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Zhang Y, Feng H, Druzhinina IS, Xie X, Wang E, Martin F, Yuan Z. Phosphorus/nitrogen sensing and signaling in diverse root-fungus symbioses. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:200-215. [PMID: 37689488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Establishing mutualistic relationships between plants and fungi is crucial for overcoming nutrient deficiencies in plants. This review highlights the intricate nutrient sensing and uptake mechanisms used by plants in response to phosphate and nitrogen starvation, as well as their interactions with plant immunity. The coordination of transport systems in both host plants and fungal partners ensures efficient nutrient uptake and assimilation, contributing to the long-term maintenance of these mutualistic associations. It is also essential to understand the distinct responses of fungal partners to external nutrient levels and forms, as they significantly impact the outcomes of symbiotic interactions. Our review also highlights the importance of evolutionarily younger and newly discovered root-fungus associations, such as endophytic associations, which offer potential benefits for improving plant nutrition. Mechanistic insights into the complex dynamics of phosphorus and nitrogen sensing within diverse root-fungus associations can facilitate the identification of molecular targets for engineering symbiotic systems and developing plant phenotypes with enhanced nutrient use efficiency. Ultimately, this knowledge can inform tailored fertilizer management practices to optimize plant nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 10091, China; Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China
| | - Huan Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | | | - Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ertao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, SIBS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Francis Martin
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Centre INRAE Grand Est - Nancy, 54 280 Champenoux, France.
| | - Zhilin Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 10091, China; Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou 311400, China.
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Gómez-Gallego T, Molina-Luzón MJ, Conéjéro G, Berthomieu P, Ferrol N. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis uses the copper exporting ATPase RiCRD1 as a major strategy for copper detoxification. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 341:122990. [PMID: 37992950 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi establish a mutualistic symbiosis with most land plants. AM fungi regulate plant copper (Cu) acquisition both in Cu deficient and polluted soils. Here, we report characterization of RiCRD1, a Rhizophagus irregularis gene putatively encoding a Cu transporting ATPase. Based on its sequence analysis, RiCRD1 was identified as a plasma membrane Cu + efflux protein of the P1B1-ATPase subfamily. As revealed by heterologous complementation assays in yeast, RiCRD1 encodes a functional protein capable of conferring increased tolerance against Cu. In the extraradical mycelium, RiCRD1 expression was highly up-regulated in response to high concentrations of Cu in the medium. Comparison of the expression patterns of different players of metal tolerance in R. irregularis under high Cu levels suggests that this fungus could mainly use a metal efflux based-strategy to cope with Cu toxicity. RiCRD1 was also expressed in the intraradical fungal structures and, more specifically, in the arbuscules, which suggests a role for RiCRD1 in Cu release from the fungus to the symbiotic interface. Overall, our results show that RiCRD1 encodes a protein which could have a pivotal dual role in Cu homeostasis in R. irregularis, playing a role in Cu detoxification in the extraradical mycelium and in Cu transfer to the apoplast of the symbiotic interface in the arbuscules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Gómez-Gallego
- Soil and Plant Microbiology Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - María Jesús Molina-Luzón
- Soil and Plant Microbiology Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain
| | - Genevieve Conéjéro
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Berthomieu
- Institut des Sciences des Plantes de Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Agro Montpellier, Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture l'Alimentation et l'Environnement, Montpellier, France
| | - Nuria Ferrol
- Soil and Plant Microbiology Department, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Granada, Spain.
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Dutta S, Houdinet G, NandaKafle G, Kafle A, Hawkes CV, Garcia K. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of Nigrospora sp. isolated from switchgrass leaves and antagonistic toward plant pathogens. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 215:106849. [PMID: 37907117 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2023.106849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Nigrospora is a diverse genus of fungi colonizing plants through endophytic, pathogenic, or saprobic interactions. Endophytic isolates can improve growth and development of host plants, as well as their resistance to microbial pathogens, but exactly how they do so remains poorly understood. Developing a reliable transformation method is crucial to investigate these mechanisms, in particular to identify pivotal genes for specific functions that correlate with specific traits. In this study, we identified eight isolates of Nigrospora sp. internally colonizing the leaves of switchgrass plants cultivated in North Carolina. Using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation approach with control and GFP-expressing vectors, we report the first successful transformation of two Nigrospora isolates. Finally, we demonstrate that wild-type and transgenic isolates both negatively impact the growth of two plant pathogens in co-culture conditions, Bipolaris maydis and Parastagonospora nodorum, responsible for the Southern Leaf Blight and Septoria Nodorum Blotch diseases, respectively. The GFP-transformed strains developed here can therefore serve as accurate reporters of spatial interactions in future studies of Nigrospora and pathogens in the plant. Finally, the transformation method we describe lays the foundation for further genetic research on the Nigrospora genus to expand our mechanistic understanding of plant-endophyte interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summi Dutta
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Gabriella Houdinet
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Gitanjali NandaKafle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Arjun Kafle
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Christine V Hawkes
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27607, USA
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.
