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Wang X, Li X, Qiu W, Sa F, Feng Y, Ge Y, Yang S, Liu Y, Xie J, Zhang W, Li W, Cheng X. Effects of mating-type ratio imbalance on the degeneration of Cordyceps militaris subculture and preventative measures. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17648. [PMID: 39006009 PMCID: PMC11243967 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid degeneration of Cordyceps militaris strains during subculture represents a bottleneck problem that affects production stability. This study explored the mechanism underlying this degeneration in three production and three wild-type strains of Cordyceps militaris, isolating single-conidium strains from each. The effects of subculturing on fructification in both original and single mating-type strains were compared. Changes in the ratio of the two mating types were analyzed in both original and degenerated strains. Based on these findings, the two mating strains were paired in different ratios to determine their effects on fruiting. The resulting five strains were heterokaryotic strains with both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 mating-type genes. Strain jb-2 was a single mating type (MAT1-1) mutant strain that produced stable fruiting bodies but failed to produce ascospores. It was found that the loss of or imbalance in mating types was the main reason for the rapid degeneration of fruiting traits during subculture and that this occurred randomly in the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 types. The strains differed significantly in their stability during subculture. Fruiting was stable in the single mating-type Jb-2 strain, and the eleventh-generation fruited normally. There were differences in yield between the production and wild strains after inoculation with spawn containing different proportions of mating types. The production strain was more stable when inoculated with strains with mating-type ratios of 1:9 to 9:1 without affecting the yield. However, the yield of the wild-type strain xf-1 was positively correlated with the proportion of the MAT1-2 type, while the other two strains showed no correlations. Subculturing single mating-type mycelia separately and mixing them before production effectively mitigated degeneration during subculture. For Cordyceps militaris breeding, selecting strains containing both mating types, which are insensitive to the proportion of mating-type genes, enhanced stability in subculture and reduced the risk of mating-type loss. Direct breeding of specific single-mating type strains to induce fruiting is thus an effective breeding strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiu'E Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Wenxu Qiu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Fangping Sa
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yetong Feng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yupeng Ge
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Shude Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Jinzhong Xie
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Research Institute of Subtropical Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Weihuan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Xianhao Cheng
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong, China
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Li X, Wang X, Liang F, Wang Z, Liu W, Ge Y, Yang S, Liu Y, Li Y, Cheng X, Li W. Biological characteristics of Cordyceps militaris single mating-type strains. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:225. [PMID: 38642078 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03952-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris has been extensively cultivated as a model cordyceps species for commercial purposes. Nevertheless, the problems related to strain degeneration and breeding technologies remain unresolved. This study assessed the physiology and fertility traits of six C. militaris strains with distinct origins and characteristics, focusing on single mating-type strains. The results demonstrated that the three identified strains (CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02) were single mating-type possessing only one mating-type gene (MAT1-1). In contrast, the other three strains (CMXF07, CMXF09, and CMMS05) were the dual mating type. The MAT1-1 strains sourced from CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02 consistently produced sporocarps but failed to generate ascospores. However, when paired with MAT1-2 strains, the MAT1-1 strains with slender fruiting bodies and normal morphology were fertile. The hyphal growth rate of single mating-type strains (CMDB01, CMSY01, and CMJB02) typically surpassed that of dual mating-type strains (CMXF07, CMXF09, and CMMS05). The growth rates of MAT1-2 and MAT1-1 strains were proportional to their ratios, such that a single mating-type strain with a higher ratio exhibited an increased growth rate. As C. militaris matured, the adenosine content decreased. In summary, the C. militaris strains that consistently produce sporocarps and have a single mating type are highly promising for production and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu'E Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Fengji Liang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Zhaoxin Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Wenshuo Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Yupeng Ge
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Shude Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Yin Li
- Yantai Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yantai, 264013, China
| | - Xianhao Cheng
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China.
- Yantai Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Technology Innovation Center, Yantai, 264013, China.
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, No.186, Hongqi Mid-Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
| | - Weihuan Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Edible Fruiting bodies Technology, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264013, China.
- Yantai Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Technology Innovation Center, Yantai, 264013, China.
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, No.186, Hongqi Mid-Road, Zhifu District, Yantai, Shandong Province, 264025, China.
