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Titus AS, Sung EA, Zablocki D, Sadoshima J. Mitophagy for cardioprotection. Basic Res Cardiol 2023; 118:42. [PMID: 37798455 PMCID: PMC10556134 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-023-01009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is maintained by several strictly coordinated mechanisms, collectively termed mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, including fusion and fission, degradation, and biogenesis. As the primary source of energy in cardiomyocytes, mitochondria are the central organelle for maintaining cardiac function. Since adult cardiomyocytes in humans rarely divide, the number of dysfunctional mitochondria cannot easily be diluted through cell division. Thus, efficient degradation of dysfunctional mitochondria is crucial to maintaining cellular function. Mitophagy, a mitochondria specific form of autophagy, is a major mechanism by which damaged or unnecessary mitochondria are targeted and eliminated. Mitophagy is active in cardiomyocytes at baseline and in response to stress, and plays an essential role in maintaining the quality of mitochondria in cardiomyocytes. Mitophagy is mediated through multiple mechanisms in the heart, and each of these mechanisms can partially compensate for the loss of another mechanism. However, insufficient levels of mitophagy eventually lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and the development of heart failure. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy in the heart and the role of mitophagy in cardiac pathophysiology, with the focus on recent findings in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen Sam Titus
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB G-609, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Eun-Ah Sung
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB G-609, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Daniela Zablocki
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB G-609, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, 185 South Orange Ave, MSB G-609, Newark, NJ, 07103, USA.
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2
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Nah J. The Role of Alternative Mitophagy in Heart Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076362. [PMID: 37047336 PMCID: PMC10094432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis through bulk degradation of subcellular constituents, including misfolded proteins and dysfunctional organelles. It is generally governed by the proteins Atg5 and Atg7, which are critical regulators of the conventional autophagy pathway. However, recent studies have identified an alternative Atg5/Atg7-independent pathway, i.e., Ulk1- and Rab9-mediated alternative autophagy. More intensive studies have identified its essential role in stress-induced mitochondrial autophagy, also known as mitophagy. Alternative mitophagy plays pathophysiological roles in heart diseases such as myocardial ischemia and pressure overload. Here, this review discusses the established and emerging mechanisms of alternative autophagy/mitophagy that can be applied in therapeutic interventions for heart disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Nah
- Department of Biochemistry, Chungbuk National University, Chungdae-ro 1, Seowon-gu, Cheongju-si 28644, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
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3
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Autophagy in Hematological Malignancies. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14205072. [PMID: 36291856 PMCID: PMC9600546 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14205072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Autophagy is a dynamic and tightly regulated process that seems to have dual effects in cancer. In some contexts, it can induce carcinogenesis and promote cancer cell survival, whereas in others, it acts preventing tumor cell growth and tumor progression. Thus, autophagy functions seem to strictly depend on cancer ontogenesis, progression, and type. Here, we will dive into the current knowledge of autophagy in hematological malignancies and will highlight the main genetic components involved in each cancer type. Abstract Autophagy is a highly conserved metabolic pathway via which unwanted intracellular materials, such as unfolded proteins or damaged organelles, are digested. It is activated in response to conditions of oxidative stress or starvation, and is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and other vital functions, such as differentiation, cell death, and the cell cycle. Therefore, autophagy plays an important role in the initiation and progression of tumors, including hematological malignancies, where damaged autophagy during hematopoiesis can cause malignant transformation and increase cell proliferation. Over the last decade, the importance of autophagy in response to standard pharmacological treatment of hematological tumors has been observed, revealing completely opposite roles depending on the tumor type and stage. Thus, autophagy can promote tumor survival by attenuating the cellular damage caused by drugs and/or stabilizing oncogenic proteins, but can also have an antitumoral effect due to autophagic cell death. Therefore, autophagy-based strategies must depend on the context to create specific and safe combination therapies that could contribute to improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we describe the process of autophagy and its role on hematopoiesis, and we highlight recent research investigating its role as a potential therapeutic target in hematological malignancies. The findings suggest that genetic variants within autophagy-related genes modulate the risk of developing hemopathies, as well as patient survival.