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4
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Amenc L, Becquer A, Trives-Segura C, Zimmermann SD, Garcia K, Plassard C. Overexpression of the HcPT1.1 transporter in Hebeloma cylindrosporum alters the phosphorus accumulation of Pinus pinaster and the distribution of HcPT2 in ectomycorrhizae. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1135483. [PMID: 37426963 PMCID: PMC10325726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1135483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are associated with the roots of woody plants in temperate and boreal forests and help them to acquire water and nutrients, particularly phosphorus (P). However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the transfer of P from the fungus to the plant in ectomycorrhizae are still poorly understood. In the model association between the ECM fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum and its host plant Pinus pinaster, we have shown that the fungus, which possesses three H+:Pi symporters (HcPT1.1, HcPT1.2 and HcPT2), expresses mainly HcPT1.1 and HcPT2 in the extraradical and intraradical hyphae of ectomycorrhizae to transport P from the soil to colonized roots. The present study focuses on the role of the HcPT1.1 protein in plant P nutrition, in function of P availability. We artificially overexpressed this P transporter by fungal Agrotransformation and investigated the effect of the different lines, wild-type and transformed ones, on plant P accumulation, the distribution of HcPT1.1 and HcPT2 proteins in ectomycorrhizae by immunolocalization, and 32P efflux in an experimental system mimicking intraradical hyphae. Surprisingly, we showed that plants interacting with transgenic fungal lines overexpressing HcPT1.1 did not accumulate more P in their shoots than plants colonized with the control ones. Although the overexpression of HcPT1.1 did not affect the expression levels of the other two P transporters in pure cultures, it induced a strong reduction in HcPT2 proteins in ectomycorrhizae, particularly in intraradical hyphae, but still improved the P status of host plant shoots compared with non-mycorrhizal plants. Finally, 32P efflux from hyphae was higher in lines overexpressing HcPT1.1 than in the control ones. These results suggest that a tight regulation and/or a functional redundancy between the H+:Pi symporters of H. cylindrosporum might exist to ensure a sustainable P delivery to P. pinaster roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Amenc
- Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Becquer
- Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Carlos Trives-Segura
- Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Claude Plassard
- Eco&Sols, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Sardans J, Lambers H, Preece C, Alrefaei AF, Penuelas J. Role of mycorrhizas and root exudates in plant uptake of soil nutrients (calcium, iron, magnesium, and potassium): has the puzzle been completely solved? THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 36917083 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic global change is driving an increase in the frequency and intensity of drought and flood events, along with associated imbalances and limitation of several soil nutrients. In the context of an increasing human population, these impacts represent a global-scale challenge for biodiversity conservation and sustainable crop production to ensure food security. Plants have evolved strategies to enhance uptake of soil nutrients under environmental stress conditions; for example, symbioses with fungi (mycorrhization) in the rhizosphere and the release of exudates from roots. Although crop cultivation is managed for the effects of limited availability of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), there is increasing evidence for limitation of plant growth and fitness because of the low availability of other soil nutrients such as the metals potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and iron (Fe), which may become increasingly limiting for plant productivity under global change. The roles of mycorrhizas and plant exudates on N and P uptake have been studied intensively; however, our understanding of the effects on metal nutrients is less clear and still inconsistent. Here, we review the literature on the role of mycorrhizas and root exudates in plant uptake of key nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and Fe) in the context of potential nutrient deficiencies in crop and non-crop terrestrial ecosystems, and identify knowledge gaps for future research to improve nutrient-uptake capacity in food crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Sardans
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences and Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Plant Nutrition, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Catherine Preece
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- Sustainability in Biosystems Program, Institute of Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Torre Marimon, E-08140, Caldes de Montbui, Spain
| | - Abdulwahed Fahad Alrefaei
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Josep Penuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Bellaterra, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
- CREAF, Cerdanyola del Vallès, 08193, Catalonia, Spain
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6
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A Transcriptomic Atlas of the Ectomycorrhizal Fungus Laccaria bicolor. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9122612. [PMID: 34946213 PMCID: PMC8708209 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9122612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trees are able to colonize, establish and survive in a wide range of soils through associations with ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi. Proper functioning of EcM fungi implies the differentiation of structures within the fungal colony. A symbiotic structure is dedicated to nutrient exchange and the extramatricular mycelium explores soil for nutrients. Eventually, basidiocarps develop to assure last stages of sexual reproduction. The aim of this study is to understand how an EcM fungus uses its gene set to support functional differentiation and development of specialized morphological structures. We examined the transcriptomes of Laccaria bicolor under a series of experimental setups, including the growth with Populus tremula x alba at different developmental stages, basidiocarps and free-living mycelium, under various conditions of N, P and C supply. In particular, N supply induced global transcriptional changes, whereas responses to P supply seemed to be independent from it. Symbiosis development with poplar is characterized by transcriptional waves. Basidiocarp development shares transcriptional signatures with other basidiomycetes. Overlaps in transcriptional responses of L. bicolor hyphae to a host plant and N/C supply next to co-regulation of genes in basidiocarps and mature mycorrhiza were detected. Few genes are induced in a single condition only, but functional and morphological differentiation rather involves fine tuning of larger gene sets. Overall, this transcriptomic atlas builds a reference to study the function and stability of EcM symbiosis in distinct conditions using L. bicolor as a model and indicates both similarities and differences with other ectomycorrhizal fungi, allowing researchers to distinguish conserved processes such as basidiocarp development from nutrient homeostasis.
