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Ji YJ, Kang MH, Kim GS, Kim HD, Jang GY. Platycodon grandiflorum exhibits anti-neuroinflammatory potential against beta-amyloid-induced toxicity in microglia cells. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1427121. [PMID: 39171113 PMCID: PMC11335668 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1427121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/objectives Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is used in traditional oriental medicine to treat several ailments. Methods The study investigated the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of PGW (P. grandiflorum) extract in Aβ25-35-induced inflammation in BV2 microglia cells. Result PGW demonstrated significant inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production, with reductions of 30.4, 36.7, and 61.2% at concentrations of 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, PGW effectively suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 and exhibited significant inhibitory activity against TNF-α at 200 μg/mL. Furthermore, PGW treatment mitigated apoptosis in Aβ-induced BV2 cells by modulating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, regulating Bcl-2 family protein synthesis, and inhibiting caspase activation. Mechanistically, PGW attenuated the activation of the MAPK (JNK, ERK, p38) pathway induced by Aβ, showing a concentration-dependent decrease in phosphorylation levels of these proteins. Additionally, PGW inhibited the NF-κB pathway activation by reducing the phosphorylation levels of p65 and IκBα in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusion PGW demonstrated anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects in Aβ-induced neuronal cells, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic agent for neuroinflammatory associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Jeong Ji
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Hye Kang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Soog Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Don Kim
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi Yeong Jang
- Department of Herbal Crop Research, National Institute of Horticultural Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, Republic of Korea
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Si Q, Su L, Wang D, De BJ, Na R, He N, Byambaa T, Dalkh T, Bao X, Yi L. An evaluation of the qualitative superiority of the Mongolian medicinal herb hurdan-tsagaan (Platycodi Radix) from five different geographic origins based on anti-inflammatory effects. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 310:116331. [PMID: 36931411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The contents and types of the active compounds in medicinal herbs depend greatly on their extraction methods, sources of origin and the modes of cultivation. Platycodon grandiflorus (Jacq.) A.DC. is an ethnic medicinal herb widely cultivated in China, and its dried root, Platycodi Radix (PR), is an important ingredient in herbal formulae for attenuating lung issues in Mongolian medical practice. However, research evaluating the superiority of PR based on harvesting regions is relatively limited. AIM This study aimed to evaluate the qualitative superiority of PR from different regions based on anti-inflammatory effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of three commercial PR samples were obtained from Anguo, Bozhou and Shangluo, and two wild samples were obtained from Chifeng and Hinggan. PR extract (PRE) was prepared by water distillation, and platycodin D content in the extract was examined by HPLC-UVD. An optimal dose of PRE was administered to BALB/c mice with S. pneumoniae pneumonia, and IL-10 and TNF-α levels in lung tissue were examined by ELISA. HepG2 cells were treated with PRE, and an analysis of differentially expressed gene and functional enrichment was performed using an HTS2 assay. RESULTS The contents of moisture, total ash, crude extract and platycodin D in the raw roots met the quality control requirements outlined in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (2020 edition). The platycodin D content in the aqueous extract of the roots in descending order was 24.16% in PRE_Shangluo, 22.91% in PRE_Hinggan, 21.41% in PRE_Bozhou, 17.8% in PRE_Chifeng and 15.92% in PRE_Anguo. Furthermore, administration of PREs at an optimal dose of 2.0 g/kg resulted in some anti-inflammatory effect in mice with Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia, among which PRE_Shangluo administration exhibited a more obvious anti-inflammatory impact as shown by a significant decrease in the plasma white cell count (p < 0.05) and IL-10 level elevation and TNF-α reduction in lung tissue (p < 0.05) after treatment. In HepG2 cells treated with 100 μg/ml of each PRE, PRE_Hinggan and PRE_Shangluo resulted in significant differential expression of genes such as nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1) and significant enrichment of pathways involved in the immune system, such as PI3K-Akt, MAPK and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS In this study, based on the anti-inflammatory effect, the quality of PR of Shangluo origin was superior to that of PR from the other four regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Si
- Scientific Research Department, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, Hohhot, 010065, China; Inner Mongolia Azitai Mongolian Medicine Psychosomatic Research Co., Ltd., Ordos, 017004, China
| | - Longga Su
- Medicine Innovation Center for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, China; Drug Quality Testing Center, Ordos Mongolian Hospital, Ordos, 017010, China
| | - Dong Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China
| | - Bao-Jun De
- Inner Mongolia Azitai Mongolian Medicine Psychosomatic Research Co., Ltd., Ordos, 017004, China
| | - Risu Na
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, China
| | - Nagongbilige He
- Experimental Center, Traditional Chinese & Mongolian Medical Research Institute of Inner Mongolia, Hohhot, 010010, China
| | - Tserentsoo Byambaa
- International School of Mongolian Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 14210, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Tserendagva Dalkh
- International School of Mongolian Medicine, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences, 14210, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia
| | - Xilinqiqige Bao
- Scientific Research Department, Inner Mongolia International Mongolian Hospital, Hohhot, 010065, China; Medicine Innovation Center for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, China.