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4
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Molecular regulation of autophagosome formation. Biochem Soc Trans 2022; 50:55-69. [PMID: 35076688 PMCID: PMC9022990 DOI: 10.1042/bst20210819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy, hereafter autophagy, is a degradative process conserved among eukaryotes, which is essential to maintain cellular homeostasis. Defects in autophagy lead to numerous human diseases, including various types of cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. The hallmark of autophagy is the de novo formation of autophagosomes, which are double-membrane vesicles that sequester and deliver cytoplasmic materials to lysosomes/vacuoles for degradation. The mechanism of autophagosome biogenesis entered a molecular era with the identification of autophagy-related (ATG) proteins. Although there are many unanswered questions and aspects that have raised some controversies, enormous advances have been done in our understanding of the process of autophagy in recent years. In this review, we describe the current knowledge about the molecular regulation of autophagosome formation, with a particular focus on budding yeast and mammalian cells.
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Zada S, Hwang JS, Ahmed M, Lai TH, Pham TM, Elashkar O, Kim DR. Cross talk between autophagy and oncogenic signaling pathways and implications for cancer therapy. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188565. [PMID: 33992723 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved metabolic process involved in the degradation of intracellular components including proteins and organelles. Consequently, it plays a critical role in recycling metabolic energy for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis in response to various stressors. In cancer, autophagy either suppresses or promotes cancer progression depending on the stage and cancer type. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer metastasis are directly mediated by oncogenic signal proteins including SNAI1, SLUG, ZEB1/2, and NOTCH1, which are functionally correlated with autophagy. In this report, we discuss the crosstalk between oncogenic signaling pathways and autophagy followed by possible strategies for cancer treatment via regulation of autophagy. Although autophagy affects EMT and cancer metastasis, the overall signaling pathways connecting cancer progression and autophagy are still illusive. In general, autophagy plays a critical role in cancer cell survival by providing a minimum level of energy via self-digestion. Thus, cancer cells face nutrient limitations and challenges under stress during EMT and metastasis. Conversely, autophagy acts as a potential cancer suppressor by degrading oncogenic proteins, which are essential for cancer progression, and by removing damaged components such as mitochondria to enhance genomic stability. Therefore, autophagy activators or inhibitors represent possible cancer therapeutics. We further discuss the regulation of autophagy-dependent degradation of oncogenic proteins and its functional correlation with oncogenic signaling pathways, with potential applications in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahib Zada
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Mahmoud Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Huyen Lai
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Trang Minh Pham
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Omar Elashkar
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Ryong Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Convergence Medical Sciences and Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 527-27, Republic of Korea.
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Interplay of autophagy and cancer stem cells in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3695-3717. [PMID: 33893928 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is the sixth most common cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer deaths in the world. The most common type of liver cancers is hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autophagy is the cellular digestion of harmful components by sequestering the waste products into autophagosomes followed by lysosomal degradation for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. The impairment of autophagy is highly associated with the development and progression of HCC although autophagy may be involved in tumour-suppressing cellular events. In regards to its protecting role, autophagy also shelters the cells from anoikis- a programmed cell death in anchorage-dependent cells detached from the surrounding extracellular matrix which facilitates metastasis in HCC. Liver cancer stem cells (LCSCs) have the ability for self-renewal and differentiation and are associated with the development and progression of HCC by regulating stemness, resistance and angiogenesis. Interestingly, autophagy is also known to regulate normal stem cells by promoting cellular survival and differentiation and maintaining cellular homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the basal autophagic mechanisms and double-faceted roles of autophagy as both tumour suppressor and tumour promoter in HCC, as well as its association with and contribution to self-renewal and differentiation of LCSCs.