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7
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Garcia K, Guerrero-Galán C, Frank HER, Haider MZ, Delteil A, Conéjéro G, Lambilliotte R, Fizames C, Sentenac H, Zimmermann SD. Fungal Shaker-like channels beyond cellular K+ homeostasis: A role in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis between Hebeloma cylindrosporum and Pinus pinaster. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242739. [PMID: 33216794 PMCID: PMC7678990 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Potassium (K+) acquisition, translocation and cellular homeostasis are mediated by various membrane transport systems in all organisms. We identified and described an ion channel in the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum (HcSKC) that harbors features of animal voltage-dependent Shaker-like K+ channels, and investigated its role in both free-living hyphae and symbiotic conditions. RNAi lines affected in the expression of HcSKC were produced and used for in vitro mycorrhizal assays with the maritime pine as host plant, under standard or low K+ conditions. The adaptation of H. cylindrosporum to the downregulation of HcSKC was analyzed by qRT-PCR analyses for other K+-related transport proteins: the transporters HcTrk1, HcTrk2, and HcHAK, and the ion channels HcTOK1, HcTOK2.1, and HcTOK2.2. Downregulated HcSKC transformants displayed greater K+ contents at standard K+ only. In such conditions, plants inoculated with these transgenic lines were impaired in K+ nutrition. Taken together, these results support the hypothesis that the reduced expression of HcSKC modifies the pool of fungal K+ available for the plant and/or affects its symbiotic transfer to the roots. Our study reveals that the maintenance of K+ transport in H. cylindrosporum, through the regulation of HcSKC expression, is required for the K+ nutrition of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, California, United States of America
| | | | - Hannah E. R. Frank
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, California, United States of America
| | | | - Amandine Delteil
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Conéjéro
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
- Plateforme Histocytologie et Imagerie Cellulaire Végétale, INRA-CIRAD Montpellier, France
| | - Raphaël Lambilliotte
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Cécile Fizames
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine D. Zimmermann
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, Montpellier, France
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Roy R, Reinders A, Ward JM, McDonald TR. Understanding transport processes in lichen, Azolla-cyanobacteria, ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, and rhizobia-legume symbiotic interactions. F1000Res 2020; 9. [PMID: 32047609 PMCID: PMC6979478 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.19740.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Intimate interactions between photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic organisms require the orchestrated transfer of ions and metabolites between species. We review recent progress in identifying and characterizing the transport proteins involved in five mutualistic symbiotic interactions: lichens,
Azolla–cyanobacteria, ectomycorrhiza, endomycorrhiza, and rhizobia–legumes. This review focuses on transporters for nitrogen and carbon and other solutes exchanged in the interactions. Their predicted functions are evaluated on the basis of their transport mechanism and prevailing transmembrane gradients of H
+ and transported substrates. The symbiotic interactions are presented in the assumed order from oldest to most recently evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Roy
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Anke Reinders
- College of Continuing and Professional Studies, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - John M Ward
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Minnesota, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tami R McDonald
- Biology Department, St. Catherine University, Minnesota, USA
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9
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Plassard C, Becquer A, Garcia K. Phosphorus Transport in Mycorrhiza: How Far Are We? TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:794-801. [PMID: 31272899 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal fungi considerably improve plant nutrition and help them to cope with changing environments. Particularly, these fungi express proteins to transfer inorganic phosphate (Pi) from the soil to colonized roots through symbiotic interfaces. The mechanisms involved in Pi transfer from fungal to plant cells are still largely unknown. Here, we discuss the recent progress made on the description of these mechanisms and we propose the most promising hypotheses and alternative mechanisms for this process. Specifically, we present a phylogenetic survey of candidate Pi transporters of mycorrhizal fungi that might ensure Pi unload into the symbiotic interfaces. Gathering additional knowledge on mycorrhizal Pi transport will improve the Pi-useefficiency in agroecological systems and will guide towards addressing future research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Plassard
- Eco&Sols, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Becquer
- Eco&Sols, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC27695-7619, USA.