| | - Letai Yi
- Medicine Innovation Center for Nationalities, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, 010110, China.
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Shin KC, Oh DK. Biotransformation of Platycosides, Saponins from Balloon Flower Root, into Bioactive Deglycosylated Platycosides. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12020327. [PMID: 36829886 PMCID: PMC9952785 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12020327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, saponins from balloon flower root (Platycodi radix), have diverse health benefits, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-tussive, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetes, and whitening activities. Deglycosylated platycosides, which show greater biological effects than glycosylated platycosides, are produced by the hydrolysis of glycoside moieties in glycosylated platycosides. In this review, platycosides are classified according to the chemical structures of the aglycone sapogenins and also divided into natural platycosides, including major, minor, and rare platycosides, depending on the content in Platycodi radix extract and biotransformed platycosides. The biological activities of platycosides are summarized and methods for deglycosylation of saponins, including physical, chemical, and biological methods, are introduced. The biotransformation of glycosylated platycosides into deglycosylated platycosides was described based on the hydrolytic pathways of glycosides, substrate specificity of glycosidases, and specific productivities of deglycosylated platycosides. Methods for producing diverse and/or new deglycosylated platycosides are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Liu S, Liu H, Zhang L, Ma C, Abd El-Aty AM. Edible pentacyclic triterpenes: A review of their sources, bioactivities, bioavailability, self-assembly behavior, and emerging applications as functional delivery vehicles. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:5203-5219. [PMID: 36476115 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2153238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Edible pentacyclic triterpenes (PTs) are a group of nutraceutical ingredients commonly distributed in human diets. Existing evidence has proven that they have various biological functions, including anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycemic activities, making them as "functional factor" for a long time. However, their properties of strong hydrophobicity, poor permeability, poor absorption, and rapid metabolism result in low oral bioavailability, which dramatically hinders their efficacy for use. Recently, free PTs have successively been found to self-assemble or co-assemble into self-contained nanostructures with enhanced water dispersibility and oral bioavailability, which seems to be an efficient processing method for increased oral efficacy. Of particular interest, formulating them into nanostructures can also be introduced as functional delivery carriers for bioactive compounds or drugs with various advantages, such as improved stability, controlled release, enhanced oral bioavailability, synergistic bioactivity, and targeted delivery. This review systematically summarized the chemical structures, plant sources, bioactivities, absorption, metabolism, and oral bioavailability of PTs. Notably, we emphasized their self-assembly properties and emerging role as functional delivery carriers for nutrients, suggesting that PT nanostructures are not only efficient oral forms when introduced into foods but also functional delivery materials for nutrients to expand their commercial food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqi Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Han Liu
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Ma
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Processing and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Su X, Meng F, Liu Y, Jiang W, Wang Z, Wu L, Guo X, Yao X, Wu J, Sun Z, Zha L, Gui S, Peng D, Xing S. Molecular Cloning and Functional Characterization of a β-Glucosidase Gene to Produce Platycodin D in Platycodon grandiflorus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:955628. [PMID: 35860532 PMCID: PMC9289601 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.955628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD) is a deglycosylated triterpene saponin with much higher pharmacological activity than glycosylated platycoside E (PE). Extensive studies in vitro showed that the transformation of platycoside E to platycodin D can be achieved using β-glucosidase extracted from several bacteria. However, whether similar enzymes in Platycodon grandiflorus could convert platycoside E to platycodin D, as well as the molecular mechanism underlying the deglycosylation process of platycodon E, remain unclear. Here, we identified a β-glucosidase in P. grandiflorus from our previous RNA-seq analysis, with a full-length cDNA of 1,488 bp encoding 495 amino acids. Bioinformatics and phylogenetic analyses showed that β-glucosidases in P. grandiflorus have high homology with other plant β-glucosidases. Subcellular localization showed that there is no subcellular preference for its encoding gene. β-glucosidase was successfully expressed as 6 × His-tagged fusion protein in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Western blot analysis yielded a recombinant protein of approximately 68 kDa. In vitro enzymatic reactions determined that β-glucosidase was functional and could convert PE to PD. RT-qPCR analysis showed that the expression level of β-glucosidase was higher at night than during the day, with the highest expression level between 9:00 and 12:00 at night. Analysis of the promoter sequence showed many light-responsive cis-acting elements, suggesting that the light might regulate the gene. The results will contribute to the further study of the biosynthesis and metabolism regulation of triterpenoid saponins in P. grandiflorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Su
