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Woo IS, Kim YK, Kim HI, Choi JD, Han KM. Characterization of banned colorants in cosmetics: A tandem mass-based molecular networking approach. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1724:464928. [PMID: 38663320 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Colorants have been a staple in the cosmetics industry for a considerable time, although certain varieties have been banned owing to health risks. Detecting and confirming these banned colorants simultaneously poses several challenges when employing LC-MS/MS. Molecular networking is a promising analytical technology that can be used to predict the structure of components and the correlation between them using structural and MS/MS spectral similarities. Molecular networking entails assessing the number of fragmented ions and the cosine score (the closer it is to one, the higher the similarity). In this study, we developed and verified a method for the simultaneous quantitative analysis of the 26 banned colorants in cosmetics using LC-MS/MS. Additionally, we propose a novel approach that combines LC-Q-TOF-MS and molecular networking technology to detect banned colorants in cosmetics. For successful molecular networking, a minimum of six fragment ions with cosine scores exceeding 0.5 is required. We developed a screening method for characterizing banned colorants using molecular networking based on LC-TOF-MS results for 26 banned colorants. Furthermore, we demonstrated that our established method can be used for screening by analyzing actual cosmetics (eyebrow tattoo, lipstick tattoo, and hair tint) spiked with three non-targeted banned colorants with similar structures (m/z 267.116, 315.149, and 345.157) in cosmetics. The combination of molecular networking techniques and LC-MS/MS proves highly advantageous for the swift characterization and screening of non-targeted colorants in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Suk Woo
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - You Kyung Kim
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Il Kim
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Duck Choi
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Moon Han
- Center for Advanced Analysis, National Institute of Food and Drug Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Osong Health Technology Administration Complex, Cheongju-si, Chungcheongbuk-do, 28159, Republic of Korea.
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2
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de Bruin W, van Zijl MC, Aneck-Hahn NH, Korsten L. Quality and safety of South African hand sanitisers during the COVID-19 pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:719-731. [PMID: 36652575 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2166020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Health agencies recommend using hand sanitisers as protection against the coronavirus. Thus far, the emphasis on hand sanitiser studies is limited to an analysis of disinfectant content only. This study aims to provide an extended analysis of 60 off-the-shelf alcohol-based hand sanitisers by using gas chromatography to report on alcohol content and the presence of impurities, a recombinant yeast estrogen screen to assess estrogenic activity, and an investigation into labelling compliance with the South African National Standard. Fifty hand sanitisers had an alcohol content of ≥60% v/v alcohol; however, most contained skin irritants and substances that could harm human and environmental health. Estrogenic activity was detected in 29 hand sanitisers and none of the products complied with all the labelling requirements. Since off-the-shelf hand sanitisers in South Africa are not regulated and monitored, evidence-based public awareness programmes on hand sanitiser quality and safety should become a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- W de Bruin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - M C van Zijl
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - N H Aneck-Hahn
- Environmental Chemical Pollution and Health Research Unit, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - L Korsten
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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3
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Costello L, Goncalves K, Maltman V, Barrett N, Shah K, Stephens A, Dicolandrea T, Ambrogio I, Hodgson E, Przyborski S. Development of a novel in vitro strategy to understand the impact of shaving on skin health: combining tape strip exfoliation and human skin equivalent technology. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1236790. [PMID: 38020123 PMCID: PMC10652890 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1236790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The removal of unwanted hair is a widespread grooming practice adopted by both males and females. Although many depilatory techniques are now available, shaving remains the most common, despite its propensity to irritate skin. Current techniques to investigate the impact of shaving regimes on skin health rely on costly and lengthy clinical trials, which hinge on recruitment of human volunteers and can require invasive biopsies to elucidate cellular and molecular-level changes. Methods Well-characterised human skin equivalent technology was combined with a commonplace dermatological technique of tape stripping, to remove cellular material from the uppermost layer of the skin (stratum corneum). This method of exfoliation recapitulated aspects of razor-based shaving in vitro, offering a robust and standardised in vitro method to study inflammatory processes such as those invoked by grooming practices. Results Tape strip insult induced inflammatory changes in the skin equivalent such as: increased epidermal proliferation, epidermal thickening, increased cytokine production and impaired barrier function. These changes paralleled effects seen with a single dry razor pass, correlated with the number of tape strips removed, and were attenuated by pre-application of shaving foam, or post-application of moisturisation. Discussion Tape strip removal is a common dermatological technique, in this study we demonstrate a novel application of tape stripping, to mimic barrier damage and inflammation associated with a dry shave. We validate this method, comparing it to razor-based shaving in vitro and demonstrate the propensity of suitable shave- and skin-care formulations to mitigate damage. This provides a novel methodology to examine grooming associated damage and a platform for screening potential skin care formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lydia Costello
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsty Goncalves
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Maltman
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Barrett
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Kous Shah
- Procter & Gamble, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Erica Hodgson
- Procter & Gamble, Reading, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
- Reprocell Europe Ltd., Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Renita AA, Gajaria TK, Sathish S, Kumar JA, Lakshmi DS, Kujawa J, Kujawski W. Progress and Prospective of the Industrial Development and Applications of Eco-Friendly Colorants: An Insight into Environmental Impact and Sustainability Issues. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071521. [PMID: 37048342 PMCID: PMC10093929 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Color is the prime feature directly associated with the consumer's attraction and choice of their food. The flavor, safety, and nutritional value of any food product are directly associated with the food color. Natural and synthetic colorants (dyes and pigments) have diversified applications in various sectors such as food, feed, pharmaceutical, textiles, cosmetics, and others. Concerning the food industry, different types of natural and synthetic colorants are available in the market. Synthetic food colorants have gained popularity as they are highly stable and cheaply available. Consumers worldwide prefer delightful foodstuffs but are more concerned about the safety of the food. After its disposal, the colloidal particles present in the synthetic colorants do not allow sunlight to penetrate aquatic bodies. This causes a foul smell and turbidity formation and gives a bad appearance. Furthermore, different studies carried out previously have presented the toxicological, carcinogenic effects, hypersensitivity reactions, and behavioral changes linked to the usage of synthetic colorants. Natural food colorings, however, have nutraceutical qualities that are valuable to human health such as curcumin extracted from turmeric and beta-carotene extracted from carrots. In addition, natural colorants have beneficial properties such as excellent antioxidant properties, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, and antiarthritic effects. This review summarizes the sources of natural and synthetic colorants, their production rate, demand, extraction, and characterization of food colorants, their industrial applications, environmental impact, challenges in the sustainable utilization of natural colorants, and their prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Annam Renita