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Periyasamy KM, Ranganathan UD, Tripathy SP, Bethunaickan R. Vitamin D - A host directed autophagy mediated therapy for tuberculosis. Mol Immunol 2020; 127:238-244. [PMID: 33039674 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
According to the WHO report 2019, Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient disease of humanity that is curable. TB has caused significant morbidity and mortality even in 2018. The etiological agent of TB, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) exploits its virulence factors to escape from host immunity and therapeutic drugs. Host Directed Therapy (HDT) is an adjunctive therapy where repurposed drugs, small molecules, vitamins, cytokines, and monoclonal antibodies are used to overcome the pathogen exploited pathways in the host. One of the HDTs, i.e. induction of autophagy is a highly regulated intracellular self-degradative process in which pathogens are sequestered in double-layered autophagosomes and targeted to the lysosome for degradation. Apart from the pathogen clearance, autophagy involves the release of nutrients during starvation, removal of damaged organelles and aggregated proteins, antigen presentation, tumor suppression, and anti-aging mechanisms. Xenophagy is a type of selective autophagy against microbes induced by ubiquitin receptors (p62/SQSTM1, NDP52, NBR1, OPTN, Parkin and Smurf proteins) after pathogen recognition. ULK1/2, Beclin-1, ATG5-ATG12-ATG16 L and LC-II-PE complexes along with two nutrient-sensing protein complexes, mTOR and AMPK activate autophagy mechanisms to limit infection. Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) such as TLR2, recognize lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of MTB and triggers vitamin D3 activating enzymes. Activated vitamin D3 induces the synthesis of antimicrobial peptide, LL-37, which further enhances xenophagy. Apart from vitamin D, few micronutrients such as zinc and iron also regulate autophagy. In this review, we discuss current knowledge, advances and perspectives of autophagy against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisna Moorthi Periyasamy
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai. Affiliated to University of Madras, Chepauk, Chennai, India
| | - Uma Devi Ranganathan
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai. Affiliated to University of Madras, Chepauk, Chennai, India
| | | | - Ramalingam Bethunaickan
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai. Affiliated to University of Madras, Chepauk, Chennai, India; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, ICMR-National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad, India.
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8
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Liu Y, Yang L, Liao F, Wang W, Wang ZF. MiR-450a-5p strengthens the drug sensitivity of gefitinib in glioma chemotherapy via regulating autophagy by targeting EGFR. Oncogene 2020; 39:6190-6202. [PMID: 32820249 PMCID: PMC7515841 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-01422-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glioma reported to be refractory to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor is the most common malignant tumor in central nervous system. Our research showed the low expression of miR-450a-5p and high expression of EGFR in glioma tissues. MiR-450a-5p was also observed to synergize with gefitinib to inhibit the proliferation, migration and invasion and induce the apoptosis and autophagy of glioma cells. Furthermore, miR-450a-5p was demonstrated to target 3'UTR of EGFR, and regulated EGFR-induced PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Moreover, the above effects induced by miR-450a-5p in glioma cells were reversed by WIPI1 silencing. The inhibition role of miR-450a-5p on glioma growth was also confirmed in vivo by subcutaneous and intracranial tumor xenografts. Therefore, we conclude that miR-450a-5p synergizes with gefitinib to inhibit the glioma tumorigenesis through inducing autophagy by regulating the EGFR-induced PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, thereby enhancing the drug sensitivity of gefitinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P.R. China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P.R. China
| | - Fan Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Fei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410013, P.R. China.