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Fei Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- College of Humanities and International Education Exchange, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Weimin Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Environment, Hengyang Normal University, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhaojian Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Liping Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaohu Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaoyan Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Zongping Sun
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Anti-aging, Chinese Herbal Medicine, Fuyang Normal University, Fuyang, China
| | - Liangping Zha
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Shuangying Gui
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Daiyin Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- MOE-Anhui, Joint Collaborative Innovation Center for Quality Improvement of Anhui Genuine Chinese Medicinal Materials, Hefei, China
| | - Shihai Xing
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Resources Protection and Development, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Research and Development of Chinese Medicine, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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Shin KC, Kil TG, Kang SH, Oh DK. Production of Deglucose-Apiose-Xylosylated Platycosides from Glycosylated Platycosides by Crude Enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:430-436. [PMID: 35283429 PMCID: PMC9628805 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2112.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platycosides, Platycodi radix (Platycodon grandiflorus root) saponins, are used as food supplements and exert diverse pharmacological activities. Deglycosylation of saponins enhances their biological efficacy, and deglycosylated platycosides are produced mainly through enzymatic hydrolysis. However, the types of available deglycosylated platycosides remain limited because of a lack of hydrolyzing enzymes that can act on specific glycosides in glycosylated platycosides. In this study, a crude enzyme from Aspergillus tubingensis converted platycoside E (PE) and polygalacin D3 (PGD3) into deglucose-apiose-xylosylated (deGAX)-platycodin D (PD) and deGAX-polygalacin D (PGD), respectively. The products were identified through LC/MS analysis by specifically hydrolyzing all glucose residues at C-3, and apiose and xylose residues at C-28 of platycoside. The hydrolytic activity of the crude enzyme obtained after the cultivation of the fungus using citrus pectin and corn steep solid as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, in culture medium was increased compared with those using other carbon and nitrogen sources. The crude enzyme from A. tubingensis was the most effective in producing deGAX platycoside at pH 5.0 and 60°C. The crude enzyme produced 0.32 mg/ml deGAX-PD and 0.34 mg/ml deGAX-PGD from 1 mg/ml PE and 1 mg/ml PGD3 (at pH 5.0 and 60°C) for 12 and 10 h, with productivities of 32.0 and 42.5 mg/l/h and molar yields of 62.1 and 59.6%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to produce deGAX platycosides from glycosylated platycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Geun Kil
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Hwan Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-454-3118 Fax: +82-2-444-5518 E-mail:
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Lee SJ, Kim HW, Lee S, Kwon RH, Na H, Kim JH, Wee CD, Yoo SM, Lee SH. Characterization of Saponins from Various Parts of Platycodon grandiflorum Using UPLC-QToF/MS. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 27:molecules27010107. [PMID: 35011337 PMCID: PMC8746516 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is known as a high-potential material in terms of its biological activity. The objective of this report is to provide chromatographic and mass fragment ion data of 38 simultaneously identified saponins, including novel compounds, by analyzing them through ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QToF/MS). In so doing, we investigated their diverse conditions, including morphological parts (stems, roots, buds, and leaves), peeling (or not), and blanching of PG. The total contents of individual saponins indicated an order of roots (containing peel, 1674.60 mg/100 g, dry weight) > buds (1364.05) > roots (without peel, 1058.83) ≈ blanched roots (without peel, 945.17) ≈ stems (993.71) ≈ leaves (881.16). When considering three types of aglycone, the platycodigenin group (55.04 ~ 68.34%) accounted for the largest proportion of the total content, whereas the platycogenic acid A group accounted for 17.83 ~ 22.61%, and the polygalacic acid group represented 12.06 ~ 22.35%. As they are classified as major compounds, novel saponins might be utilized for their role in healthy food for human consumption. Additionally, during blanching, the core temperature of PG was satisfied with the optimal condition, thus activating the enzymes related to biotransformation. Furthermore, through the use of this comprehensive data, additional studies related to buds, as well as roots or the characterization of individual saponins, can be conducted in a rapid and achievable manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-63-238-3562; Fax: +82-63-238-3841