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - Tejal K Gajaria
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, School of Science, Navrachana University, Vadodara 391410, India
| | - S Sathish
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai 600119, India
| | - J Aravind Kumar
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 600119, India
| | | | - Joanna Kujawa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kujawski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarina Street, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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Nascimento VX, Pinto D, Lütke SF, da Silva MCF, Machado FM, Lima ÉC, Silva LFO, Dotto GL. Brilliant blue FCF dye adsorption using magnetic activated carbon from Sapelli wood sawdust. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:58684-58696. [PMID: 36997777 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26646-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Sapelli wood sawdust-derived magnetic activated carbon (SWSMAC) was produced by single-step pyrolysis using KOH and NiCl2 as activating and magnetization agents. SWSMAC was characterized by several techniques (SEM/EDS, N2 adsorption/desorption isotherms, FTIR, XRD, VSM, and pHPZC) and applied in the brilliant blue FCF dye adsorption from an aqueous medium. The obtained SWSMAC was a mesoporous material and showed good textural properties. Metallic nanostructured Ni particles were observed. Also, SWSMAC exhibited ferromagnetic properties. In the adsorption experiments, adequate conditions were an adsorbent dosage of 0.75 g L-1 and a solution pH of 4. The adsorption was fast, and the pseudo-second-order demonstrated greater suitability to the kinetic data. The Sips model fitted the equilibrium data well, and the maximum adsorption capacity predicted by this model was 105.88 mg g-1 (at 55 °C). The thermodynamic study revealed that the adsorption was spontaneous, favorable, and endothermic. Besides, the mechanistic elucidation suggested that electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, π-π interactions, and n-π interactions were involved in the brilliant blue FCF dye adsorption onto SWSMAC. In summary, an advanced adsorbent material was developed from waste by single-step pyrolysis, and this material effectively adsorbs brilliant blue FCF dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria X Nascimento
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Diana Pinto
- Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-56, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Sabrina F Lütke
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Maria C F da Silva
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Machado
- Technology Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas-UFPEL, Gomes Carneiro St., Pelotas, RS, 96010-610, Brazil
| | - Éder C Lima
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, P.O. Box 15003, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Luis F O Silva
- Universidad de La Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-56, 080002, Barranquilla, Atlántico, Colombia
| | - Guilherme L Dotto
- Research Group on Adsorptive and Catalytic Process Engineering (ENGEPAC), Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima, 1000-7, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil.
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Duy-Thanh D, Bich-Ngoc N, Van den Bossche F, Lai-Thanh N, Muller M. Discovering Novel Bioactivities of Controversial Food Additives by Means of Simple Zebrafish Embryotoxicity (ZET) Assays. TOXICS 2022; 11:8. [PMID: 36668734 PMCID: PMC9861749 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rising concerns about controversial food additives' potential hazardous properties require extensive yet animal-minimized testing strategies. Zebrafish embryos are the ideal in vivo model representing both human and environmental health. In this study, we exposed zebrafish embryos to eight controversial food additives. Our results indicate that Sodium Benzoate is a Cat.3 aquatic toxicant, while Quinoline Yellow is a strong teratogen. At high concentrations, non-toxic chemicals induced similar phenotypes, suggesting the impact of ionic strength and the applicability of the darkened yolk phenotype as an indicator of nephrotoxicity. Three food additives showed unpredicted bioactivities on the zebrafish embryos: Brilliant Blue could weaken the embryonic yolk, Quinoline Yellow may interfere with nutrient metabolism, and Azorubine induced precocious zebrafish hatching. In conclusion, the zebrafish embryo is ideal for high throughput chemical safety and toxicity screening, allowing systematic detection of biological effects-especially those unexpected by targeted in vitro and in silico models. Additionally, our data suggest the need to reconsider the safety status of food additives Quinoline Yellow, Brilliant Blue, Sodium Benzoate, and other controversial food additives in further studies, as well as pave the way to further applications based on the newly found properties of Brilliant Blue and Azorubine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinh Duy-Thanh
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nguyen Bich-Ngoc
- LEMA, Urban and Environmental Engineering Department, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - François Van den Bossche
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
- Molecular Physiology Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Namur, 5000 Namur, Belgium
| | - Nguyen Lai-Thanh
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, VNU University of Science, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Marc Muller
- Laboratory for Organogenesis and Regeneration, GIGA Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium
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Chang MY, Chen HS. Understanding Consumers’ Intentions to Purchase Clean Label Products: Evidence from Taiwan. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14183684. [PMID: 36145062 PMCID: PMC9503815 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of the fact that increasing consumer emphasis is being placed on the concepts of safety, health, and environmental protection, and that consumer groups are now attentive to the issues of “greenism” and sustainable development, the certification label has become an important tool. This study explores individual needs from the perspective of food “clean label” certification, highlighting that the importance of general food certification to consumers is different from the previous literature that only focused on the impact of organic labeling, nutrition labeling, and food safety certification on consumer behavior. In this study, the consumer purchase intention for the use of the “clean label” and its influencing factors are discussed, using product knowledge and involvement as the independent variables. The target is the consumer who has experience with “clean label” products. This study employs snowball sampling. A formal questionnaire was sent to 292 participants. After eliminating the invalid samples, we retained 265 valid questionnaires for the analysis (a valid response rate of 90.75%). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied to test the research hypotheses. The results indicated that: (1) consumers’ involvement with “clean label products significantly influences their purchase intention; and (2) consumers’ product knowledge of “clean label” products significantly influences their purchase intention and involvement. Based on these results, enhancing consumers’ knowledge of food security is suggested. Furthermore, the findings provide crucial insights for marketing channels, suggesting that the food industry can target consumer confidence over certification labeling and “clean label” products as keys to purchase intention, and to attract business by developing practical marketing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Yen Chang
- Department of Accounting, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
| | - Han-Shen Chen
- Department of Health Industry Technology Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Management, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-4-2473-0022 (ext. 12225)
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8
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Application of Electrochemical Sensors in the Determination of Synthetic Dyes in Foods or Beverages and Their Toxicological Effects on Human Health: a Review. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-022-02282-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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9
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Jamaluddin F, Noranizan MA, Mohamad Azman E, Mohamad A, Yusof NL, Sulaiman A. A Review of Clean‐Label Approaches to Chilli Paste Processing. Int J Food Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.15293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Faathirah Jamaluddin
