals often enter the cell through use of the machinery provided for essential metals. Much work has been done to advance our understanding of how these metals are transported across plasma and organelle membranes. This review provides an overview of essential and nonessential metal transport and homeostatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebany J Martinez-Finley
- Department of Pediatrics, and the Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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25
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Abstract
AbstractFourteen Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into 2 groups which were given CdCl2 at the doses of 0 and 1.5 mg /kg for 12 weeks. Before sacrifice, microCT scanning were performed on the proximal tibia and urine were collected for cadmium and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase assay, then all of rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for biomarkers measurement; bone tissues were collected for bone mass, histology and biomechanical analysis. The cadmium in blood, urine, bone and kidney of rats treated with cadmium was significantly higher than those in the control group. The bone mineral density, and bone mineral ability of rats treated with cadmium were obviously decreased by 20%–50% compared to controls. Bone microstructure index and trabecular separation of rats treated with cadmium were obviously lower (−50%) and significantly higher (+150%) than that in the control group. Bone biomechanical property decreased by 30%–60% in cadmium treated rats compared to control. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase 5b and alkaline phosphatase levels of rats treated with cadmium were significantly higher than those in control, but serum osteocalcin level decreased greatly by cadmium. Obvious proximal tubule damage occurred after cadmium exposure. These observations gave clear and comprehensive evidence that cadmium exposure could induce itai-itai-like syndrome in male rats.
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Brzóska MM, Roszczenko A, Galażyn-Sidorczuk M, Majewska K. Zinc supplementation can protect from enhanced risk of femoral neck fracture in male rats chronically exposed to cadmium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:491-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2009] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Braga MM, Dick T, Oliveira DL, Guerra AS, Leite MC, Ardais AP, Souza DO, Rocha JB. Cd modifies hepatic Zn deposition and modulates δ-ALA-D activity and MT levels by distinct mechanisms. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:20-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Martins Braga
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| | - Tuiskon Dick
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| | - Diogo Losch Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| | - Adriele Scopel Guerra
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Ardais
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Porto Alegre; RS; Brazil
| | - João B.T. Rocha
- Departamento de Química; Universidade Federal de Santa Maria; Santa Maria; RS; Brazil
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Brzóska MM. Low-level chronic exposure to cadmium enhances the risk of long bone fractures: a study on a female rat model of human lifetime exposure. J Appl Toxicol 2011; 32:34-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.1632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata M. Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology; Medical University of Bialystok; Adama Mickiewicza 2C; 15-222; Bialystok; Poland
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Brzóska MM, Rogalska J, Kupraszewicz E. The involvement of oxidative stress in the mechanisms of damaging cadmium action in bone tissue: a study in a rat model of moderate and relatively high human exposure. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 250:327-35. [PMID: 21129391 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Revised: 11/10/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
It was investigated whether cadmium (Cd) may induce oxidative stress in the bone tissue in vivo and in this way contribute to skeleton damage. Total antioxidative status (TAS), antioxidative enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase), total oxidative status (TOS), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), lipid peroxides (LPO), total thiol groups (TSH) and protein carbonyl groups (PC) as well as Cd in the bone tissue at the distal femoral epiphysis and femoral diaphysis of the male rats that received drinking water containing 0, 5, or 50mg Cd/l for 6 months were measured. Cd, depending on the level of exposure and bone location, decreased the bone antioxidative capacity and enhanced its oxidative status resulting in oxidative stress and oxidative protein and/or lipid modification. The treatment with 5 and 50mg Cd/l decreased TAS and activities of antioxidative enzymes as well as increased TOS and concentrations of H(2)O(2) and PC at the distal femur. Moreover, at the higher exposure, the concentration of LPO increased and that of TSH decreased. The Cd-induced changes in the oxidative/antioxidative balance of the femoral diaphysis, abundant in cortical bone, were less advanced than at the distal femur, where trabecular bone predominates. The results provide evidence that, even moderate, exposure to Cd induces oxidative stress and oxidative modifications in the bone tissue. Numerous correlations noted between the indices of oxidative/antioxidative bone status, and Cd accumulation in the bone tissue as well as indices of bone turnover and bone mineral status, recently reported by us (Toxicology 2007, 237, 89-103) in these rats, allow for the hypothesis that oxidative stress is involved in the mechanisms of damaging Cd action in the skeleton. The paper is the first report from an in vivo study indicating that Cd may affect bone tissue through disorders in its oxidative/antioxidative balance resulting in oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata M Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
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Brzóska MM, Majewska K, Kupraszewicz E. Effects of low, moderate and relatively high chronic exposure to cadmium on long bones susceptibility to fractures in male rats. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 29:235-245. [PMID: 21787608 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The study investigated the risk of the femur and tibia fractures on a male rat model of low, moderate and relatively high human exposure to cadmium (1, 5 and 50mg Cd/l in drinking water for 12 months). Bone mineral density (BMD) and biomechanical properties at the proximal and distal femur, and femoral and tibial diaphysis as well as the bone content of mineral and organic components, were evaluated. The exposure to 1mg Cd/l caused only very subtle changes in biomechanical properties at the femoral neck and distal femur. In the rats treated with 5mg Cd/l, a decrease in the distal femur BMD (by 5.5%) and enhanced vulnerability to fracture at the femoral neck, distal femur, and tibia diaphysis were observed. At the highest Cd treatment, the BMD decreased (by 6.5-11%) and the biomechanical properties weakened at all regions of the femur and tibia. Moreover, a decrease in the femur and tibia content of mineral components (by 11.5% and 10%, respectively) and the tibia content of organic components (by 7%) was noted. The results seem to indicate that low chronic exposure to Cd can have no influence on the bone resistance to fracture, whereas moderate (and particularly relatively high) exposure seriously increases the risk of fracture of long bones in males. The observations, together with our findings on an analogous female rat model, provide evidence that males are less vulnerable to Cd-induced demineralization and weakening of biomechanical properties of the femur and tibia than females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata M Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Adama Mickiewicza 2C Street, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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31
