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Chen J, Sun M, Xiao G, Shi R, Zhao C, Zhang Q, Yang S, Xuan Y. Starving the enemy: how plant and microbe compete for sugar on the border. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1230254. [PMID: 37600180 PMCID: PMC10433384 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1230254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
As the primary energy source for a plant host and microbe to sustain life, sugar is generally exported by Sugars Will Eventually be Exported Transporters (SWEETs) to the host extracellular spaces or the apoplast. There, the host and microbes compete for hexose, sucrose, and other important nutrients. The host and microbial monosaccharide transporters (MSTs) and sucrose transporters (SUTs) play a key role in the "evolutionary arms race". The result of this competition hinges on the proportion of sugar distribution between the host and microbes. In some plants (such as Arabidopsis, corn, and rice) and their interacting pathogens, the key transporters responsible for sugar competition have been identified. However, the regulatory mechanisms of sugar transporters, especially in the microbes require further investigation. Here, the key transporters that are responsible for the sugar competition in the host and pathogen have been identified and the regulatory mechanisms of the sugar transport have been briefly analyzed. These data are of great significance to the increase of the sugar distribution in plants for improvement in the yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Guosheng Xiao
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Rujie Shi
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Chanjuan Zhao
- Chongqing Three Gorges Vocational College, Wanzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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Chen L, Chen B, Zhu QH, Zhang X, Sun T, Liu F, Yang Y, Sun J, Li Y. Identification of sugar transporter genes and their roles in the pathogenicity of Verticillium dahliae on cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1123523. [PMID: 36778686 PMCID: PMC9910176 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1123523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Verticillium wilt (VW) caused by Verticillium dahliae is a soil-borne vascular fungal disease that severely affects cotton yield and fiber quality. Sugar metabolism plays an important role in the growth and pathogenicity of V. dahliae. However, limited information is known about the sugar transporter genes and their roles in the growth and pathogenicity of V. dahliae. METHOD In this study, genome-wide identification of sugar transporter genes in V. dahliae was conducted and the expression profiles of these genes in response to root exudates from cotton varieties susceptible or resistant to V. dahliae were investigated based on RNA-seq data. Tobacco Rattle Virus-based host-induced gene silencing (TRV-based HIGS) and artificial small interfering RNAs (asiRNAs) were applied to investigate the function of candidate genes involved in the growth and pathogenic process of V. dahliae. RESULTS A total of 65 putative sugar transporter genes were identified and clustered into 8 Clades. Of the 65 sugar transporter genes, 9 were found to be induced only by root exudates from the susceptible variety, including VdST3 and VdST12 that were selected for further functional study. Silencing of VdST3 or VdST12 in host plants by TRV-based HIGS reduced fungal biomass and enhanced cotton resistance against V. dahliae. Additionally, silencing of VdST12 and VdST3 by feeding asiRNAs targeting VdST12 (asiR815 or asiR1436) and VdST3 (asiR201 or asiR1238) inhibited fungal growth, exhibiting significant reduction in hyphae and colony diameter, with a more significant effect observed for the asiRNAs targeting VdST12. The inhibitory effect of asiRNAs on the growth of V. dahliae was enhanced with the increasing concentration of asiRNAs. Silencing of VdST12 by feeding asiR815+asiR1436 significantly decreased the pathogenicity of V. dahliae. DISCUSSION The results suggest that VdST3 and VdST12 are sugar transporter genes required for growth and pathogenicity of V. dahliae and that asiRNA is a valuable tool for functional characterization of V. dahliae genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bin Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | | | - Xinyu Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tiange Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yonglin Yang
- Cotton Research Institute, Shihezi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shihezi, China
| | - Jie Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- The Key Laboratory of Oasis Eco-agriculture, Agriculture College, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang, China
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Galvão DFA, Pessoni RAB, Elsztein C, Moreira KA, Morais MA, de Cássia Leone Figueiredo-Ribeiro R, Gaspar M, Morais MMC, Fialho MB, Braga MR. A comparative study between Fusarium solani and Neocosmospora vasinfecta revealed differential profile of fructooligosaccharide production. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2022; 67:873-889. [PMID: 35729302 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-022-00983-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are fructose-based oligosaccharides employed as additives to improve the food's nutritional and technological properties. The rhizosphere of plants that accumulate fructopolysaccharides as inulin has been revealed as a source of filamentous fungi. These fungi can produce FOS either by inulin hydrolysis or by biosynthesis from sucrose, including unusual FOS with enhanced prebiotic properties. Here, we investigated the ability of Fusarium solani and Neocosmospora vasinfecta to produce FOS from different carbon sources. Fusarium solani and N. vasinfecta grew preferentially in inulin instead of sucrose, resulting in the FOS production as the result of endo-inulinase activities. N. vasinfecta was also able to produce the FOS 1-kestose and 6-kestose from sucrose, indicating transfructosylating activity, absent in F. solani. Moreover, the results showed how these carbon sources affected fungal cell wall composition and the expression of genes encoding for β-1,3-glucan synthase and chitin synthase. Inulin and fructose promoted changes in fungal macroscopic characteristics partially explained by alterations in cell wall composition. However, these alterations were not directly correlated with the expression of genes related to cell wall synthesis. Altogether, the results pointed to the potential of both F. solani and N. vasinfecta to produce FOS at specific profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiane F A Galvão
- Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, R. Bom Pastor, s/n, 55 292-270, Garanhuns, PA, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Estrutural, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rosemeire A B Pessoni
- Faculdade da Saúde, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, Rua Alfeu Tavares, 149, Sao Bernardo do Campo, SP, 09641-000, Brazil
| | - Carolina Elsztein
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, 50670-901, Recife PE, Brazil
| | - Keila A Moreira
- Unidade Acadêmica de Garanhuns, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, R. Bom Pastor, s/n, 55 292-270, Garanhuns, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Morais
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, 50670-901, Recife PE, Brazil
| | - Rita de Cássia Leone Figueiredo-Ribeiro
- Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais (former Instituto de Botânica), Av. Miguel Stéfano, 3687, São Paulo, SP, 04301-902, Brazil
| | - Marília Gaspar
- Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais (former Instituto de Botânica), Av. Miguel Stéfano, 3687, São Paulo, SP, 04301-902, Brazil
| | - Marcia M C Morais
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Pernambuco, R. Arnóbio Marques, 310 50100-130, Recife, PA, Brazil
| | - Mauricio B Fialho
- Universidade Federal do ABC, Avenida dos Estados, Santo André, SP, 5001, 09210-580, Brazil.
| | - Marcia R Braga
- Núcleo de Conservação da Biodiversidade, Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais (former Instituto de Botânica), Av. Miguel Stéfano, 3687, São Paulo, SP, 04301-902, Brazil.
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Pandey C, Großkinsky DK, Westergaard JC, Jørgensen HJL, Svensgaard J, Christensen S, Schulz A, Roitsch T. Identification of a bio-signature for barley resistance against Pyrenophora teres infection based on physiological, molecular and sensor-based phenotyping. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 313:111072. [PMID: 34763864 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.111072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Necrotic and chlorotic symptoms induced during Pyrenophora teres infection in barley leaves indicate a compatible interaction that allows the hemi-biotrophic fungus Pyrenophora teres to colonise the host. However, it is unexplored how this fungus affects the physiological responses of resistant and susceptible cultivars during infection. To assess the degree of resistance in four different cultivars, we quantified visible symptoms and fungal DNA and performed expression analyses of genes involved in plant defence and ROS scavenging. To obtain insight into the interaction between fungus and host, we determined the activity of 19 key enzymes of carbohydrate and antioxidant metabolism. The pathogen impact was also phenotyped non-invasively by sensor-based multireflectance and -fluorescence imaging. Symptoms, regulation of stress-related genes and pathogen DNA content distinguished the cultivar Guld as being resistant. Severity of net blotch symptoms was also strongly correlated with the dynamics of enzyme activities already within the first day of infection. In contrast to the resistant cultivar, the three susceptible cultivars showed a higher reflectance over seven spectral bands and higher fluorescence intensities at specific excitation wavelengths. The combination of semi high-throughput physiological and molecular analyses with non-invasive phenotyping enabled the identification of bio-signatures that discriminates the resistant from susceptible cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandana Pandey
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dominik K Großkinsky
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430, Tulln, Austria
| | - Jesper Cairo Westergaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans J L Jørgensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Svensgaard
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Svend Christensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander Schulz
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Adaptive Biotechnologies, Global Change Research Institute, CAS, Brno, Czechia
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Kim M, Jeon S, Kang NK, Lee HG, Shin WS, Koh HG, Yun JH, Ahn CY, Oh HM, Chang YK. Molecular analysis of sugar transporters and glycolysis pathways in Ettlia sp. under heterotrophy using fructose and glucose. Biotechnol J 2021; 17:e2100214. [PMID: 34669258 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202100214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Fructophilic behavior in microalgae is a rare trait that could benefit biorefineries by enabling substitution of carbon source with fructose, and our previous study identified that Ettlia sp. prefers fructose relative to glucose. In this study, by analyzing the transcription levels of genes related to sugar transport and the glycolysis pathway, the fructose utilization of Ettlia sp. was investigated. In a fructose-containing medium, the expression levels of fructokinase (EttFRK3) and glucokinase (EttGCK1 and EttGCK2) genes were significantly upregulated in heterotrophic cultivation of Ettlia sp. under fructose supplementation conditions. Further, a sugar transporter (EttSTF11) was significantly upregulated by 3.2-fold in 1 day, and this increase was analogous to the specific growth rate exhibited by the species. Subsequent cultivation tests with multi-sugar sources also showed a significant upregulation of EttSTF11 relative to other treatments without fructose. A phylogenetic tree derived from the analysis of different transporters of interest identified that EttSTF11 was adjacent to reference fructose transporters with a high bootstrap value of 71. Given that the transmembrane domains of EttSTF11 were analogous to those of reference fructose transporter genes, EttSTF11 appeared to play a critical role in fructose consumption and metabolism in Ettlia sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsik Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjib Jeon
- Research Institute of Industrial Technology Convergence, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), 143 Hanggaul-ro, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Kyu Kang
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hyung-Gwan Lee
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Sub Shin
- Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Gi Koh
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.,DOE Center for Advanced Bioenergy and Bioproducts Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jin-Ho Yun
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Yong Ahn
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Mock Oh
- Cell Factory Research Center, Korea Research Institute for Bioscience and Bioengineering (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Keun Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Advanced Biomass R&D Center, 291 Daehak-ro, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
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Balotf S, Wilson R, Tegg RS, Nichols DS, Wilson CR. In Planta Transcriptome and Proteome Profiles of Spongospora subterranea in Resistant and Susceptible Host Environments Illuminates Regulatory Principles Underlying Host-Pathogen Interaction. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10090840. [PMID: 34571717 PMCID: PMC8471823 DOI: 10.3390/biology10090840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Infections of potato tubers and roots by Spongospora subterranea result in powdery scab and root diseases. Losses due to infections with S. subterranea are substantial in most potato-growing regions of the world with no fully effective treatments available. Understanding the gene regulation of pathogens in their host is dependent on multidimensional datasets. In this study, we profiled the transcriptome and proteome of S. subterranea within the susceptible and resistant host. Enzyme activity and nucleic acid metabolism appear to be important to the virulence of S. subterranea. Our results provide a good resource for future functional studies of powdery scab and might be useful in S. subterranea inoculum management. Abstract Spongospora subterranea is an obligate biotrophic pathogen, causing substantial economic loss to potato industries globally. Currently, there are no fully effective management strategies for the control of potato diseases caused by S. subterranea. To further our understanding of S. subterranea biology during infection, we characterized the transcriptome and proteome of the pathogen during the invasion of roots of a susceptible and a resistant potato cultivar. A total of 7650 transcripts from S. subterranea were identified in the transcriptome analysis in which 1377 transcripts were differentially expressed between two cultivars. In proteome analysis, we identified 117 proteins with 42 proteins significantly changed in comparisons between resistant and susceptible cultivars. The functional annotation of transcriptome data indicated that the gene ontology terms related to the transportation and actin processes were induced in the resistant cultivar. The downregulation of enzyme activity and nucleic acid metabolism in the resistant cultivar suggests a probable influence of these processes in the virulence of S. subterranea. The protein analysis results indicated that the majority of differentially expressed proteins were related to the metabolic processes and transporter activity. The present study provides a comprehensive molecular insight into the multiple layers of gene regulation that contribute to S. subterranea infection and development in planta and illuminates the role of host immunity in affecting pathogen responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadegh Balotf
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS 7008, Australia; (S.B.); (R.S.T.)
| | - Richard Wilson
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; (R.W.); (D.S.N.)
| | - Robert S. Tegg
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS 7008, Australia; (S.B.); (R.S.T.)
| | - David S. Nichols
- Central Science Laboratory, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia; (R.W.); (D.S.N.)
| | - Calum R. Wilson
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, New Town Research Laboratories, University of Tasmania, New Town, TAS 7008, Australia; (S.B.); (R.S.T.)