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Vu TX, Tran TB, Vu HH, Le YTH, Nguyen PH, Do TT, Nguyen TH, Tran VT. Ethanolic extract from fruiting bodies of Cordyceps militaris HL8 exhibits cytotoxic activities against cancer cells, skin pathogenic yeasts, and postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:97. [PMID: 38349544 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03833-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is a well-known medicinal mushroom in Asian countries. This edible fungus has been widely exploited for traditional medicine and functional food production. C. militaris is a heterothallic fungus that requires both the mating-type loci, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2, for fruiting body formation. However, recent studies also indicated two groups of C. militaris, including monokaryotic strains carrying only MAT1-1 in their genomes and heterokaryotic strains harboring both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. These strain groups are able to produce fruiting bodies under suitable cultivating conditions. In previous work, we showed that monokaryotic strains are more stable than heterokaryotic strains in fruiting body formation through successive culturing generations. In this study, we report a high cordycepin-producing monokaryotic C. militaris strain (HL8) collected in Vietnam. This strain could form normal fruiting bodies with high biological efficiency and contain a cordycepin content of 14.43 mg/g lyophilized fruiting body biomass. The ethanol extraction of the HL8 fruiting bodies resulted in a crude extract with a cordycepin content of 69.15 mg/g. Assays of cytotoxic activity on six human cancer cell lines showed that the extract inhibited the growth of all these cell lines with the IC50 values of 6.41-11.51 µg/mL. Notably, the extract significantly reduced cell proliferation and promoted apoptosis of breast cancer cells. Furthermore, the extract also exhibited strong antifungal activity against Malassezia skin yeasts and the citrus postharvest pathogen Penicillium digitatum. Our work provides a promising monokaryotic C. militaris strain as a bioresource for medicine, cosmetics, and fruit preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xuan Vu
- Center for Experimental Biology, National Center for Technological Progress, Ministry of Science and Technology, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Tram Bao Tran
- Center for Experimental Biology, National Center for Technological Progress, Ministry of Science and Technology, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hong-Ha Vu
- Institute of Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yen Thi Hoang Le
- Center for Experimental Biology, National Center for Technological Progress, Ministry of Science and Technology, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Phu Hung Nguyen
- Center of Interdisciplinary Science and Education, Thai Nguyen University, Thai Nguyen, Viet Nam
| | - Thao Thi Do
- Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thu-Huong Nguyen
- Faculty of Basic Medicine, Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Duc Thang, North Tu Liem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Van-Tuan Tran
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
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Kita K, Uchida M, Arie T, Teraoka T, Kaku H, Kanda Y, Mori M, Arazoe T, Kamakura T. The MAT1 locus is required for microconidia-mediated sexual fertility in the rice blast fungus. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2024; 371:fnae004. [PMID: 38305094 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Rice blast fungus (Pyricularia oryzae) is a heterothallic ascomycete that causes the most destructive disease in cultivated rice worldwide. This fungus reproduces sexually and asexually, and its mating type is determined by the MAT1 locus, MAT1-1 or MAT1-2. Interestingly, most rice-infecting field isolates show a loss of female fertility, but the MAT1 locus is highly conserved in female-sterile isolates. In this study, we performed a functional analysis of MAT1 using the CRISPR/Cas9 system in female- and male-fertile isolates and female-sterile (male-fertile) isolates. Consistent with a previous report, MAT1 was essential for sexual reproduction but not for asexual reproduction. Meanwhile, deletion mutants of MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2, and MAT1-1-3 exhibited phenotypes different from those of other previously described isolates, suggesting that the function of MAT1-1 genes and/or their target genes in sexual reproduction differs among strains or isolates. The MAT1 genes, excluding MAT1-2-6, retained their functions even in female-sterile isolates, and deletion mutants lead to loss or reduction of male fertility. Although MAT1 deletion did not affect microconidia (spermatia) production, microconidia derived from the mutants could not induce perithecia formation. These results indicated that MAT1 is required for microconidia-mediated male fertility in addition to female fertility in P. oryzae .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohtetsu Kita
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 2788510, Japan
| | - Momotaka Uchida
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 2788510, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Arie
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 1830054, Japan
| | - Tohru Teraoka
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT), 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo 1830054, Japan
| | - Hisatoshi Kaku
- JICA Tsukuba Center, Japan International Coorporation Agency, 3-6 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3050074, Japan
- Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan
| | - Yasukazu Kanda
- Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Division of Plant Molecular Regulation Research, Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, NARO (NIAS), 2-1-2 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058602, Japan
| | - Takayuki Arazoe
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 2788510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kamakura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 2788510, Japan
