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Pattanayak P, Satyanarayana ANV, Chatterjee T. Visible-Light-Mediated, Organophotocatalytic C-H Thiocyanation of Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidines. J Org Chem 2024; 89:13215-13223. [PMID: 39259201 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c01344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a metal-free, organophotoredox-catalyzed sustainable C-H thiocyanation of a biologically active class of N-heterocycles, pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines, with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) using 9-mesityl-10-methylacridinium perchlorate as the photocatalyst (PC) and molecular oxygen as the terminal oxidant under blue-light-emitting diode irradiation at room temperature. The developed catalytic protocol features mild reaction conditions, a broad substrate scope, a high yield of products, and a straightforward scalability. Mechanistic studies revealed a radical pathway involving reductive quenching of the PC by KSCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramita Pattanayak
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Appanapalli N V Satyanarayana
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
| | - Tanmay Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani (BITS Pilani), Hyderabad Campus, Jawahar Nagar, Hyderabad 500078, Telangana, India
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Tiwari G, Khanna A, Tyagi R, Mishra VK, Narayana C, Sagar R. Copper-catalyzed synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine based triazole-linked glycohybrids: mechanistic insights and bio-applications. Sci Rep 2024; 14:529. [PMID: 38177184 PMCID: PMC10766964 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hybrid molecules maintain their stronghold in the drug market, with over 60% of drug candidates in pharmaceutical industries. The substantial expenses for developing and producing biologically privileged drugs are expected to create opportunities for producing hybrid molecule-based drugs. Therefore, we have developed a simple and efficient copper-catalyzed approach for synthesizing a wide range of triazole-linked glycohybrids derived from pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. Employing a microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed approach, we developed a concise route using various 7-O-propargylated pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and 1-azidoglycosides. This strategy afforded a series of twenty-seven glycohybrids up to 98% yield with diverse stereochemistry. All were achieved within a remarkably shortened time frame. Our investigation extends to evaluating the anticancer potential of these synthesized triazole-linked pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidine-based glycohybrids. In-vitro assays against MCF-7, MDA-MB231, and MDA-MB453 cell lines reveal intriguing findings. (2R,3S,4S,5R,6R)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(4-(((5-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate emerges as a standout with better anticancer activity against MDA-MB231 cells (IC50 = 29.1 µM), while (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-2-(acetoxymethyl)-6-(4-(((5-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-yl)oxy)methyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-1-yl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triyl triacetate demonstrates the best inhibitory effects against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 15.3 µM) in all derived compounds. These results align with our docking analysis and structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations, further validating the in-vitro outcomes. This work not only underscores the synthetic utility of our devised protocol but also highlights the promising potential of these glycohybrids as candidates for further anticancer therapeutic exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghanshyam Tiwari
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ashish Khanna
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rajdeep Tyagi
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vinay Kumar Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chintam Narayana
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Ram Sagar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
- Glycochemistry Laboratory, School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Kandhasamy K, Surajambika RR, Velayudham PK. Pyrazolo - Pyrimidines as Targeted Anticancer Scaffolds - A Comprehensive Review. Med Chem 2024; 20:293-310. [PMID: 37885114 DOI: 10.2174/0115734064251256231018104623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally, cancer is the leading cause of death, which causes 10 million deaths yearly. Clinically, several drugs are used in treatment but due to drug resistance and multidrug resistance, there occurs a failure in the cancer treatment. OBJECTIVES The present review article is a comprehensive review of pyrazole and pyrimidine hybrids as potential anticancer agents. METHODS The review comprises more than 60 research works done in this field. The efficiency of the reported pyrazolopyrimidine fused heterocyclic with their biological data and the influence of the structural aspects of the molecule have been discussed. RESULTS This review highlighted pyrazolo-pyrimidines as targeted anticancer agents with effect on multiple targets. CONCLUSION The review will be helpful for the researchers involved in targeted drugs for cancer therapy for designing new scaffolds with pyrazolo-pyrimidine moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kesavamoorthy Kandhasamy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai- 600 097, India