- Correspondence:
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Havukainen S, Pujol-Giménez J, Valkonen M, Westerholm-Parvinen A, Hediger MA, Landowski CP. Electrophysiological characterization of a diverse group of sugar transporters from Trichoderma reesei. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14678. [PMID: 34282161 PMCID: PMC8290022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93552-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei is an ascomycete fungus known for its capability to secrete high amounts of extracellular cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading enzymes. These enzymes are utilized in the production of second-generation biofuels and T. reesei is a well-established host for their production. Although this species has gained considerable interest in the scientific literature, the sugar transportome of T. reesei remains poorly characterized. Better understanding of the proteins involved in the transport of different sugars could be utilized for engineering better enzyme production strains. In this study we aimed to shed light on this matter by characterizing multiple T. reesei transporters capable of transporting various types of sugars. We used phylogenetics to select transporters for expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes to screen for transport activities. Of the 18 tested transporters, 8 were found to be functional in oocytes. 10 transporters in total were investigated in oocytes and in yeast, and for 3 of them no transport function had been described in literature. This comprehensive analysis provides a large body of new knowledge about T. reesei sugar transporters, and further establishes X. laevis oocytes as a valuable tool for studying fungal sugar transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Havukainen
- Protein Production Team, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Jonai Pujol-Giménez
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mari Valkonen
- Protein Production Team, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Ann Westerholm-Parvinen
- Protein Production Team, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland
| | - Matthias A Hediger
- Membrane Transport Discovery Lab, Department of Biomedical Research, Inselspital, University of Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christopher P Landowski
- Protein Production Team, VTT Technical Research Center of Finland Ltd, Tietotie 2, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
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Han JW, Kim DY, Lee YJ, Choi YR, Kim B, Choi GJ, Han SW, Kim H. Transcription Factor PdeR Is Involved in Fungal Development, Metabolic Change, and Pathogenesis of Gray Mold Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9171-9179. [PMID: 32786857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea releases extracellular enzymes that facilitate its penetration into a host. This study functionally characterized the gene pdeR of B. cinerea, which is predicted to encode a Zn(II)2Cys6 zinc finger transcription factor. To investigate the role of pdeR, deleted and complemented strains of pdeR in B. cinerea were generated, which were designated as ΔpdeR and PdeRc, respectively. The ΔpdeR strain exhibited impaired germination and growth compared to the wild-type and PdeRc strains, particularly when provided with maltose as the sole carbon source. When all of the strains were grown on a minimal medium containing polysaccharide as the sole carbon source, the ΔpdeR exclusively showed defects in polysaccharide hydrolysis with reduced gene expression encoding for amylase and cellulase. As far as the involvement of pdeR in carbon metabolism is concerned, metabolic changes were investigated in the ΔpdeR mutant. Comparisons of relative, normalized concentrations of each metabolite showed that the amounts of six metabolites including glucose and trehalose were significantly changed in the ΔpdeR strain. Based on pleiotropic changes derived from the deletion of pdeR, we hypothesized that pdeR has an important role in pathogenesis. When the ΔpdeR strain was inoculated onto pepper plant, the ΔpdeR strain did not cause expansion of the disease lesions from the infection sites, which grew on the surface without any penetration. Taken together, these results show that the deletion of pdeR affected the extracellular enzymatic activity, leading to changes in fungal development, metabolism, and virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Woo Han
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Da Yeon Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Yu Jeong Lee
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Yee Ram Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Bomin Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Gyung Ja Choi
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Han
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong 17546, Korea
| | - Hun Kim
- Center for Eco-Friendly New Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
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9
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Kanwar P, Jha G. Alterations in plant sugar metabolism: signatory of pathogen attack. PLANTA 2019; 249:305-318. [PMID: 30267150 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-3018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolic alterations that influence the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions. Intricate cellular and molecular events occur during plant-pathogen interactions. They cause major metabolic perturbations in the host and alterations in sugar metabolism play a pivotal role in governing the outcome of various kinds of plant-pathogen interactions. Sugar metabolizing enzymes and transporters of both host and pathogen origin get differentially regulated during the interactions. Both plant and pathogen compete for utilizing the host sugar metabolic machinery and in turn promote resistant or susceptible responses. However, the kind of sugar metabolism alteration that is beneficial for the host or pathogen is yet to be properly understood. Recently developed tools and methodologies are facilitating research to understand the intricate dynamics of sugar metabolism during the interactions. The present review elaborates current understanding, future challenges and ongoing quest on sugar metabolism, mobilization and regulation during various plant-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Kanwar
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Gopaljee Jha
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Yoshino K, Yamamoto K, Hara K, Sonoda M, Yamamoto Y, Sakamoto K. The conservation of polyol transporter proteins and their involvement in lichenized Ascomycota. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:318-329. [PMID: 30928040 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In lichen symbiosis, polyol transfer from green algae is important for acquiring the fungal carbon source. However, the existence of polyol transporter genes and their correlation with lichenization remain unclear. Here, we report candidate polyol transporter genes selected from the genome of the lichen-forming fungus (LFF) Ramalina conduplicans. A phylogenetic analysis using characterized polyol and monosaccharide transporter proteins and hypothetical polyol transporter proteins of R. conduplicans and various ascomycetous fungi suggested that the characterized yeast' polyol transporters form multiple clades with the polyol transporter-like proteins selected from the diverse ascomycetous taxa. Thus, polyol transporter genes are widely conserved among Ascomycota, regardless of lichen-forming status. In addition, the phylogenetic clusters suggested that LFFs belonging to Lecanoromycetes have duplicated proteins in each cluster. Consequently, the number of sequences similar to characterized yeast' polyol transporters were evaluated using the genomes of 472 species or strains of Ascomycota. Among these, LFFs belonging to Lecanoromycetes had greater numbers of deduced polyol transporter proteins. Thus, various polyol transporters are conserved in Ascomycota and polyol transporter genes appear to have expanded during the evolution of Lecanoromycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Yoshino
- Division of Environmental Horticulture, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-0092, Japan.
| | - Kohei Yamamoto
- Tochigi Prefectural Museum, 2-2 Mutsumi-cho, Utsunomiya, Tochigi, 320-0865, Japan.
| | - Kojiro Hara
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-nishi, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Masatoshi Sonoda
- Division of Environmental Horticulture, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-0092, Japan.
| | - Yoshikazu Yamamoto
- Faculty of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University, 241-438 Kaidobata-nishi, Shimoshinjo-nakano, Akita, 010-0195, Japan.
| | - Kazunori Sakamoto
- Division of Environmental Horticulture, Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University, 648 Matsudo, Matsudo, Chiba, 271-0092, Japan.
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11
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Peng M, Aguilar-Pontes MV, de Vries RP, Mäkelä MR. In Silico Analysis of Putative Sugar Transporter Genes in Aspergillus niger Using Phylogeny and Comparative Transcriptomics. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1045. [PMID: 29867914 PMCID: PMC5968117 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger is one of the most widely used fungi to study the conversion of the lignocellulosic feedstocks into fermentable sugars. Understanding the sugar uptake system of A. niger is essential to improve the efficiency of the process of fungal plant biomass degradation. In this study, we report a comprehensive characterization of the sugar transportome of A. niger by combining phylogenetic and comparative transcriptomic analyses. We identified 86 putative sugar transporter (ST) genes based on a conserved protein domain search. All these candidates were then classified into nine subfamilies and their functional motifs and possible sugar-specificity were annotated according to phylogenetic analysis and literature mining. Furthermore, we comparatively analyzed the ST gene expression on a large set of fungal growth conditions including mono-, di- and polysaccharides, and mutants of transcriptional regulators. This revealed that transporter genes from the same phylogenetic clade displayed very diverse expression patterns and were regulated by different transcriptional factors. The genome-wide study of STs of A. niger provides new insights into the mechanisms underlying an extremely flexible metabolism and high nutritional versatility of A. niger and will facilitate further biochemical characterization and industrial applications of these candidate STs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Peng
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maria V Aguilar-Pontes
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute and Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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12
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Veillet F, Gaillard C, Lemonnier P, Coutos-Thévenot P, La Camera S. The molecular dialogue between Arabidopsis thaliana and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea leads to major changes in host carbon metabolism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17121. [PMID: 29215097 PMCID: PMC5719352 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17413-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoassimilates play crucial roles during plant-pathogen interactions, as colonizing pathogens rely on the supply of sugars from hosts. The competition for sugar acquisition at the plant-pathogen interface involves different strategies from both partners which are critical for the outcome of the interaction. Here, we dissect individual mechanisms of sugar uptake during the interaction of Arabidopsis thaliana with the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea using millicell culture insert, that enables molecular communication without physical contact. We demonstrate that B. cinerea is able to actively absorb glucose and fructose with equal capacities. Challenged Arabidopsis cells compete for extracellular monosaccharides through transcriptional reprogramming of host sugar transporter genes and activation of a complex sugar uptake system which displays differential specificity and affinity for hexoses. We provide evidence that the molecular dialogue between Arabidopsis cells and B. cinerea triggers major changes in host metabolism, including apoplastic sucrose degradation and consumption of carbohydrates and oxygen, suggesting an enhanced activity of the glycolysis and the cellular respiration. We conclude that beside a role in sugar deprivation of the pathogen by competing for sugar availability in the apoplast, the enhanced uptake of hexoses also contributes to sustain the increased activity of respiratory metabolism to fuel plant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Veillet
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "SEVE-Sucres et Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, F-86073, Poitiers, France
| | - Cécile Gaillard
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "SEVE-Sucres et Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, F-86073, Poitiers, France
| | - Pauline Lemonnier
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "SEVE-Sucres et Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, F-86073, Poitiers, France
- Department of Plant Biology and Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Pierre Coutos-Thévenot
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "SEVE-Sucres et Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, F-86073, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvain La Camera
- Laboratoire Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "SEVE-Sucres et Echanges Végétaux-Environnement", Université de Poitiers, UMR CNRS 7267, F-86073, Poitiers, France.
