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Jin Y, Teh SS, Lau HLN, Mah SH. In vivo Toxicity Assessment of Refined Red Palm-pressed Mesocarp Olein in Sprague-Dawley Rats. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1749-1759. [PMID: 34759114 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Refined red palm-pressed mesocarp olein (PPMO) is recovered from palm-pressed mesocarp fiber, which is a by-product from palm oil mill. Its utilization in food industry is extremely limited even though it contains various phytonutrients. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate its toxicity effects by using the male Sprague-Dawley rat model. The rats were administered with a single dose of 2 g/kg PPMO in an acute toxicity study while administered with 2, 1, or 0.5 g/kg PPMO daily for 28 days in a sub-chronic toxicity study. The mortality, oral LD50 value, clinical observation, body and organ weight, hematological and biochemical analyses, pathological and histopathological examinations were assessed. The overall outcomes indicated that PPMO is non-toxic up to 2 g/kg and considered safe to be used in food application, especially as functional food ingredient and supplement attributed to its phytonutrients. Besides, this study provides an insight in alternative utilization of the wastes from palm oil mill.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Jin
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University (Lakeside campus)
| | - Soek Sin Teh
- Energy and Environment Unit, Engineering and Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board
| | - Harrison Lik Nang Lau
- Energy and Environment Unit, Engineering and Processing Division, Malaysian Palm Oil Board
| | - Siau Hui Mah
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University (Lakeside campus)
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University (Lakeside Campus)
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Engel K, Fowler P, Frutos Fernandez MJ, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Gundert‐Remy U, Husøy T, Manco M, Mennes W, Passamonti S, Moldeus P, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Wright M, Barat Baviera JM, Degen G, Leblanc J, Herman L, Giarola A, Smeraldi C, Tard A, Vianello G, Castle L. Safety evaluation of long-chain glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06609. [PMID: 34140988 PMCID: PMC8201184 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) provides a scientific opinion on the safety of long-chain glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia (also called AM-1) as a food additive. AM-1 is a purified mixture of long-chain glycolipid congeners obtained by fermentation of the edible non-genetically modified fungus Dacryopinax spathularia. AM-1 glycolipids have very low oral bioavailability and overall available toxicology data do not demonstrate any adverse effects of the proposed food additive. Considering the available data set the Panel established an ADI of 10 mg/kg bw per day based on a range of NOAELs between 1,000 and 1,423 mg/kg bw per day (the highest doses tested), from the reproductive and a prenatal developmental toxicity studies in rats and 90-day studies in rat and dog. At the proposed maximum use levels, the exposure estimates ranged at the mean from 0.01 to 1.07 mg/kg bw per day and at the p95 from 0 to 3.1 mg/kg mg/kg bw per day. At the proposed typical use levels, the exposure estimates ranged at the mean from < 0.01 mg/kg bw per day to 0.23 mg/kg bw per day and at the p95 from 0 to 0.64 mg/kg bw per day. The Panel noted that the highest estimate of exposure of 3.1 mg/kg bw per day (in toddlers) is within the established ADI of 10 mg/kg bw per day and concluded that the exposure to long-chain glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia does not raise a safety concern at the uses and use levels proposed by the applicant.
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Zhao YL, Su M, Shang JH, Wang X, Bao GL, Ma J, Sun QD, Yuan F, Wang JK, Luo XD. Acute and Sub-chronic Toxicity of Indole Alkaloids Extract from Leaves of Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br. in Beagle Dogs. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2020; 10:209-220. [PMID: 32524465 PMCID: PMC7367998 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00246-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Alstonia scholaris (L.) R. Br., an evergreen tropical plant rich in indole alkaloids with significant physiological activity, is traditionally used to treat respiratory diseases in China. This study was conducted to establish the toxicity profile of the alkaloid extract (TA) of A. scholaris leaves in non-rodents. After oral administration of a single dose (4 g/kg.bw), a number of transient symptoms, such as unsteady gait, drooling, emesis, and reddening of peri-oral mucosa, were observed, but no treatment-related mortality. A sub-chronic toxicity study with a range of doses of TA (20, 60 and 120 mg/kg.bw) was conducted for a 13-week treatment period, followed by 4-week recovery observation. Except for emesis and drooling in majority of animals in 120 mg/kg.bw treatment group, no clinical changes were observed in TA-treated animals. Data from electrocardiography, bone marrow, urine, fecal, hematology and clinical chemistry analyses were comparable between TA-treated and control animals. No significant differences in the relative organ weights and histopathological characteristics were evident between the TA-treated and control groups. Accordingly, the non-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of TA was established as 120 mg/kg.bw. Our results add further knowledge to the safety database for indole alkaloid extracts from A. scholaris with potential utility as novel drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Su
- Yunnan Institute of Medical Material, Kunming, 650111, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Hua Shang
- Yunnan Institute of Medical Material, Kunming, 650111, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Wang
- Yunnan Institute of Medical Material, Kunming, 650111, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Lei Bao