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Vu TX, Thai HD, Dinh BHT, Nguyen HT, Tran HTP, Bui KLT, Tran TB, Pham HT, Mai LTD, Le DH, Nguyen HQ, Tran VT. Effects of MAT1-2 Spore Ratios on Fruiting Body Formation and Degeneration in the Heterothallic Fungus Cordyceps militaris. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:971. [PMID: 37888227 PMCID: PMC10607669 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris is widely exploited in traditional medicine and nutraceuticals in Asian countries. However, fruiting body production in C. militaris is facing degeneration through cultivation batches, and the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon remains unclear. This study showed that fruiting body formation in three different C. militaris strains, namely G12, B12, and HQ1, severely declined after three successive culturing generations using the spore isolation method. PCR analyses revealed that these strains exist as heterokaryons and possess both the mating-type loci, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2. Further, monokaryotic isolates carrying MAT1-1 or MAT1-2 were successfully separated from the fruiting bodies of all three heterokaryotic strains. A spore combination of the MAT1-1 monokaryotic isolate and the MAT1-2 monokaryotic isolate promoted fruiting body formation, while the single monokaryotic isolates could not do that themselves. Notably, we found that changes in ratios of the MAT1-2 spores strongly influenced fruiting body formation in these strains. When the ratios of the MAT1-2 spores increased to more than 15 times compared to the MAT1-1 spores, the fruiting body formation decreased sharply. In contrast, when MAT1-1 spores were increased proportionally, fruiting body formation was only slightly reduced. Our study also proposes a new solution to mitigate the degeneration in the heterokaryotic C. militaris strains caused by successive culturing generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xuan Vu
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
- Center for Experimental Biology, National Center for Technological Progress, Ministry of Science and Technology, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hanh-Dung Thai
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
| | - Bich-Hang Thi Dinh
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
| | - Huong Thi Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
| | - Huyen Thi Phuong Tran
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
| | - Khanh-Linh Thi Bui
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
| | - Tram Bao Tran
- Center for Experimental Biology, National Center for Technological Progress, Ministry of Science and Technology, C6 Thanh Xuan Bac, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Hien Thanh Pham
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Linh Thi Dam Mai
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Diep Hong Le
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Huy Quang Nguyen
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
| | - Van-Tuan Tran
- National Key Laboratory of Enzyme and Protein Technology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam; (T.X.V.); (H.-D.T.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi (VNU), 334 Nguyen Trai, Thanh Xuan, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam
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Xu M, Ashley NA, Vaghefi N, Wilkinson I, Idnurm A. Isolation of strains and their genome sequencing to analyze the mating system of Ophiocordyceps robertsii. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284978. [PMID: 37130139 PMCID: PMC10153710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The fungal genus Ophiocordyceps contains a number of insect pathogens. One of the best known of these is Ophiocordyceps sinensis, which is used in Chinese medicine and its overharvesting threatens sustainability; hence, alternative species are being sought. Ophiocordyceps robertsii, found in Australia and New Zealand, has been proposed to be a close relative to O. sinensis, but little is known about this species despite being also of historical significance. Here, O. robertsii strains were isolated into culture and high coverage draft genome sequences obtained and analyzed. This species has a large genome expansion, as also occurred in O. sinensis. The mating type locus was characterized, indicating a heterothallic arrangement whereby each strain has an idiomorphic region of two (MAT1-2-1, MAT1-2-2) or three (MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2, MAT1-1-3) genes flanked by the conserved APN2 and SLA2 genes. These resources provide a new opportunity for understanding the evolution of the expanded genome in the homothallic species O. sinensis, as well as capabilities to explore the pharmaceutical potential in a species endemic to Australia and New Zealand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin Xu
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Niloofar Vaghefi
- Centre for Crop Health, University of Southern Queensland, Darling Heights, Queensland, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Food, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Wilkinson
- GhostMothLabs, 20 Lynch Drive, Echuca, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Chai H, Liu P, Ma Y, Chen W, Tao N, Zhao Y. Organization and Unconventional Integration of the Mating-Type Loci in Morchella Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070746. [PMID: 35887501 PMCID: PMC9318749 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
True morels (Morchella spp.) are a group of delicious fungi in high demand worldwide, and some species of morels have been successfully cultivated in recent years. To better understand the sexual reproductive mechanisms of these fungi, we characterized the structure of the mating-type loci from ten morel species, and seven of them were obtained using long-range PCR amplification. Among the studied species, eight were heterothallic, two were homothallic, and four types of composition were observed in the MAT loci. In three of the five black morel species, the MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-10, and MAT1-1-11 genes were in the MAT1-1 idiomorph, and only the MAT1-2-1 gene was in the MAT1-2 idiomorph, while an integration event occurred in the other two species and resulted in the importation of the MAT1-1-11 gene into the MAT1-2 idiomorph and survival as a truncated fragment in the MAT1-1 idiomorph. However, the MAT1-1-11 gene was not available in the four yellow morels and one blushing morel species. M. rufobrunnea, a representative species of the earliest diverging branch of true morels, along with another yellow morel Mes-15, were confirmed to be homothallic, and the MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-10, and MAT1-2-1 genes were arranged in a tandem array. Therefore, we hypothesized that homothallism should be the ancestral reproductive state in Morchella. RT-PCR analyses revealed that four mating genes could be constitutively expressed, while the MAT1-1-10 gene underwent alternative splicing to produce different splice variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Chai
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (H.C.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (W.C.); (N.T.)