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13
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Pfister C, Bourque S, Chatagnier O, Chiltz A, Fromentin J, Van Tuinen D, Wipf D, Leborgne-Castel N. Differential Signaling and Sugar Exchanges in Response to Avirulent Pathogen- and Symbiont-Derived Molecules in Tobacco Cells. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2228. [PMID: 29209286 PMCID: PMC5701941 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants interact with microbes whose ultimate aim is to exploit plant carbohydrates for their reproduction. Plant–microbe interactions (PMIs) are classified according to the nature of their trophic exchanges: while mutualistic microbes trade nutrients with plants, pathogens unilaterally divert carbohydrates. The early responses following microbe recognition and the subsequent control of plant sugar distribution are still poorly understood. To further decipher PMI functionality, we used tobacco cells treated with microbial molecules mimicking pathogenic or mutualistic PMIs, namely cryptogein, a defense elicitor, and chitotetrasaccharide (CO4), which is secreted by mycorrhizal fungi. CO4 was perceived by tobacco cells and triggered widespread transient signaling components such as a sharp cytosolic Ca2+ elevation, NtrbohD-dependent H2O2 production, and MAP kinase activation. These CO4-induced events differed from those induced by cryptogein, i.e., sustained events leading to cell death. Furthermore, cryptogein treatment inhibited glucose and sucrose uptake but not fructose uptake, and promoted the expression of NtSUT and NtSWEET sugar transporters, whereas CO4 had no effect on sugar uptake and only a slight effect on NtSWEET2B expression. Our results suggest that microbial molecules induce different signaling responses that reflect microbial lifestyle and the subsequent outcome of the interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Pfister
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Bourque
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Odile Chatagnier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Annick Chiltz
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Fromentin
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Diederik Van Tuinen
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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14
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Cano J, Berrocal-Lobo M, Domínguez-Núñez J. Growth of Amanita caesarea in the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Bacillus cereus. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:825-833. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Mendoza-Martínez AE, Lara-Rojas F, Sánchez O, Aguirre J. NapA Mediates a Redox Regulation of the Antioxidant Response, Carbon Utilization and Development in Aspergillus nidulans. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:516. [PMID: 28424666 PMCID: PMC5371717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The redox-regulated transcription factors (TFs) of the bZIP AP1 family, such as yeast Yap1 and fission yeast Pap1, are activated by peroxiredoxin proteins (Prxs) to regulate the antioxidant response. Previously, Aspergillus nidulans mutants lacking the Yap1 ortholog NapA have been characterized as sensitive to H2O2 and menadione. Here we study NapA roles in relation to TFs SrrA and AtfA, also involved in oxidant detoxification, showing that these TFs play different roles in oxidative stress resistance, catalase gene regulation and development, during A. nidulans life cycle. We also uncover novel NapA roles in repression of sexual development, normal conidiation, conidial mRNA accumulation, and carbon utilization. The phenotypic characterization of ΔgpxA, ΔtpxA, and ΔtpxB single, double and triple peroxiredoxin mutants in wild type or ΔnapA backgrounds shows that none of these Prxs is required for NapA function in H2O2 and menadione resistance. However, these Prxs participate in a minor NapA-independent H2O2 resistance pathway and NapA and TpxA appear to regulate conidiation along the same route. Using transcriptomic analysis we show that during conidial development NapA-dependent gene expression pattern is different from canonical oxidative stress patterns. In the course of conidiation, NapA is required for regulation of at least 214 genes, including ethanol utilization genes alcR, alcA and aldA, and large sets of genes encoding proteins involved in transcriptional regulation, drug detoxification, carbohydrate utilization and secondary metabolism, comprising multiple oxidoreductases, membrane transporters and hydrolases. In agreement with this, ΔnapA mutants fail to grow or grow very poorly in ethanol, arabinose or fructose as sole carbon sources. Moreover, we show that NapA nuclear localization is induced not only by oxidative stress but also by growth in ethanol and by carbon starvation. Together with our previous work, these results show that SakA-AtfA, SrrA and NapA oxidative stress-sensing pathways regulate essential aspects of spore physiology (i.e., cell cycle arrest, dormancy, drug production and detoxification, and carbohydrate utilization).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariann E Mendoza-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
| | - Fernando Lara-Rojas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
| | - Olivia Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Departamento de Biología Celular y del Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de MéxicoCoyoacán, Mexico
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16
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Lecompte F, Nicot PC, Ripoll J, Abro MA, Raimbault AK, Lopez-Lauri F, Bertin N. Reduced susceptibility of tomato stem to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is associated with a specific adjustment of fructose content in the host sugar pool. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 119:931-943. [PMID: 28065923 PMCID: PMC5378192 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Plant soluble sugars, as main components of primary metabolism, are thought to be implicated in defence against pathogenic fungi. However, the function of sucrose and hexoses remains unclear. This study aimed to identify robust patterns in the dynamics of soluble sugars in sink tissues of tomato plants during the course of infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea . Distinct roles for glucose and fructose in defence against B. cinerea were hypothesized. Methods We examined sugar contents and defence hormonal markers in tomato stem tissues before and after infection by B. cinerea , in a range of abiotic environments created by various nitrogen and water supplies. Key Results Limited nitrogen or water supplies increased tomato stem susceptibility to B. cinerea . Glucose and fructose contents of tissues surrounding infection sites evolved differently after inoculation. The fructose content never decreased after inoculation with B. cinerea , while that of glucose showed either positive or negative variation, depending on the abiotic environment. An increase in the relative fructose content (defined as the proportion of fructose in the soluble sugar pool) was observed in the absence of glucose accumulation and was associated with lower susceptibility. A lower expression of the salicylic acid marker PR1a , and a lower repression of a jasmonate marker COI1 were associated with reduced susceptibility. Accordingly, COI1 expression was positively correlated with the relative fructose contents 7 d after infection. Conclusions Small variations of fructose content among the sugar pool are unlikely to affect intrinsic pathogen growth. Our results highlight distinct use of host glucose and fructose after infection by B. cinerea and suggest strongly that adjustment of the relative fructose content is required for enhanced plant defence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Astrid K. Raimbault
- UMR Qualisud, Université d’Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, F-84916 Avignon, France
| | - Félicie Lopez-Lauri
- UMR Qualisud, Université d’Avignon et des Pays du Vaucluse, F-84916 Avignon, France
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17
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de Vries RP, Riley R, Wiebenga A, Aguilar-Osorio G, Amillis S, Uchima CA, Anderluh G, Asadollahi M, Askin M, Barry K, Battaglia E, Bayram Ö, Benocci T, Braus-Stromeyer SA, Caldana C, Cánovas D, Cerqueira GC, Chen F, Chen W, Choi C, Clum A, dos Santos RAC, Damásio ARDL, Diallinas G, Emri T, Fekete E, Flipphi M, Freyberg S, Gallo A, Gournas C, Habgood R, Hainaut M, Harispe ML, Henrissat B, Hildén KS, Hope R, Hossain A, Karabika E, Karaffa L, Karányi Z, Kraševec N, Kuo A, Kusch H, LaButti K, Lagendijk EL, Lapidus A, Levasseur A, Lindquist E, Lipzen A, Logrieco AF, MacCabe A, Mäkelä MR, Malavazi I, Melin P, Meyer V, Mielnichuk N, Miskei M, Molnár ÁP, Mulé G, Ngan CY, Orejas M, Orosz E, Ouedraogo JP, Overkamp KM, Park HS, Perrone G, Piumi F, Punt PJ, Ram AFJ, Ramón A, Rauscher S, Record E, Riaño-Pachón DM, Robert V, Röhrig J, Ruller R, Salamov A, Salih NS, Samson RA, Sándor E, Sanguinetti M, Schütze T, Sepčić K, Shelest E, Sherlock G, Sophianopoulou V, Squina FM, Sun H, Susca A, Todd RB, Tsang A, Unkles SE, van de Wiele N, van Rossen-Uffink D, Oliveira JVDC, Vesth TC, Visser J, Yu JH, Zhou M, Andersen MR, Archer DB, Baker SE, Benoit I, Brakhage AA, Braus GH, Fischer R, Frisvad JC, Goldman GH, Houbraken J, Oakley B, Pócsi I, Scazzocchio C, Seiboth B, vanKuyk PA, Wortman J, Dyer PS, Grigoriev IV. Comparative genomics reveals high biological diversity and specific adaptations in the industrially and medically important fungal genus Aspergillus. Genome Biol 2017; 18:28. [PMID: 28196534 PMCID: PMC5307856 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1151-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal genus Aspergillus is of critical importance to humankind. Species include those with industrial applications, important pathogens of humans, animals and crops, a source of potent carcinogenic contaminants of food, and an important genetic model. The genome sequences of eight aspergilli have already been explored to investigate aspects of fungal biology, raising questions about evolution and specialization within this genus. RESULTS We have generated genome sequences for ten novel, highly diverse Aspergillus species and compared these in detail to sister and more distant genera. Comparative studies of key aspects of fungal biology, including primary and secondary metabolism, stress response, biomass degradation, and signal transduction, revealed both conservation and diversity among the species. Observed genomic differences were validated with experimental studies. This revealed several highlights, such as the potential for sex in asexual species, organic acid production genes being a key feature of black aspergilli, alternative approaches for degrading plant biomass, and indications for the genetic basis of stress response. A genome-wide phylogenetic analysis demonstrated in detail the relationship of the newly genome sequenced species with other aspergilli. CONCLUSIONS Many aspects of biological differences between fungal species cannot be explained by current knowledge obtained from genome sequences. The comparative genomics and experimental study, presented here, allows for the first time a genus-wide view of the biological diversity of the aspergilli and in many, but not all, cases linked genome differences to phenotype. Insights gained could be exploited for biotechnological and medical applications of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald P. de Vries
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Riley
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Ad Wiebenga
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Aguilar-Osorio
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, National University of Mexico, Ciudad Universitaria, D.F. C.P. 04510 Mexico
| | - Sotiris Amillis
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15781 Athens, Greece
| | - Cristiane Akemi Uchima
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
- Present address: VTT Brasil, Alameda Inajá, 123, CEP 06460-055 Barueri, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mojtaba Asadollahi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Marion Askin
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address: CSIRO Publishing, Unipark, Building 1 Level 1, 195 Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3168 Australia
| | - Kerrie Barry
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Evy Battaglia
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Özgür Bayram
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare Ireland
| | - Tiziano Benocci
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Susanna A. Braus-Stromeyer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Camila Caldana
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
- Max Planck Partner Group, Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory, CEP 13083-100 Campinas, Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - David Cánovas
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Avda de Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Fungal Genetics and Genomics Unit, Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU) Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Fusheng Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Wanping Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 China
| | - Cindy Choi
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Alicia Clum
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Renato Augusto Corrêa dos Santos
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - André Ricardo de Lima Damásio
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, CEP 13083-862 Campinas, SP Brazil
| | - George Diallinas
- Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimioupolis, 15781 Athens, Greece
| | - Tamás Emri
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Fekete
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Michel Flipphi
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Susanne Freyberg
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Gallo
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Christos Gournas
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research, Demokritos (NCSRD), Athens, Greece
- Present address: Université Libre de Bruxelles Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine (IBMM), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Rob Habgood
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | | | - María Laura Harispe
- Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Unidad Mixta INIA-IPMont, Mataojo 2020, CP11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
- Present address: Instituto de Profesores Artigas, Consejo de Formación en Educación, ANEP, CP 11800, Av. del Libertador 2025, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, 13288 Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kristiina S. Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ryan Hope
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Abeer Hossain
- Dutch DNA Biotech BV, Utrechtseweg 48, 3703AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eugenia Karabika
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH UK
- Present Address: Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, 45110 Greece
| | - Levente Karaffa
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Karányi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Nada Kraševec
- Laboratory for Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alan Kuo
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Harald Kusch
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Medical Informatics, University Medical Centre, Robert-Koch-Str.40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Molecular Biology, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Humboldtallee 23, Göttingen, 37073 Germany
| | - Kurt LaButti
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Ellen L. Lagendijk
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alla Lapidus
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
- Present address: Center for Algorithmic Biotechnology, St.Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, BBF, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
- Present address: Aix-Marseille Université, Unité de Recherche sur les Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales Emergentes (URMITE), UM63, CNRS 7278, IRD 198, INSERM U1095, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Pôle des Maladies Infectieuses, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Faculté de Médecine, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Erika Lindquist
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrew MacCabe
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iran Malavazi
- Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Petter Melin
- Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Microbiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7025, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
- Present address: Swedish Chemicals Agency, Box 2, 172 13 Sundbyberg, Sweden
| | - Vera Meyer
- Institute of Biotechnology, Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Mielnichuk
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, University of Seville, Avda de Reina Mercedes 6, 41012 Sevilla, Spain