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9
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Liang TT, Shao Q, Deng ZC, Wang T, Kang QZ. Systemic Expression Analysis Reveals Prognostic Significance of WIPI3 in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Front Genet 2020; 11:847. [PMID: 32973867 PMCID: PMC7468542 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction WD repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 3 (WIPI3) is a member of the WIPI protein family, autophagy marker, that is associated with the malignant progression of various human cancers, but its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is still unclear. Materials and Methods Firstly, we collected the mRNA expression of WIPI3 in HCC through the platform of Oncomine, as well as the DNA copy number variations (CNVs), and verified it on human HCC cell line and the GEO database. Then, the subgroups and prognosis of HCC were performed by the UALCAN web tool. The mutation of WIPI3 was analyzed by cBioPortal. The coexpression of WIPI3 in HCC was identified from the LinkedOmics database, and function enrichment analysis was done using the LinkFinder module in LinkedOmics. Coexpression gene network was constructed through the STRING database, and the MCODE plug-in of which was used to build the gene modules; both of them were visualized by the Cytoscape software. Finally, the top modular genes in the same patient cohort were constructed through data mining in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) liver hepatocellular carcinoma (LIHC) by using the UCSC Xena browser. Results The results indicated that WIPI3 was frequently overexpressed in HCC, which could lead to a poor prognosis through the Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis. Moreover, there existed mutations of WIPI3 in HCC, and the prognosis of WIPI3-altered group was significantly poor based on KM plotter data. Coexpression analysis showed that the coexpression gene of WIPI3 was associated with cell cycle and spliceosome. Further analysis suggested that WIPI3 and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 (EIF4A3) coordinately regulated the cancer cell cycle by spliceosome as a result of the strong positive correlation between them. Conclusion In summary, WIPI3 is constantly overexpressed in HCC tissues, resulting in a poor prognosis; therefore, we can identify it as an effective target for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao-Tao Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qi Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Chao Deng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Qiao-Zhen Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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10
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Jelani M, Dooley HC, Gubas A, Mohamoud HSA, Khan MTM, Ali Z, Kang C, Rahim F, Jan A, Vadgama N, Khan MI, Al-Aama JY, Khan A, Tooze SA, Nasir J. A mutation in the major autophagy gene, WIPI2, associated with global developmental abnormalities. Brain 2020; 142:1242-1254. [PMID: 30968111 PMCID: PMC6487338 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a large consanguineous pedigree from a remote area of Northern Pakistan, with a complex developmental disorder associated with wide-ranging symptoms, including mental retardation, speech and language impairment and other neurological, psychiatric, skeletal and cardiac abnormalities. We initially carried out a genetic study using the HumanCytoSNP-12 v2.1 Illumina gene chip on nine family members and identified a single region of homozygosity shared amongst four affected individuals on chromosome 7p22 (positions 3059377–5478971). We performed whole-exome sequencing on two affected individuals from two separate branches of the extended pedigree and identified a novel nonsynonymous homozygous mutation in exon 9 of the WIPI2 (WD-repeat protein interacting with phosphoinositide 2) gene at position 5265458 (c.G745A;pV249M). WIPI2 plays a critical role in autophagy, an evolutionary conserved cellular pathway implicated in a growing number of medical conditions. The mutation is situated in a highly conserved and critically important region of WIPI2, responsible for binding PI(3)P and PI(3,5)P2, an essential requirement for autophagy to proceed. The mutation is absent in all public databases, is predicted to be damaging and segregates with the disease phenotype. We performed functional studies in vitro to determine the potential effects of the mutation on downstream pathways leading to autophagosome assembly. Binding of the V231M mutant of WIPI2b to ATG16L1 (as well as ATG5–12) is significantly reduced in GFP pull-down experiments, and fibroblasts derived from the patients show reduced WIPI2 puncta, reduced LC3 lipidation and reduced autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musharraf Jelani
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,Centre for Omic Sciences, Islamia College Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Hannah C Dooley
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, London, UK
| | - Andrea Gubas
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, London, UK
| | | | | | - Zahir Ali
- Laboratory for Genome Engineering, Division of Biological Sciences, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Changsoo Kang
- Department of Biology and Institute of Basic Sciences, Sungshin Women's University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Fazal Rahim
- Department of Physiology, Bacha Khan Medical College, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Amin Jan
- North West School of Medicine, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Nirmal Vadgama
- Genetics Unit, Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Jumana Yousuf Al-Aama
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Asifullah Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Sharon A Tooze
- The Francis Crick Institute, Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy, London, UK
| | - Jamal Nasir
- Genetics Unit, Cell Biology and Genetics Research Centre, Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, UK
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11