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650205, China
- Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (H.C.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (W.C.); (N.T.)
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650205, China
- Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Yuanhao Ma
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (H.C.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (W.C.); (N.T.)
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650205, China
- Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Weimin Chen
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (H.C.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (W.C.); (N.T.)
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650205, China
- Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Nan Tao
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (H.C.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (W.C.); (N.T.)
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650205, China
- Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Yongchang Zhao
- Biotechnology and Germplasm Resources Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China; (H.C.); (P.L.); (Y.M.); (W.C.); (N.T.)
- Yunnan Provincial Key Lab of Agricultural Biotechnology, Kunming 650205, China
- Key Lab of Southwestern Crop Gene Resources and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture, Kunming 650205, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-871-6514-0446
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In-on A, Thananusak R, Ruengjitchatchawalya M, Vongsangnak W, Laomettachit T. Construction of Light-Responsive Gene Regulatory Network for Growth, Development and Secondary Metabolite Production in Cordyceps militaris. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11010071. [PMID: 35053069 PMCID: PMC8773263 DOI: 10.3390/biology11010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an edible fungus that produces many beneficial compounds, including cordycepin and carotenoid. In many fungi, growth, development and secondary metabolite production are controlled by crosstalk between light-signaling pathways and other regulatory cascades. However, little is known about the gene regulation upon light exposure in C. militaris. This study aims to construct a gene regulatory network (GRN) that responds to light in C. militaris. First, a genome-scale GRN was built based on transcription factor (TF)-target gene interactions predicted from the Regulatory Sequence Analysis Tools (RSAT). Then, a light-responsive GRN was extracted by integrating the transcriptomic data onto the genome-scale GRN. The light-responsive network contains 2689 genes and 6837 interactions. From the network, five TFs, Snf21 (CCM_04586), an AT-hook DNA-binding motif TF (CCM_08536), a homeobox TF (CCM_07504), a forkhead box protein L2 (CCM_02646) and a heat shock factor Hsf1 (CCM_05142), were identified as key regulators that co-regulate a large group of growth and developmental genes. The identified regulatory network and expression profiles from our analysis suggested how light may induce the growth and development of C. militaris into a sexual cycle. The light-mediated regulation also couples fungal development with cordycepin and carotenoid production. This study leads to an enhanced understanding of the light-responsive regulation of growth, development and secondary metabolite production in the fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammarin In-on
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand; (A.I.-o.); (M.R.)
- School of Information Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Roypim Thananusak
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Bioscience, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Marasri Ruengjitchatchawalya
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand; (A.I.-o.); (M.R.)
- Biotechnology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.V.); (T.L.)
| | - Teeraphan Laomettachit
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Program, School of Bioresources and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand; (A.I.-o.); (M.R.)
- Theoretical and Computational Physics (TCP) Group, Center of Excellence in Theoretical and Computational Science (TaCS-CoE), King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10150, Thailand
- Correspondence: (W.V.); (T.L.)
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9
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Kontogiannatos D, Koutrotsios G, Xekalaki S, Zervakis GI. Biomass and Cordycepin Production by the Medicinal Mushroom Cordyceps militaris-A Review of Various Aspects and Recent Trends towards the Exploitation of a Valuable Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7110986. [PMID: 34829273 PMCID: PMC8621325 DOI: 10.3390/jof7110986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordyceps militaris is an entomopathogenic ascomycete with similar pharmacological importance to that of the wild caterpillar fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis. C. militaris has attracted significant research and commercial interest due to its content in bioactive compounds beneficial to human health and the relative ease of cultivation under laboratory conditions. However, room for improvement exists in the commercial-scale cultivation of C. militaris and concerns issues principally related to appropriate strain selection, genetic degeneration of cultures, and substrate optimization. In particular, culture degeneration-usually expressed by abnormal fruit body formation and reduced sporulation-results in important economic losses and is holding back investors and potential growers (mainly in Western countries) from further developing this highly promising sector. In the present review, the main factors that influence the generation of biomass and metabolites (with emphasis on cordycepin biosynthesis) by C. militaris are presented and evaluated in conjunction with the use of a wide range of supplements or additives towards the enhancement of fungal productivity in large-scale cultivation processes. Moreover, physiological and genetic factors that increase or reduce the manifestation of strain degeneration in C. militaris are outlined. Finally, methodologies for developing protocols to be used in C. militaris functional biology studies are discussed.