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10
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Harnessing Soil Microbes to Improve Plant Phosphate Efficiency in Cropping Systems. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy9030127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus is an essential macronutrient required for plant growth and development. It is central to many biological processes, including nucleic acid synthesis, respiration, and enzymatic activity. However, the strong adsorption of phosphorus by minerals in the soil decreases its availability to plants, thus reducing the productivity of agricultural and forestry ecosystems. This has resulted in a complete dependence on non-renewable chemical fertilizers that are environmentally damaging. Alternative strategies must be identified and implemented to help crops acquire phosphorus more sustainably. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding and utilization of soil microbes to both solubilize inorganic phosphate from insoluble forms and allocate it directly to crop plants. Specifically, we focus on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, ectomycorrhizal fungi, and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. Each of these play a major role in natural and agroecosystems, and their use as bioinoculants is an increasing trend in agricultural practices.
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11
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Herzog R, Solovyeva I, Bölker M, Lugones LG, Hennicke F. Exploring molecular tools for transformation and gene expression in the cultivated edible mushroom Agrocybe aegerita. Mol Genet Genomics 2019; 294:663-677. [PMID: 30778675 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-018-01528-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Agrocybe aegerita is a cultivated edible mushroom in numerous countries, which also serves as a model basidiomycete to study fruiting body formation. Aiming to create an easily expandable customised molecular toolset for transformation and constitutive gene of interest expression, we first created a homologous dominant marker for transformant selection. Progeny monokaryons of the genome-sequenced dikaryon A. aegerita AAE-3 used here were identified as sensitive to the systemic fungicide carboxin. We cloned the wild-type gene encoding the iron-sulphur protein subunit of succinate dehydrogenase AaeSdi1 including its up- and downstream regions, and introduced a single-point mutation (His237 to Leu) to make it confer carboxin resistance. PEG-mediated transformation of protoplasts derived from either oidia or vegetative monokaryotic mycelium with the resulting carboxin resistance marker (CbxR) plasmid pSDI1E3 yielded carboxin-resistant transformants in both cases. Plasmid DNA linearised within the selection marker resulted in transformants with ectopic multiple insertions of plasmid DNA in a head-to-tail repeat-like fashion. When circular plasmid was used, ectopic single integration into the fungal genome was favoured, but also gene conversion at the homologous locus was seen in 1 out of 11 analysed transformants. Employing CbxR as selection marker, two versions of a reporter gene construct were assembled via Golden Gate cloning which allows easy recombination of its modules. These consisted of an eGFP expression cassette controlled by the native promoter PAaeGPDII and the heterologous terminator Tnos, once with and once without an intron in front of the eGFP start codon. After protoplast transformation with either construct as circular plasmid DNA, GFP fluorescence was detected with either transformants, indicating that expression of eGFP is intron-independent in A. aegerita. This paves the way for functional genetics approaches to A. aegerita, e.g., via constitutive expression of fruiting-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Herzog
- Junior Research Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Cluster of Integrative Fungal Research, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Environmental Biotechnology, TU Dresden, Markt 23, 02763, Zittau, Germany
| | - Irina Solovyeva
- Junior Research Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,LOEWE Cluster of Integrative Fungal Research, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bölker
- LOEWE Cluster of Integrative Fungal Research, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Luis G Lugones
- Department of Biology, Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Hennicke
- Junior Research Group Genetics and Genomics of Fungi, Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,LOEWE Cluster of Integrative Fungal Research, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany. .,Department of Biology, Microbiology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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12
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Nehls U, Plassard C. Nitrogen and phosphate metabolism in ectomycorrhizas. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1047-1058. [PMID: 29888395 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
1047 I. Introduction 1047 II. Mobilization of soil N/P by ECM fungi 1048 III. N/P uptake 1048 IV. N/P assimilation 1049 V. N/P storage and remobilization 1049 VI. Hyphal N/P efflux at the plant-fungus interface 1052 VII. Conclusion and research needs 1054 Acknowledgements 1055 References 1055 SUMMARY: Nutrient homeostasis is essential for fungal cells and thus tightly adapted to the local demand in a mycelium with hyphal specialization. Based on selected ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal models, we outlined current concepts of nitrogen and phosphate nutrition and their limitations, and included knowledge from Baker's yeast when major gaps had to be filled. We covered the entire pathway from nutrient mobilization, import and local storage, distribution within the mycelium and export at the plant-fungus interface. Even when nutrient import and assimilation were broad issues for ECM fungi, we focused mainly on nitrate and organic phosphorus uptake, as other nitrogen/phosphorus (N/P) sources have been covered by recent reviews. Vacuolar N/P storage and mobilization represented another focus point of this review. Vacuoles are integrated into cellular homeostasis and central for an ECM mycelium at two locations: soil-growing hyphae and hyphae of the plant-fungus interface. Vacuoles are also involved in long-distance transport. We further discussed potential mechanisms of bidirectional long-distance nutrient transport (distances from millimetres to metres). A final focus of the review was N/P export at the plant-fungus interface, where we compared potential efflux mechanisms and pathways, and discussed their prerequisites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uwe Nehls