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Oxidative damage to proteins and DNA in rats exposed to cadmium and/or ethanol. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:31-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Bhattacharyya MH. Cadmium osteotoxicity in experimental animals: mechanisms and relationship to human exposures. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 238:258-65. [PMID: 19463839 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Extensive epidemiological studies have recently demonstrated increased cadmium exposure correlating significantly with decreased bone mineral density and increased fracture incidence in humans at lower exposure levels than ever before evaluated. Studies in experimental animals have addressed whether very low concentrations of dietary cadmium can negatively impact the skeleton. This overview evaluates results in experimental animals regarding mechanisms of action on bone and the application of these results to humans. Results demonstrate that long-term dietary exposures in rats, at levels corresponding to environmental exposures in humans, result in increased skeletal fragility and decreased mineral density. Cadmium-induced demineralization begins soon after exposure, within 24 h of an oral dose to mice. In bone culture systems, cadmium at low concentrations acts directly on bone cells to cause both decreases in bone formation and increases in bone resorption, independent of its effects on kidney, intestine, or circulating hormone concentrations. Results from gene expression microarray and gene knock-out mouse models provide insight into mechanisms by which cadmium may affect bone. Application of the results to humans is considered with respect to cigarette smoke exposure pathways and direct vs. indirect effects of cadmium. Clearly, understanding the mechanism(s) by which cadmium causes bone loss in experimental animals will provide insight into its diverse effects in humans. Preventing bone loss is critical to maintaining an active, independent lifestyle, particularly among elderly persons. Identifying environmental factors such as cadmium that contribute to increased fractures in humans is an important undertaking and a first step to prevention.
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Rogalska J, Brzóska MM, Roszczenko A, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J. Enhanced zinc consumption prevents cadmium-induced alterations in lipid metabolism in male rats. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 177:142-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2008] [Revised: 09/07/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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34
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Brzóska MM, Galażyn-Sidorczuk M, Rogalska J, Roszczenko A, Jurczuk M, Majewska K, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J. Beneficial effect of zinc supplementation on biomechanical properties of femoral distal end and femoral diaphysis of male rats chronically exposed to cadmium. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 171:312-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2007.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 11/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Brzóska MM, Rogalska J, Galażyn-Sidorczuk M, Jurczuk M, Roszczenko A, Kulikowska-Karpińska E, Moniuszko-Jakoniuk J. Effect of zinc supplementation on bone metabolism in male rats chronically exposed to cadmium. Toxicology 2007; 237:89-103. [PMID: 17560002 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 04/26/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate, based on the rat model of moderate and relatively high human exposure to cadmium (Cd), whether zinc (Zn) supplementation may prevent Cd-induced disorders in bone metabolism. For this purpose, male Wistar rats received Cd (5 and 50mg/l) or/and Zn (30 and 60mg/l) in drinking water for 6 and 12 months. Bone densitometry and biochemical markers of bone turnover were used to assess the effects of Cd or/and Zn. Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) were measured in the femur. Serum osteocalcin (OC) and alkaline phosphatase in trabecular (bT-ALP) and cortical (bC-ALP) bone were determined as bone formation markers, and carboxy-terminal cross-linking telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) in serum were measured as bone resorption marker. Serum concentration of calcium (Ca) and its renal handling, as well as Zn and Cd concentrations in the serum/blood, urine and femur were evaluated as well. The exposure to 5 and 50mg Cd/l (0.340+/-0.026 and 2.498+/-0.093mg Cd/kg body wt/24h, respectively), in a dose and duration dependent manner, affected bone turnover (inhibited bone formation and stimulated its resorption) and disturbed bone mineralization (decreased BMC, BMD and Zn concentration). Zn supply at the concentration of 30 and 60mg/l (1.904+/-0.123 and 3.699+/-0.213mg/kg body wt/24h, respectively) during Cd exposure influenced the Cd-induced disorders in bone metabolism. Zn administration to the Cd-exposed rats enhanced the bone ALP activity and prevented Cd-induced bone resorption, but had no statistically significant effect on BMC and BMD; however, mean values of the densitometric parameters in the rats receiving both Cd and Zn were higher than in those treated with Cd alone. Moreover, Zn supplementation at both levels of Cd exposure was found to prevent Cd accumulation in the femur and the Cd-induced decrease in bone Zn concentration. The results of the present study allow the conclusion that Zn supplementation during Cd exposure may partly protect from disorders in bone metabolism. The influence of Zn may be accompanied by its ability to prevent Cd-induced Zn deficiency and to decrease Cd accumulation in bone tissue. The findings seem to indicate that enhanced dietary intake of Zn in subjects chronically exposed to moderate and relatively high Cd levels may have a protective influence on the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata M Brzóska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland.
| | - Joanna Rogalska
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Maria Jurczuk
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Alicja Roszczenko
- Department of Toxicology, Medical University of Bialystok, Mickiewicza 2C, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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