- Faculty of Economics and Muamalat (FEM) Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) Nilai Negeri Sembilan 71800 Malaysia
| | - Mohd Adzahan Noranizan
- Department of Food Technology Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Ezzat Mohamad Azman
- Department of Food Technology Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Azizah Mohamad
- Food Biotechnology Research Centre Agro‐Biotechnology Institute (ABI) National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia (NIBM) CO MARDI Headquarters Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Noor Liyana Yusof
- Department of Food Technology Faculty of Food Science and Technology Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
| | - Alifdalino Sulaiman
- Department of Process and Food Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
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10
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Silva MM, Reboredo FH, Lidon FC. Food Colour Additives: A Synoptical Overview on Their Chemical Properties, Applications in Food Products, and Health Side Effects. Foods 2022; 11:379. [PMID: 35159529 PMCID: PMC8834239 DOI: 10.3390/foods11030379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colour is one of the most relevant organoleptic attributes that directly affects consumers' acceptance and food selection. However, as food colouring pigments are generally unstable and become modified during processing, in order to maintain or restore product colour uniformity, colourants are added to food products around the world. In this context, although they are still widely used, synthetic food colorants, due to their potential hazards, are being replaced by those obtained from natural origins. Indeed, numerous side effects and toxicities, at both the medium and long-terms-namely allergic reactions, and behavioral and neurocognitive effects-have been related to the use of synthetic colourants, whereas their naturally-derived counterparts seem to provide a somewhat high-quality and effective contribution as a health promoter. In order to further understand the implications of the use of synthetic and naturally derived food colourants, this review aims to provide a synoptical approach to the chemical characteristics, properties, uses and side effects on health of those which are currently allowed and applied during food processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Henrique Reboredo
- GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus da Caparica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (F.H.R.); (F.C.L.)
| | - Fernando Cebola Lidon
- GeoBioTec Research Center, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Campus da Caparica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; (F.H.R.); (F.C.L.)
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The Role of Exposomes in the Pathophysiology of Autoimmune Diseases I: Toxic Chemicals and Food. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2021; 28:513-543. [PMID: 35366249 PMCID: PMC8830458 DOI: 10.3390/pathophysiology28040034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases affect 5–9% of the world’s population. It is now known that genetics play a relatively small part in the pathophysiology of autoimmune disorders in general, and that environmental factors have a greater role. In this review, we examine the role of the exposome, an individual’s lifetime exposure to external and internal factors, in the pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases. The most common of these environmental factors are toxic chemicals, food/diet, and infections. Toxic chemicals are in our food, drink, common products, the air, and even the land we walk on. Toxic chemicals can directly damage self-tissue and cause the release of autoantigens, or can bind to human tissue antigens and form neoantigens, which can provoke autoimmune response leading to autoimmunity. Other types of autoimmune responses can also be induced by toxic chemicals through various effects at the cellular and biochemical levels. The food we eat every day commonly has colorants, preservatives, or packaging-related chemical contamination. The food itself may be antigenic for susceptible individuals. The most common mechanism for food-related autoimmunity is molecular mimicry, in which the food’s molecular structure bears a similarity with the structure of one or more self-tissues. The solution is to detect the trigger, remove it from the environment or diet, then repair the damage to the individual’s body and health.
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Abstract
Perioperative anaphylaxis (PA) is a rare but life-threatening condition that poses diagnostic and management challenges in the operating room. The incidence of severe perioperative reactions is estimated to be approximately 1:7000-10,000. Management involves both immediate stabilization of the patient and identifying the culprit agent. Identification is essential to prevent recurrence of the event in subsequent surgeries and to avoid unnecessary labeling of drug allergy. Identifying all possible exposures including medications, disinfectants, latex, and dyes and choosing the appropriate tests are essential for proper evaluation. To identify the culprit, primary testing modalities include tryptase at the time of the reaction with subsequent levels and skin testing with nonirritating concentrations to the medications and substances utilized during the procedure and those potentially used as alternates. This strategy provides guidance for future surgeries and procedures. Close collaboration between the allergy, anesthesiology, and surgery teams is essential for appropriate management of these patients at the time of the reaction, during the post event evaluation and in preparation for subsequent surgeries.
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Mota IGC, Neves RAMD, Nascimento SSDC, Maciel BLL, Morais AHDA, Passos TS. Artificial Dyes: Health Risks and the Need for Revision of International Regulations. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.1934694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Sayonara Da Cruz Nascimento
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Biotechnology Postgraduate Program – RENORBIO, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Bruna Leal Lima Maciel
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Ana Heloneida De Araújo Morais
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Nutrition Postgraduate Program, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Postgraduate Program, Center for Biosciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Thaís Souza Passos
- Department of Nutrition, Center for Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Brazil
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14
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Natural blue food colorants: Consumer acceptance, current alternatives, trends, challenges, and future strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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15
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Natural blue food colorants: Consumer acceptance, current alternatives, trends, challenges, and future strategies. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.023%0a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Carfora V, Cavallo C, Catellani P, Del Giudice T, Cicia G. Why Do Consumers Intend to Purchase Natural Food? Integrating Theory of Planned Behavior, Value-Belief-Norm Theory, and Trust. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13061904. [PMID: 34205879 PMCID: PMC8229563 DOI: 10.3390/nu13061904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural labels are increasingly present in the market and appreciated by consumers, despite formal regulation still missing. Knowing the psychosocial factors that may predict natural food choice may be useful to understand what drives consumers to choose this category of food. We analyzed the antecedents of consumers' intention to purchase natural food, testing a theoretical model that integrates the theory of planned behavior (TPB), the value-belief-norm (VBN) theory, and consumers' trust in natural food. A sample of Italian participants (N = 1018) filled an online questionnaire assessing intention to buy natural food, TPB and VBN variables, and trust in the natural food supply chain. The model applied yielded results which confirmed the predictiveness of the tested integrated model. Attitude and perceived behavioral control were the strongest antecedents of intention, followed by trust and personal norm. Consumers' intention to buy natural food was also associated with their evaluation of the consequences and possibilities related to the purchase behavior, as well as with their moral evaluation attributable to pro-environmental determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Carfora
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Carla Cavallo
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (T.D.G.); (G.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrizia Catellani
- Department of Psychology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 1, 20133 Milan, Italy; (V.C.); (P.C.)