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10
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Yong M, Yu J, Pan X, Yu M, Cao H, Qi Z, Du Y, Zhang R, Song T, Yin X, Chen Z, Liu W, Liu Y. MAT1-1-3, a Mating Type Gene in the Villosiclava virens, Is Required for Fruiting Bodies and Sclerotia Formation, Asexual Development and Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1337. [PMID: 32714294 PMCID: PMC7344243 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Villosiclava virens is the prevalent causative pathogen of rice false smut, a destructive rice disease. Mating-type genes play a vital role in the evolution of mating systems in fungi. Some fungi have lost MAT1-1-3, one of the mating-type genes, during evolution, whereas others still retain MAT1-1-3. However, how MAT1-1-3 regulates the sexual development of heterothallic V. virens remains unknown. Here, we generated the MAT1-1-3 mutants, which exhibited defects in vegetative growth, stress response, pathogenicity, sclerotia formation and fruiting body maturation. An artificial outcrossing inoculation assay showed that the Δmat1-1-3 mutant was unable to produce sclerotia. Unexpectedly, the Δmat1-1-3 mutant could form immature fruiting bodies without mating on potato sucrose agar medium (PSA) compared with the wild-type strain, most likely by activating the truncated MAT1-2-1 transcription to regulate the sexual development. Moreover, RNA-seq data showed that knockout of MAT1-1-3 results in misregulation of a subset of genes involved in sexual development, MAPK signaling, cell wall integrity, autophagy, epigenetic modification, and transcriptional regulation. Collectively, this study reveals that MAT1-1-3 is required for asexual and sexual development, and pathogenicity of V. virens, thereby provides new insights into the function of mating-type genes in the fungi life cycle and infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyi Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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11
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Shang J, Shang Y, Tang G, Wang C. Identification of a key G-protein coupled receptor in mediating appressorium formation and fungal virulence against insects. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2020; 64:466-477. [PMID: 32712834 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1763-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungal G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) play essential roles in sensing environmental cues including host signals. The study of GPCR in mediating fungus-insect interactions is still limited. Here we report the evolution of GPCR genes encoded in the entomopathogenic Metarhizium species and found the expansion of Pth11-like GPCRs in the generalist species with a wide host range. By deletion of ten candidate genes MrGpr1-MrGpr10 selected from the six obtained subfamilies in the generalist M. robertsii, we found that each of them played a varied level of roles in mediating appressorium formation. In particular, deletion of MrGpr8 resulted in the failure of appressorium formation on different substrates and the loss of virulence during topical infection of insects but not during injection assays when compared with the wild-type (WT) strain. Further analysis revealed that disruption of MrGpr8 substantially impaired the nucleus translocation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) Mero-Fus3 but not the MAPK Mero-Slt2 during appressorium formation. We also found that the defect of AMrGpr8 could not be rescued with the addition of cyclic AMP for appressorium formation. Relative to the WT, differential expression of the selected genes have also been detected in AMrGpr8. The results of this study may benefit the understanding of fungus-interactions mediated by GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmei Shang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanfang Shang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guirong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chengshu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
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12
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Yong M, Yu J, Pan X, Yu M, Cao H, Song T, Qi Z, Du Y, Zhang R, Yin X, Liu W, Liu Y. Two mating-type genes MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-2 with significant functions in conidiation, stress response, sexual development, and pathogenicity of rice false smut fungus Villosiclava virens. Curr Genet 2020; 66:989-1002. [PMID: 32572596 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-020-01085-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Rice false smut caused by Villosiclava virens is one of the destructive diseases on panicles of rice. Sexual development of V. virens, controlled by mating-type locus, plays an important role in the prevalence of rice false smut and genetic diversity of the pathogen. However, how the mating-type genes mediate sexual development of the V. virens remains largely unknown. In this study, we characterized the two mating-type genes, MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-2, in V. virens. MAT1-1-1 knockout mutant showed defects in hyphal growth, conidia morphogenesis, sexual development, and increase in the tolerance to salt and osmotic stress. Targeted deletion of MAT1-1-2 not only impaired the sclerotia formation and pathogenicity of V. virens, but also reduced the production of conidia. The MAT1-1-2 mutant showed increases in tolerance to salt and hydrogen peroxide stress, but decreases in tolerance to osmotic stress. Yeast two-hybrid assay showed that MAT1-1-1 interacted with MAT1-1-2, indicating that those proteins might form a complex to regulate sexual development. In addition, MAT1-1-1 localized in the nucleus, and MAT1-1-2 localized in the cytoplasm. Collectively, our results demonstrate that MAT1-1-1 and MAT1-1-2 play important roles in the conidiation, stress response, sexual development, and pathogenicity of V. virens, thus providing new insights into the function of mating-type gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Yong
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjie Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiayan Pan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Mina Yu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huijuan Cao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Tianqiao Song
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongqiang Qi
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Du
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongsheng Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaole Yin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wende Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China.