- Present address: Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. César Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará, CONICET, Saladillo 2468 C1440FFX, Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Márton Miskei
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
- MTA-DE Momentum, Laboratory of Protein Dynamics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt.98., 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ákos P. Molnár
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Giuseppina Mulé
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Chew Yee Ngan
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Margarita Orejas
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Erzsébet Orosz
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jean Paul Ouedraogo
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address: Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Karin M. Overkamp
- Dutch DNA Biotech BV, Utrechtseweg 48, 3703AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Hee-Soo Park
- School of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Giancarlo Perrone
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Francois Piumi
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, BBF, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
- Present address: INRA UMR1198 Biologie du Développement et de la Reproduction - Domaine de Vilvert, Jouy en Josas, 78352 Cedex France
| | - Peter J. Punt
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Dutch DNA Biotech BV, Utrechtseweg 48, 3703AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur F. J. Ram
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Ramón
- Sección Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Stefan Rauscher
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Hertzstrasse 16,, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Eric Record
- INRA, Aix-Marseille Univ, BBF, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - Diego Mauricio Riaño-Pachón
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - Vincent Robert
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Julian Röhrig
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Hertzstrasse 16,, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Roberto Ruller
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - Asaf Salamov
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Nadhira S. Salih
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
- Department of Biology, School of Science, University of Sulaimani, Al Sulaymaneyah, Iraq
| | - Rob A. Samson
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Erzsébet Sándor
- Institute of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural and Food Sciences and Environmental Management, University of Debrecen, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Manuel Sanguinetti
- Sección Bioquímica, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Tabea Schütze
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address: Department Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Berlin University of Technology, Gustav-Meyer-Allee 25, 13355 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ekaterina Shelest
- Systems Biology/Bioinformatics group, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology, Hans Knoell Institute, (HKI), Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gavin Sherlock
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5120 USA
| | - Vicky Sophianopoulou
- Institute of Biosciences and Applications, Microbial Molecular Genetics Laboratory, National Center for Scientific Research, Demokritos (NCSRD), Athens, Greece
| | - Fabio M. Squina
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - Hui Sun
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
| | - Antonia Susca
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), National Research Council (CNR), Via Amendola 122/O, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Richard B. Todd
- Department of Plant Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506 USA
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Shiela E. Unkles
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH UK
| | - Nathalie van de Wiele
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Diana van Rossen-Uffink
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Present address: BaseClear B.V., Einsteinweg 5, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Caixa Postal 6192 CEP 13083-970, Campinas, São Paulo Brasil
| | - Tammi C. Vesth
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jaap Visser
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jae-Hyuk Yu
- Departments of Bacteriology and Genetics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1550 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mikael R. Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - David B. Archer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Scott E. Baker
- Fungal Biotechnology Team, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99352 USA
| | - Isabelle Benoit
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Present address: Centre of Functional and Structure Genomics Biology Department Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke St. W., Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada
| | - Axel A. Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz-Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute (HKI) and Institute for Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Beutenbergstr. 11a, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Gerhard H. Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics, Institute for Microbiology and Genetics, Georg August University Göttingen, Grisebachstr. 8, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Hertzstrasse 16,, 76187 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jens C. Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 223, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. do Café S/N, CEP 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo Brazil
| | - Jos Houbraken
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Berl Oakley
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045 USA
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Egyetem tér 1, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Claudio Scazzocchio
- Department of Microbiology, Imperial College, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, University Paris‐Sud, Université Paris‐Saclay, 91198 Gif‐sur‐Yvette cedex, France
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patricia A. vanKuyk
- Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology Leiden, Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer Wortman
- Broad Institute, 415 Main St, Cambridge, MA 02142 USA
- Present address: Seres Therapeutics, 200 Sidney St, Cambridge, MA 02139 USA
| | - Paul S. Dyer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD UK
| | - Igor V. Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, 2800 Mitchell Drive, Walnut Creek, CA 94598 USA
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18
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Proteomics of survival structures of fungal pathogens. N Biotechnol 2016; 33:655-665. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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19
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Daumann M, Golfier P, Knüppel N, Hahn M, Möhlmann T. Botrytis cinerea can import and utilize nucleosides in salvage and catabolism and BcENT functions as high affinity nucleoside transporter. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:904-916. [PMID: 27521624 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide de novo synthesis is an essential pathway in nearly all organisms. Transport processes as well as salvage and catabolism of nucleotides and pathway intermediates are required to balance nucleotide pools. We have analysed the genome of the fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea for genes involved in nucleotide metabolism and found a complete set of genes necessary for purine and pyrimidine uptake and salvage based on homology of the gene products to corresponding proteins from Aspergillus nidulans. Candidate genes required for a complete purine catabolic sequence were identified in addition. These analyses were complemented by growth tests showing functional transport and salvage activity for pyrimidines. Growth of B. cinerea mycelium in nitrogen free medium could be restored by addition of purines, indicating the presence of a functional purine catabolism, whereas pyrimidines did not support growth. Bcin07g05490 (BcENT) was identified as sole member of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter (ENT) family. The protein synthesized in Saccharomyces cerevisiae revealed high affinity transport of adenosine (KM = 6.81 μM) and uridine (KM=9.04 μM). Furthermore, a BcENT knockout mutant was generated and tested in a range of growth and infection assays. These results provide detailed insight in the use of externally supplied nucleobases and nucleosides by B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Daumann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Philippe Golfier
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Nathalie Knüppel
- Phytopathologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Matthias Hahn
- Phytopathologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Torsten Möhlmann
- Pflanzenphysiologie, Fachbereich Biologie, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern, Erwin-Schrödinger-Straße, D-67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Juneidi I, Hayyan M, Mohd Ali O. Toxicity profile of choline chloride-based deep eutectic solvents for fungi and Cyprinus carpio fish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:7648-7659. [PMID: 26743645 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-6003-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An investigation on the toxicological assessment of 10 choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvents (DESs) towards four fungi strains and Cyprinus carpio fish was conducted. ChCl was combined with materials from different chemical groups such as alcohols, sugars, acids and others to form DESs. The study was carried out on the individual DES components, their aqueous mixture before DES formation and their formed DESs. The agar disc diffusion method was followed to investigate their toxicity on four fungi strains selected as a model of eukaryotic microorganisms (Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Aspergillus niger, Lentinus tigrinus and Candida cylindracea). Among these DESs, ChCl:ZnCl2 exhibited the highest inhibition zone diameter towards the tested fungi growth in vitro, followed by the acidic group (malonic acid and p-toluenesulfonic acid). Another study was conducted to test the acute toxicity and determine the lethal concentration at 50 % (LC50) of the same DESs on C. carpio fish. The inhibition range and LC50 of DESs were found to be different from their individual components. DESs were found to be less toxic than their mixture or individual components. The LC50 of ChCl:MADES is much higher than that of ChCl:MAMix. Moreover, the DESs acidic group showed a lower inhibition zone on fungi growth. Thus, DESs should be considered as new components with different physicochemical properties and toxicological profiles, and not merely compositions of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Juneidi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
| | - Maan Hayyan
- University of Malaya Centre for Ionic Liquids (UMCiL), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Ozair Mohd Ali
- University of Malaya Medical Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia
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21
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Turgeman T, Shatil-Cohen A, Moshelion M, Teper-Bamnolker P, Skory CD, Lichter A, Eshel D. The Role of Aquaporins in pH-Dependent Germination of Rhizopus delemar Spores. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150543. [PMID: 26959825 PMCID: PMC4784744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizopus delemar and associated species attack a wide range of fruit and vegetables after harvest. Host nutrients and acidic pH are required for optimal germination of R. delemar, and we studied how this process is triggered. Glucose induced spore swelling in an acidic environment, expressed by an up to 3-fold increase in spore diameter, whereas spore diameter was smaller in a neutral environment. When suspended in an acidic environment, the spores started to float, indicating a change in their density. Treatment of the spores with HgCl2, an aquaporin blocker, prevented floating and inhibited spore swelling and germ-tube emergence, indicating the importance of water uptake at the early stages of germination. Two putative candidate aquaporin-encoding genes-RdAQP1 and RdAQP2-were identified in the R. delemar genome. Both presented the conserved NPA motif and six-transmembrane domain topology. Expressing RdAQP1 and RdAQP2 in Arabidopsis protoplasts increased the cells' osmotic water permeability coefficient (Pf) compared to controls, indicating their role as water channels. A decrease in R. delemar aquaporin activity with increasing external pH suggested pH regulation of these proteins. Substitution of two histidine (His) residues, positioned on two loops facing the outer side of the cell, with alanine eliminated the pH sensing resulting in similar Pf values under acidic and basic conditions. Since hydration is critical for spore switching from the resting to activate state, we suggest that pH regulation of the aquaporins can regulate the initial phase of R. delemar spore germination, followed by germ-tube elongation and host-tissue infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tidhar Turgeman
- Department of Postharvest Sciences of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Arava Shatil-Cohen
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Menachem Moshelion
- Department of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Paula Teper-Bamnolker
- Department of Postharvest Sciences of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Christopher D. Skory
- Renewable Product Technology Research Unit, NTL Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amnon Lichter
- Department of Postharvest Sciences of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Dani Eshel
- Department of Postharvest Sciences of Fresh Produce, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
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22
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Veillet F, Gaillard C, Coutos-Thévenot P, La Camera S. Targeting the AtCWIN1 Gene to Explore the Role of Invertases in Sucrose Transport in Roots and during Botrytis cinerea Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1899. [PMID: 28066461 PMCID: PMC5167757 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cell wall invertases (CWIN) cleave sucrose into glucose and fructose in the apoplast. CWINs are key regulators of carbon partitioning and source/sink relationships during growth, development and under biotic stresses. In this report, we monitored the expression/activity of Arabidopsis cell wall invertases in organs behaving as source, sink, or subjected to a source/sink transition after infection with the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. We showed that organs with different source/sink status displayed differential CWIN activities, depending on carbohydrate needs or availabilities in the surrounding environment, through a transcriptional and posttranslational regulation. Loss-of-function mutation of the Arabidopsis cell wall invertase 1 gene, AtCWIN1, showed that the corresponding protein was the main contributor to the apoplastic sucrose cleaving activity in both leaves and roots. The CWIN-deficient mutant cwin1-1 exhibited a reduced capacity to actively take up external sucrose in roots, indicating that this process is mainly dependent on the sucrolytic activity of AtCWIN1. Using T-DNA and CRISPR/Cas9 mutants impaired in hexose transport, we demonstrated that external sucrose is actively absorbed in the form of hexoses by a sugar/H+ symport system involving the coordinated activity of AtCWIN1 with several Sugar Transporter Proteins (STP) of the plasma membrane, i.e., STP1 and STP13. Part of external sucrose was imported without apoplastic cleavage into cwin1-1 seedling roots, highlighting an alternative AtCWIN1-independent pathway for the assimilation of external sucrose. Accordingly, we showed that several genes encoding sucrose transporters of the plasma membrane were expressed. We also detected transcript accumulation of vacuolar invertase (VIN)-encoding genes and high VIN activities. Upon infection, AtCWIN1 was responsible for all the Botrytis-induced apoplastic invertase activity. We detected a transcriptional activation of several AtSUC and AtVIN genes accompanied with an enhanced vacuolar invertase activity, suggesting that the AtCWIN1-independent pathway is efficient upon infection. In absence of AtCWIN1, we postulate that intracellular sucrose hydrolysis is sufficient to provide intracellular hexoses to maintain sugar homeostasis in host cells and to fuel plant defenses. Finally, we demonstrated that Botrytis cinerea possesses its own functional sucrolytic machinery and hexose uptake system, and does not rely on the host apoplastic invertases.