| | | | - Pradeep Kumar Velayudham
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, C.L. Baid Metha College of Pharmacy, Chennai- 600 097, India
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Al-Qadhi MA, Allam HA, Fahim SH, Yahya TAA, Ragab FAF. Design and synthesis of certain 7-Aryl-2-Methyl-3-Substituted Pyrazolo{1,5-a}Pyrimidines as multikinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 262:115918. [PMID: 37922829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Four new series 7a-e, 8a-e, 9a-e, and 10a-e of 7-aryl-3-substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines were synthesized and tested for their RTK and STK inhibitory activity. Compound 7d demonstrated potent enzymatic inhibitory activity against TrkA and ALK2 with IC50 0.087and 0.105 μM, respectively, and potent antiproliferative activity against KM12 and EKVX cell lines with IC50 0.82 and 4.13 μM, respectively. Compound 10e showed good enzyme inhibitory activity against TrkA, ALK2, c-KIT, EGFR, PIM1, CK2α, CHK1, and CDK2 in submicromolar values. Additionally 10e revealed antiproliferative activity against MCF7, HCT116 and EKVX with IC50 3.36, 1.40 and 3.49 μM, respectively; with good safety profile. Moreover, 10e showed cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase and G1 phase in MCF7 and HCT116 cells with good apoptotic effect. Molecular docking studies were fulfilled for compound 10e and illustrated good interaction with the hot spots of the active site of the tested enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa A Al-Qadhi
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana'a University, P.O. Box, 18084, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Heba Abdelrasheed Allam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Samar H Fahim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box, 11562, Egypt
| | - Tawfeek A A Yahya
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Sana'a University, P.O. Box, 18084, Sana'a, Yemen
| | - Fatma A F Ragab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo, P.O. Box, 11562, Egypt
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Chalkappa PKB, Aralihalli S, Sudileti M, Aithal SJ, Praveen BM, Birjadar K. The medicinal panorama of benzimidazoles and their scaffolds as anticancer and antithrombotic agents: A review. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2023; 356:e2300206. [PMID: 37440107 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen-containing heterocyclic scaffolds have become a prospective pharmacophore with therapeutic importance due to their biological similarities with natural and synthetic drugs. Among all nitrogen heterocyclic compounds, benzimidazoles and their derivatives are privileged molecules structurally akin to naturally available nucleotides, enabling them to intercommunicate with numerous biopolymers in biological systems. This reason enlightens modern researchers worldwide to assess their potential significance in the context of synthetic and biological chemistry. Therefore, it is crucial to merge the latest data with the prior documentation to apprehend the ongoing situation of the benzimidazole moiety in various therapeutic zones of research. The current work displays that the benzimidazole center is a versatile nucleus that offers the necessary data of synthetic alterations for pre-existing compounds to provide new scaffolds to resist numerous therapeutic sectors, including those associated with anticancer and antithrombosis. Due to the potential significance of benzimidazoles, this review aims to emphasize the latest innovations in synthesizing several other notable benzimidazole substrates and their significant pharmacological prospects for the future, including anticancer and antithrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sudhakara Aralihalli
- Department of Chemistry, RajaRajeswari College of Engineering, Banglore, Karnataka, India
| | - Murali Sudileti
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | | | - Kedarnath Birjadar
- Department of Chemistry, Srinivas University, Mangaluru, Karnataka, India
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Verma M, Trivedi L, Vasudev PG. Interaction Patterns of Pyrazolopyrimidines with Receptor Proteins. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:2331-2344. [PMID: 37023262 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.2c01315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Heterocyclic compounds have a prominent role in medicinal chemistry and drug design. They are not only useful as medicinally active compounds but also as a modular structural scaffold for drug design. Therefore, heterocycles are present in many ligands that exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities. Pyazolopyrimidines are nitrogen heterocycles and are part of many biologically active compounds and marketed drugs. This study examines the non-covalent interactions between the pyrazolopyrimidine rings and receptor proteins through data mining and analysis of high-resolution crystal structures deposited in the Protein Data Bank. The Protein Data Bank contains 471 crystal structures with pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives as ligands, among which 50% contains 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidines (Pyp1), while 38% contains pyrazolo[1,5-a] pyrimidines (Pyp2). 