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Development of a depuration protocol for commercially important edible bivalve molluscs of India: Ensuring microbiological safety. Food Microbiol 2023; 110:104172. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2022.104172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Braga AC, Rodrigues SM, Lourenço HM, Costa PR, Pedro S. Bivalve Shellfish Safety in Portugal: Variability of Faecal Levels, Metal Contaminants and Marine Biotoxins during the Last Decade (2011-2020). Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15020091. [PMID: 36828406 PMCID: PMC9962144 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15020091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalves are a high-value product whose production has markedly increased, reaching 9863 tonnes in Portugal in 2021. Bivalves' habitats-lagoons, estuaries and coastal waters-are exposed to biological and anthropogenic contaminants, which can bioaccumulate in these organisms and pose a significant public health risk. The need to obtain a safe product for human consumption led to the implementation of standardised hygiene regulations for harvesting and marketing bivalve molluscs, resulting in routine monitoring of bivalve production areas for microbial quality, metal contaminants, and marine biotoxins. While excessive levels of biotoxins and metal contamination lead to temporary harvesting bans, high faecal contamination leads to area reclassification and impose post-harvest treatments. In this study, the seasonal and temporal variability of these parameters were analysed using historical data generated by the monitoring programme during the last decade. Moreover, the impact of the monitoring program on bivalve harvesting from 2011 to 2020 was assessed. This program presented a considerable improvement over time, with an increase in the sampling effort and the overall program representativeness. Finally, contamination risk, revising control measures, and defining recommendations for risk mitigation measures are given in the light of ten years' monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Braga
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- IPMA, I.P.—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.B.); (S.P.)
| | - Susana Margarida Rodrigues
- IPMA, I.P.—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Helena Maria Lourenço
- IPMA, I.P.—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Pedro Reis Costa
- S2AQUA—Collaborative Laboratory, Association for a Sustainable and Smart Aquaculture, Av. Parque Natural da Ria Formosa s/n, 8700-194 Olhão, Portugal
- IPMA, I.P.—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
- CCMAR—Centre of Marine Sciences, Campus of Gambelas, University of Algarve, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Sónia Pedro
- IPMA, I.P.—Portuguese Institute of the Sea and Atmosphere, Av. Dr. Alfredo Magalhães Ramalho, 6, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
- CIIMAR—Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Av. General Norton de Matos S/N, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.C.B.); (S.P.)
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Chinnadurai S, Elavarasan K, Geethalakshmi V, Kripa V, Mohamed KS. Temperature, salinity and body-size influences depuration of heavy metals in commercially important edible bivalve molluscs of India. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135879. [PMID: 35926743 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature, salinity and body-size on depuration of naturally accumulated heavy metals in clams, mussels and oysters harvested from Ashtamudi and Vembanad estuaries of Kerala, India were investigated using a static depuration system. Before depuration, the concentrations of heavy metals such as Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb and Zn were analysed and it was found that the Fe, Zn, Cu and Pb contents in all the three bivalve molluscs were above the prescribed limit which poses a significant health risk to bivalve consumers. To protect consumer food safety, depuration experiments were conducted at varying temperatures, salinities and body-sizes. The clams, mussels and oysters depurated under the room temperature depuration system (RTDS) showed a better reduction of heavy metals compared with low-temperature depuration system (LTDS). ANOVA showed clams and mussels depurated at RTDS significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the heavy metals than LTDS. However, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in oysters between RTDS and LTDS. Further, clams and mussels depurated at low salinity (15-psμ) showed high resistance against Pb reduction. But, all the heavy metals, particularly, Pb, Fe, Zn and Cu were effectively removed at higher salinity depuration (25-psμ and 35-psμ). Moreover, irrespective of the body-size of clams, mussels and oysters used for depuration, a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in all metals (Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Zn, Pb and Cu) was observed. Relatively, the medium-size bivalves showed higher reductions compared to small-size bivalves. Based on the experiments conducted, we recommend 48 h depuration using the static system under room temperature (30 ± 1 °C) with a salinity range of (25-35 psμ) using medium-size bivalves (clam>30 mm; mussel >45 mm, and oyster >65 mm length) as optimum conditions for producing safe bivalves for consumption in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Chinnadurai
- Molluscan Fisheries Division, ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, Kochi, Kerala State, 682018, India; ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, Kerala State, 682029, India; Department of Biosciences, Mangalore University, Mangalagangothri, Karnataka State, India.