- Botany, University of Bremen, Bremen, 28359, Germany
| | - Claude Plassard
- Eco & Sols, Université de Montpellier, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, 34060, France
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13
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Becquer A, Garcia K, Amenc L, Rivard C, Doré J, Trives-Segura C, Szponarski W, Russet S, Baeza Y, Lassalle-Kaiser B, Gay G, Zimmermann SD, Plassard C. The Hebeloma cylindrosporum HcPT2 Pi transporter plays a key role in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 220:1185-1199. [PMID: 29944179 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Through a mutualistic relationship with woody plant roots, ectomycorrhizal fungi provide growth-limiting nutrients, including inorganic phosphate (Pi), to their host. Reciprocal trades occur at the Hartig net, which is the symbiotic interface of ectomycorrhizas where the two partners are symplasmically isolated. Fungal Pi must be exported to the symbiotic interface, but the proteins facilitating this transfer are unknown. In the present study, we combined transcriptomic, microscopy, whole plant physiology, X-ray fluorescence mapping, 32 P labeling and fungal genetic approaches to unravel the role of HcPT2, a fungal Pi transporter, during the Hebeloma cylindrosporum-Pinus pinaster ectomycorrhizal association. We localized HcPT2 in the extra-radical hyphae and the Hartig net and demonstrated its determinant role for both the establishment of ectomycorrhizas and Pi allocation towards P. pinaster. We showed that the host plant induces HcPT2 expression and that the artificial overexpression of HcPT2 is sufficient to significantly enhance Pi export towards the central cylinder. Together, our results reveal that HcPT2 plays an important role in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis, affecting both Pi influx in the mycelium and efflux towards roots under the control of P. pinaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Becquer
- Eco & Sols, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Biology and Microbiology, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Laurie Amenc
- Eco & Sols, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Camille Rivard
- CEPIA, INRA, 44300, Nantes, France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jeanne Doré
- LEM, CNRS, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Carlos Trives-Segura
- Eco & Sols, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Wojciech Szponarski
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvie Russet
- Eco & Sols, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | - Yoan Baeza
- Eco & Sols, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gilles Gay
- LEM, CNRS, INRA, VetAgro Sup, UCBL, Université de Lyon, 69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Claude Plassard
- Eco & Sols, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, 34060, Montpellier, France
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14
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Guerrero-Galán C, Delteil A, Garcia K, Houdinet G, Conéjéro G, Gaillard I, Sentenac H, Zimmermann SD. Plant potassium nutrition in ectomycorrhizal symbiosis: properties and roles of the three fungal TOK potassium channels in Hebeloma cylindrosporum. Environ Microbiol 2018; 20:1873-1887. [PMID: 29614209 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi play an essential role in the ecology of boreal and temperate forests through the improvement of tree mineral nutrition. Potassium (K+ ) is an essential nutrient for plants and is needed in high amounts. We recently demonstrated that the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum improves the K+ nutrition of Pinus pinaster under shortage conditions. Part of the transport systems involved in K+ uptake by the fungus has been deciphered, while the molecular players responsible for the transfer of this cation towards the plant remain totally unknown. Analysis of the genome of H. cylindrosporum revealed the presence of three putative tandem-pore outward-rectifying K+ (TOK) channels that could contribute to this transfer. Here, we report the functional characterization of these three channels through two-electrode voltage-clamp experiments in oocytes and yeast complementation assays. The expression pattern and physiological role of these channels were analysed in symbiotic interaction with P. pinaster. Pine seedlings colonized by fungal transformants overexpressing two of them displayed a larger accumulation of K+ in shoots. This study revealed that TOK channels have distinctive properties and functions in axenic and symbiotic conditions and suggested that HcTOK2.2 is implicated in the symbiotic transfer of K+ from the fungus towards the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Guerrero-Galán
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Amandine Delteil
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Kevin Garcia
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.,Biology and Microbiology Department, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
| | - Gabriella Houdinet
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Geneviève Conéjéro
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France.,Plateforme Histocytologie et Imagerie Cellulaire Végétale, INRA-CIRAD, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Gaillard
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- BPMP, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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15
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Becquer A, Garcia K, Plassard C. HcPT1.2 participates in Pi acquisition in Hebeloma cylindrosporum external hyphae of ectomycorrhizas under high and low phosphate conditions. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1525997. [PMID: 30289375 PMCID: PMC6204789 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1525997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi improve tree phosphorus nutrition through transporters specifically localized at soil-hyphae and symbiotic interfaces. In the model symbiosis between the fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum and the maritime pine (Pinus pinaster), several transporters possibly involved in phosphate fluxes were identified, including three H+:Pi transporters. Among these three, we recently unraveled the function of one of them, named HcPT2, in both pure culture and symbiotic interaction with P. pinaster. Here we investigated the transporter named HcPT1.2, by analyzing inorganic phosphate transport ability in a yeast complementation assay, assessing its expression in the fungus associated or not with the plant, and immunolocalizing the proteins in ectomycorrhizas. We also evaluated the effect of external Pi concentration on expression and localization of HcPT1.2. Our results revealed that HcPT1.2 is involved in Pi acquisition by H. cylindrosporum mycelium, irrespective of the external Pi concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Becquer