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13
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Bioactive Metabolites and Potential Mycotoxins Produced by Cordyceps Fungi: A Review of Safety. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060410. [PMID: 32575649 PMCID: PMC7354514 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascomycete Cordyceps fungi such as C. militaris, C. cicadae, and C. guangdongensis have been mass produced on artificial media either as food supplements or health additives while the byproducts of culture substrates are largely used as animal feed. The safety concerns associated with the daily consumption of Cordyceps fungi or related products are still being debated. On the one hand, the known compounds from these fungi such as adenosine analogs cordycepin and pentostatin have demonstrated different beneficial or pharmaceutical activities but also dose-dependent cytotoxicities, neurological toxicities and or toxicological effects in humans and animals. On the other hand, the possibility of mycotoxin production by Cordyceps fungi has not been completely ruled out. In contrast to a few metabolites identified, an array of biosynthetic gene clusters (BGCs) are encoded in each genome of these fungi with the potential to produce a plethora of as yet unknown secondary metabolites. Conservation analysis of BGCs suggests that mycotoxin analogs of PR-toxin and trichothecenes might be produced by Cordyceps fungi. Future elucidation of the compounds produced by these functionally unknown BGCs, and in-depth assessments of metabolite bioactivity and chemical safety, will not only facilitate the safe use of Cordyceps fungi as human food or alternative medicine, but will also benefit the use of mass production byproducts as animal feed. To corroborate the long record of use as a traditional medicine, future efforts will also benefit the exploration of Cordyceps fungi for pharmaceutical purposes.
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14
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Wāng Y, Wang R, Wáng Y, Li Y, Yang RH, Gong M, Shang JJ, Zhang JS, Mao WJ, Zou G, Bao DP. Diverse function and regulation of CmSnf1 in entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps militaris. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 142:103415. [PMID: 32497577 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SNF1/AMPK protein kinases play important roles in fungal development and activation of catabolite-repressed genes. In this study, we characterized the role of SNF1 ortholog in Cordyceps militaris (CmSnf1). The vegetative growth of a CmSnf1 deletion mutant was (ΔCmSnf1) reduced by 42.2% with arabinose as a sole carbon source. Most strikingly, the ΔCmSnf1 produced only a few conidia and exhibited delayed conidial germination. We found that CmSnf1 was necessary for mycelium to penetrate the insect cuticle to form the fruiting body on silkworm pupae, consistent with the down-regulation of chitinase- and protease-encoding genes in ΔCmSnf1. However, cordycepin content increased by more than 7 times in culture supernatants. Correspondingly, the relative expression levels of cordycepin gene cluster members were also elevated. In particular, the expression of cns4 associated with cordycepin transfer was up-regulated >10-fold. Furthermore, transcriptional analysis showed that CmSnf1 regulated the expression of genes involved in cell autophagy and oxidative stress tolerance. We speculated that under environmental stress, both the ATG and SNF1 pathways might collaborate to sustain adverse environments. Our study provides an initial framework to probe the diverse function and regulation of CmSnf1 in C. militaris, which will shed more light on the direction of molecular improvement of medicinal fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wāng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Rong Wang
- Plant Immunity Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Foresty University, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Ying Wáng
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Yan Li
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Rui-Heng Yang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Ming Gong
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Jun-Jun Shang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Jin-Song Zhang
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Wen-Jun Mao
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Gen Zou
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
| | - Da-Peng Bao
- National Engineering Research Centre of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, PR China.