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Li X, He S, Ma B. Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in cancer. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:12. [PMID: 31969156 PMCID: PMC6975070 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-1138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 838] [Impact Index Per Article: 209.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, as a type II programmed cell death, plays crucial roles with autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in cancer. Up to now, the dual role of autophagy both in cancer progression and inhibition remains controversial, in which the numerous ATG proteins and their core complexes including ULK1/2 kinase core complex, autophagy-specific class III PI3K complex, ATG9A trafficking system, ATG12 and LC3 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, give multiple activities of autophagy pathway and are involved in autophagy initiation, nucleation, elongation, maturation, fusion and degradation. Autophagy plays a dynamic tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting role in different contexts and stages of cancer development. In the early tumorigenesis, autophagy, as a survival pathway and quality-control mechanism, prevents tumor initiation and suppresses cancer progression. Once the tumors progress to late stage and are established and subjected to the environmental stresses, autophagy, as a dynamic degradation and recycling system, contributes to the survival and growth of the established tumors and promotes aggressiveness of the cancers by facilitating metastasis. This indicates that regulation of autophagy can be used as effective interventional strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Shikun He
- Ophthalmology Optometry Centre, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China.,Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Binyun Ma
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Medicine/Hematology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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12
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Morel E, Mehrpour M, Botti J, Dupont N, Hamaï A, Nascimbeni AC, Codogno P. Autophagy: A Druggable Process. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2017; 57:375-398. [PMID: 28061686 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter called autophagy) is a vacuolar, lysosomal pathway for catabolism of intracellular material that is conserved among eukaryotic cells. Autophagy plays a crucial role in tissue homeostasis, adaptation to stress situations, immune responses, and the regulation of the inflammatory response. Blockade or uncontrolled activation of autophagy is associated with cancer, diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, autoimmune disease, infection, and chronic inflammatory disease. During the past decade, researchers have made major progress in understanding the three levels of regulation of autophagy in mammalian cells: signaling, autophagosome formation, and autophagosome maturation and lysosomal degradation. As we discuss in this review, each of these levels is potentially druggable, and, depending on the indication, may be able to stimulate or inhibit autophagy. We also summarize the different modulators of autophagy and their potential and limitations in the treatment of life-threatening diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, F-75993 Paris, France; .,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Maryam Mehrpour
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, F-75993 Paris, France; .,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Joëlle Botti
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, F-75993 Paris, France; .,Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75993 Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dupont
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, F-75993 Paris, France; .,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Ahmed Hamaï
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, F-75993 Paris, France; .,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Anna Chiara Nascimbeni
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, F-75993 Paris, France; .,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75012 Paris, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, F-75993 Paris, France; .,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, F-75012 Paris, France
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13
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Archna A, Scrima A. Identification, biochemical characterization and crystallization of the central region of human ATG16L1. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2017; 73:560-567. [PMID: 28994404 PMCID: PMC5633923 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x17013280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ATG16L1 plays a major role in autophagy. It acts as a molecular scaffold which mediates protein-protein interactions essential for autophagosome formation. The ATG12~ATG5-ATG16L1 complex is one of the key complexes involved in autophagosome formation. Human ATG16L1 comprises 607 amino acids with three functional domains named ATG5BD, CCD and WD40, where the C-terminal WD40 domain represents approximately 50% of the full-length protein. Previously, structures of the C-terminal WD40 domain of human ATG16L1 as well as of human ATG12~ATG5 in complex with the ATG5BD of ATG16L1 have been reported. However, apart from the ATG5BD, no structural information for the N-terminal half, including the CCD, of human ATG16L1 is available. In this study, the authors aimed to structurally characterize the N-terminal half of ATG16L1. ATG16L111-307 in complex with ATG5 has been purified and crystallized in two crystal forms. However, both crystal structures revealed degradation of ATG16L1, resulting in crystals comprising only full-length ATG5 and the ATG5BD of ATG16L1. The structures of ATG5-ATG5BD in two novel crystal forms are presented, further supporting the previously observed dimerization of ATG5-ATG16L1. The reported degradation points towards a high instability at the linker region between the ATG5BD and the CCD in ATG16L1. Based on this observation and further biochemical analysis of ATG16L1, a stable 236-amino-acid subfragment comprising residues 72-307 of the N-terminal half of ATG16L1, covering the residual, so far structurally uncharacterized region of human ATG16L1, was identified. Here, the identification, purification, biochemical characterization and crystallization of the proteolytically stable ATG16L172-307 subfragment are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archna Archna
- Structural Biology of Autophagy Group, Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andrea Scrima
