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van Brenk B, Kruidhof L, Kemperman AJB, van der Meer WGJ, Wösten HAB. Discoloration of textile dyes by spent mushroom substrate of Agaricus bisporus. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 402:130807. [PMID: 38723727 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The textile industry discharges up to 5 % of their dyes in aqueous effluents. Here, use of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of commercial white button mushroom production and its aqueous extract, SMS tea, was assessed to remove textile dyes from water. A total of 30-90 % and 5-85 % of the dyes was removed after a 24 h incubation in SMS and SMS tea, respectively. Removal of malachite green and remazol brilliant blue R was similar in SMS and its tea. In contrast, removal of crystal violet, orange G, and rose bengal was higher in SMS, explained by sorption to SMS and by the role of non-water-extractable SMS components in discoloration. Heat-treating SMS and its tea, thereby inactivating enzymes, reduced dye removal to 8-58 % and 0-31 %, respectively, indicating that dyes are removed by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. Together, SMS of white button mushroom production has high potential to treat textile-dye-polluted aqueous effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigit van Brenk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Leodie Kruidhof
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine J B Kemperman
- Membrane Science and Technology Cluster, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands
| | - Walter G J van der Meer
- Membrane Science and Technology Cluster, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands; Oasen N.V., P.O. Box 122, 2800 AC Gouda, the Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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van Brenk B, Kleijburg FEL, Kemperman AJB, van der Meer WGJ, Wösten HAB. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic removal of organic micropollutants with spent mushroom substrate of Agaricus bisporus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:301. [PMID: 38639797 PMCID: PMC11031484 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13132-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Water bodies are increasingly contaminated with a diversity of organic micropollutants (OMPs). This impacts the quality of ecosystems due to their recalcitrant nature. In this study, we assessed the removal of OMPs by spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of the white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) and by its aqueous tea extract. Removal of acesulfame K, antipyrine, bentazon, caffeine, carbamazepine, chloridazon, clofibric acid, and N, N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) by SMS and its tea was between 10 and 90% and 0-26%, respectively, in a 7-day period. Sorption to SMS particles was between 0 and 29%, which can thus not explain the removal difference between SMS and its tea, the latter lacking these particles. Carbamazepine was removed most efficiently by both SMS and its tea. Removal of OMPs (except caffeine) by SMS tea was not affected by heat treatment. By contrast, heat-treatment of SMS reduced OMP removal to < 10% except for carbamazepine with a removal of 90%. These results indicate that OMP removal by SMS and its tea is mediated by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic activities. The presence of copper, manganese, and iron (0.03, 0.88, and 0.33 µg L-1, respectively) as well as H2O2 (1.5 µM) in SMS tea indicated that the Fenton reaction represents (part of) the non-enzymatic activity. Indeed, the in vitro reconstituted Fenton reaction removed OMPs > 50% better than the teas. From these data it is concluded that spent mushroom substrate of the white button mushroom, which is widely available as a waste-stream, can be used to purify water from OMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigit van Brenk
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Fleur E L Kleijburg
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine J B Kemperman
- Membrane Science and Technology cluster, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, the Netherlands
| | - Walter G J van der Meer
- Membrane Science and Technology cluster, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, the Netherlands
- Oasen, PO BOX 122, Gouda, 2800 AC, the Netherlands
| | - Han A B Wösten
- Microbiology, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht, 3584 CH, the Netherlands.