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15
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Li X, Wang F, Liu Q, Li Q, Qian Z, Zhang X, Li K, Li W, Dong C. Developmental transcriptomics of Chinese cordyceps reveals gene regulatory network and expression profiles of sexual development-related genes. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:337. [PMID: 31054562 PMCID: PMC6500587 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5708-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese cordyceps, also known as Chinese caterpillar fungus (Ophiocordyceps sinensis, syn. Cordyceps sinensis), is of particular interest for its cryptic life cycle and economic and ecological importance. The large-scale artificial cultivation was succeeded recently after several decades of efforts and attempts. However, the induction of primordium, sexual development of O. sinensis and the molecular basis of its lifestyle still remain cryptic. RESULTS The developmental transcriptomes were analyzed for six stages covering the whole developmental process, including hyphae (HY), sclerotium (ST), primordium (PR), young fruiting body (YF), developed fruiting body (DF) and mature fruiting body (MF), with a focus on the expression of sexual development-related genes. Principal component analysis revealed that the gene expression profiles at the stages of primordium formation and fruiting body development are more similar than those of the undifferentiated HY stage. The PR and MF stages grouped together, suggesting that primordium differentiation and sexual maturation have similar expression patterns. Many more DEGs were identified between the ST and HY stages, covering 47.5% of the O. sinensis genome, followed by the comparisons between the ST and PR stages. Using pairwise comparisons and weighted gene coexpression network analysis, modules of coexpressed genes and candidate hub genes for each developmental stage were identified. The four mating type loci genes expressed during primordium differentiation and sexual maturation; however, spatiotemporal specificity of gene expression indicated that they also expressed during the anamorphic HY stage. The four mating type genes were not coordinately expressed, suggesting they may have divergent roles. The expression of the four mating type genes was highest in the fertile part and lowest in the sclerotium of the MF stage, indicating that there is tissue specificity. Half of genes related to mating signaling showed as the highest expression in the ST stage, indicating fruiting was initiated in the ST stage. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a new perspective to understanding of the key pathways and hub genes, and sexual development-related gene profile in the development of Chinese cordyceps. It will be helpful for underlying sexual reproduction, and add new information to existing models of fruiting body development in edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Fen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Quanping Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, 523850 Guangdong China
| | - Zhengming Qian
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, 523850 Guangdong China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Kuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Key Laboratory of State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sunshine Lake Pharma Co., LTD, Dongguan, 523850 Guangdong China
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, NO. 3 Park 1, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China
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16
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Zou J, Zeng TT, He ZM, Zhang P, Chen ZH. Cloning and analysis of Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis mating type (MAT) loci. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 366:5437676. [PMID: 31062026 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The entomopathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps xuefengensis, a recently described species and identified as the sister taxon of Ophiocordyceps sinensis, is a desirable alternative to O. sinensis. The mating systems of fungi play a vitally important role in the regulation of sexual reproduction and evolution, but the mating type loci of O. xuefengensis were completely unknown. In this study, the mating systems of O. xuefengensis were analyzed. The conserved α-box region of the MAT1-1-1 and HMG-box of MAT1-2-1 were successfully obtained by PCR amplification. The distribution of both mating types in different tissues of wild and cultivated O. xuefengensis growth was detected and analyzed. The results showed that the asci always harbored both mating types, whereas the sclerotium, the stipe and each isolated strain of wild O. xuefengensis always had only one idiomorph, either MAT1-1 or MAT1-2, which confirmed that O. xuefengensis is heterothallic. The MAT1-1 locus of O. xuefengensis harbors MAT1-1-1, MAT1-1-2 and MAT1-1-3, and MAT1-2 contains the MAT1-2-1 gene. Southern blot analysis showed the MAT-1-1-1 and MAT-1-2-1 genes were single-copy in O. xuefengensis. These results will help to understand its life cycle and support artificial cultivation of O. xuefengensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Zou
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China.,Key Laboratory of Research and Utilization of Ethnomedicinal Plant Resources of Hunan Province, College of Biological and Food Engineering, Huaihua University, Huaihua 418000, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zheng-Mi He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Zuo-Hong Chen
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Crop Sterile Germplasm Resource Innovation and Application, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
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17
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Genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in subcultured Cordyceps militaris. Arch Microbiol 2019; 201:369-375. [PMID: 30680410 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-019-01621-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The entomopathogenic mushroom Cordyceps militaris is a storehouse of various medicinal compounds and pharmacological effects. However, the high frequency of strain degeneration during subculture and preservation severely limits the large-scale production of C. militaris. DNA methylation is an important epigenomic modification involved in gene regulation. In this study, we used bisulfite sequencing for DNA methylation profiling of wild-type and mutant C. militaris. The differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of the two types were analyzed using Gene Ontology (GO) clustering and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis. DNA methylation levels of the wild-type and mutant-type C. militaris were 0.48% and 0.56%, respectively. Methylation appeared at CHH dinucleotides in 58.62% and 58.20% of all methylated cytosine sites in the wild and mutant types, respectively. In all, 188 DMRs were identified from the wild and mutant types. Most of the DMRs ranged from 200 to 350 bp in length. KEGG pathways of the expression of DMR-related genes, which are involved in pyruvate metabolism, glycerophospholipid metabolism, DNA replication, and N-glycan biosynthesis. This contributes to the knowledge and understanding of the possible mechanisms of C. militaris strain degeneration.