- Eco&Sols, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
| | - Kevin Garcia
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
- CONTACT Kevin Garcia Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7619, USA
| | - Claude Plassard
- Eco&Sols, University Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Montpellier, France
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16
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Magnin-Robert M, Adrian M, Trouvelot S, Spagnolo A, Jacquens L, Letousey P, Rabenoelina F, Harir M, Roullier-Gall C, Clément C, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Vallat A, Abou-Mansour E, Fontaine F. Alterations in Grapevine Leaf Metabolism Occur Prior to Esca Apoplexy Appearance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2017; 30:946-959. [PMID: 28841114 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-17-0036-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Esca disease is one of the major grapevine trunk diseases in Europe and the etiology is complex, since several inhabiting fungi are identified to be associated with this disease. Among the foliar symptom expressions, the apoplectic form may be distinguished and characterized by sudden dieback of shoots, leaf drop, and shriveling of grape clusters in a few days that can ultimately induce the plant death. To further understand this drastic event, we conducted transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses to characterize responses of leaves during the period preceding symptom appearance (20 and 7 days before foliar symptom expression) and at the day of apoplexy expression. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide signatures for the apoplectic leaves and most changes concerning the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, and phenylpropanoids. In deciphering glutathione-S-transferase (GST), its preferential location in phloem, correlated with the upregulation of GST genes and a decrease of the glutathione level, offers further support to the putative role of glutathione during apoplexy expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Magnin-Robert
- 1 SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Marielle Adrian
- 2 Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- 2 Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alessandro Spagnolo
- 1 SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Lucile Jacquens
- 2 Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000 Dijon, France
| | - Patricia Letousey
- 1 SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Fanja Rabenoelina
- 1 SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Mourad Harir
- 3 Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Chloé Roullier-Gall
- 4 Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Christophe Clément
- 1 SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- 3 Analytical BioGeoChemistry, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- 4 Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Armelle Vallat
- 5 Université de Neuchâtel, Institut de chimie, NPAC, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; and
| | - Eliane Abou-Mansour
- 6 Plant Biology Department, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 10, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Florence Fontaine
- 1 SFR Condorcet, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, URVVC EA 4707, Laboratoire Stress, Défenses et Reproduction des Plantes, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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17
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Xie X, Lin H, Peng X, Xu C, Sun Z, Jiang K, Huang A, Wu X, Tang N, Salvioli A, Bonfante P, Zhao B. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Requires a Phosphate Transceptor in the Gigaspora margarita Fungal Symbiont. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1583-1608. [PMID: 27688206 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The majority of terrestrial vascular plants are capable of forming mutualistic associations with obligate biotrophic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from the phylum Glomeromycota. This mutualistic symbiosis provides carbohydrates to the fungus, and reciprocally improves plant phosphate uptake. AM fungal transporters can acquire phosphate from the soil through the hyphal networks. Nevertheless, the precise functions of AM fungal phosphate transporters, and whether they act as sensors or as nutrient transporters, in fungal signal transduction remain unclear. Here, we report a high-affinity phosphate transporter GigmPT from Gigaspora margarita that is required for AM symbiosis. Host-induced gene silencing of GigmPT hampers the development of G. margarita during AM symbiosis. Most importantly, GigmPT functions as a phosphate transceptor in G. margarita regarding the activation of the phosphate signaling pathway as well as the protein kinase A signaling cascade. Using the substituted-cysteine accessibility method, we identified residues A146 (in transmembrane domain [TMD] IV) and Val357 (in TMD VIII) of GigmPT, both of which are critical for phosphate signaling and transport in yeast during growth induction. Collectively, our results provide significant insights into the molecular functions of a phosphate transceptor from the AM fungus G. margarita.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China
| | - Hui Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China
| | - Xiaowei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China
| | - Congrui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China
| | - Zhongfeng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China
| | - Kexin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China
| | - Antian Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China
| | - Xiaohui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China
| | - Nianwu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China
| | - Alessandra Salvioli
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Bonfante
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Viale Mattioli 25, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, P.R.China.