- Yunnan Institute of Medical Material, Kunming, 650111, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ma
- Yunnan Institute of Medical Material, Kunming, 650111, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing-Di Sun
- Jiangsu Nhwa Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, Xuzhou, 221009, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yuan
- Yunnan Institute of Medical Material, Kunming, 650111, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Kun Wang
- Yunnan Institute of Medical Material, Kunming, 650111, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education and Yunnan Province, School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang HX, Guan J, Tian YH, Su GY, Zhao YQ. Acute and sub-chronic 90-day oral toxicity study of Perilla seed oil in rodents and Beagle dogs. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 103:229-236. [PMID: 30703409 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Perilla seeds are used as food and traditional medicine in China. This study aimed to investigate the toxicity profile of Perilla seed oil (PSO), which is the main constituent of Perilla seeds in rodents and Beagle dogs. No significant treatment-associated toxicity or mortality was observed at PSO dosages of up to 50 g/kg and 20 g/kg in KM mice and Wistar rats, respectively, suggesting that PSO was well tolerated by the experimental rodents. Sub-chronic oral toxicity of PSO was studied in dogs at doses of 3, 6 and 12 g/kg/d for 90 days followed by a 30 day recovery period. The results indicated that the body weight increased in all-dose groups more than control group, typical of animals on diets rich in fatty acids. Treatment-related side effects, including changes in hematology and serum biochemistry parameters, histopathology of liver and lymph glands, were observed in the high and moderate-dose dogs. However, these changes disappeared after the doses were withdrawn during the recovery period, except for alteration of liver in the high-dose group. In conclusion, the "no observed adverse effect level" (NOAEL) of oral administration of PSO for 90 days in Beagle dogs was considered to be 3 g/kg/d.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Xing Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Liaoning Xinzhong Modern Medicine Co.,Ltd., Shenyang, 110041, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Guan
- Liaoning Xinzhong Modern Medicine Co.,Ltd., Shenyang, 110041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Hong Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, Tianjin, 300193, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Yue Su
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Yu-Qing Zhao
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Structure-based Drug Design and Discovery of Ministry of Education, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 110016, China.
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Genetic toxicity studies of glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 123:162-168. [PMID: 30352299 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of in vitro studies were conducted to assess the genetic toxicity of jelly mushroom glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia (herein referred to as "AM-1"). In the bacterial reverse mutation assay (Ames test), there was no evidence of mutagenic activity in any Salmonella typhimurium strains tested or in Escherichia coli strain WP2uvrA, at dose levels up to 5000 μg/plate. In the micronucleus (MN) test using human lymphocytes, AM-1 did not show a statistically significant increase in the number of binucleated cells containing micronuclei when compared to concurrent control cultures at all time points and at any of the concentrations analyzed (up to 900 μg/ml of culture medium). No increase in mutation frequency or numbers of small and large colonies were noted for AM-1 (up to 800 μg/ml) compared to concurrent controls when tested in the mouse lymphoma thymidine kinase assay (MLA). Therefore, AM-1 was concluded to be negative in all three assays performed both in the absence and presence of Aroclor 1254- or phenobarbital/ß-naphthoflavone-induced rat liver (S9 mix) for metabolic activation. These results support the safety assessment of jelly mushroom glycolipids for potential use in food.
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Bitzer J, Henkel T, Nikiforov AI, Rihner MO, Herberth MT. Developmental and reproduction toxicity studies of glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:430-438. [PMID: 30012351 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The developmental and reproduction toxicity potential of jelly mushroom glycolipids from Dacryopinax spathularia was studied in Crl:CD (SD) rats by daily oral gavage administration at doses of 150, 500 or 1000 mg/kg/day. Pregnant female rats in the developmental study received the test article from Gestation Days 6-19. F0 and F1 parental animals in the 2-generation reproduction toxicity study were dosed for a minimum of 70 days prior to mating and throughout mating, gestation, and lactation, until the day prior to euthanasia (following weaning of litters on postnatal day 21). The offspring of the F0 and F1 generations were potentially exposed to the test article in utero and via the milk while nursing. In the developmental study, there were no adverse effects on intrauterine growth and survival, or fetal morphology. In the 2-generation reproduction toxicity study, there were no adverse effects on observed parameters including macroscopic or microscopic findings, or organ weights for F0 or F1 animals, no effects on reproductive performance, and no test article-related effects on F1 and F2 postnatal survival, development, or growth. Therefore, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for parental systemic toxicity, parental reproductive toxicity, and developmental/neonatal toxicity, was considered to be 1000 mg/kg/day, the highest dosage tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Bitzer
- IMD Natural Solutions GmbH, Dortmund, Germany
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