| | - Teresa Del Giudice
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (T.D.G.); (G.C.)
| | - Gianni Cicia
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy; (T.D.G.); (G.C.)
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17
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Saraiva A, Carrascosa C, Raheem D, Ramos F, Raposo A. Natural Sweeteners: The Relevance of Food Naturalness for Consumers, Food Security Aspects, Sustainability and Health Impacts. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E6285. [PMID: 32872325 PMCID: PMC7504156 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
At a moment when the population is increasingly aware and involved in what it eats, both consumers and the food sector are showing more interest in natural foods. This review work discusses, addresses and provides details of the most important aspects of consumer's perceptions of and attitudes to natural foods and in-depth research into natural sweeteners. It also includes issues about their use and development as regards health impacts, food security and sustainability. In line with our main research outcome, we can assume that consumers are very keen on choosing foods with clean labelling, natural ingredients, preferably with other functional properties, without the loss of taste. In response to such a phenomenon, the food industry offers consumers alternative natural sweeteners with the advantage of added health benefits. It is noteworthy that Nature is a superb source of desirable substances, and many have a sweet taste, and many still need to be studied. Finally, we must stress that being natural does not necessarily guarantee market success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariana Saraiva
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (A.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Conrado Carrascosa
- Department of Animal Pathology and Production, Bromatology and Food Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Trasmontaña s/n, 35413 Arucas, Spain; (A.S.); (C.C.)
| | - Dele Raheem
- Northern Institute for Environmental and Minority Law (NIEM), Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 96101 Rovaniemi, Lapland, Finland;
| | - Fernando Ramos
- Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal;
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, R. D. Manuel II, Apartado 55142 Oporto, Portugal
| | - António Raposo
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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18
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Damera D, Manimaran R, Krishna Venuganti VV, Nag A. Green Synthesis of Full-Color Fluorescent Carbon Nanoparticles from Eucalyptus Twigs for Sensing the Synthetic Food Colorant and Bioimaging. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:19905-19918. [PMID: 32803087 PMCID: PMC7424742 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Full-color fluorescent carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) are produced by a facile and green hydrothermal method followed by the differential washing technique. Eucalyptus twigs are used as a precursor to synthesize multiemissive light blue, blue, green, and red CNPs. Brilliant Blue FCF (BB) is a widely used synthetic food colorant, which is toxic for the human body, when consumed beyond the permitted limit. Herein, we demonstrate light blue CNPs as a sensor for selective and sensitive detection of BB via a fluorescence quenching mechanism with a limit of detection of 200 nM. Temperature-dependent fluorescence and 1H NMR studies confirmed the mechanism as combined dynamic and static quenching. To demonstrate the practical efficacy of the sensor, BB is effectively detected and estimated in selected food samples procured from the market. Moreover, the biocompatibility of light blue and blue CNPs is examined and confirmed by performing a cytotoxicity assay on MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Subsequently, the cellular imaging study is also carried out to explore the internalization process of the CNPs as a function of concentration. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that Eucalyptus twigs, a natural source of high abundance, are used as raw materials and valorized for sensing artificial food color and bioimaging purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amit Nag
- Department
of Chemistry, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 500078, India
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19
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Shinya M, Ki M, Yamaguchi Y. [Nomenclature and Identification Method of Non-Permitted Dyes of Patent Blue Group]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2020; 61:58-62. [PMID: 32336710 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.61.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Violation of the Food Sanitation Act regarding detection of Patent Blue V, which is one of the non-permitted dyes for food in Japan, in imported food occurs every year. With respect to the identification of dyes of Patent Blue group, in some cases, each dye has several different names, and in other cases, different dyes have the same name. Thus, there is a risk that the detected dye is misidentified with other dyes of Patent Blue group. In this study, nine commercial available dyes of Patent Blue group, including a reagent with unclear product information, were analyzed by TLC, HPLC and LC-MS/MS. The result showed that with all three methods, the dyes could be clearly identified into one of four types of blue dyes, i.e. Patent Blue V, Azure Blue VX, Isosulfan Blue and Alphazurine A. Unification of nomenclature would reduce the risk of misidentification of dyes of Patent Blue group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Masami Ki
- Osaka Institute of Public Health, Tennoji Branch
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20
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Pavlačková J, Egner P, Polašková J, Hojerová J, Pinďáková L, Mokrejš P, Varaďová V. Transdermal absorption of active substances from cosmetic vehicles. J Cosmet Dermatol 2019; 18:1410-1415. [PMID: 30701646 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.12873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cosmetic products mean any substance or mixture intended to be placed in contact with the external parts of the human body (eg, epidermis, lips) and should not pass to the lower parts and penetrate to the skin. As a part of evaluation of cosmetic safety, the transdermal absorption of substances should be investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro absorption was investigated with Franz diffusion cells on untreated porcine skin and specimens of the same treated with 15%wt. SLS. The integrity of the skin was discerned by gauging transdermal electrical conductivity (TEC), the concentration of caffeine absorbed by the samples of skin membrane by liquid chromatography, which took place by applying an emulsion and/or a gel containing active hydration agents (urea, sodium hyaluronate, and sericin). RESULTS The greatest extent of caffeine penetration was seen for pretreatment with just SLS; similar results were in skin treated with the base gel with 10%wt. urea. In the skin treated with the base emulsion only, the amount of caffeine absorbed was twofold less; this increased after adding the active hydration substances. The values measured for TEC corresponded with the amount of caffeine absorbed. CONCLUSION The gel proved to be the more potent vehicle for the active ingredient, as it demonstrated greater transdermal caffeine penetration than the emulsions, correlating with the degree of damage to the skin as detected by TEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Pavlačková