1H-Pyrazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidines (Pyp3) are found in 11% of the structures, and no structural data is available for pyrazolo[1,5-c]pyrimidine isomers (Pyp4). Among receptor proteins, transferases are found in most examples (67.5%), followed by hydrolases (13.4%) and oxidoreductases (8.9%). Detailed analysis of structures to identify the most prevalent interactions of pyrazolopyrimidines with proteins shows that aromatic π···π interactions are present in ∼91% of the structures and hydrogen bonds/other polar contacts are present in ∼73% of the structures. The centroid-centroid distances (dcent) between the pyrazolopyrimidine rings and aromatic side chains of the proteins have been retrieved from crystal structures recorded at a high resolution (data resolution <2.0 Å). The average value of dcent in pyrazolopyrimidine-protein complexes is 5.32 Å. The information on the geometric parameters of aromatic interactions between the core pyrazolopyrimidine ring and the protein would be helpful in future in silico modeling studies on pyrazolopyrimidine-receptor complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Verma
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 220025, India
| | - Laxmikant Trivedi
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Prema G Vasudev
- Plant Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 220025, India
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Synthesis, anticancer activity, and molecular docking of new pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine derivatives. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2023.101599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Jaragh-Alhadad L, Behbehani H, Karnik S. Cancer targeted drug delivery using active low-density lipoprotein nanoparticles encapsulated pyrimidines heterocyclic anticancer agents as microtubule inhibitors. Drug Deliv 2022; 29:2759-2772. [PMID: 36029014 PMCID: PMC9427048 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2022.2117435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanomedicine had the potential to increase the delivery of active compounds to specific cell sites. Nano-LDL particles are recognized as an excellent active nano-platform for cancer-targeted delivery. Loading of therapeutic agents into nano-LDL particles achieved by surface loading, core loading, and apolipoprotein-B100 interaction. Therefore, loading nano-LDL particles’ core with pyrimidine heterocyclic anticancer agents will increase cancer cytotoxic activity targeting tubulin protein. First, by mimicking the native LDL particle's metabolic pathway, and second the agent’s chemical functional groups like the native amino acids cytosine and thymine structures will not be recognized as a foreign entity from the cell’s immune system. Nano-LDL particles will internalize through LDL-receptors endocytosis and transport the anticancer agent into the middle of the cancer cell, reducing its side effects on other healthy cells. Generally, the data revealed that pyrimidine heterocyclic anticancer agents’ size is at the nano level. Agents’ morphological examination showed nanofibers, thin sheets, clusters, and rod-like structures. LDL particles’ size became bigger after loading with pyrimidine heterocyclic anticancer agents and ranged between 121.6 and 1045 nm. Then, particles were tested for their cytotoxicity against breast (MDA468) and prostate (DU145) cancer cell lines as surrogate models with dose-response study 10, 5, 1 µM. The IC50 values of the agents against DU145 and MDA468 possessed cell growth inhibition even at the 1 µM concentration ranges of 3.88 ± 1.05 µM and 3.39 ± 0.97 µM, respectively. In sum, nano-LDL particles proved their efficiency as active drug delivery vehicles to target tubulin in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila Jaragh-Alhadad
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait.,Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Department, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Haider Behbehani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Sadashiva Karnik
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences Department, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland, OH, USA.,Cleveland Clinic Learner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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9
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Saleh EAM, Kotian SY, Dawsari AMAL, Hassan I, Husain K, Abishad PC, Byrappa K, Sharabi RSSA, Rai KML. Synthesis, Antifungal, and Antioxidant Evaluation of New Class of Thiazoloquinazoline Linked by Carbonyl with Nitrile, Phenylacrylonitrile, Pyrazole, Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine and Triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine as Five and Six-Membered Heterocycles Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF BIOORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1068162022060206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Hammouda MM, Gaffer HE, Elattar KM. Insights into the medicinal chemistry of heterocycles integrated with a pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidine scaffold. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:1150-1196. [PMID: 36325400 PMCID: PMC9580358 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00192f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines are the dominant motif of many drugs; for instance, zaleplon and indiplon are sedative agents and ocinaplon was identified as an anxiolytic agent. The importance of this class of compounds lies in its varied and significant biological activities, and accordingly, considerable methods have been devised to prepare these compounds. Hence, other derivatives of this class of compounds were prepared by substitution reactions with different nucleophiles exploiting the activity of groups linked to the ring carbon and nitrogen atoms. The methods used vary through the condensation reactions of the aminopyrazoles with 1,2-allenic, enaminonitriles, enaminones, 1,3-diketones, unsaturated nitriles, or unsaturated ketones. Alternatively, these compounds are prepared through the reactions of acyclic reagents, as these methods were recently developed efficiently with high yields. The current review highlighted the recent progress of the therapeutic potential of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines as antimicrobial, anticancer, antianxiety, anti-proliferative, analgesic, and antioxidant agents, carboxylesterase, translocator protein and PDE10A inhibitors, and selective kinase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed M Hammouda
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University Al-Kharj 11942 Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt
| | - Hatem E Gaffer
- Dyeing and Printing Department, Textile Research Division, National Research Center Dokki Cairo 12622 Egypt
| | - Khaled M Elattar
- Unit of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University El-Gomhoria Street Mansoura 35516 Egypt +201010655354
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Aranzazu SL, Tigreros A, Arias-Gómez A, Zapata-Rivera J, Portilla J. BF 3-Mediated Acetylation of Pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidines and Other π-Excedent ( N-Hetero)arenes. J Org Chem 2022; 87:9839-9850. [PMID: 35834668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An operably simple microwave-assisted BF3-mediated acetylation reaction of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines and a plausible mechanism based on density functional theory (DFT) theoretical calculations for this transformation are reported. Remarkably, and to the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of the direct acetylation for the functional pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine (PP) core. The synthesis of this essential building block is reported in high yields using mild reaction conditions, inexpensive reagents, and even substrates with electron-deficient or highly hindered groups. In addition, one of the new methyl ketones was successfully used as a substrate for producing novel and valuable bis-electrophilic compounds with yields of up to 90%. Notably, the discovered acetylation method was successfully applied in other π-excedent (N-hetero)aromatic substrates.
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Tigreros A, Portilla J. Ecological and economic effort analysis in molecular sensor development used for optical detection of cyanide ions. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Tigreros
- Universidad de Los Andes Chemistry , Carrera 1 No. 18A-10 111711 Bogotá DC COLOMBIA
| | - Jaime Portilla
- Universidad de los Andes Bogotá D. C. Cra. 1 No. 18 A 12, Edificio Q, Of. 830Call 95 No. 71 - 11, Apto 204-1 111711 Bogotá COLOMBIA
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Camats M, Favier I, Mallet-Ladeira S, Pla D, Gómez M. Understanding Cu(II)-based systems for C(sp 3)-H bond functionalization: insights into the synthesis of aza-heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 20:219-227. [PMID: 34878447 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the synthesis of imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine heterocycles via a Cu(II)-mediated functionalization of α'-C(sp3)-H bonds of pyridinylaldimines and subsequent cyclization. This strategy exploits the inherent directing ability of heteroleptic aldimine and pyridine groups in the substrate yielding the C-H functionalization of α'-methylene groups in a regioselective fashion over distant methyl or methylene groups in β or γ positions. The observed correlation between the nature of the anionic ligands (halide vs. carboxylate) bonded to copper and the chemoselectivity of the C(sp3)-H activation process points to a concerted metalation-deprotonation pathway prior to cyclization to furnish the corresponding imidazo[1,5-a]pyridine derivative. This copper-mediated C(sp3)-H bond functionalization reaction works for a variety of substrates incorporating linear alkyl chains (from 3 to 12 carbon atoms), and good functional group tolerance (aryl, ether and ester groups). Cu-Catalyzed C(sp2)-H cyanation on the imidazole ring can then take place selectively under oxidative conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Camats
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS UMR 5069, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Isabelle Favier
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS UMR 5069, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse, CNRS UAR 2599, 118 Route de Narbonne, Toulouse 31062 Cedex 09, France
| | - Daniel Pla
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS UMR 5069, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
| | - Montserrat Gómez
- Laboratoire Hétérochimie Fondamentale et Appliquée, CNRS UMR 5069, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 route de Narbonne, 31062 Toulouse Cedex 09, France.