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Miotto-Vilanova L, Jacquard C, Courteaux B, Wortham L, Michel J, Clément C, Barka EA, Sanchez L. Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN Confers Grapevine Resistance against Botrytis cinerea via a Direct Antimicrobial Effect Combined with a Better Resource Mobilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1236. [PMID: 27602036 PMCID: PMC4993772 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant innate immunity serves as a surveillance system by providing the first line of powerful weapons to fight against pathogen attacks. Beneficial microorganisms and Microbial-Associated Molecular Patterns might act as signals to trigger this immunity. Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN, a highly efficient plant beneficial endophytic bacterium, promotes growth in a wide variety of plants including grapevine. Further, the bacterium induces plant resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. However, no study has deciphered triggered-mechanisms during the tripartite interaction between grapevine, B. phytofirmans PsJN and Botrytis cinerea. Herein, we showed that in contrast with classical rhizobacteria, which are restricted in the root system and act through ISR, B. phytofirmans PsJN is able to migrate until aerial part and forms at leaves surface a biofilm around B. cinerea mycelium to restrict the pathogen. Nevertheless, considering the endophytic level of PsJN in leaves, the plant protection efficacy of B. phytofirmans PsJN could not be explained solely by its direct antifungal effect. Deeper investigations showed a callose deposition, H2O2 production and primed expression of PR1, PR2, PR5, and JAZ only in bacterized-plantlets after pathogen challenge. The presence of PsJN modulated changes in leaf carbohydrate metabolism including gene expression, sugar levels, and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging after Botrytis challenge. Our findings indicated that protection induced by B. phytofirmans PsJN was multifaceted and relied on a direct antifungal effect, priming of defense mechanisms as well as the mobilization of carbon sources in grapevine leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Miotto-Vilanova
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Barbara Courteaux
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Laurence Wortham
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA 4682, Department of Physics, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Jean Michel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA 4682, Department of Physics, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Essaïd A. Barka
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
| | - Lisa Sanchez
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-ArdenneReims, France
- *Correspondence: Lisa Sanchez,
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Miotto-Vilanova L, Jacquard C, Courteaux B, Wortham L, Michel J, Clément C, Barka EA, Sanchez L. Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN Confers Grapevine Resistance against Botrytis cinerea via a Direct Antimicrobial Effect Combined with a Better Resource Mobilization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016. [PMID: 27602036 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.0123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Plant innate immunity serves as a surveillance system by providing the first line of powerful weapons to fight against pathogen attacks. Beneficial microorganisms and Microbial-Associated Molecular Patterns might act as signals to trigger this immunity. Burkholderia phytofirmans PsJN, a highly efficient plant beneficial endophytic bacterium, promotes growth in a wide variety of plants including grapevine. Further, the bacterium induces plant resistance against abiotic and biotic stresses. However, no study has deciphered triggered-mechanisms during the tripartite interaction between grapevine, B. phytofirmans PsJN and Botrytis cinerea. Herein, we showed that in contrast with classical rhizobacteria, which are restricted in the root system and act through ISR, B. phytofirmans PsJN is able to migrate until aerial part and forms at leaves surface a biofilm around B. cinerea mycelium to restrict the pathogen. Nevertheless, considering the endophytic level of PsJN in leaves, the plant protection efficacy of B. phytofirmans PsJN could not be explained solely by its direct antifungal effect. Deeper investigations showed a callose deposition, H2O2 production and primed expression of PR1, PR2, PR5, and JAZ only in bacterized-plantlets after pathogen challenge. The presence of PsJN modulated changes in leaf carbohydrate metabolism including gene expression, sugar levels, and chlorophyll fluorescence imaging after Botrytis challenge. Our findings indicated that protection induced by B. phytofirmans PsJN was multifaceted and relied on a direct antifungal effect, priming of defense mechanisms as well as the mobilization of carbon sources in grapevine leaf tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiane Miotto-Vilanova
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Cédric Jacquard
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Barbara Courteaux
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Laurence Wortham
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA 4682, Department of Physics, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Jean Michel
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, EA 4682, Department of Physics, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Christophe Clément
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Essaïd A Barka
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
| | - Lisa Sanchez
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes URVVC-EA 4707, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, University of Reims-Champagne-Ardenne Reims, France
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25
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Pessoni RAB, Tersarotto CC, Mateus CAP, Zerlin JK, Simões K, de Cássia L Figueiredo-Ribeiro R, Braga MR. Fructose affecting morphology and inducing β-fructofuranosidases in Penicillium janczewskii. SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:487. [PMID: 26380163 PMCID: PMC4564379 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1298-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Fructose, glucose, and an equimolar mixture of both sugars affected differently hyphae thickness, biomass production and secretion of β-fructofuranosidase in Penicillium janczewskii. Reduced growth, thinner hyphae and visible injuries were early observed during fungal cultivation in fructose-containing medium, reaching the maximum between 12 and 15 days of culture. Total sugar content from the cell wall was lower when fructose was supplied and polysaccharides lower than 10 kDa predominated, regardless the culture age. Maximal inulinase and invertase activities were detected in culture filtrates after 12 days, excepting in the glucose-containing medium. Structural changes in cell walls coincided with the increase of extracellular enzyme activity in the fructose-containing medium. The fragility of the hyphae might be related with both low carbohydrate content and predominance of low molecular weight glucans in the walls. Data presented here suggest changes in carbohydrate component of the cell walls are induced by the carbon source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemeire A B Pessoni
- Faculdade da Saúde, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP Brazil
| | - Carla C Tersarotto
- Faculdade da Saúde, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP Brazil
| | - Cássia A P Mateus
- Faculdade da Saúde, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP Brazil
| | - Juliana K Zerlin
- Faculdade da Saúde, Curso de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Metodista de São Paulo, São Bernardo do Campo, SP Brazil
| | - Kelly Simões
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Botânica, CP 68041, São Paulo, SP CEP 04045-972 Brazil
| | | | - Márcia R Braga
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Fisiologia e Bioquímica, Instituto de Botânica, CP 68041, São Paulo, SP CEP 04045-972 Brazil
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26
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Vatsa-Portugal P, Walker AS, Jacquens L, Clément C, Barka EA, Vaillant-Gaveau N. Inflorescences vs leaves: a distinct modulation of carbon metabolism process during Botrytis infection. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 154:162-177. [PMID: 25251162 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant growth and survival depends critically on photo assimilates. Pathogen infection leads to changes in carbohydrate metabolism of plants. In this study, we monitored changes in the carbohydrate metabolism in the grapevine inflorescence and leaves using Botrytis cinerea and Botrytis pseudo cinerea. Fluctuations in gas exchange were correlated with variations in chlorophyll a fluorescence. During infection, the inflorescences showed an increase in net photosynthesis (Pn) with a stomatal limitation. In leaves, photosynthesis decreased, with a non-stomatal limitation. A decrease in the effective photosystem II (PSII) quantum yield (ΦPSII) was accompanied by an increase in photochemical quenching (qP) and non-photochemical quenching (qN). The enhancement of qP and ΦPSII could explain the observed increase in Pn. In leaves, the significant decline in ΦPSII and qP, and increase in qN suggest that energy was mostly oriented toward heat dissipation instead of CO2 fixation. The accumulation of glucose and sucrose in inflorescences and glucose and fructose in the leaves during infection indicate that the plant's carbon metabolism is differently regulated in these two organs. While a strong accumulation of starch was observed at 24 and 48 hours post-inoculation (hpi) with both species of Botrytis in the inflorescences, a significant decrease with B. cinerea at 24 hpi and a significant increase with B. pseudo cinerea at 48 hpi were observed in the leaves. On the basis of these results, it can be said that during pathogen attack, the metabolism of grapevine inflorescence and leaf is modified suggesting distinct mechanisms modifying gas exchange, PSII activity and sugar contents in these two organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parul Vatsa-Portugal
- Laboratoire de Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, Unité de Recherche Vigne et Vin de Champagne URVVC EA 4707, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Reims, F-51687, France
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Zhang L, Hua C, Stassen JHM, Chatterjee S, Cornelissen M, van Kan JAL. Genome-wide analysis of pectate-induced gene expression in Botrytis cinerea: identification and functional analysis of putative d-galacturonate transporters. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 72:182-191. [PMID: 24140151 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2013.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The fungal plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea produces a spectrum of cell wall degrading enzymes for the decomposition of host cell wall polysaccharides and the consumption of the monosaccharides that are released. Especially pectin is an abundant cell wall component, and the decomposition of pectin by B. cinerea has been extensively studied. An effective concerted action of the appropriate pectin depolymerising enzymes, monosaccharide transporters and catabolic enzymes is important for complete d-galacturonic acid utilization by B. cinerea. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing to compare genome-wide transcriptional profiles between B. cinerea cultures grown in media containing pectate or glucose as sole carbon source. Transcript levels of 32 genes that are induced by pectate were further examined in cultures grown on six different monosaccharides, by means of quantitative RT-PCR, leading to the identification of 8 genes that are exclusively induced by d-galacturonic acid. Among these, the hexose transporter encoding genes Bchxt15 and Bchxt19 were functionally characterised. The subcellular location was studied of BcHXT15-GFP and BcHXT19-GFP fusion proteins expressed under control of their native promoter, in a B. cinerea wild-type strain. Both genes are expressed during growth on d-galacturonic acid and the fusion proteins are localized in plasma membranes and intracellular vesicles. Target gene knockout analysis revealed that BcHXT15 contributes to d-galacturonic acid uptake at pH 5∼5.6. The virulence of all B. cinerea hexose transporter mutants tested was unaltered on tomato and Nicotiana benthamiana leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisha Zhang
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Chenlei Hua
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost H M Stassen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Sayantani Chatterjee
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maxim Cornelissen
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Viefhues A, Heller J, Temme N, Tudzynski P. Redox systems in Botrytis cinerea: impact on development and virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2014; 27:858-74. [PMID: 24983673 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-14-0012-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The thioredoxin system is of great importance for maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis. Here, we show that it has a severe influence on virulence of Botrytis cinerea, demonstrating that redox processes are important for host-pathogen interactions in this necrotrophic plant pathogen. The thioredoxin system is composed of two enzymes, the thioredoxin and the thioredoxin reductase. We identified two genes encoding for thioredoxins (bctrx1, bctrx2) and one gene encoding for a thioredoxin reductase (bctrr1) in the genome of B. cinerea. Knockout mutants of bctrx1 and bctrr1 were severely impaired in virulence and more sensitive to oxidative stress. Additionally, Δbctrr1 showed enhanced H2O2 production and retarded growth. To investigate the impact of the second major cellular redox system, glutathione, we generated deletion mutants for two glutathione reductase genes. The effects were only marginal; deletion of bcglr1 resulted in reduced germination and, correspondingly, to retarded infection as well as reduced growth on minimal medium, whereas bcglr2 deletion had no distinctive phenotype. In summary, we showed that the balanced redox status maintained by the thioredoxin system is essential for development and pathogenesis of B. cinerea, whereas the second major cellular redox system, the glutathione system, seems to have only minor impact on these processes.