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republik
| | - Pavlína Egner
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republik
| | - Jana Polašková
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republik
| | - Jarmila Hojerová
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucie Pinďáková
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republik
| | - Pavel Mokrejš
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republik
| | - Vendula Varaďová
- Department of Fat, Surfactant and Cosmetics Technology, Faculty of Technology, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Zlín, Czech Republik
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21
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Hair removal and bioavailability of chemicals: Effect of physicochemical properties of drugs and surfactants on skin permeation ex vivo. Int J Pharm 2019; 567:118477. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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22
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Guerra E, Gosetti F, Marengo E, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C. Study of photostability of three synthetic dyes commonly used in mouthwashes. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Teixeira AZA. Sodium content and food additives in major brands of Brazilian children’s foods. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2018; 23:4065-4075. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-812320182312.21812016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The objective of this paper is to evaluate the sodium content and additive usage in packaged food products targeted at Brazilian children. Commercial database and manufactures’ websites were used to identify major brands of child-oriented foods. Samples were categorized as “children’s foods” (n = 214) and “infant’s foods” (n = 86). Nutrition Facts labels were used to calculate the median Na content (mg/serving, mg/kcal, and mg/100g); the ingredient lists to note the use of food additives. The sodium content found in samples varied widely among brands. The amount of sodium was high (> 210 mg/serving) in 20% of the products. Sodium density exceeded 1 mg/kcal in 40% of the products with the savory foods had the highest densities. More than 30% of the foods categories (corn snacks, filled biscuits, sliced loaf bread, and cereals) did not fulfill the 2014 sodium reduction targets. Food additives present in all children’s foods varied from two to nine additives numbers. However, some products had incredible numbers of additives, such as instant noodles and mini cakes. Although some infants’ foods categories were additives free, most products contained up to three numbers of additives. Continuing surveillance is crucial to evaluate the progress of salt reduction and to revise the maximum permissible limit of additives.
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24
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Abstract
Colour plays a decisive role in the marketing of a cosmetic product. Among thousands of substances used to colour, synthetic dyes are the most widespread in the industry. Their potential secondary effects on human health and different regulatory requirements for their use between the main world markets make analytical control necessary to guarantee the safety of a cosmetic product. However, methodologies for the determination of dyes in cosmetics are scarce with respect to those reported for other cosmetic ingredients such as preservatives or ultraviolet UV filters. In addition, most of the existing methods just consider a part of the total of dyes regulated. On the other hand, many methods have been developed for matrices different than cosmetics such as foodstuff, beverages or wastewater. The current paper reviews the recent developments in analytical methodologies for the control of synthetic dyes in cosmetics proposed in the international scientific literature in the last 10 years (2008–2018). A trend towards the use of miniaturized extraction techniques is evidenced. Due to the hydrophilic nature of dyes, liquid chromatography is the most usual choice in combination with absorbance detectors and, more recently, with mass spectrometry.
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25
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A highly efficient visible-light responsive sprayed WO3/FTO photoanode for photoelectrocatalytic degradation of brilliant blue. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2018.01.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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All aspect of toxic effect of brilliant blue and sunset yellow in Allium cepa roots. Cytotechnology 2018; 70:449-463. [PMID: 29322347 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-017-0161-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Substances added to food are considerable for survival and are the oldest technologies used in preservation, sweetening and coloring. This work was conducted to evaluate the toxicity of the food additives sunset yellow (SY) and brilliant blue (BB) on Allium cepa root meristematic cells. Control and treatment groups were created from germinated roots. Group 1 (control group) did not receive chemicals. Group 2 (SY or BB-treatment group), received increasing doses of SY (25, 50, 100 and 500 ppm) and BB (100, 200, 400 and 500 ppm) with time periods of 24, 48 and 72 h. After different treatment periods, the roots were obtained from all groups and EC50 concentrations, cell death, chromosome aberrations, mitotic index were observed by a light microscopy. Changing antioxidant capacity of roots was determined by FRAP and TEAC assay. Also, DNA damage was measured by comet assay and RAPD-PCR technique. Approximately 50 and 200 ppm were accepted as EC50 value for SY and BB, respectively. Chromosome aberration values were obtained with increasing concentrations and longer treatment times such as chromosome bridge, C-mitosis, micronucleus, chromosome mis-segregation in both groups. Increasing exposure doses of SY and BB caused decreasing mitotic index values at 72 h. FRAP and TEAC assay showed that antioxidant capacity of roots was decreased by increasing concentrations of SY and BB. The tail DNA% and tail length significantly increased for all exposure times when compared to the control group. 50 and 200 ppm of SY and BB caused a genotoxic effect on genetic material at 72 h according to RAPD-PCR. Increasing the doses of SY and BB resulted in increased toxicity to all studied parameters of A. cepa. In conclusion, the SY and BB tested in this study have cytotoxic and mutagenic potential. Furthermore, SY is more harmful than BB for use in the A. cepa root meristematic cells.