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Regioselective synthesis and theoretical calculations of Bis(pyrido[2′,3′:3,4]pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines) linked to benzofuran units via piperazine spacer: A DFT, MM2, and MMFF94 study. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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15
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Elattar KM, El-Mekabaty A. Bicyclic 5-6 Systems: Comprehensive Synthetic Strategies for the Annulations of Pyrazolo[ 1,5-a]pyrimidines. Curr Org Synth 2021; 18:547-586. [PMID: 33966620 DOI: 10.2174/1570179418666210509015108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolopyrimidines are a privileged class of 5-6 bicyclic systems with three or four nitrogen atoms, including four possible isomeric structures. The significance of this class of compounds is that they can be applied in medical and pharmaceutical fields due to their unlimited biological aptitude, hence it is the basic skeleton of several synthetic drugs. The current review aimed to highlight all the synthetic routes that have been applied to construct the pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine ring systems up to date. The sections in this study included the synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5- a]pyrimidines by condensation reactions of 5-aminopyrazoles with each of β-diketones, 1,5-diketones, β- ketoaldehydes, α-cyanoaldehydes, β-enaminones, enamines, enaminonitriles, ethers, with unsaturated ketones, unsaturated thiones, unsaturated esters, unsaturated dienones "1,2-allenic", unsaturated aldehydes, unsaturated imines, and unsaturated nitriles. The routes adopted to synthesize this class of heterocyclic compounds were extended for ring construction from acyclic reagents and multicomponent reactions under catalytic or catalyst-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled M Elattar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Mekabaty
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, El-Gomhoria Street, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
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He Z, Charleton C, Devine RW, Kelada M, Walsh JMD, Conway GE, Gunes S, Mondala JRM, Tian F, Tiwari B, Kinsella GK, Malone R, O'Shea D, Devereux M, Wang W, Cullen PJ, Stephens JC, Curtin JF. Enhanced pyrazolopyrimidinones cytotoxicity against glioblastoma cells activated by ROS-Generating cold atmospheric plasma. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113736. [PMID: 34384944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pyrazolopyrimidinones are fused nitrogen-containing heterocyclic systems, which act as a core scaffold in many pharmaceutically relevant compounds. Pyrazolopyrimidinones have been demonstrated to be efficient in treating several diseases, including cystic fibrosis, obesity, viral infection and cancer. In this study using glioblastoma U-251MG cell line, we tested the cytotoxic effects of 15 pyrazolopyrimidinones, synthesised via a two-step process, in combination with cold atmospheric plasma (CAP). CAP is an adjustable source of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species as well as other unique chemical and physical effects which has been successfully tested as an innovative cancer therapy in clinical trials. Significantly variable cytotoxicity was observed with IC50 values ranging from around 11 μM to negligible toxicity among tested compounds. Interestingly, two pyrazolopyrimidinones were identified that act in a prodrug fashion and display around 5-15 times enhanced reactive-species dependent cytotoxicity when combined with cold atmospheric plasma. Activation was evident for direct CAP treatment on U-251MG cells loaded with the pyrazolopyrimidinone and indirect CAP treatment of the pyrazolopyrimidinone in media before adding to cells. Our results demonstrated the potential of CAP combined with pyrazolopyrimidinones as a programmable cytotoxic therapy and provide screened scaffolds that can be used for further development of pyrazolopyrimidinone prodrug derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei He
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Nanolab, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental, Sustainability and Health Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Clara Charleton
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Robert W Devine
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Mark Kelada
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - John M D Walsh
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gillian E Conway
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental, Sustainability and Health Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; In-Vitro Toxicology Group, Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Singleton Park, Swansea, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Sebnem Gunes
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental, Sustainability and Health Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Rose Mae Mondala
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental, Sustainability and Health Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Furong Tian
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Nanolab, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental, Sustainability and Health Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Brijesh Tiwari
- Department of Food Biosciences, Teagasc Food Research Centre, Ashtown, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gemma K Kinsella
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental, Sustainability and Health Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Renee Malone
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental, Sustainability and Health Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Denis O'Shea
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental, Sustainability and Health Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Devereux
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental, Sustainability and Health Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Wenxin Wang
- Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Patrick J Cullen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - John C Stephens
- Department of Chemistry, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland; The Kathleen Lonsdale Institute of Human Health Research, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - James F Curtin
- BioPlasma Research Group, School of Food Science and Environmental Health, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Nanolab, FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental, Sustainability and Health Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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Bansal Y, Minhas R, Singhal A, Arora RK, Bansal G. Benzimidazole: A Multifacted Nucelus for Anticancer Agents. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272825666210208141107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is characterized by an uncontrolled proliferation of cells, dedifferentiation,
invasiveness and metastasis. Endothelial growth factor (eGF), insulin-like growth factor
(IGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Vascular endothelial
growth factor (VEGF), checkpoint kinase 1 & 2 ( Chk1 & Chk2), aurora kinases,
topoisomerases, histone deacetylators (HDAC), poly(ADP-Ribose)polymerase (PARP), farnesyl
transferases, RAS-MAPK pathway and PI3K-Akt-mTOR pathway, are some of the
prominent mediators implicated in the proliferation of tumor cells. Huge artillery of natural
and synthetic compounds as anticancer, which act by inhibiting one or more of the enzymes
and/or pathways responsible for the progression of tumor cells, is reported in the literature.