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Lemonnier P, Gaillard C, Veillet F, Verbeke J, Lemoine R, Coutos-Thévenot P, La Camera S. Expression of Arabidopsis sugar transport protein STP13 differentially affects glucose transport activity and basal resistance to Botrytis cinerea. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 85:473-84. [PMID: 24817131 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0198-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is the causing agent of the grey mold disease in more than 200 crop species. While signaling pathways leading to the basal resistance against this fungus are well described, the role of the import of sugars into host cells remains to be investigated. In Arabidopsis thaliana, apoplastic hexose retrieval is mediated by the activity of sugar transport proteins (STPs). Expression analysis of the 14 STP genes revealed that only STP13 was induced in leaves challenged with B. cinerea. STP13-modified plants were produced and assayed for their resistance to B. cinerea and glucose transport activity. We report that STP13-deficient plants exhibited an enhanced susceptibility and a reduced rate of glucose uptake. Conversely, plants with a high constitutive level of STP13 protein displayed an improved capacity to absorb glucose and an enhanced resistance phenotype. The correlation between STP13 transcripts, protein accumulation, glucose uptake rate and resistance level indicates that STP13 contributes to the basal resistance to B. cinerea by limiting symptom development and points out the importance of the host intracellular sugar uptake in this process. We postulate that STP13 would participate in the active resorption of hexoses to support the increased energy demand to trigger plant defense reactions and to deprive the fungus by changing sugar fluxes toward host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Lemonnier
- UMR CNRS 7267 EBI Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Equipe "Physiologie Moléculaire du Transport des Sucres chez les végétaux", Université de Poitiers, Batiment Botanique B31, 3 rue Jacques Fort, TSA 51106, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France
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30
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Wang YY, Liu B, Zhang XY, Zhou QM, Zhang T, Li H, Yu YF, Zhang XL, Hao XY, Wang M, Wang L, Wei JC. Genome characteristics reveal the impact of lichenization on lichen-forming fungus Endocarpon pusillum Hedwig (Verrucariales, Ascomycota). BMC Genomics 2014; 15:34. [PMID: 24438332 PMCID: PMC3897900 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lichen is a classic mutualistic organism and the lichenization is one of the fungal symbioses. The lichen-forming fungus Endocarpon pusillum is living in symbiosis with the green alga Diplosphaera chodatii Bialsuknia as a lichen in the arid regions. RESULTS 454 and Illumina technologies were used to sequence the genome of E. pusillum. A total of 9,285 genes were annotated in the 37.5 Mb genome of E. pusillum. Analyses of the genes provided direct molecular evidence for certain natural characteristics, such as homothallic reproduction and drought-tolerance. Comparative genomics analysis indicated that the expansion and contraction of some protein families in the E. pusillum genome reflect the specific relationship with its photosynthetic partner (D. chodatii). Co-culture experiments using the lichen-forming fungus E. pusillum and its algal partner allowed the functional identification of genes involved in the nitrogen and carbon transfer between both symbionts, and three lectins without signal peptide domains were found to be essential for the symbiotic recognition in the lichen; interestingly, the ratio of the biomass of both lichen-forming fungus and its photosynthetic partner and their contact time were found to be important for the interaction between these two symbionts. CONCLUSIONS The present study lays a genomic analysis of the lichen-forming fungus E. pusillum for demonstrating its general biological features and the traits of the interaction between this fungus and its photosynthetic partner D. chodatii, and will provide research basis for investigating the nature of its drought resistance and symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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Molecular cloning and characterization of two novel fructose-specific transporters from the osmotolerant and fructophilic yeast Candida magnoliae JH110. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:3569-78. [PMID: 24048639 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5225-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sugar transport is very critical in developing an efficient and rapid conversion process of a mixture of sugars by engineered microorganisms. By using expressed sequence tag data generated for the fructophilic yeast Candida magnoliae JH110, we identified two fructose-specific transporters, CmFSY1 and CmFFZ1, which show high homology with known fructose transporters of other yeasts. The CmFSY1 and CmFFZ1 genes harbor no introns and encode proteins of 574 and 582 amino acids, respectively. Heterologous expression of the two fructose-specific transporter genes in a Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is unable to utilize hexoses, revealed that both transporters are functionally expressed and specifically transport fructose. These results were further corroborated by kinetic analysis of the fructose transport that showed that CmFsy1p is a high-affinity fructose-proton symporter with low capacity (K(M) = 0.13 ± 0.01 mM, V(max) = 2.1 ± 0.3 mmol h⁻¹ [gdw]⁻¹) and that CmFfz1p is a low-affinity fructose-specific facilitator with high capacity (K(M) = 105 ± 12 mM, V max = 8.6 ± 0.7 mmol h⁻¹ [gdw]⁻¹). These fructose-specific transporters can be used for improving fructose transport in engineered microorganisms for the production of biofuels and chemicals from fructose-containing feedstock.
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Lemoine R, Camera SL, Atanassova R, Dédaldéchamp F, Allario T, Pourtau N, Bonnemain JL, Laloi M, Coutos-Thévenot P, Maurousset L, Faucher M, Girousse C, Lemonnier P, Parrilla J, Durand M. Source-to-sink transport of sugar and regulation by environmental factors. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:272. [PMID: 23898339 PMCID: PMC3721551 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 537] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Source-to-sink transport of sugar is one of the major determinants of plant growth and relies on the efficient and controlled distribution of sucrose (and some other sugars such as raffinose and polyols) across plant organs through the phloem. However, sugar transport through the phloem can be affected by many environmental factors that alter source/sink relationships. In this paper, we summarize current knowledge about the phloem transport mechanisms and review the effects of several abiotic (water and salt stress, mineral deficiency, CO2, light, temperature, air, and soil pollutants) and biotic (mutualistic and pathogenic microbes, viruses, aphids, and parasitic plants) factors. Concerning abiotic constraints, alteration of the distribution of sugar among sinks is often reported, with some sinks as roots favored in case of mineral deficiency. Many of these constraints impair the transport function of the phloem but the exact mechanisms are far from being completely known. Phloem integrity can be disrupted (e.g., by callose deposition) and under certain conditions, phloem transport is affected, earlier than photosynthesis. Photosynthesis inhibition could result from the increase in sugar concentration due to phloem transport decrease. Biotic interactions (aphids, fungi, viruses…) also affect crop plant productivity. Recent breakthroughs have identified some of the sugar transporters involved in these interactions on the host and pathogen sides. The different data are discussed in relation to the phloem transport pathways. When possible, the link with current knowledge on the pathways at the molecular level will be highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remi Lemoine
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Sylvain La Camera
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Rossitza Atanassova
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Fabienne Dédaldéchamp
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Thierry Allario
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Pourtau
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Jean-Louis Bonnemain
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Maryse Laloi
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Pierre Coutos-Thévenot
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Laurence Maurousset
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Mireille Faucher
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Christine Girousse
- Diversité et Ecophysiologie des Céréales, Unités Mixtes de RechercheClermont Ferrand, France
| | - Pauline Lemonnier
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Jonathan Parrilla
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
| | - Mickael Durand
- Unités Mixtes de Recherche, Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions, Université of Poitiers/Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiquePoitiers, France
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Leandro MJ, Sychrová H, Prista C, Loureiro-Dias MC. ZrFsy1, a high-affinity fructose/H+ symporter from fructophilic yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68165. [PMID: 23844167 PMCID: PMC3699521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is a fructophilic yeast than can grow at very high sugar concentrations. We have identified an ORF encoding a putative fructose/H+ symporter in the Z. rouxii CBS 732 genome database. Heterologous expression of this ORF in a S. cerevisiae strain lacking its own hexose transporters (hxt-null) and subsequent kinetic characterization of its sugar transport activity showed it is a high-affinity low-capacity fructose/H+ symporter, with Km 0.45±0.07 mM and Vmax 0.57±0.02 mmol h−1 (gdw) −1. We named it ZrFsy1. This protein also weakly transports xylitol and sorbose, but not glucose or other hexoses. The expression of ZrFSY1 in Z. rouxii is higher when the cells are cultivated at extremely low fructose concentrations (<0.2%) and on non-fermentable carbon sources such as mannitol and xylitol, where the cells have a prolonged lag phase, longer duplication times and change their microscopic morphology. A clear phenotype was determined for the first time for the deletion of a fructose/H+ symporter in the genome where it occurs naturally. The effect of the deletion of ZrFSY1 in Z. rouxii cells is only evident when the cells are cultivated at very low fructose concentrations, when the ZrFsy1 fructose symporter is the main active fructose transporter system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Leandro
- CBAA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Coelho MA, Gonçalves C, Sampaio JP, Gonçalves P. Extensive intra-kingdom horizontal gene transfer converging on a fungal fructose transporter gene. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003587. [PMID: 23818872 PMCID: PMC3688497 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative genomics revealed in the last decade a scenario of rampant horizontal gene transfer (HGT) among prokaryotes, but for fungi a clearly dominant pattern of vertical inheritance still stands, punctuated however by an increasing number of exceptions. In the present work, we studied the phylogenetic distribution and pattern of inheritance of a fungal gene encoding a fructose transporter (FSY1) with unique substrate selectivity. 109 FSY1 homologues were identified in two sub-phyla of the Ascomycota, in a survey that included 241 available fungal genomes. At least 10 independent inter-species instances of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) involving FSY1 were identified, supported by strong phylogenetic evidence and synteny analyses. The acquisition of FSY1 through HGT was sometimes suggestive of xenolog gene displacement, but several cases of pseudoparalogy were also uncovered. Moreover, evidence was found for successive HGT events, possibly including those responsible for transmission of the gene among yeast lineages. These occurrences do not seem to be driven by functional diversification of the Fsy1 proteins because Fsy1 homologues from widely distant lineages, including at least one acquired by HGT, appear to have similar biochemical properties. In summary, retracing the evolutionary path of the FSY1 gene brought to light an unparalleled number of independent HGT events involving a single fungal gene. We propose that the turbulent evolutionary history of the gene may be linked to the unique biochemical properties of the encoded transporter, whose predictable effect on fitness may be highly variable. In general, our results support the most recent views suggesting that inter-species HGT may have contributed much more substantially to shape fungal genomes than heretofore assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Coelho
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Carla Gonçalves
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sampaio
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula Gonçalves
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Caparica, Portugal
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Pereira MF, de Araújo dos Santos CM, de Araújo EF, de Queiroz MV, Bazzolli DMS. Beginning to understand the role of sugar carriers in Colletotrichum lindemuthianum: the function of the gene mfs1. J Microbiol 2013; 51:70-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-013-2393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Ambrose KV, Belanger FC. SOLiD-SAGE of endophyte-infected red fescue reveals numerous effects on host transcriptome and an abundance of highly expressed fungal secreted proteins. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53214. [PMID: 23285269 PMCID: PMC3532157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most important plant-fungal symbiotic relationships is that of cool season grasses with endophytic fungi of the genera Epichloë and Neotyphodium. These associations often confer benefits, such as resistance to herbivores and improved drought tolerance, to the hosts. One benefit that appears to be unique to fine fescue grasses is disease resistance. As a first step towards understanding the basis of the endophyte-mediated disease resistance in Festuca rubra we carried out a SOLiD-SAGE quantitative transcriptome comparison of endophyte-free and Epichloë festucae-infected F. rubra. Over 200 plant genes involved in a wide variety of physiological processes were statistically significantly differentially expressed between the two samples. Many of the endophyte expressed genes were surprisingly abundant, with the most abundant fungal tag representing over 10% of the fungal mapped tags. Many of the abundant fungal tags were for secreted proteins. The second most abundantly expressed fungal gene was for a secreted antifungal protein and is of particular interest regarding the endophyte-mediated disease resistance. Similar genes in Penicillium and Aspergillus spp. have been demonstrated to have antifungal activity. Of the 10 epichloae whole genome sequences available, only one isolate of E. festucae and Neotyphodium gansuense var inebrians have an antifungal protein gene. The uniqueness of this gene in E. festucae from F. rubra, its transcript abundance, and the secreted nature of the protein, all suggest it may be involved in the disease resistance conferred to the host, which is a unique feature of the fine fescue-endophyte symbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen V. Ambrose