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27
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Guerra E, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C. Miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of synthetic dyes in cosmetics and foodstuffs used or consumed by children. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1529:29-38. [PMID: 29128093 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturized matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been proposed for the simultaneous analysis of different classes of synthetic dyes in confectionery and cosmetics intended for or mostly consumed by children. Selected compounds include most of the permitted dyes as food additives as well as some of the most frequently used to color cosmetic products in accordance with the respective European directives. MSPD procedure was optimized by means of experimental design, allowing an effective, rapid and simple extraction of dyes with low sample and reagents consumption (0.1g of sample and 2mL of elution solvent). LC-MS/MS was optimized for good resolution, selectivity and sensitivity using a low ionic strength mobile phase (3mM NH4Ac-methanol). Method performance was demonstrated in real samples showing good linearity (R≥0.9928) and intra- and inter-day precision (%RSD≤15%). Method LODs were ≤0.952μgg-1 and ≤0.476μgg-1 for confectionery and cosmetic samples, respectively. Recoveries of compounds from nine different matrices were quantitative. The validated method was successfully applied to 24 commercial samples (14 cosmetics and 10 foods) in which 9 of the selected dyes were found at concentrations up to 989μgg-1, exceeding in some cases the regulated maximum permitted limits. A non-permitted dye, Acid Orange 7, was found in one candy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Guerra
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Llompart
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Jares
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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28
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Beránková M, Hojerová J, Melegová L. Exposure of amateur gardeners to pesticides via the non-gloved skin per day. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:224-235. [PMID: 28778749 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To predict a risk to gardeners not wearing protective gloves, the dermal absorption of three active insecticides was assessed in vitro using porcine ear-skin simulating 1-h handling of diluted plant protection products. Acetamiprid and Pirimicarb were found in the receptor fluid immediately after 1-h skin exposure, whereas Chlorpyrifos-methyl absorbed in the skin was not released into the receptor fluid even after 23 hours. The Estimated Gardener Exposure Level (EGEL) at 23 hours after 1-h exposure for two worst-case scenarios (i) non-gloved hands; (ii) non-gloved hands/uncovered forearms, was (i) 0.002, 0.042, and 0.057; (ii) 0.006, 0.101, and 0.135 mg/kg bw/day for Acetamiprid, Pirimicarb, and Chlorpyrifos-methyl, respectively, although the systemically available Chlorpyrifos-methyl amount, due to retention in the skin, is probably lower than determined. The Gardener Exposure Risk (GER), as a ratio of Acceptable Operator Exposure Level (databased values) to EGEL, for Acetamiprid was (i) 35 and 12-fold higher than the limit 1, so the risk via the skin is assumed to be low. Based on the GER values of (i) 0.83 and 0.18; (ii) 0.34 and 0.07 (i.e.<1) for Pirimicarb and Chlorpyrifos-methyl, respectively there is a level of concern regarding the health risk to gardeners handling pesticide products without skin protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Beránková
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Jarmila Hojerová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - Linda Melegová
- Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, SK-812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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29
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Asioli D, Aschemann-Witzel J, Caputo V, Vecchio R, Annunziata A, Næs T, Varela P. Making sense of the "clean label" trends: A review of consumer food choice behavior and discussion of industry implications. Food Res Int 2017; 99:58-71. [PMID: 28784520 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Consumers in industrialized countries are nowadays much more interested in information about the production methods and components of the food products that they eat, than they had been 50years ago. Some production methods are perceived as less "natural" (i.e. conventional agriculture) while some food components are seen as "unhealthy" and "unfamiliar" (i.e. artificial additives). This phenomenon, often referred to as the "clean label" trend, has driven the food industry to communicate whether a certain ingredient or additive is not present or if the food has been produced using a more "natural" production method (i.e. organic agriculture). However, so far there is no common and objective definition of clean label. This review paper aims to fill the gap via three main objectives, which are to a) develop and suggest a definition that integrates various understandings of clean label into one single definition, b) identify the factors that drive consumers' choices through a review of recent studies on consumer perception of various food categories understood as clean label with the focus on organic, natural and 'free from' artificial additives/ingredients food products and c) discuss implications of the consumer demand for clean label food products for food manufacturers as well as policy makers. We suggest to define clean label, both in a broad sense, where consumers evaluate the cleanliness of product by assumption and through inference looking at the front-of-pack label and in a strict sense, where consumers evaluate the cleanliness of product by inspection and through inference looking at the back-of-pack label. Results show that while 'health' is a major consumer motive, a broad diversity of drivers influence the clean label trend with particular relevance of intrinsic or extrinsic product characteristics and socio-cultural factors. However, 'free from' artificial additives/ingredients food products tend to differ from organic and natural products. Food manufacturers should take the diversity of these drivers into account in developing new products and communication about the latter. For policy makers, it is important to work towards a more homogenous understanding and application of the term of clean label and identify a uniform definition or regulation for 'free from' artificial additives/ingredients food products, as well as work towards decreasing consumer misconceptions. Finally, multiple future research avenues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Asioli
- Consumer and Sensory Science, Division of Food Science, NOFIMA AS, Ås, Norway; School of Economics and Business, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway; Department of Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, United States.
| | | | - Vincenzina Caputo
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Resources Economics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, United States
| | - Riccardo Vecchio
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Azzurra Annunziata
- Department of Economic and Legal Studies, University of Naples Parthenope, Naples, Italy
| | - Tormod Næs
- Consumer and Sensory Science, Division of Food Science, NOFIMA AS, Ås, Norway; Department of Food Science, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paula Varela
- Consumer and Sensory Science, Division of Food Science, NOFIMA AS, Ås, Norway
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30
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Hojerová J, Peráčková Z, Beránková M. Margin of safety for two UV filters estimated by in vitro permeation studies mimicking consumer habits: Effects of skin shaving and sunscreen reapplication. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 103:66-78. [PMID: 28216167 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 01/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Oplatowska-Stachowiak M, Elliott CT. Food colors: Existing and emerging food safety concerns. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 57:524-548. [PMID: 25849411 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2014.889652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Food colors are added to different types of commodities to increase their visual attractiveness or to compensate for natural color variations. The use of these additives is strictly regulated in the European Union, the United States, and many other countries worldwide. There is a growing concern about the safety of some commonly used legal food colorants and there is a trend to replace the synthetic forms with natural products. Additionally, a number of dyes with known or suspected genotoxic or carcinogenic properties have been shown to be added illegally to foods. Robust monitoring programs based on reliable detection methods are required to assure the food is free from harmful colors. The aim of this review is to present an up to date status of the various concerns arising from use of color additives in food. The most important food safety concerns in the field of food colors are lack of uniform regulation concerning legal food colors worldwide, possible link of artificial colors to hyperactive behavior, replacement of synthetic colors with natural ones, and the presence of harmful illegal dyes-both known but also new, emerging ones in food. The legal status of food color additives in the EU, United States, and worldwide is summarized. The reported negative health effects of both legal and illegal colors are presented. The European Rapid Alert System for Food and Feed notifications and US import alerts concerning food colors are analyzed and trends in fraudulent use of color additives identified. The detection methods for synthetic colors are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher T Elliott
- a Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast , Belfast , United Kingdom
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32
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Chromophores in operative surgery: Current practice and rationalized development. J Control Release 2017; 249:123-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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33
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Comment on Amchova et al., 2015 review of food color safety. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 81:532-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Brilliant Blue Dyes in Daily Food: How Could Purinergic System Be Affected? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE 2016; 2016:7548498. [PMID: 27833914 PMCID: PMC5090090 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7548498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dyes were first obtained from the extraction of plant sources in the Neolithic period to produce dyed clothes. At the beginning of the 19th century, synthetic dyes were produced to color clothes on a large scale. Other applications for synthetic dyes include the pharmaceutical and food industries, which are important interference factors in our lives and health. Herein, we analyzed the possible implications of some dyes that are already described as antagonists of purinergic receptors, including special Brilliant Blue G and its derivative FD&C Blue No. 1. Purinergic receptor family is widely expressed in the body and is critical to relate to much cellular homeostasis maintenance as well as inflammation and cell death. In this review, we discuss previous studies and show purinergic signaling as an important issue to be aware of in food additives development and their correlations with the physiological functions.