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Shin KC, Kim DW, Oh YJ, Seo MJ, Na CS, Kim YS. Improved production of deglucosylated platycodin D from saponins from balloon flower leaf by a food-grade enzyme using high hydrostatic pressure. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08104. [PMID: 34660923 PMCID: PMC8503635 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, saponins contained in balloon flower, which have been used as food health supplements for respiratory diseases, have diverse pharmacological effects. Platycosides exhibit better pharmacological activity by hydrolyzing their own sugars. However, to date, there have been no studies on the production of deglucosylated platycodin D suitable for food applications. In this study, Pluszyme 2000P, which was derived from Aspergillus niger, a food-grade microorganism, was used to completely convert platycoside E into deglucosylated platycodin D. For an efficient and economical production of deglucosylated platycodin D, the productivity was improved approximately 2.4 times by application of high hydrostatic pressure and the discarded balloon flower leaf was used as a substrate. As a result, deglucosylated platycodin D was produced with the highest concentration (3.49 mg/mL) and productivity (581.7 mg/L/h) reported so far. Our results contribute to functional saponin production and the related food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Jin Oh
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Ju Seo
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biophysics, University of Minnesota, 140 Gortner Laboratory, 1479 Gortner Avenue, Saint Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Chae Sun Na
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Su Kim
- Department of Wild Plants and Seeds Conservation, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa, 36209, Republic of Korea
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Huang W, Zhou H, Yuan M, Lan L, Hou A, Ji S. Comprehensive characterization of the chemical constituents in Platycodon grandiflorum by an integrated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry strategy. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1654:462477. [PMID: 34433124 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG), as a well-known medicine food homology species, possess various pharmacological effects and health benefits. Aiming to facilitate in-depth and global characterization of the chemical compositions of PG, a profiling method based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/IM-QTOF-MS) was conducted. Consequently, as many as 187 compounds were plausibly or unambiguously identified. Most importantly, phospholipids (PLs) were first observed and identified in PG. Due to their widely confirmed bioactivities, an analysis scheme was developed by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry combined with the online Paternò-Büchi reaction (HILIC-PB-MS/MS). The fatty acyl chains and C=C locations of 180 PLs molecular species, which fell into four classes, were unprecedently characterized. This exposure strategy of multi-type constituents greatly enriches the chemical profiling of PG, and helps promoting the further development of therapeutic agents and nutraceutical products from PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhen Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Heng Zhou
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, PR China
| | - Ming Yuan
- Waters Corporation (China), Shanghai 201206, PR China
| | - Lan Lan
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Aijun Hou
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
| | - Shen Ji
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai 201203, PR China.
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Chang X, Li J, Ju M, Yu H, Zha L, Peng H, Wang J, Peng D, Gui S. Untargeted metabolomics approach reveals the tissue-specific markers of balloon flower root (Platycodi Radix) using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Li W, Yang HJ. Phenolic Constituents from Platycodon grandiflorum Root and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:4530. [PMID: 34361683 PMCID: PMC8348564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Six lignols (1-6), including two new compounds (+)-(7R,8R)-palmitoyl alatusol D (1) and (+)-(7R,8R)-linoleyl alatusol D (2), along with four phenolics (7-10), a neolignan (11), three alkyl aryl ether-type lignans (12-14), two furofuran-type lignans (15-16), three benzofuran-type lignans (17-19), a tetrahydrofuran-type lignan (20), and a dibenzylbutane-type lignan (21) were isolated from the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction of the methanol extract of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC. root. The chemical structures of the obtained compounds were elucidated via high-resolution mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analyses. The obtained spectroscopic data agreed well with literature. Among the isolated compounds, eighteen (1-7 and 11-21) were isolated from P. grandiflorum and the Campanulaceae family for the first time. This is the first report on lignol and lignan components of P. grandiflorum. The anti-inflammatory effects of the isolated compounds were examined in terms of their ability to inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-12 p40, and TNF-α in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Nine compounds (4-6, 12, and 15-19) exhibited inhibitory effects on IL-12 p40 production, eleven compounds (1-6, 12, 15-17, and 19) exhibited inhibitory activity on IL-6 production, and eleven compounds (1-6 and 15-19) exhibited inhibitory effects against TNF-α. These results warrant further investigation into the potential anti-inflammatory activity and general benefits of the phenolic constituents of P. grandiflorum root.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Korean Medicine (KM) Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daegu 41062, Korea;