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Faith C. Belanger
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, United States of America
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Antal Z, Rascle C, Cimerman A, Viaud M, Billon-Grand G, Choquer M, Bruel C. The homeobox BcHOX8 gene in Botrytis cinerea regulates vegetative growth and morphology. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48134. [PMID: 23133556 PMCID: PMC3485016 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous growth and the capacity at producing conidia are two critical aspects of most fungal life cycles, including that of many plant or animal pathogens. Here, we report on the identification of a homeobox transcription factor encoding gene that plays a role in these two particular aspects of the development of the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Deletion of the BcHOX8 gene in both the B. cinerea B05-10 and T4 strains causes similar phenotypes, among which a curved, arabesque-like, hyphal growth on hydrophobic surfaces; the mutants were hence named Arabesque. Expression of the BcHOX8 gene is higher in conidia and infection cushions than in developing appressorium or mycelium. In the Arabesque mutants, colony growth rate is reduced and abnormal infection cushions are produced. Asexual reproduction is also affected with abnormal conidiophore being formed, strongly reduced conidia production and dramatic changes in conidial morphology. Finally, the mutation affects the fungus ability to efficiently colonize different host plants. Analysis of the B. cinerea genome shows that BcHOX8 is one member of a nine putative homeobox genes family. Available gene expression data suggest that these genes are functional and sequence comparisons indicate that two of them would be specific to B. cinerea and its close relative Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Antal
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Cimerman
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture - Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, INRA 1290, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Muriel Viaud
- Biologie et Gestion des Risques en Agriculture - Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, INRA 1290, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Geneviève Billon-Grand
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Bruel
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 5240 - Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie; Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
- * E-mail:
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Doidy J, Grace E, Kühn C, Simon-Plas F, Casieri L, Wipf D. Sugar transporters in plants and in their interactions with fungi. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 17:413-22. [PMID: 22513109 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 03/06/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Sucrose and monosaccharide transporters mediate long distance transport of sugar from source to sink organs and constitute key components for carbon partitioning at the whole plant level and in interactions with fungi. Even if numerous families of plant sugar transporters are defined; efflux capacities, subcellular localization and association to membrane rafts have only been recently reported. On the fungal side, the investigation of sugar transport mechanisms in mutualistic and pathogenic interactions is now emerging. Here, we review the essential role of sugar transporters for distribution of carbohydrates inside plant cells, as well as for plant-fungal interaction functioning. Altogether these data highlight the need for a better comprehension of the mechanisms underlying sugar exchanges between fungi and their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Doidy
- UMR INRA 1347, Agrosup, Université de Bourgogne, Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microorganismes ERL CNRS 6300, BP 86510, 21065 Dijon Cedex, France
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Lima-Costa ME, Tavares C, Raposo S, Rodrigues B, Peinado JM. Kinetics of sugars consumption and ethanol inhibition in carob pulp fermentation by Saccharomyces cerevisiae in batch and fed-batch cultures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 39:789-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-011-1079-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The waste materials from the carob processing industry are a potential resource for second-generation bioethanol production. These by-products are small carob kibbles with a high content of soluble sugars (45–50%). Batch and fed-batch Saccharomyces cerevisiae fermentations of high density sugar from carob pods were analyzed in terms of the kinetics of sugars consumption and ethanol inhibition. In all the batch runs, 90–95% of the total sugar was consumed and transformed into ethanol with a yield close to the theoretical maximum (0.47–0.50 g/g), and a final ethanol concentration of 100–110 g/l. In fed-batch runs, fresh carob extract was added when glucose had been consumed. This addition and the subsequent decrease of ethanol concentrations by dilution increased the final ethanol production up to 130 g/l. It seems that invertase activity and yeast tolerance to ethanol are the main factors to be controlled in carob fermentations. The efficiency of highly concentrated carob fermentation makes it a very promising process for use in a second-generation ethanol biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Emília Lima-Costa
- grid.7157.4 0000 0000 9693 350X Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research—CIMA University of Algarve—Campus de Gambelas 8005-139 Faro Portugal
| | - Catarina Tavares
- grid.7157.4 0000 0000 9693 350X Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research—CIMA University of Algarve—Campus de Gambelas 8005-139 Faro Portugal
| | - Sara Raposo
- grid.7157.4 0000 0000 9693 350X Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research—CIMA University of Algarve—Campus de Gambelas 8005-139 Faro Portugal
| | - Brígida Rodrigues
- grid.7157.4 0000 0000 9693 350X Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Centre for Marine and Environmental Research—CIMA University of Algarve—Campus de Gambelas 8005-139 Faro Portugal
| | - José M Peinado
- grid.4795.f 0000000121577667 Department of Microbiology III, Faculty of Biology Universidad Complutense 28040 Madrid Spain
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Fructose sensitivity is suppressed in Arabidopsis by the transcription factor ANAC089 lacking the membrane-bound domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3436-41. [PMID: 21300879 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1018665108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In living organisms sugars not only provide energy and carbon skeletons but also act as evolutionarily conserved signaling molecules. The three major soluble sugars in plants are sucrose, glucose, and fructose. Information on plant glucose and sucrose signaling is available, but to date no fructose-specific signaling pathway has been reported. In this study, sugar repression of seedling development was used to study fructose sensitivity in the Landsberg erecta (Ler)/Cape Verde Islands (Cvi) recombinant inbred line population, and eight fructose-sensing quantitative trait loci (QTLs) (FSQ1-8) were mapped. Among them, FSQ6 was confirmed to be a fructose-specific QTL by analyzing near-isogenic lines in which Cvi genomic fragments were introgressed in the Ler background. These results indicate the existence of a fructose-specific signaling pathway in Arabidopsis. Further analysis demonstrated that the FSQ6-associated fructose-signaling pathway functions independently of the hexokinase1 (HXK1) glucose sensor. Remarkably, fructose-specific FSQ6 downstream signaling interacts with abscisic acid (ABA)- and ethylene-signaling pathways, similar to HXK1-dependent glucose signaling. The Cvi allele of FSQ6 acts as a suppressor of fructose signaling. The FSQ6 gene was identified using map-based cloning approach, and FSQ6 was shown to encode the transcription factor gene Arabidopsis NAC (petunia No apical meristem and Arabidopsis transcription activation factor 1, 2 and Cup-shaped cotyledon 2) domain containing protein 89 (ANAC089). The Cvi allele of FSQ6/ANAC089 is a gain-of-function allele caused by a premature stop in the third exon of the gene. The truncated Cvi FSQ6/ANAC089 protein lacks a membrane association domain that is present in ANAC089 proteins from other Arabidopsis accessions. As a result, Cvi FSQ6/ANAC089 is constitutively active as a transcription factor in the nucleus.
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Mosbach A, Leroch M, Mendgen KW, Hahn M. Lack of evidence for a role of hydrophobins in conferring surface hydrophobicity to conidia and hyphae of Botrytis cinerea. BMC Microbiol 2011; 11:10. [PMID: 21232149 PMCID: PMC3032640 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-11-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hydrophobins are small, cysteine rich, surface active proteins secreted by filamentous fungi, forming hydrophobic layers on the walls of aerial mycelia and spores. Hydrophobin mutants in a variety of fungi have been described to show 'easily wettable' phenotypes, indicating that hydrophobins play a general role in conferring surface hydrophobicity to aerial hyphae and spores. RESULTS In the genome of the grey mould fungus Botrytis cinerea, genes encoding three hydrophobins and six hydrophobin-like proteins were identified. Expression analyses revealed low or no expression of these genes in conidia, while some of them showed increased or specific expression in other stages, such as sclerotia or fruiting bodies. Bhp1 belongs to the class I hydrophobins, whereas Bhp2 and Bhp3 are members of hydrophobin class II. Single, double and triple hydrophobin knock-out mutants were constructed by consecutively deleting bhp1, bhp2 and bhp3. In addition, a mutant in the hydrophobin-like gene bhl1 was generated. The mutants were tested for germination and growth under different conditions, formation of sclerotia, ability to penetrate and infect host tissue, and for spore and mycelium surface properties. Surprisingly, none of the B. cinerea hydrophobin mutants showed obvious phenotypic defects in any of these characters. Scanning electron microscopy of the hydrophobic conidial surfaces did not reveal evidence for the presence of typical hydrophobin 'rodlet' layers. CONCLUSIONS These data provide evidence that in B. cinerea, hydrophobins are not involved in conferring surface hydrophobicity to conidia and aerial hyphae, and challenge their universal role in filamentous fungi. The function of some of these proteins in sclerotia and fruiting bodies remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Mosbach
- Department of Biology, University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
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Galeote V, Novo M, Salema-Oom M, Brion C, Valério E, Gonçalves P, Dequin S. FSY1, a horizontally transferred gene in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae EC1118 wine yeast strain, encodes a high-affinity fructose/H+ symporter. Microbiology (Reading) 2010; 156:3754-3761. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.041673-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Transport of glucose and fructose in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a crucial role in controlling the rate of wine fermentation. In S. cerevisiae, hexoses are transported by facilitated diffusion via hexose carriers (Hxt), which prefer glucose to fructose. However, utilization of fructose by wine yeast is critically important at the end of fermentation. Here, we report the characterization of a fructose transporter recently identified by sequencing the genome of the commercial wine yeast strain EC1118 and found in many other wine yeasts. This transporter is designated Fsy1p because of its homology with the Saccharomyces pastorianus fructose/H+ symporter Fsy1p. A strain obtained by transformation of the V5 hxt1-7Δ mutant with FSY1 grew well on fructose, but to a much lesser extent on glucose as the sole carbon source. Sugar uptake and symport experiments showed that FSY1 encodes a proton-coupled symporter with high affinity for fructose (K
m 0.24±0.04 mM). Using real-time RT-PCR, we also investigated the expression pattern of FSY1 in EC1118 growing on various carbon sources. FSY1 was repressed by high concentrations of glucose or fructose and was highly expressed on ethanol as the sole carbon source. The characteristics of this transporter indicate that its acquisition could confer a significant advantage to S. cerevisiae during the wine fermentation process. This transporter is a good example of acquisition of a new function in yeast by horizontal gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Galeote
- INRA, UMR1083, Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, 2 Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Maïté Novo
- INRA, UMR1083, Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, 2 Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Madalena Salema-Oom
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Instituto Superior de Ciências da Saúde Egas Moniz, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Christian Brion
- INRA, UMR1083, Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, 2 Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Elisabete Valério
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Paula Gonçalves
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Sylvie Dequin
- INRA, UMR1083, Sciences Pour l'Oenologie, 2 Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
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Leandro MJ, Sychrová H, Prista C, Loureiro-Dias MC. The osmotolerant fructophilic yeast Zygosaccharomyces rouxii employs two plasma-membrane fructose uptake systems belonging to a new family of yeast sugar transporters. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2010; 157:601-608. [PMID: 21051487 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.044446-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its high resistance to weak-acid preservatives and extreme osmotolerance, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii is one of the main spoilage yeasts of sweet foods and beverages. In contrast with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Z. rouxii is a fructophilic yeast; it consumes fructose faster than glucose. So far, to our knowledge, no specific Z. rouxii proteins responsible for this fructophilic behaviour have been characterized. We have identified two genes encoding putative fructose transporters in the Z. rouxii CBS 732 genome. Heterologous expression of these two Z. rouxii ORFs in a S. cerevisiae strain lacking its own hexose transporters (hxt-null) and subsequent kinetic analysis of sugar transport showed that both proteins are functionally expressed at the plasma membrane: ZrFfz1 is a high-capacity fructose-specific facilitator (K(m)∼400 mM and V(max)∼13 mmol h(-1) g(-1)) and ZrFfz2 is a facilitator transporting glucose and fructose with similar capacity and affinity (K(m)∼200 mM and V(max)∼4 mmol h(-1) g(-1)). These two proteins together with the Zygosaccharomyces bailii Ffz1 fructose-specific transporter belong to a new family of sugar transport systems mediating the uptake of hexoses via the facilitated diffusion mechanism, and are more homologous to drug/H(+) antiporters (regarding their primary protein structure) than to other yeast sugar transporters of the Sugar Porter family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria José Leandro