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35
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Lores M, Llompart M, Alvarez-Rivera G, Guerra E, Vila M, Celeiro M, Lamas JP, Garcia-Jares C. Positive lists of cosmetic ingredients: Analytical methodology for regulatory and safety controls - A review. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 915:1-26. [PMID: 26995636 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cosmetic products placed on the market and their ingredients, must be safe under reasonable conditions of use, in accordance to the current legislation. Therefore, regulated and allowed chemical substances must meet the regulatory criteria to be used as ingredients in cosmetics and personal care products, and adequate analytical methodology is needed to evaluate the degree of compliance. This article reviews the most recent methods (2005-2015) used for the extraction and the analytical determination of the ingredients included in the positive lists of the European Regulation of Cosmetic Products (EC 1223/2009): comprising colorants, preservatives and UV filters. It summarizes the analytical properties of the most relevant analytical methods along with the possibilities of fulfilment of the current regulatory issues. The cosmetic legislation is frequently being updated; consequently, the analytical methodology must be constantly revised and improved to meet safety requirements. The article highlights the most important advances in analytical methodology for cosmetics control, both in relation to the sample pretreatment and extraction and the different instrumental approaches developed to solve this challenge. Cosmetics are complex samples, and most of them require a sample pretreatment before analysis. In the last times, the research conducted covering this aspect, tended to the use of green extraction and microextraction techniques. Analytical methods were generally based on liquid chromatography with UV detection, and gas and liquid chromatographic techniques hyphenated with single or tandem mass spectrometry; but some interesting proposals based on electrophoresis have also been reported, together with some electroanalytical approaches. Regarding the number of ingredients considered for analytical control, single analyte methods have been proposed, although the most useful ones in the real life cosmetic analysis are the multianalyte approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Lores
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain.
| | - Maria Llompart
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Gerardo Alvarez-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Eugenia Guerra
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Marlene Vila
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Maria Celeiro
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - J Pablo Lamas
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Jares
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Soluciones Analíticas (LIDSA), Departamento de Química Analitica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Quimica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Campus VIDA. Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Spain
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Li T, Cheng Z, Cao L, Jiang X. Comparison of interactions between three food colorants and BSA. Food Chem 2016; 194:740-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Amchova P, Kotolova H, Ruda-Kucerova J. Health safety issues of synthetic food colorants. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2015; 73:914-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2015.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Guerra E, Celeiro M, Lamas JP, Llompart M, Garcia-Jares C. Determination of dyes in cosmetic products by micro-matrix solid phase dispersion and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1415:27-37. [PMID: 26363949 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A simple method based on micro-matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) followed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been developed for the rapid and simultaneous determination of nine regulated water-soluble dyes in personal care and decorative products. The proposed miniaturized extraction procedure was optimized by means of experimental designs in order to obtain the highest extraction efficiency. Under the optimal selected conditions, the method was validated showing satisfactory performance in terms of linearity, sensitivity, and intra-day and inter-day precision. Recoveries were evaluated in different cosmetic matrices and they can be considered quantitative with average values between 70 and 120% with relative standard deviations (RSD) lower than 15%. Finally, the validated method was applied to 24 samples of cosmetic and personal care products, including decorative makeup, lipsticks, lip gloss, toothpastes, regenerating creams, shampoos, and eye shadows, among others, to cover a broad range of commercial real samples. Seven of the analyzed dyes were detected, being declared all of them in the label list of ingredients. More than 50% of the samples contained at least two dyes. Tartrazine was the most frequently found (50% of the samples) at concentration levels of 0.243-79.9μgg(-1). Other targets were found in 1-9 samples, highlighting the presence of Quinoline at high concentration (>500μgg(-1)) in a toothpaste sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia Guerra
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Celeiro
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Pablo Lamas
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria Llompart
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Carmen Garcia-Jares
- Laboratory of Research and Development of Analytical Solutions (LIDSA), Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Klimová Z, Hojerová J, Beránková M. Skin absorption and human exposure estimation of three widely discussed UV filters in sunscreens--In vitro study mimicking real-life consumer habits. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 83:237-50. [PMID: 26151237 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Due to health concerns about safety, three UV-filters (Benzophenone-3, BP3, 10%; Ethylhexyl Methoxycinnamate, EHMC, 10%; Butyl Methoxydibenzoylmethane, BMDBM; 5%) were examined in vitro for absorption on full-thickness pig-ear skin, mimicking human in-use conditions. Kinetic profiles confirmed the rapid permeation of BP3; after the first hour of skin (frozen-stored) exposure to 2 mg/cm(2) (W/O sunscreen; recommended but unrealistic amount), about 0.5% of the applied dose passed into the receptor fluid. The absorption rate of filters was higher from W/O than from O/W emulsions. The fresh/frozen-stored skin permeability coefficient (0.83-0.54) for each UV filter was taken into account. Systemic Exposure Dosage of BP3, EHMC, BMDBM for humans as a consequence of (i) whole-body and (ii) face treatment with 0.5 mg/cm(2) of W/O sunscreen for 6-h skin exposure followed by washing and subsequent 18-h permeation (a realistic scenario) were estimated to be (i) 4744, 1032 and 1036 μg/kg-bw/day, and (ii) 153, 33 and 34 μg/kg-bw/day, respectively. From Margin of Safety for BP3, EHMC and BMDBM (i) 42, 485 and 192 as well as (ii) 1307; 15,151 and 5882, respectively, only the value of 42 (<100) for BP3 indicated a possible health risk. Escalation of a phobia towards all organic UV filters is undesirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Klimová
