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Zambelli VO, Hösch NG, Farom S, Zychar BC, Spadacci-Morena DD, Carvalho LV, Curi R, Lepsch LB, Scavone C, Sant'Anna OA, Gonçalves LRC, Cury Y, Sampaio SC. Formyl peptide receptors are involved in CTX-induced impairment of lymphocyte functions. Toxicon 2023; 222:106986. [PMID: 36442690 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.106986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Crotoxin (CTX) is a neurotoxin that is isolated from the venom of Crotalus durissus terrificus, which displays immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumoral effects. Previous research has demonstrated that CTX promotes the adherence of leukocytes to the endothelial cells in blood microcirculation and the high endothelial venules of lymph nodes, which reduces the number of blood cells and lymphocytes. Studies have also shown that these effects are mediated by lipoxygenase-derived mediators. However, the exact lipoxygenase-derived eicosanoid involved in the CTX effect on lymphocytes is yet to be characterized. As CTX stimulates lipoxin-derived mediators from macrophages and lymphocyte effector functions could be modulated by activating formyl peptide receptors, we aimed to investigate whether these receptors were involved in CTX-induced redistribution and functions of lymphocytes in rats. We used male Wistar rats treated with CTX to demonstrate that Boc2 (butoxycarbonyl-Phe-Leu-Phe-Leu-Phe), an antagonist of formyl peptide receptors, prevented CTX-induced decrease in the number of circulating lymphocytes and increased the expression of the lymphocyte adhesion molecule LFA1. CTX reduced the T and B lymphocyte functions, such as lymphocyte proliferation in response to the mitogen Concanavalin A and antibody production in response to BSA immunization, respectively, which was prevented by the administration of Boc2. Importantly, mesenteric lymph node lymphocytes from CTX-treated rats showed an increased release of 15-epi-LXA4. These results indicate that formyl peptide receptors mediate CTX-induced redistribution of lymphocytes and that 15-epi-LXA4 is a key mediator of the immunosuppressive effects of CTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa O Zambelli
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Natália Gabriele Hösch
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah Farom
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bianca C Zychar
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Diva D Spadacci-Morena
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciana Vieira Carvalho
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Rui Curi
- Immunobiological Production Section, Bioindustrial Center, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Interdisciplinary Post-graduate Program in Health Sciences, Cruzeiro of Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucilia B Lepsch
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Cristoforo Scavone
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Augusto Sant'Anna
- Laboratory of Immunochemistry, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brasil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luís Roberto C Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Yara Cury
- Laboratory of Pain and Signaling, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra C Sampaio
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Butantan Institute, Av. Vital Brazil, 1500, 05503-900, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Thakur S, Blotra A, Vasudevan K, Malhotra A, Lalremsanga HT, Santra V, Doley R. Proteome Decomplexation of Trimeresurus erythrurus Venom from Mizoram, India. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:215-225. [PMID: 36516484 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Green pit vipers are the largest group of venomous vipers in tropical and subtropical Asia, which are responsible for most of the bite cases across this region. Among the green pit vipers of the Indian subcontinent, Trimeresurus erythrurus is the most prevalent; however, limited knowledge is available about its venomics. Proteome decomplexation of T. erythrurus venom using mass spectrometry revealed a blend of 53 different proteins/peptides belonging to 10 snake venom protein families. Phospholipase A2 and snake venom serine proteases were found to be the major enzymatic families, and Snaclec was the major nonenzymatic family in this venom. These protein families might be responsible for consumptive coagulopathy in victims. Along with these, snake venom metalloproteases, l-amino acid oxidases, disintegrins, and cysteine-rich secretory proteins were also found, which might be responsible for inducing painful edema, tissue necrosis, blistering, and defibrination in patients. Protein belonging to C-type lectins, C-type natriuretic peptides, and glutaminyl-peptide cyclotransfreases were also observed as trace proteins. The crude venom shows platelet aggregation in the absence of any agonist, suggesting their role in alterations in platelet functions. This study is the first proteomic analysis of T. erythrurus venom, contributing an overview of different snake venom proteins/peptides responsible for various pathophysiological disorders obtained in patients. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with the identifier PXD038311.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Thakur
- Molecular Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, Napaam784028, India
| | - Avni Blotra
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad500048, India
| | - Karthikeyan Vasudevan
- Laboratory for the Conservation of Endangered Species, CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad500048, India
| | - Anita Malhotra
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution at Bangor, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, BangorLL57 2UW, Gwynedd, U.K
| | - Hmar Tlawmte Lalremsanga
- Developmental Biology and Herpetology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl796004, Mizoram, India
| | - Vishal Santra
- Society for Nature Conservation, Research and Community Engagement (CONCERN), Nalikul, Hooghly, West Bengal712407, India.,Captive and Field Herpetology, 13 Hirfron, AngleseyLL65 1YU, Wales, U.K.,Gujarat Forest Department, Consultant - Snake Research Institute, Dharampur, Valsad, Gujarat396050, India
| | - Robin Doley
- Molecular Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Assam, Napaam784028, India