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Li Z, Zhao C, Zhou Y, Zheng S, Hu Q, Zou Y. Label-free comparative proteomic analysis of Pleurotus eryngii grown on sawdust, bagasse, and peanut shell substrates. J Proteomics 2024; 294:105074. [PMID: 38199305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2024.105074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The white rot fungi Pleurotus eryngii are environmental microorganisms that can effectively break down lignocellulosic biomass. However, understanding of the mechanisms by which P. eryngii is effective in degrading lignocellulose is still limited. This work aimed to examine the extracellular secretory proteins implicated in the breakdown of lignocellulose in P. eryngii and identify degradation tactics across various cultivation substrates. Thus, a comparative analysis of the secretory proteins based on Nanoliquid chromatography combined with tandem mass spectrometry was conducted among P. eryngii cultivated on sawdusts, bagasse, peanut shells, and glucose. In total, 647, 616, 604, and 511 proteins were identified from the four samples, respectively. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of protein expression differences identified pathways (hydrolytic enzymes, catalytic activity, metabolic processes, cellular processes, and response to stimuli) significantly enriched in proteins associated with lignocellulose degradation in P. eryngii. An integrated analysis of proteome data revealed specifically or differentially expressed genes secreted by P. eryngii in different cultivation substrates. The most prevalent carbohydrate-active enzymes involved in lignocellulose degradation in the secretome of the four samples were laccase (Lac), manganese peroxidase (MnP), aryl alcohol oxidase (AaO), and copper radical oxidase (CRO). Among them, Lac 2 mainly involved in the lignin degradation of sawdust peanut shells, and bagasse by P. eryngii, and Mnp 3 was mainly involved in the degradation of peanut shells. AaO and Lac 4 were mainly involved in glucose substrate defense and oxidative stress. It was found that exogenous addition of sawdust and peanut shells significantly increased lignolytic enzyme abundance. These findings provide insight and guidance for improving agricultural waste resource recovery. In this study, the secretomes of P. eryngii grown on four different carbon sources were compared. The findings revealed the extracellular enzymes implicated in the degradation of lignocellulose, offering avenues for further investigation into the biotransformation mechanisms of P. eryngii biomass and the potential utilization of agricultural wastes. SIGNIFICANCE: The cost of the substrate for mushroom cultivation has increased as the production of edible fungus has risen year after year. Therefore, the use of these locally available lignocellulosic wastes as substrates offers a cost-cutting option. Further, the overuse of wood for the cultivation of edible mushrooms is also detrimental to the conservation of forest resources or the ecological environment. Consequently, the use of other agricultural wastes as an alternative to sawdust or other woody substrates is a viable approach for cultivating P. eryngii. The distribution of extracellular lignocellulosic degrading enzymes, inferred in the present study could help improve the cultivation efficiency of P. eryngii vis-à-vis managing agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing 100081, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Cuimin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing 100081, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; Department of Gardens and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China; Liaocheng Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Liaocheng, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing 100081, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Suyue Zheng
- Department of Gardens and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Qingxiu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing 100081, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yajie Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Efficient Utilization of Arid and Semi-Arid Arable Land in Northern China, Beijing 100081, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Duran K, Miebach J, van Erven G, Baars JJP, Comans RNJ, Kuyper TW, Kabel MA. Oxidation-driven lignin removal by Agaricus bisporus from wheat straw-based compost at industrial scale. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 246:125575. [PMID: 37385314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Fungi are main lignin degraders and the edible white button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, inhabits lignocellulose-rich environments. Previous research hinted at delignification when A. bisporus colonized pre-composted wheat straw-based substrate in an industrial setting, assumed to aid subsequent release of monosaccharides from (hemi-)cellulose to form fruiting bodies. Yet, structural changes and specific quantification of lignin throughout A. bisporus mycelial growth remain largely unresolved. To elucidate A. bisporus routes of delignification, at six timepoints throughout mycelial growth (15 days), substrate was collected, fractionated, and analyzed by quantitative pyrolysis-GC-MS, 2D-HSQC NMR, and SEC. Lignin decrease was highest between day 6 and day 10 and reached in total 42 % (w/w). The substantial delignification was accompanied by extensive structural changes of residual lignin, including increased syringyl to guaiacyl (S/G) ratios, accumulated oxidized moieties, and depleted intact interunit linkages. Hydroxypropiovanillone and hydroxypropiosyringone (HPV/S) subunits accumulated, which are indicative for β-|O-4' ether cleavage and imply a laccase-driven ligninolysis. We provide compelling evidence that A. bisporus is capable of extensive lignin removal, have obtained insights into mechanisms at play and susceptibilities of various substructures, thus we were contributing to understanding fungal lignin conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Duran
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jeanne Miebach
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Gijs van Erven
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands; Wageningen Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan J P Baars
- CNC Grondstoffen, Driekronenstraat 6, 6596 MA Milsbeek, the Netherlands
| | - Rob N J Comans