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic.,CBAA, Instituto Superior de Agromonia, TUL, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hana Sychrová
- Department of Membrane Transport, Institute of Physiology Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Vídeňská 1083, Prague, 142 20, Czech Republic
| | - Catarina Prista
- CBAA, Instituto Superior de Agromonia, TUL, 1349-017 Lisboa, Portugal
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Patel RM, Van Kan JAL, Bailey AM, Foster GD. Inadvertent gene silencing of argininosuccinate synthase (bcass1) in Botrytis cinerea by the pLOB1 vector system. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:613-24. [PMID: 20696000 PMCID: PMC6640230 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2010.00632.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
For several years, researchers working on the plant pathogen Botrytis cinerea and a number of other related fungi have routinely used the pLOB1 vector system, based on hygromycin resistance, under the control of the Aspergillus nidulans oliC promoter and what was reported to be the beta-tubulin (tubA) terminator. Recently, it has been demonstrated that this vector contains a 446-bp portion of the B. cinerea argininosuccinate synthase gene (bcass1) rather than the tubA terminator. As argininosuccinate synthase is essential for the production of L-arginine, inadvertent gene silencing of bcass1 may result in partial L-arginine auxotrophy and, indeed, may lead to altered phenotypes in planta. In this article, we report our findings relating to possible problems arising from this incorrect plasmid construction. As an absolute baseline, gene disruption of bcass1 was carried out and generated a strict auxotroph, unable to grow without exogenous arginine supplementation. The knockout displayed an alteration in host range in planta, showing a reduction in pathogenicity on strawberries, French bean leaves and tomatoes, but maintained wild-type growth on grape, which is in accordance with the reported arginine availability in such tissues. Deliberate gene silencing of bcass1 mirrored these effects, with strongly silenced lines showing reduced virulence. The degree of silencing as seen by partial auxotrophy was correlated with an observed reduction in virulence. We also showed that inadvertent silencing of bcass1 is possible when using the pLOB1 vector or derivatives thereof. Partial arginine auxotrophy and concomitant reductions in virulence were triggered in approximately 6% of transformants obtained when expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein, luciferase, monomeric red fluorescent protein or beta-glucuronidase using the pLOB1-based expression system, which inadvertently contains 446 bp of the bcass1 coding sequence. We recommend the testing of transformants obtained using this vector system for arginine auxotrophy in order to provide assurance that any observed effects on the development or virulence are a result of the desired genetic alteration rather than accidental bcass1 silencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risha M Patel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Cui Z, Ding Z, Yang X, Wang K, Zhu T. Gene disruption and characterization of a class V chitin synthase in Botrytis cinerea. Can J Microbiol 2009; 55:1267-74. [DOI: 10.1139/w09-076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell-wall chitin biosynthesis in the phytopathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea involves 7 classes of chitin synthases. In this study, we disrupted a gene encoding a chitin synthase with a myosin-like motor domain (BcchsV) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. The resulting mutant was not significantly affected in either growth characteristics or pathogenicity on tomato leaves. Surprisingly, the BcchsV mutant exhibited a 31% (m/m) increase in its chitin content compared with the wild-type strain. In addition, the BcchsV mutant showed increased sensitivity to Calcofluor White and slightly enhanced tolerance to cell-wall disturbing substances and osmosis regulators, including SDS, sorbitol, and NaCl. These results suggest that Bcchs does not play an essential role in the synthesis of cell-wall chitin in B. cinerea. However, disruption of this gene provoked a compensatory mechanism regulating the cellular response to cell-wall damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifeng Cui
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Zhenke Ding
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Yang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Kun Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
| | - Tingheng Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, P. R. China
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Cotoras M, García C, Mendoza L. Botrytis cinerea isolates collected from grapes present different requirements for conidia germination. Mycologia 2009; 101:287-95. [PMID: 19537202 DOI: 10.3852/08-012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea presents high variability in several biological traits, which can be explained by the high degree of genotypic diversity among isolates. Because this genetic variability might be related to phenotypic differences the requirements for conidia germination of three natural isolates (G1, G5 and G11) obtained from grapes and belonging to the same genetic group were analyzed. The results showed that contact with a solid surface was a common requisite for conidia germination of the isolates but they differed in their nutritional requirements to germinate. Isolate G11 was able to germinate in the absence of a carbon or nitrogen source. G1 and G5 required the presence of a carbon source such as glucose, fructose or sucrose. In G11 and G5 isolates a much higher rate of germination was obtained in the presence of sucrose. It was shown with a pharmacological approach that the cAMP stimulated the germination only in those isolates requiring a carbon source. Conidia germination of G1 and G5 was inhibited by EGTA, a calcium chelator. Isolate G11 germinated in the presence of this compound. On the other hand the germination of three B. cinerea isolates required protein synthesis and did not require RNA synthesis. To explain the ability of isolate G11 to germinate in water the content of total and reducing sugars, mannitol/L-arabitol, trehalose, and proteins in the nongerminated conidia of the three isolates was compared. The isolates presented similar amounts of total and reducing sugars. In the three isolates the amount of mannitol/L-arabitol was higher than that of trehalose. In isolate G11 total protein content was twice higher than in the other isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Cotoras
- Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Casilla 40-Correo 33, Santiago-Chile.
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Leandro MJ, Fonseca CÃ, Gonçalves P. Hexose and pentose transport in ascomycetous yeasts: an overview. FEMS Yeast Res 2009; 9:511-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2009.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Dulermo T, Rascle C, Chinnici G, Gout E, Bligny R, Cotton P. Dynamic carbon transfer during pathogenesis of sunflower by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea: from plant hexoses to mannitol. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2009; 183:1149-1162. [PMID: 19500266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2009.02890.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The main steps for carbon acquisition and conversion by Botrytis cinerea during pathogenesis of sunflower cotyledon were investigated here. A sequential view of soluble carbon metabolites detected by NMR spectroscopy during infection is presented. Disappearance of plant hexoses and their conversion to fungal metabolites were investigated by expression analysis of an extended gene family of hexose transporters (Bchxts) and of the mannitol pathway, using quantitative PCR. In order to analyse the main fungal metabolic routes used by B. cinerea in real time, we performed, for the first time, in vivo NMR analyses during plant infection. During infection, B. cinerea converts plant hexoses into mannitol. Expression analysis of the sugar porter gene family suggested predominance for transcription induced upon low glucose conditions and regulated according to the developmental phase. Allocation of plant hexoses by the pathogen revealed a conversion to mannitol, trehalose and glycogen for glucose and a preponderant transformation of fructose to mannitol by a more efficient metabolic pathway. Uptake of plant hexoses by B. cinerea is based on a multigenic flexible hexose uptake system. Their conversion into mannitol, enabled by two simultaneously expressed pathways, generates a dynamic intracellular carbon pool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Dulermo
- Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR Microbiologie, Adaptation & Pathogénie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon1-CNRS-INSA-BayerCropScience, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, Bât Lwoff, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR Microbiologie, Adaptation & Pathogénie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon1-CNRS-INSA-BayerCropScience, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, Bât Lwoff, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Gaetan Chinnici
- Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR Microbiologie, Adaptation & Pathogénie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon1-CNRS-INSA-BayerCropScience, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, Bât Lwoff, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
| | - Elisabeth Gout
- UMR 5168 Réponse & Dynamique Cellulaires, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Joseph Fourier-CEA-CNRS-INRA, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Richard Bligny
- UMR 5168 Réponse & Dynamique Cellulaires, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire Végétale, Université Joseph Fourier-CEA-CNRS-INRA, 17 rue des Martyrs, Grenoble F-38054, France
| | - Pascale Cotton
- Génomique Fonctionnelle des Champignons Pathogènes des Plantes, UMR Microbiologie, Adaptation & Pathogénie, Université de Lyon, Lyon, F-69003, France; Université Lyon1-CNRS-INSA-BayerCropScience, 10 rue Raphaël Dubois, Bât Lwoff, Villeurbanne, F-69621, France
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49
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Segmüller N, Kokkelink L, Giesbert S, Odinius D, van Kan J, Tudzynski P. NADPH oxidases are involved in differentiation and pathogenicity in Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:808-819. [PMID: 18624644 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-6-0808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADPH) oxidases have been shown to be involved in various differentiation processes in fungi. We investigated the role of two NADPH oxidases in the necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus, Botrytis cinerea. The genes bcnoxA and bcnoxB were cloned and characterized; their deduced amino acid sequences show high homology to fungal NADPH oxidases. Analyses of single and double knock-out mutants of both NADPH oxidase genes showed that both bcnoxA and bcnoxB are involved in formation of sclerotia. Both genes have a great impact on pathogenicity: whereas bcnoxB mutants showed a retarded formation of primary lesions, probably due to an impaired formation of penetration structures, bcnoxA mutants were able to penetrate host tissue in the same way as the wild type but were much slower in colonizing the host tissue. Double mutants showed an additive effect: they were aberrant in penetration and colonization of plant tissue and, therefore, almost nonpathogenic. To study the structure of the fungal Nox complex in more detail, bcnoxR (encoding a homolog of the mammalian p67(phox), a regulatory subunit of the Nox complex) was functionally characterized. The phenotype of DeltabcnoxR mutants is identical to that of DeltabcnoxAB double mutants, providing evidence that BcnoxR is involved in activation of both Bcnox enzymes.
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MESH Headings
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Botrytis/enzymology
- Botrytis/pathogenicity
- Botrytis/physiology
- Fabaceae/microbiology
- Fabaceae/ultrastructure
- Fungal Proteins/genetics
- Fungal Proteins/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal/drug effects
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Isoenzymes/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Models, Biological
- Mutation
- NAD/pharmacology
- NADPH Oxidases/classification
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/metabolism
- Onium Compounds/pharmacology
- Phylogeny
- Plant Leaves/microbiology
- Plant Leaves/ultrastructure
- Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Spores, Fungal/cytology
- Spores, Fungal/drug effects
- Spores, Fungal/growth & development
- Virulence/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Segmüller
- Institut für Botanik, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität, Schlossgarten 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Choquer M, Fournier E, Kunz C, Levis C, Pradier JM, Simon A, Viaud M. Botrytis cinerea virulence factors: new insights into a necrotrophic and polyphageous pathogen. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2008; 277:1-10. [PMID: 17986079 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is responsible for the gray mold disease on more than 200 host plants. This necrotrophic ascomycete displays the capacity to kill host cells through the production of toxins, reactive oxygen species and the induction of a plant-produced oxidative burst. Thanks to an arsenal of degrading enzymes, B. cinerea is then able to feed on different plant tissues. Recent molecular approaches, for example on characterizing components of signal transduction pathways, show that this fungus shares conserved virulence factors with other phytopathogens, but also highlight some Botrytis-specific features. The discovery of some first strain-specific virulence factors, together with population data, even suggests a possible host adaptation of the strains. The availability of the genome sequence now stimulates the development of high-throughput functional analysis to decipher the mechanisms involved in the large host range of this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Choquer
- UMR 1290 BIOGER-CPP, INRA, Route de Saint-Cyr, Versailles, France
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