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18
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Garcia K, Doidy J, Zimmermann SD, Wipf D, Courty PE. Take a Trip Through the Plant and Fungal Transportome of Mycorrhiza. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 21:937-950. [PMID: 27514454 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil nutrient acquisition and exchanges through symbiotic plant-fungus interactions in the rhizosphere are key features for the current agricultural and environmental challenges. Improved crop yield and plant mineral nutrition through a fungal symbiont has been widely described. In return, the host plant supplies carbon substrates to its fungal partner. We review here recent progress on molecular players of membrane transport involved in nutritional exchanges between mycorrhizal plants and fungi. We cover the transportome, from the transport proteins involved in sugar fluxes from plants towards fungi, to the uptake from the soil and exchange of nitrogen, phosphate, potassium, sulfate, and water. Together, these advances in the comprehension of the mycorrhizal transportome will help in developing the future engineering of new agro-ecological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garcia
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Joan Doidy
- Center for Genomics and Systems Biology, Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Sabine D Zimmermann
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Courty
- University of Fribourg, Department of Biology, 3 rue Albert Gockel, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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19
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Ford KL, Baumgartner K, Henricot B, Bailey AM, Foster GD. A native promoter and inclusion of an intron is necessary for efficient expression of GFP or mRFP in Armillaria mellea. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29226. [PMID: 27384974 PMCID: PMC4935854 DOI: 10.1038/srep29226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Armillaria mellea is a significant pathogen that causes Armillaria root disease on numerous hosts in forests, gardens and agricultural environments worldwide. Using a yeast-adapted pCAMBIA0380 Agrobacterium vector, we have constructed a series of vectors for transformation of A. mellea, assembled using yeast-based recombination methods. These have been designed to allow easy exchange of promoters and inclusion of introns. The vectors were first tested by transformation into basidiomycete Clitopilus passeckerianus to ascertain vector functionality then used to transform A. mellea. We show that heterologous promoters from the basidiomycetes Agaricus bisporus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium that were used successfully to control the hygromycin resistance cassette were not able to support expression of mRFP or GFP in A. mellea. The endogenous A. mellea gpd promoter delivered efficient expression, and we show that inclusion of an intron was also required for transgene expression. GFP and mRFP expression was stable in mycelia and fluorescence was visible in transgenic fruiting bodies and GFP was detectable in planta. Use of these vectors has been successful in giving expression of the fluorescent proteins GFP and mRFP in A. mellea, providing an additional molecular tool for this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Ford
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Kendra Baumgartner
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 363 Hutchison Hall, University of California, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Béatrice Henricot
- The Royal Horticultural Society, Wisley, Woking, Surrey, GU23 6QB, United Kingdom
| | - Andy M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
| | - Gary D. Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of Bristol, 24 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1TQ, United Kingdom
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20
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Garcia K, Delaux PM, Cope KR, Ané JM. Molecular signals required for the establishment and maintenance of ectomycorrhizal symbioses. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2015; 208:79-87. [PMID: 25982949 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) symbioses are among the most widespread associations between roots of woody plants and soil fungi in forest ecosystems. These associations contribute significantly to the sustainability and sustainagility of these ecosystems through nutrient cycling and carbon sequestration. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanisms controlling the mutual recognition between both partners are still poorly understood. Elegant work has demonstrated that effector proteins from ECM and arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi regulate host defenses by manipulating plant hormonal pathways. In parallel, genetic and evolutionary studies in legumes showed that a 'common symbiosis pathway' is required for the establishment of the ancient AM symbiosis and has been recruited for the rhizobia-legume association. Given that genes of this pathway are present in many angiosperm trees that develop ectomycorrhizas, we propose their potential involvement in some but not all ECM associations. The maintenance of a successful long-term relationship seems strongly regulated by resource allocation between symbiotic partners, suggesting that nutrients themselves may serve as signals. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the early and late signal exchanges between woody plants and ECM fungi, and we suggest future directions for decoding the molecular basis of the underground dance between trees and their favorite fungal partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garcia