- Soil Chemistry and Chemical Soil Quality Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Duran K, Magnin J, America AH, Peng M, Hilgers R, de Vries RP, Baars JJ, van Berkel WJ, Kuyper TW, Kabel MA. The secretome of Agaricus bisporus: Temporal dynamics of plant polysaccharides and lignin degradation. iScience 2023; 26:107087. [PMID: 37426348 PMCID: PMC10329178 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial lignocellulose conversion during mycelial growth, previous transcriptome and proteome studies have not yet revealed how secretomes from the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus develop and whether they modify lignin models in vitro. To clarify these aspects, A. bisporus secretomes collected throughout a 15-day industrial substrate production and from axenic lab-cultures were subjected to proteomics, and tested on polysaccharides and lignin models. Secretomes (day 6-15) comprised A. bisporus endo-acting and substituent-removing glycoside hydrolases, whereas β-xylosidase and glucosidase activities gradually decreased. Laccases appeared from day 6 onwards. From day 10 onwards, many oxidoreductases were found, with numerous multicopper oxidases (MCO), aryl alcohol oxidases (AAO), glyoxal oxidases (GLOX), a manganese peroxidase (MnP), and unspecific peroxygenases (UPO). Secretomes modified dimeric lignin models, thereby catalyzing syringylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (SBG) cleavage, guaiacylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (GBG) polymerization, and non-phenolic veratrylglycerol-β-guaiacyl ether (VBG) oxidation. We explored A. bisporus secretomes and insights obtained can help to better understand biomass valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Duran
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joris Magnin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine H.P. America
- Bioscience, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mao Peng
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roelant Hilgers
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Johan J.P. Baars
- CNC Grondstoffen, Driekronenstraat 6, 6596 MA Milsbeek, the Netherlands
| | - Willem J.H. van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas W. Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 3a, 6708 PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Huang X, Liu X, Xue Y, Pan B, Xiao L, Wang S, Lever MA, Hinrichs KU, Inagaki F, Liu C. Methane Production by Facultative Anaerobic Wood-Rot Fungi via a New Halomethane-Dependent Pathway. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0170022. [PMID: 36102652 PMCID: PMC9604129 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01700-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The greenhouse gas methane (CH4) is of pivotal importance for Earth's climate system and as a human energy source. A significant fraction of this CH4 is produced by anaerobic Archaea. Here, we describe the first CH4 production by facultative anaerobic wood-rot fungi during growth on hydroxylated/carboxylated aromatic compounds, including lignin and lignite. The amount of CH4 produced by fungi is positively correlated with the amount of CH3Cl produced during the rapid growth period of the fungus. Biochemical, genetic, and stable isotopic tracer analyses reveal the existence of a novel halomethane-dependent fungal CH4 production pathway during the degradation of phenol and benzoic acid monomers and polymers and utilization of cyclic sugars. Even though this halomethane-dependent pathway may only play a side role in anaerobic fungal activity, it could represent a globally significant, previously overlooked source of biogenic CH4 in natural ecosystems. IMPORTANCE Here, we demonstrate that wood-rot fungi produce methane anaerobically without the involvement of methanogenic archaea via a new, halomethane-dependent pathway. These findings of an anaerobic fungal methane formation pathway open another avenue in methane research and will further assist with current efforts in the identification of the processes involved and their ecological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yarong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Xiao
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, China University of Mining & Technology, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuijuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mark A. Lever
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kai-Uwe Hinrichs
- MARUM Center for Marine Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Fumio Inagaki
- Mantle Drilling Promotion Office, Institute for Marine-Earth Exploration and Engineering (MarE3), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Earth Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Changhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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Feeding growing button mushrooms: The role of substrate mycelium to feed the first two flushes. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270633. [PMID: 35881577 PMCID: PMC9321441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of experiments were done to further our understanding of the substrate utilization in button mushroom crops (Agaricus bisporus). An analysis of the degradation of dry matter of the substrate during a crop cycle revealed that for pin formation the upper 1/3rd layer is used, for the production of flush one all layers are involved and for flush two mainly the lower 1/3 layer is used. A reduction in substrate depth leads to a decrease in yield/m2 but an apparent increase in yield per tonne of substrate with a lower mushroom quality. A short daily interruption of the connection between the casing soil with the substrate results in a delay of the first flush. Interruptions with only part of the substrate did not lead to delay in production. Daily interruption of the connection with all or only part of the substrate leads to a shift in yield from flush one to flush two but the total yield remains unchanged. The mycelial biomass in the substrate increases from filling up to pinning, has a steeper increase during flush one, and is levelling off during flush two, indicating that in the period of venting and up to/including flush one, enzymes are secreted by growing hyphae generating nutrients to feed a fixed amount of mushroom biomass for two flushes. A sidewise extension of the substrate (without casing soil, thus not producing mushrooms) showed that the substrate at a distance more than somewhere between 20-50 cm away from the casing soil does not contribute to feeding mushrooms in the first two flushes. The observations are discussed with respect to relevant previous research.