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Ivanušec A, Šribar J, Križaj I. Secreted Phospholipases A 2 - not just Enzymes: Revisited. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:873-888. [PMID: 35002531 PMCID: PMC8741859 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.68093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted phospholipases A2 (sPLA2s) participate in a very broad spectrum of biological processes through their enzymatic activity and as ligands for membrane and soluble receptors. The physiological roles of sPLA2s as enzymes have been very well described, while their functions as ligands are still poorly known. Since the last overview of sPLA2-binding proteins (sPLA2-BPs) 10 years ago, several important discoveries have occurred in this area. New and more sensitive analytical tools have enabled the discovery of additional sPLA2-BPs, which are presented and critically discussed here. The structural diversity of sPLA2-BPs reveals sPLA2s as very promiscuous proteins, and we offer some structural explanations for this nature that makes these proteins evolutionarily highly advantageous. Three areas of physiological engagement of sPLA2-BPs have appeared most clearly: cellular transport and signalling, and regulation of the enzymatic activity of sPLA2s. Due to the multifunctionality of sPLA2s, they appear to be exceptional pharmacological targets. We reveal the potential to exploit interactions of sPLA2s with other proteins in medical terms, for the development of original diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. We conclude this survey by suggesting the priority questions that need to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrijan Ivanušec
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jernej Šribar
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Križaj
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Abdullah NAH, Rusmili MRA, Zainal Abidin SA, Shaikh MF, Hodgson WC, Othman I. Isolation and Characterization of A2-EPTX-Nsm1a, a Secretory Phospholipase A 2 from Malaysian Spitting Cobra ( Naja sumatrana) Venom. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13120859. [PMID: 34941697 PMCID: PMC8709200 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13120859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) toxins are one of the main toxin families found in snake venom. PLA2 toxins are associated with various detrimental effects, including neurotoxicity, myotoxicity, hemostatic disturbances, nephrotoxicity, edema, and inflammation. Although Naja sumatrana venom contains substantial quantities of PLA2 components, there is limited information on the function and activities of PLA2 toxins from the venom. In this study, a secretory PLA2 from the venom of Malaysian N. sumatrana, subsequently named A2-EPTX-Nsm1a, was isolated, purified, and characterized. A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was purified using a mass spectrometry-guided approach and multiple chromatography steps. Based on LC-MSMS, A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was found to show high sequence similarity with PLA2 from venoms of other Naja species. The PLA2 activity of A2-EPTX-Nsm1 was inhibited by 4-BPB and EDTA. A2-EPTX-Nsm1a was significantly less cytotoxic in a neuroblastoma cell line (SH-SY5Y) compared to crude venom and did not show a concentration-dependent cytotoxic activity. To our knowledge, this is the first study that characterizes and investigates the cytotoxicity of an Asp49 PLA2 isolated from Malaysian N. sumatrana venom in a human neuroblastoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Atiqah Haizum Abdullah
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
- Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 56000, Malaysia
- Correspondence: or (N.A.H.A.); (I.O.)
| | - Muhamad Rusdi Ahmad Rusmili
- Kulliyyah of Pharmacy, Kuantan Campus, International Islamic University Malaysia, Bandar Indera Mahkota, Kuantan 25200, Malaysia;
| | - Syafiq Asnawi Zainal Abidin
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Mohd Farooq Shaikh
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
| | - Wayne C. Hodgson
- Monash Venom Group, Department of Pharmacology, Biomedical Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (S.A.Z.A.); (M.F.S.)
- Correspondence: or (N.A.H.A.); (I.O.)
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Bai S, Yin Q, Dong T, Dai F, Qin Y, Ye L, Du J, Zhang Q, Chen H, Shen B. Endothelial progenitor cell-derived exosomes ameliorate endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of diabetes. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 131:110756. [PMID: 33152921 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a serious cardiovascular complication of diabetes characterized by inflammation and endothelial damage. Indeed, dysfunction of the endothelium is considered an early marker of atherosclerosis. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are prerequisites for blood vessels lined with endothelial cells (ECs), which produce many factors to regulate blood vessel function. Importantly, EPCs also repair some dysfunctions in ECs. Exosomes have been associated with the occurrence and development of disease. Here, we analyzed the microRNAs (miRNAs) contained in exosomes derived from EPCs by using next-generation sequencing. We found that most of the top 10 highest expressed miRNAs in these exosomes were related to atherosclerosis. In a mouse model of atherosclerotic diabetes, treatment with EPC-derived exosomes significantly reduced the production of diabetic atherosclerotic plaques and inflammatory factors. In an in vitro assay examining the contractility of the thoracic aorta from these mice, the addition of EPC-derived exosomes significantly ameliorated the observed endothelium-dependent contractile dysfunction. Taken together, these results indicated that EPC-derived exosomes ameliorated atherosclerotic endothelial dysfunction in a mouse model of atherosclerotic diabetes. Thus, the present study provides a potential therapeutic application of EPC-derived exosomes in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suwen Bai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Qianqian Yin
- Department of Endocrinology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Tao Dong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Fang Dai
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Ying Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Li Ye
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230022, China
| | - Hongbo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Maternal and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230000, China.
| | - Bing Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, 230032, China.
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