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18
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Fungal Cordycepin Biosynthesis Is Coupled with the Production of the Safeguard Molecule Pentostatin. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:1479-1489.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Yin J, Xin X, Weng Y, Gui Z. Transcriptome-wide analysis reveals the progress of Cordyceps militaris subculture degeneration. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186279. [PMID: 29073171 PMCID: PMC5657973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The entomopathogenic mushroom Cordyceps militaris is an important medicinal and food resource owing to its various medicinal components and pharmacological effects. However, the high frequency of strain degeneration during subculture seriously restricts the large-scale production of C. militaris, and the mechanism underlying strain degeneration remains unclear. In this study, we artificially cultured C. militaris for six generations and compared changes during fruiting body growth. The transcriptome of six generations of C. militaris strains were sequenced with the Illumine Hiseq4000. RESULTS The subcultured C. militaris strains degenerated beginning at the third generation, with incomplete fruiting body growth beginning at the fourth generation. Over 9,015 unigenes and 731 new genes were identified. In addition, 35,323 alternative splicing (AS) events were detected in all samples, and more AS events occurred in the second, fourth and sixth generations. Compared with the first generation, the third generation (degenerated strain) included 2,498 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) including 1,729 up-regulated and 769 down-regulated genes. This number was higher than the number of DEGs in the second (1,892 DEGs), fourth (2,006 DEGs), fifth (2,273 DEGs) and sixth (2,188 DEGs) generations. Validation of RNA-seq by qRT-PCR showed that the expression patterns of 51 DEGs were in accordance with the transcriptome data. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that the mechanism of C. militaris strain degeneration is associated with gene involved in toxin biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and DNA methylation and chromosome remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Yin
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangdong Xin
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Weng
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhongzheng Gui
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
- Sericultural Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu, China
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Lu Y, Luo F, Cen K, Xiao G, Yin Y, Li C, Li Z, Zhan S, Zhang H, Wang C. Omics data reveal the unusual asexual-fruiting nature and secondary metabolic potentials of the medicinal fungus Cordyceps cicadae. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:668. [PMID: 28854898 PMCID: PMC5577849 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-4060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ascomycete Cordyceps species have been using as valued traditional Chinese medicines. Particularly, the fruiting bodies of Cordyceps cicadae (syn. Isaria cicadae) have long been utilized for the treatment of chronic kidney disease. However, the genetics and bioactive chemicals in this fungus have been largely unexplored. Results In this study, we performed comprehensive omics analyses of C. cicadae, and found that, in contrast to other Cordyceps fungi, C. cicadae produces asexual fruiting bodies with the production of conidial spores instead of the meiotic ascospores. Genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis indicate that the protein families encoded by C. cicadae are typical of entomopathogenic fungi, including the expansion of proteases and chitinases for targeting insect hosts. Interestingly, we found that the MAT1-2 mating-type locus of the sequenced strain contains an abnormally truncated MAT1-1-1 gene. Gene deletions revealed that asexual fruiting of C. cicadae is independent of the MAT locus control. RNA-seq transcriptome data also indicate that, compared to growth in a liquid culture, the putative genes involved in mating and meiosis processes were not up-regulated during fungal fruiting, further supporting asexual reproduction in this fungus. The genome of C. cicadae encodes an array of conservative and divergent gene clusters for secondary metabolisms. Based on our analysis, the production of known carcinogenic metabolites by this fungus could be potentially precluded. However, the confirmed production of oosporein raises health concerns about the frequent consumption of fungal fruiting bodies. Conclusions The results of this study expand our knowledge of fungal genetics that asexual fruiting can occur independent of the MAT locus control. The obtained genomic and metabolomic data will benefit future investigations of this fungus for medicinal uses. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-017-4060-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Feifei Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kai Cen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guohua Xiao
- School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Ying Yin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chunru Li
- Zhejiang BioAsia Institute of Life Science, Pinghu, 314000, China
| | - Zengzhi Li
- Zhejiang BioAsia Institute of Life Science, Pinghu, 314000, China
| | - Shuai Zhan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huizhan Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Chengshu Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Insect Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Chai H, Chen L, Chen W, Zhao Q, Zhang X, Su K, Zhao Y. Characterization of mating-type idiomorphs suggests that Morchella importuna, Mel-20 and M. sextelata are heterothallic. Mycol Prog 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-017-1309-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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