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Genomic Studies of White-Rot Fungus Cerrena unicolor SP02 Provide Insights into Food Safety Value-Added Utilization of Non-Food Lignocellulosic Biomass. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7100835. [PMID: 34682256 PMCID: PMC8541250 DOI: 10.3390/jof7100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerrena unicolor is an ecologically and biotechnologically important wood-degrading basidiomycete with high lignocellulose degrading ability. Biological and genetic investigations are limited in the Cerrena genus and, thus, hinder genetic modification and commercial use. The aim of the present study was to provide a global understanding through genomic and experimental research about lignocellulosic biomass utilization by Cerrena unicolor. In this study, we reported the genome sequence of C. unicolor SP02 by using the Illumina and PacBio 20 platforms to obtain trustworthy assembly and annotation. This is the combinational 2nd and 3rd genome sequencing and assembly of C. unicolor species. The generated genome was 42.79 Mb in size with an N50 contig size of 2.48 Mb, a G + C content of 47.43%, and encoding of 12,277 predicted genes. The genes encoding various lignocellulolytic enzymes including laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, cytochromes P450, cellulase, xylanase, α-amylase, and pectinase involved in the degradation of lignin, cellulose, xylan, starch, pectin, and chitin that showed the C. unicolor SP02 potentially have a wide range of applications in lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Genome-scale metabolic analysis opened up a valuable resource for a better understanding of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and oxidoreductases that provide insights into the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms for lignocellulosic degradation. The C. unicolor SP02 model can be used for the development of efficient microbial cell factories in lignocellulosic industries. The understanding of the genetic material of C. unicolor SP02 coding for the lignocellulolytic enzymes will significantly benefit us in genetic manipulation, site-directed mutagenesis, and industrial biotechnology.
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Wohlschlager L, Csarman F, Zrilić M, Seiboth B, Ludwig R. Comparative characterization of glyoxal oxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium expressed at high levels in Pichia pastoris and Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme Microb Technol 2021; 145:109748. [PMID: 33750543 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2021.109748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In the secretome of Phanerochaete chrysosporium, a white-rot fungus serving as a model organism to elucidate lignocellulose deconstruction, the copper containing metalloprotein glyoxal oxidase (GLOX) is potentially involved in the crucial production of hydrogen peroxide to fuel and initiate oxidative biomass degradation by lignin-degrading peroxidases. Its ability to oxidize a variety of aldehydes and α-hydroxy carbonyls with the concomitant reduction of dioxygen to hydrogen peroxide has attracted attention for its application as green biocatalyst in different industrial fields. Here we report and compare two efficient processes for the heterologous production of GLOX from P. chrysosporium using the well-established methanolytic yeast Pichia pastoris and the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei as expression hosts with subsequent purification by anion exchange and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Both processes were shown to be suitable for the production of the target protein at high levels. GLOX produced in T. reesei carries mainly Man5 glycosylation while the enzyme produced in P. pastoris exhibits the typical high-mannose type N-glycosylation. The enzyme expressed in P. pastoris showed slightly higher specific activities which correlates with the higher copper loading of 65.5 % compared to 51.9 % for the protein from T. reesei. The pH optimum for both recombinant proteins was 6.0, however, GLOX activity was found to be highly affected by different buffer species. Both enzymes showed very similar substrate affinities and turnover numbers with the highest catalytic efficiency observed for methylglyoxal. GLOX from both expression hosts is therefore a suitable enzyme for further mechanistic characterization and application studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Wohlschlager
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Florian Csarman
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Matea Zrilić
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Research Division Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9/166, 1060, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