| | - K Elavarasan
- ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, Kerala State, 682029, India
| | - V Geethalakshmi
- ICAR - Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Kochi, Kerala State, 682029, India
| | - V Kripa
- Molluscan Fisheries Division, ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, Kochi, Kerala State, 682018, India
| | - K S Mohamed
- Molluscan Fisheries Division, ICAR- Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, PB No. 1603, Kochi, Kerala State, 682018, India
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Pan L, Lin C, Zhang G, Mu G, Yang X. The effect of pre-process and transport strategies on survival, microbiologic, and physiologic of Patinopecten yessoensis. Food Sci Nutr 2018; 6:1422-1430. [PMID: 30258584 PMCID: PMC6145298 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The supply chain of shellfish is complex, with animals being subjected to several stressors during the depuration, temporary keeping, and waterless-low-temp transportation processing. In this paper, the recycled water system for depuration and temporary keeping was used to realize both depuration and temporary keeping of Patinopecten yessoensis. The samples were divided into three groups based on three different pre-process involved: samples in group 1 were depurated for 48 hr straight, whereas those in group 2 were first depured for 24 hr and then cooled for 24 hr; samples in group 3 was directly kept in a polyethylene insulation box. Then group 1 and group 2 were transported in a 3L polyethylene insulation box with ice packs (250 ml) to study the quality of transport based on the different pre-process. As a result, in group 1 (depuration for 48 hr), the first death occurred after 56 hr, and all shellfishes died after 102 hr with total bacterial density of 2,630 CFU/ml. In group 2 (depuration for 24 hr and temporary keeping for 24 hr), the first death occurred after 104 hr and the total number of bacteria was increasing steadily within 0-104 hr. After 120 hr, all shellfishes died with total bacterial density of 1,090 CFU/ml. In group 3 (directly transport), all shellfishes died in 64 hr. The total number of bacteria in groups 1 and 2 declined significantly in the depuration process. The bacteria number (p < 0.05) in group 3 was significantly different from that in groups 1 and 2. The crude protein, crude fat, and glycogen of all groups declined. However, compared to groups 1 and 3, the consumption of glycogen in group 2 (p < 0.05) was delayed by the gradual cooling procedure. Those results prove that the depuration and temporary keeping procedures can improve the sterilization of the bacteria. The survival rate is less sensitive to the temperature change. The results provide satisfactory references for the P. yessoensis' quality studies with depuration, temporary keeping, and waterless-low-temp transportation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanlan Pan
- College of Transport Equipment and Ocean EngineeringDalian Maritime UniversityDalianChina
- College of Mechanical and Power EngineeringDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
| | - Chengxin Lin
- College of Transport Equipment and Ocean EngineeringDalian Maritime UniversityDalianChina
| | - GuoChen Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Power EngineeringDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
| | - Gang Mu
- College of Mechanical and Power EngineeringDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
| | - XiaoTong Yang
- College of Mechanical and Power EngineeringDalian Ocean UniversityDalianChina
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Ricardo F, Maciel E, Domingues MR, Calado R. Spatio-temporal variability in the fatty acid profile of the adductor muscle of the common cockle Cerastoderma edule and its relevance for tracing geographic origin. Food Control 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tabanelli G, Montanari C, Gardini A, Maffei M, Prioli C, Gardini F. Environmental Factors Affecting Escherichia coli Concentrations in Striped Venus Clam (Chamelea gallina L.) Harvested in the North Adriatic Sea. J Food Prot 2017; 80:1429-1435. [PMID: 28782999 DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the microbiological quality of striped venus clams (Chamelea gallina L.) harvested in the north Adriatic Sea during an 8-year monitoring period. A total of 387 samples were analyzed to assess the presence of Escherichia coli. Environmental parameters (salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, seawater temperature, and freshwater outflow) were collected to find out a possible relationship between the E. coli counts and environmental factors. The results evidenced that the microbiological quality of the clams was good, with only about 5% of the samples not complying with European and Italian regulations for this product, that is, with E. coli counts higher than 230 most probable number (MPN) per 100 g of flesh and intravalvar liquid. Statistical analyses revealed a relationship between microbial contamination and the season and water temperature, probably due to the difference in the filtering activity of the mollusks. However, the main factor affecting the E. coli concentration in the clams turned out to be the flow rate of Marecchia, the major river that reaches the sea in the area of harvesting. In fact, a model fitted to evaluate the probability of finding a higher E. coli count in relation to the environmental parameters evidenced that it was an increase of the level of the Marecchia led to a higher probability of elevated E. coli contamination. This result could be explained by the higher supply of both nutrients and coliforms (including E. coli) when the river is higher and by the anthropogenic characteristics of the lands crossed by the river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Tabanelli
- 1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-2371 [C.M.])
| | - Chiara Montanari
- 1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-2371 [C.M.])
| | - Aldo Gardini
- 2 Dipartimento di Scienze statistiche "Paolo Fortunati," Università degli Studi di Bologna, Via delle Belle Arti 41, 40126 Bologna (BO) Italy
| | - Mirko Maffei
- 3 Laboratory MARE.A Srl, Via E. Toti 2, 47841 Cattolica (RN), Italy
| | - Chiara Prioli
- 3 Laboratory MARE.A Srl, Via E. Toti 2, 47841 Cattolica (RN), Italy
| | - Fausto Gardini
- 1 Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca Industriale Agroalimentare, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Via Quinto Bucci 336, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy (ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2273-2371 [C.M.]).,4 Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Sede di Cesena, Piazza Goidanich 60, 47521 Cesena (FC), Italy
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Velez C, Freitas R, Soares A, Figueira E. Bioaccumulation patterns, element partitioning and biochemical performance of Venerupis corrugata from a low contaminated system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:569-583. [PMID: 25410524 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The current study reports metals and arsenic (As) concentrations present in sediments and in the native clam Venerupis corrugata, collected in the Ria de Aveiro, one of the most important aquatic systems of the Portuguese coast with high biodiversity and socio-economic value. Because of its ecological importance in its habitat, and being one of the most exploited bivalve mollusks in Portugal, several biochemical biomarkers were evaluated in order to illustrate the species status when under environmental conditions. The concentration of metals and As in the sediments showed an increase of contamination among areas (areas A-E). The results proved higher bioaccumulation in organisms from the area less contaminated (area A, BAF > 1). The concentration of metals and As was predominant (63.4%) in the insoluble fraction of clams. The biochemical evaluation evidenced an increase of oxidative stress in organisms from the most (D and E) and the less (area A) contaminated areas, demonstrated by higher LPO levels, CAT, and GSHt activities at these areas and the increase of methalotionines (MTs) along the concentration gradient. This suggests a preventive mechanism in order to protect cells against pollutants (metals and As).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Velez
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Amadeu Soares
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Etelvina Figueira
- Departmento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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