- Laboratories of Cosmetology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - J Hojerová
- Laboratories of Cosmetology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
| | - M Beránková
- Laboratories of Cosmetology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Pandir D. DNA damage in human germ cell exposed to the some food additives in vitro. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:725-33. [PMID: 25501537 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9824-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of food additives has increased enormously in modern food technology but they have adverse effects in human healthy. The aim of this study was to investigate the DNA damage of some food additives such as citric acid (CA), benzoic acid (BA), brilliant blue (BB) and sunset yellow (SY) which were investigated in human male germ cells using comet assay. The sperm cells were incubated with different concentrations of these food additives (50, 100, 200 and 500 μg/mL) for 1 h at 32 °C. The results showed for CA, BA, BB and SY a dose dependent increase in tail DNA%, tail length and tail moment in human sperm when compared to control group. When control values were compared in the studied parameters in the treatment concentrations, SY was found to exhibit the highest level of DNA damage followed by BB > BA > CA. However, none of the food additives affected the tail DNA%, tail length and tail moment at 50 and 100 μg/mL. At 200 μg/mL of SY, the tail DNA% and tail length of sperm were 95.80 ± 0.28 and 42.56 ± 4.66, for BB the values were 95.06 ± 2.30 and 39.56 ± 3.78, whereas for BA the values were 89.05 ± 2.78 and 31.50 ± 0.71, for CA the values were 88.59 ± 6.45 and 13.59 ± 2.74, respectively. However, only the highest concentration of the used food additives significantly affected the studied parameters of sperm DNA. The present results indicate that SY and BB are more harmful than BA and CA to human sperm in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilek Pandir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Arts and Science, Bozok University, 66100, Divanliyolu/Yozgat, Turkey.
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Hamza M, Tohid H, Maibach H. Shaving effects on percutaneous penetration: clinical implications. Cutan Ocul Toxicol 2014; 34:335-43. [PMID: 25363065 DOI: 10.3109/15569527.2014.966109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Human/animal shaving biology. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of shaving on percutaneous penetration and skin function. METHODS We screened 500+publications in Pub Med, Scopus, Cochrane Library and pertinent journals out of which only 17 were deemed relevant. Terms for searches included shaving and skin, percutaneous penetration and shaving, skin absorption and shaving, absorption of dyes and shaving, skin penetration, effects of shaving and absorption, shave and dyes, axillary shaving and stratum corneum, shaving and breast cancer, shaving and infections, etc. RESULT Shaving appears to have an exaggerated effect on percutaneous absorption; however, some studies do not support this evidence. CONCLUSION Shaving enhances percutaneous penetration of some chemicals; however this effect is species and chemical specific. Further investigations of chemicals of varying physio-chemical properties are mandated before a generalized theory can be promulgated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hamza
- a Department of Dermatology , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , USA and
| | - Hassaan Tohid
- b Sindh Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences , Karachi , Pakistan
| | - Howard Maibach
- a Department of Dermatology , University of California San Francisco , San Francisco , USA and
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Carocho M, Barreiro MF, Morales P, Ferreira ICFR. Adding Molecules to Food, Pros and Cons: A Review on Synthetic and Natural Food Additives. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2014; 13:377-399. [PMID: 33412697 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The pressing issue to feed the increasing world population has created a demand to enhance food production, which has to be cheaper, but at the same time must meet high quality standards. Taste, appearance, texture, and microbiological safety are required to be preserved within a foodstuff for the longest period of time. Although considerable improvements have been achieved in terms of food additives, some are still enveloped in controversy. The lack of uniformity in worldwide laws regarding additives, along with conflicting results of many studies help foster this controversy. In this report, the most important preservatives, nutritional additives, coloring, flavoring, texturizing, and miscellaneous agents are analyzed in terms of safety and toxicity. Natural additives and extracts, which are gaining interest due to changes in consumer habits are also evaluated in terms of their benefits to health and combined effects. Technologies, like edible coatings and films, which have helped overcome some drawbacks of additives, but still pose some disadvantages, are briefly addressed. Future trends like nanoencapsulation and the development of "smart" additives and packages, specific vaccines for intolerance to additives, use of fungi to produce additives, and DNA recombinant technologies are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcio Carocho
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO) ESA, Polytechnic Inst. of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal.,Dept. of Nutrition and Bromatology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense Univ. of Madrid, Pza Ramón y Cajal, s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Filomena Barreiro
- Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering (LSRE), Associate Laboratory LSRE/LCM, Polytechnic Inst. of Bragança, Campus Santa Apolónia Apartado 1134, 5301-857 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Patricia Morales
- Dept. of Nutrition and Bromatology II, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense Univ. of Madrid, Pza Ramón y Cajal s/n, E-28040 Madrid s/n, E-28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Mountain Research Center (CIMO) ESA, Polytechnic Inst. of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Apartado 1172, 5301-855 Bragança, Portugal
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Cao Q, Che R, Chen N. Facile and rapid growth of Ag2S microrod arrays as efficient substrates for both SERS detection and photocatalytic degradation of organic dyes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:4931-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc00107a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pažoureková S, Hojerová J, Klimová Z, Lucová M. Dermal absorption and hydrolysis of methylparaben in different vehicles through intact and damaged skin: Using a pig-ear model in vitro. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 59:754-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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