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Xie C, Gong W, Yan L, Zhu Z, Hu Z, Peng Y. Biodegradation of ramie stalk by Flammulina velutipes: mushroom production and substrate utilization. AMB Express 2017; 7:171. [PMID: 28900905 PMCID: PMC5595706 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-017-0480-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the textile industry, ramie stalk is byproducts with a low economic value. The potential use of this leftover as a substrate ingredient for Flammulina velutipes (F. velutipe) cultivation was evaluated. The degradation and utilization of ramie stalk by F. velutipes was evaluated through mushroom production, lignocelluloses degradation and lignocellulolytic enzymes activity. The best substrate mixture for F. velutipes cultivation comprised 50% ramie stalk, 20% cottonseed hulls, 25% wheat bran, 4% cornstarch and 2% CaCO3. The highest biological efficiency of fruiting bodies was reached 119.7%. F. velutipes appears to degrade 12.7–32.0% lignin, 14.4–30.2% cellulose and 9.3–25.7% hemicellulose during cultivation on the different substrates. The results of enzymes activities showed that laccase and peroxidase were higher before fruiting; while cellulase and hemicellulase showed higher activities after fruiting. The biological efficiency of fruiting bodies was positively correlated with the activities of cellulase, hemicellulase and ligninolytic enzyme. The results of this study demonstrate that ramie stalk can be used as an effective supplement for increasing mushroom yield in F. velutipes.
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Sun S, Xie S, Chen H, Cheng Y, Shi Y, Qin X, Dai SY, Zhang X, Yuan JS. Genomic and molecular mechanisms for efficient biodegradation of aromatic dye. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 302:286-295. [PMID: 26476316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms for aromatic compound degradation is crucial for the development of effective bioremediation strategies. We report the discovery of a novel phenomenon for improved degradation of Direct Red 5B azo dye by Irpex lacteus CD2 with lignin as a co-substrate. Transcriptomics analysis was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of aromatic degradation in white rot fungus by comparing dye, lignin, and dye/lignin combined treatments. A full spectrum of lignin degradation peroxidases, oxidases, radical producing enzymes, and other relevant components were up-regulated under DR5B and lignin treatments. Lignin induced genes complemented the DR5B induced genes to provide essential enzymes and redox conditions for aromatic compound degradation. The transcriptomics analysis was further verified by manganese peroxidase (MnP) protein over-expression, as revealed by proteomics, dye decolorization assay by purified MnP and increased hydroxyl radical levels, as indicated by an iron reducing activity assay. Overall, the molecular and genomic mechanisms indicated that effective aromatic polymer degradation requires synergistic enzymes and radical-mediated oxidative reactions to form an effective network of chemical processes. This study will help to guide the development of effective bioremediation and biomass degradation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Sun
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Texas A&M University, College station, TX, USA
| | - Shangxian Xie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Hu Chen
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yanbing Cheng
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Yan Shi
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Xing Qin
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Susie Y Dai
- Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Veterinary Pathology, Texas A&M University, College station, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Joshua S Yuan
- School of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China; Texas A&M Agrilife Synthetic and Systems Biology Innovation Hub, and Institute for Plant Genomics and Biotechnology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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12
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Fernández-Fueyo E, Ruiz-Dueñas FJ, López-Lucendo MF, Pérez-Boada M, Rencoret J, Gutiérrez A, Pisabarro AG, Ramírez L, Martínez AT. A secretomic view of woody and nonwoody lignocellulose degradation by Pleurotus ostreatus. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:49. [PMID: 26933449 PMCID: PMC4772462 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0462-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pleurotus ostreatus is the second edible mushroom worldwide, and a model fungus for delignification applications, with the advantage of growing on woody and nonwoody feedstocks. Its sequenced genome is available, and this gave us the opportunity to perform proteomic studies to identify the enzymes overproduced in lignocellulose cultures. RESULTS Monokaryotic P. ostreatus (PC9) was grown with poplar wood or wheat straw as the sole C/N source and the extracellular proteins were analyzed, together with those from glucose medium. Using nano-liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry of whole-protein hydrolyzate, over five-hundred proteins were identified. Thirty-four percent were unique of the straw cultures, while only 15 and 6 % were unique of the glucose and poplar cultures, respectively (20 % were produced under the three conditions, and additional 19 % were shared by the two lignocellulose cultures). Semi-quantitative analysis showed oxidoreductases as the main protein type both in the poplar (39 % total abundance) and straw (31 %) secretomes, while carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZys) were only slightly overproduced (14-16 %). Laccase 10 (LACC10) was the main protein in the two lignocellulose secretomes (10-14 %) and, together with LACC2, LACC9, LACC6, versatile peroxidase 1 (VP1), and manganese peroxidase 3 (MnP3), were strongly overproduced in the lignocellulose cultures. Seven CAZys were also among the top-50 proteins, but only CE16 acetylesterase was overproduced on lignocellulose. When the woody and nonwoody secretomes were compared, GH1 and GH3 β-glycosidases were more abundant on poplar and straw, respectively and, among less abundant proteins, VP2 was overproduced on straw, while VP3 was only found on poplar. The treated lignocellulosic substrates were analyzed by two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR), and a decrease of lignin relative to carbohydrate signals was observed, together with the disappearance of some minor lignin substructures, and an increase of sugar reducing ends. CONCLUSIONS Oxidoreductases are strongly induced when P. ostreatus grows on woody and nonwoody lignocellulosic substrates. One laccase occupied the first position in both secretomes, and three more were overproduced together with one VP and one MnP, suggesting an important role in lignocellulose degradation. Preferential removal of lignin vs carbohydrates was shown by 2D NMR, in agreement with the above secretomic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Fernández-Fueyo
- />Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Marta Pérez-Boada
- />Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Rencoret
- />Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, PO Box 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain
| | - Ana Gutiérrez
- />Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla, CSIC, PO Box 1052, 41080 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio G. Pisabarro
- />Department of Agrarian Production, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucía Ramírez
- />Department of Agrarian Production, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Angel T. Martínez
- />Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Hori C, Cullen D. Prospects for Bioprocess Development Based on Recent Genome Advances in Lignocellulose Degrading Basidiomycetes. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Patyshakuliyeva A, Post H, Zhou M, Jurak E, Heck AJR, Hildén KS, Kabel MA, Mäkelä MR, Altelaar MAF, de Vries RP. Uncovering the abilities ofAgaricus bisporusto degrade plant biomass throughout its life cycle. Environ Microbiol 2015; 17:3098-109. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandrina Patyshakuliyeva
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Harm Post
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Miaomiao Zhou
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Edita Jurak
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Albert J. R. Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina S. Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; P. O. Box 56 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry; Wageningen University; Bornse Weilanden 9 6708 WG Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; P. O. Box 56 00014 Helsinki Finland
| | - Maarten A. F. Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Centre for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Centre; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology; Utrecht University; Padualaan 8 3584 CH Utrecht The Netherlands
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15
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Vasina DV, Mustafaev ON, Moiseenko KV, Sadovskaya NS, Glazunova OA, Tyurin АА, Fedorova TV, Pavlov AR, Tyazhelova TV, Goldenkova-Pavlova IV, Koroleva OV. The Trametes hirsuta 072 laccase multigene family: Genes identification and transcriptional analysis under copper ions induction. Biochimie 2015. [PMID: 26196690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Laccases, blue copper-containing oxidases, ≿ an play an important role in a variety of natural processes. The majority of fungal laccases are encoded by multigene families that express closely related proteins with distinct functions. Currently, only the properties of major gene products of the fungal laccase families have been described. Our study is focused on identification and characterization of laccase genes, which are transcribed in basidiomycete Trametes hirsuta 072, an efficient lignin degrader, in a liquid medium, both without and with induction of laccase transcription by copper ions. We carried out production of cDNA libraries from total fungal RNA, followed by suppression subtractive hybridization and mirror orientation selection procedures, and then used Next Generation Sequencing to identify low abundance and differentially expressed laccase transcripts. This approach resulted in description of five laccase genes of the fungal family, which, according to the phylogenetic analysis, belong to distinct clusters within the Trametes genus. Further analysis established similarity of physical, chemical, and catalytic properties between laccases inside each cluster. Structural modeling suggested importance of the sequence differences in the clusters for laccase substrate specificity and catalytic efficiency. The implications of the laccase variations for the fungal physiology are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria V Vasina
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt, 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia.