- Structural Biology of Autophagy Group, Department of Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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Orhon I, Reggiori F. Assays to Monitor Autophagy Progression in Cell Cultures. Cells 2017; 6:cells6030020. [PMID: 28686195 PMCID: PMC5617966 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The vast number of implications of autophagy in multiple areas of life sciences and medicine has attracted the interest of numerous scientists that aim to unveil the role of this process in specific physiological and pathological contexts. Cell cultures are one of the most frequently used experimental setup for the investigation of autophagy. As a result, it is essential to assess this highly regulated molecular pathway with efficient and reliable methods. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. Here, we present a review summarizing the most established assays used to monitor autophagy induction and progression in cell cultures, in order to guide researchers in the selection of the most optimal solution for their experimental setup and design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Orhon
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Fulvio Reggiori
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
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15
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Dupont N, Nascimbeni AC, Morel E, Codogno P. Molecular Mechanisms of Noncanonical Autophagy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 328:1-23. [PMID: 28069131 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a lysosomal catabolic process that maintains the homeostasis of eukaryotic cells, tissues, and organisms. Macroautophagy plays important physiological roles during development and aging processes and also contributes to immune responses. The process of macroautophagy is compromised in diseases, such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, and diabetes. The autophagosome, the double-membrane-bound organelle that sequesters cytoplasmic material to initiate macroautophagy, is formed by the hierarchical recruitment of about 15 autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and associated proteins, such as DFCP1, AMBRA1, the class III phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase VPS34, and p150/VPS15. Evidence suggests that in addition to the canonical pathway, noncanonical pathways that do not require the entire repertoire of ATGs can also result in formation of autophagosomes. Here we will discuss recent discoveries concerning the molecular regulation of these noncanonical forms of macroautophagy and their potential roles in cellular responses to stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dupont
- Institut Necker-Enfant Malades (INEM), INSERM, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - A C Nascimbeni
- Institut Necker-Enfant Malades (INEM), INSERM, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - E Morel
- Institut Necker-Enfant Malades (INEM), INSERM, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - P Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfant Malades (INEM), INSERM, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Activates CaMMKβ to Initiate Autophagy in PK-15 Cells by Increasing Cytosolic Calcium. Viruses 2016; 8:v8050135. [PMID: 27213427 PMCID: PMC4885090 DOI: 10.3390/v8050135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) induces autophagy via the 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/tuberous sclerosis complex 2 (TSC2)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in pig kidney PK-15 cells. However, the underlying mechanisms of AMPK activation in autophagy induction remain unknown. With specific inhibitors and RNA interference (RNAi), we show that PCV2 infection upregulated calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase-beta (CaMKKβ) by increasing cytosolic Ca2+ via inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R). Elevation of cytosolic calcium ion (Ca2+) did not seem to involve inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) release from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by phosphoinositide phospholipase C-gamma (PLC-γ). CaMKKβ then activated both AMPK and calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase I (CaMKI). PCV2 employed CaMKI and Trp-Asp (WD) repeat domain phosphoinositide-interacting protein 1 (WIPI1) as another pathway additional to AMPK signaling in autophagy initiation. Our findings could help better understanding of the signaling pathways of autophagy induction as part of PCV2 pathogenesis. Further research is warranted to study if PCV2 interacts directly with IP3R or indirectly with the molecules that antagonize IP3R activity responsible for increased cytosolic Ca2+ both in PK-15 cells and PCV2-targeted primary cells from pigs.
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Amaya C, Fader CM, Colombo MI. Autophagy and proteins involved in vesicular trafficking. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3343-53. [PMID: 26450776 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that, as a basic mechanism it delivers cytoplasmic components to the lysosomes in order to maintain adequate energy levels and cellular homeostasis. This complex cellular process is activated by low cellular nutrient levels and other stress situations such as low ATP levels, the accumulation of damaged proteins or organelles, or pathogen invasion. Autophagy as a multistep process involves vesicular transport events leading to tethering and fusion of autophagic vesicles with several intracellular compartments. This review summarizes our current understanding of the autophagic pathway with emphasis in the trafficking machinery (i.e. Rabs GTPases and SNAP receptors (SNAREs)) involved in specific steps of the pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Amaya
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 56, Centro Universitario, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudio Marcelo Fader
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 56, Centro Universitario, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Colombo
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM)-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Casilla de Correo 56, Centro Universitario, Parque General San Martín, 5500 Mendoza, Argentina.
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