The major limitations of anticancer agents used in clinics as well as of those under development
in literature are normal cell toxicity and other side effects due to lack of specificity.
Hence, medicinal chemists across the globe have been working for decades to develop potent and safe anticancer
agents from natural sources as well as from different classes of heterocycles. Benzimidazole is one of the most important
and explored heteronucelus because of their versatility in biological actions as well as synthetic applications
in medicinal chemistry. The structural similarity of amino derivatives of benzimidazole with purines makes it a fascinating
nucleus for the development of anticancer, antimicrobial and anti-HIV agents. This review article is an attempt
to critically analyze various reports on benzimidazole derivatives acting on different targets to act as anticancer so as
to understand the structural requirements around benzimidazole nucleus for each target and enable medicinal chemists
to promote rational development of antitumor agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Richa Minhas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Ankit Singhal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Radhey Krishan Arora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
| | - Gulshan Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala - 147002, India
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Abd-El-Maksoud MA, El-Hussieny M, Awad HM, Mossa ATH, Soliman FM. Chemistry of Phosphorus Ylides. Part 47. Synthesis of Organophosphorus and Selenium Pyrazolone Derivatives, Their Antioxidant Activity, and Cytotoxicity against MCF7 and HepG2. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363220120208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Sweidan NI, El-Abadelah MM, Nazer MZ, Voelter W. Selective cyclization modes of methyl 3′-heteroarylamino-2′-(2,5-dichlorothiophene-3-carbonyl)acrylates. Synthesis of model (thienyl)pyrazolo- and triazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidines. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR NATURFORSCHUNG SECTION B-A JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-2020-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Interaction of methyl 3-ethoxy-2-(2,5-dichloro-3-thenoyl)acrylate (I) with 3-aminopyrazole and 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole generated the respective pyrazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine (4) and triazolo[1,5-α]pyrimidine (7). The formation of 4 entails selective and consecutive displacement of the 3-ethoxy and methoxy (ester) anions in I by 3-NH2 and 1-NH of 3-aminopyrazole. On the other hand, the formation of 7 implies selective displacement of 3-ethoxy in I by the ring-NH followed by cyclocondensation involving the keto group in I and 3-NH2 of aminotriazole. This latter selective displacement sequence is also followed by 3-amino-5-hydroxypyrazole in its reaction with I. The structures of the new compounds are supported by microanalytical and spectral data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuha I. Sweidan
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Art and Science, University of Petra , Amman 961343 , Jordan
| | - Mustafa M. El-Abadelah
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan , Amman 11942 , Jordan
| | - Musa Z. Nazer
- Department of Chemistry , Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan , Amman 11942 , Jordan
| | - Wolfgang Voelter
- Interfakultӓres Institut für Biochemie, Universitӓt Tübingen , Hoppe-Seyler Straße 4 , 72076 Tübingen , Germany
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20
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Pyrimidine and fused pyrimidine derivatives as promising protein kinase inhibitors for cancer treatment. Med Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-020-02656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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21
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Cytotoxic action of maleimide derivative 1-(4-Cl-benzyl)-3-chloro-4-(CF(3)-phenylamino)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione toward mammalian tumor cells and its capability to interact with DNA. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2020. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj92.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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22
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New pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives with anticancer activity: Design, synthesis, PIM-1 inhibition, molecular docking study and molecular dynamics. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103944. [PMID: 32450389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, new pyrazolopyrimidine derivatives were designed and evaluated for anticancer activity. PIM-1 inhibitiory activity were measured for the most potent compounds. Molecular docking study and molecular dynamics were also done. Thus, the novel derivatives of pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine have been synthesized and characterized using different spectroscopic techniques. HMBC and NOESY experiments were used to confirm regiospecific structure of pyrimidine ring. The newly synthesized derivatives were evaluated for their antitumor activities against HCT-116 and MCF-7 cell lines. These derivatives showed clear in vitro antitumor activities. Compound 5h showed the highest bioactivity (IC50 = 1.51 µM) against HCT-116 cell line. While, compound 6c was the most potent derivative, its IC50 was 7.68 µM against MCF-7 cell line. Compounds 5c, 5g, 5h, 6a and 6c showed PIM-1 inhibitory activity with IC50 of 1.26, 0.95, 0.60, 1.82, 0.67, respectively µM that could be correlated with their cytotoxic effect. Molecular docking study was done to predict the mode of binding of the target compounds inside PIM-1 active site. The molecular dynamic simulation was conducted in order to evaluate stability of binding of the tested compounds.