| | - Orkhan N Mustafaev
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Botanicheskaya, 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Konstantin V Moiseenko
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt, 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Natalia S Sadovskaya
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Botanicheskaya, 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Olga A Glazunova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt, 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Аlexander А Tyurin
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Botanicheskaya, 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Fedorova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt, 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Andrey R Pavlov
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt, 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Tatiana V Tyazhelova
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt, 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Irina V Goldenkova-Pavlova
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, st. Botanicheskaya, 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Olga V Koroleva
- A.N. Bach Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospekt, 33, build. 2, Moscow 119071, Russia
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Kant Sharma
- Laboratory of Enzymology and Recombinant DNA Technology, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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17
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Navarro D, Rosso MN, Haon M, Olivé C, Bonnin E, Lesage-Meessen L, Chevret D, Coutinho PM, Henrissat B, Berrin JG. Fast solubilization of recalcitrant cellulosic biomass by the basidiomycete fungus Laetisaria arvalis involves successive secretion of oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2014; 7:143. [PMID: 25320637 PMCID: PMC4197297 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-014-0143-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymatic breakdown of lignocellulosic biomass is a known bottleneck for the production of high-value molecules and biofuels from renewable sources. Filamentous fungi are the predominant natural source of enzymes acting on lignocellulose. We describe the extraordinary cellulose-deconstructing capacity of the basidiomycete Laetisaria arvalis, a soil-inhabiting fungus. RESULTS The L. arvalis strain displayed the capacity to grow on wheat straw as the sole carbon source and to fully digest cellulose filter paper. The cellulolytic activity exhibited in the secretomes of L. arvalis was up to 7.5 times higher than that of a reference Trichoderma reesei industrial strain, resulting in a significant improvement of the glucose release from steam-exploded wheat straw. Global transcriptome and secretome analyses revealed that L. arvalis produces a unique repertoire of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the fungal taxa, including a complete set of enzymes acting on cellulose. Temporal analyses of secretomes indicated that the unusual degradation efficiency of L. arvalis relies on its early response to the carbon source, and on the finely tuned sequential secretion of several lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and hydrolytic enzymes targeting cellulose. CONCLUSIONS The present study illustrates the adaptation of a litter-rot fungus to the rapid breakdown of recalcitrant plant biomass. The cellulolytic capabilities of this basidiomycete fungus result from the rapid, selective and successive secretion of oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes. These enzymes expressed at critical times during biomass degradation may inspire the design of improved enzyme cocktails for the conversion of plant cell wall resources into fermentable sugars.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Navarro
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
- />CIRM-CF, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Caroline Olivé
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- />INRA, Unité de Recherche Biopolymères, Interactions, Assemblages, 44316 Nantes, France
| | - Laurence Lesage-Meessen
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Didier Chevret
- />INRA, UMR1319 Micalis, Plateforme d’Analyse Protéomique de Paris Sud-Ouest, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Pedro M Coutinho
- />CNRS, UMR7257 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7257 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- />Aix-Marseille Université, UMR7257 Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Abdullah Sulayman, Jeddah, 22254 Saudi Arabia
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- />INRA, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
- />Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, UMR1163 Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, 13288 Marseille, France
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