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Pierre-Marc Delaux
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Kevin R Cope
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Ané
- Department of Agronomy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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21
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Becquer A, Trap J, Irshad U, Ali MA, Claude P. From soil to plant, the journey of P through trophic relationships and ectomycorrhizal association. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:548. [PMID: 25360140 PMCID: PMC4197793 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is essential for plant growth and productivity. It is one of the most limiting macronutrients in soil because it is mainly present as unavailable, bound P whereas plants can only use unbound, inorganic phosphate (Pi), which is found in very low concentrations in soil solution. Some ectomycorrhizal fungi are able to release organic compounds (organic anions or phosphatases) to mobilize unavailable P. Recent studies suggest that bacteria play a major role in the mineralization of nutrients such as P through trophic relationships as they can produce specific phosphatases such as phytases to degrade phytate, the main form of soil organic P. Bacteria are also more effective than other microorganisms or plants at immobilizing free Pi. Therefore, bacterial grazing by grazers, such as nematodes, could release Pi locked in bacterial biomass. Free Pi may be taken up by ectomycorrhizal fungus by specific phosphate transporters and transferred to the plant by mechanisms that have not yet been identified. This mini-review aims to follow the phosphate pathway to understand the ecological and molecular mechanisms responsible for transfer of phosphate from the soil to the plant, to improve plant P nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Becquer
- UMR Eco&Sols, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
| | - Jean Trap
- UMR Eco&Sols, Institut de Recherche pour le DéveloppementMontpellier, France
| | - Usman Irshad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information TechnologyAbbottabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad A. Ali
- Department of Soil Science, Bahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultan, Pakistan
| | - Plassard Claude
- UMR Eco&Sols, Institut National de la Recherche AgronomiqueMontpellier, France
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Garcia K, Delteil A, Conéjéro G, Becquer A, Plassard C, Sentenac H, Zimmermann S. Potassium nutrition of ectomycorrhizal Pinus pinaster: overexpression of the Hebeloma cylindrosporum HcTrk1 transporter affects the translocation of both K(+) and phosphorus in the host plant. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 201:951-960. [PMID: 24279702 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mycorrhizal associations are known to improve the hydro-mineral nutrition of their host plants. However, the importance of mycorrhizal symbiosis for plant potassium nutrition has so far been poorly studied. We therefore investigated the impact of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum on the potassium nutrition of Pinus pinaster and examined the involvement of the fungal potassium transporter HcTrk1. HcTrk1 transcripts and proteins were localized in ectomycorrhizas using in situ hybridization and EGFP translational fusion constructs. Importantly, an overexpression strategy was performed on a H. cylindrosporum endogenous gene in order to dissect the role of this transporter. The potassium nutrition of mycorrhizal pine plants was significantly improved under potassium-limiting conditions. Fungal strains overexpressing HcTrk1 reduced the translocation of potassium and phosphorus from the roots to the shoots of inoculated plants in mycorrhizal experiments. Furthermore, expression of HcTrk1 and the phosphate transporter HcPT1.1 were reciprocally linked to the external inorganic phosphate and potassium availability. The development of these approaches provides a deeper insight into the role of ectomycorrhizal symbiosis on host plant K(+) nutrition and in particular, the K(+) transporter HcTrk1. The work augments our knowledge of the link between potassium and phosphorus nutrition via the mycorrhizal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Garcia
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Amandine Delteil
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Geneviève Conéjéro
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
- Plateforme Histocytologie et Imagerie Cellulaire Végétale, INRA-CIRAD, 34398, Montpellier, France
| | - Adeline Becquer
- INRA, UMR 1222 Eco&Sols, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Claude Plassard
- INRA, UMR 1222 Eco&Sols, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Hervé Sentenac
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
| | - Sabine Zimmermann
- Biochimie et Physiologie Moléculaire des Plantes, UMR 5004 CNRS/INRA/SupAgro/UM2, Campus INRA/SupAgro, 2 Place Viala, 34060, Montpellier Cedex 2, France
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