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Othman IMM, Gad-Elkareem MAM, El-Naggar M, Nossier ES, Amr AEGE. Novel phthalimide based analogues: design, synthesis, biological evaluation, and molecular docking studies. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2019; 34:1259-1270. [PMID: 31287341 PMCID: PMC6691772 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1637861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrazolylphthalimide derivative 4 was synthesized and reacted with different reagents to afford the target compounds imidazopyrazoles 5-7, pyrazolopyrimidines 9, 12, 14 and pyrazolotriazines 16, 17 containing phthalimide moiety. The prepared compounds were established by different spectral data and elemental analyses. Additionally, all synthesized derivatives were screened for their antibacterial activity against four types of Gram + ve and Gram-ve strains, and for antifungal activity against two fungi micro-organisms by well diffusion method. Moreover, the antiproliferative activity was tested for all compounds against human liver (HepG-2) cell line in comparison with the reference vinblastine. Moreover, drug-likeness and toxicity risk parameters of the newly synthesized compounds were calculated using in silico studies. The data from structure-actvity relationship (SAR) analysis suggested that phthalimide derivative bearing 3-aminopyrazolone moiety, 4 illustrated the best antimicrobial and antitumor activities and might be considered as a lead for further optimization. To investigate the mechanism of the antimicrobial and anticancer activities, enzymatic assay and molecular docking studies were carried out on E. coli topoisomerase II DNA gyrase B and VEGFR-2 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail M M Othman
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Al-Azhar University , Assiut , Egypt
| | - Mohamed A M Gad-Elkareem
- a Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science , Al-Azhar University , Assiut , Egypt.,b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Arts of Baljurashi , Albaha University , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed El-Naggar
- c Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences , University of Sharjah , Sharjah , UAE
| | - Eman S Nossier
- d Pharmaceutical Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy (Girls) , Al-Azhar University , Cairo , Egypt
| | - Abd El-Galil E Amr
- e Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Drug Exploration & Development Chair (DEDC) , College of Pharmacy, King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia.,f Applied Organic Chemistry Department , National Research Centre , Giza , Egypt
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Shkineva TK, Vatsadze IA, Dalinger IL. A new general synthesis of functionally substituted pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidines. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2019.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Wang H, Zheng J, Xu W, Chen C, Wei D, Ni W, Pan Y. A New Series of Cytotoxic Pyrazoline Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents that Induce Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101635. [PMID: 28961210 PMCID: PMC6151802 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A new series of pyrazoline derivatives 1b-12b was designed, synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity against three cancer cell lines (HepG-2, Hela and A549). Additionally, NIH/3T3 cell cytotoxicity were tested and the structure activity relationships (SARs) were also determined. Among these new derivatives, the compounds 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxythiophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (1b) and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxythiphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (2b) showed the best activity against HepG-2 cells, with IC50 values of 6.78 μM and 16.02 μM, respectively. They also displayed potent activity against Hela cells; meanwhile, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxythiophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (5b) and 3-(4-bromo-phenyl)-5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxythiophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (6b) were also identified as promising anticancer agents against A549 cells owing to their notable inhibitory effect, compared with cisplatin (IC50 = 29.48 μM). Furthermore, it was also found that compounds 1b and 2b had low cytotoxicity against NIH/3T3 cells and further mechanistic studies revealed that 1b arrested HepG-2 cells cycle at the G2/M phase at high concentrations and induced apoptosis in HepG-2 cells. Moreover, 1b upregulated protein expression level of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, Bax and p53 and downregulated protein expression level of Bcl-2 in dose-dependent way in HepG-2 cells. Thus, this study indicates that compound 1b might be a promising antitumor drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jinhong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Weijie Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Duncan Wei
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Wenxiu Ni
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
| | - Ying Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, Guangdong, China.
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Lindsay-Scott PJ, Gallagher PT. Synthesis of heterocycles from arylacetonitriles: Powerful tools for medicinal chemists. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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