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Ju JH, Lee TE, Lee J, Kim TH, Shin KC, Oh DK. Improved Bioactivity of 3-O-β-D-Glucopyranosyl Platycosides in Biotransformed Platycodon grandiflorum Root Extract by Pectinase from Aspergillus aculeatus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:847-854. [PMID: 33879643 PMCID: PMC9705915 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2102.02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (balloon flower) root (Platycodi radix, PR) is used as a health supplement owing to its beneficial bioactive properties. In the present study, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and whitening effects of deglycosylated platycosides (saponins) from PR biotransformed by pectinase from Aspergillus aculeatus were investigated. The bioactivities of the platycosides improved when the number of sugar moieties attached to the aglycone platycosides was decreased. The deglycosylated saponins exhibited higher lipoxygenase inhibitory activities (anti-inflammatory activities) than the precursor platycosides and the anti-inflammatory compound baicalein. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity of the pectinase-treated PR extract was higher than that of the non-treated PR extract. The trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay showed improved values as the saponins were hydrolyzed. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities (whitening effects) of deglycosylated platycosides were higher than those of the precursor platycosides. Furthermore, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycosides showed higher anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and whitening activities than their precursor glycosylated platycosides. Therefore, 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl platycosides may improve the beneficial effects of nutritional supplements and cosmetic products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hun Ju
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Eui Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-454-3118 Fax: +82-2-444-5518 E-mail:
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Bioactive platycodins from Platycodonis Radix: Phytochemistry, pharmacological activities, toxicology and pharmacokinetics. Food Chem 2020; 327:127029. [PMID: 32450486 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platycodonis Radix, the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., is a well-known edible herbal medicine. It is a common vegetable used for the preparation of side dish, kimchi, dessert, and tea. Besides, it has been used to treat respiratory disease including cough, excessive phlegm, and sore throat for a long history. In the past decades, the bioactive components and the pharmacological activities of Platycodonis Radix have been widely investigated. Thereinto, platycodins, the oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins were demonstrated to be the main bioactive components in Platycodonis Radix, and more than 70 platycodins have been identified up to date. This paper mainly reviewed the phytochemistry, pharmacological activities (apophlegmatic, anti-tussive, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-diabetic, immunomodulatory, cardiovascular protective, and hepatoprotective activities, etc.), toxicology and pharmacokinetics of platycodins isolated from Platycodonis Radix, aiming to promote further investigation on therapeutic potential of these platycodins.
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Shin KC, Kim DW, Woo HS, Oh DK, Kim YS. Conversion of Glycosylated Platycoside E to Deapiose-Xylosylated Platycodin D by Cytolase PCL5. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041207. [PMID: 32054089 PMCID: PMC7072768 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycosides, the saponins abundant in Platycodi radix (the root of Platycodon grandiflorum), have diverse pharmacological activities and have been used as food supplements. Since deglycosylated saponins exhibit higher biological activity than glycosylated saponins, efforts are on to enzymatically convert glycosylated platycosides to deglycosylated platycosides; however, the lack of diversity and specificities of these enzymes has limited the kinds of platycosides that can be deglycosylated. In the present study, we examined the enzymatic conversion of platycosides and showed that Cytolase PCL5 completely converted platycoside E and polygalacin D3 into deapiose-xylosylated platycodin D and deapiose-xylosylated polygalacin D, respectively, which were identified by LC-MS analysis. The platycoside substrates were hydrolyzed through the following novel hydrolytic pathways: platycoside E → platycodin D3 → platycodin D → deapiosylated platycodin D → deapiose-xylosylated platycodin D; and polygalacin D3 → polygalacin D → deapiosylated polygalacin D → deapiose-xylosylated polygalacin D. Our results show that cytolast PCL5 may have a potential role in the development of biologically active platycosides that may be used for their diverse pharmacological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Chul Shin
- Research Institute of Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.-C.S.); (D.-K.O.)
| | - Dae Wook Kim
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Hyun Sim Woo
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Research Institute of Bioactive-Metabolome Network, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (K.-C.S.); (D.-K.O.)
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Yeong-Su Kim
- Forest Plant Industry Department, Baekdudaegan National Arboretum, Bonghwa 36209, Korea; (D.W.K.); (H.S.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-54-679-2740; Fax: +82-54-679-0636
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Ji MY, Bo A, Yang M, Xu JF, Jiang LL, Zhou BC, Li MH. The Pharmacological Effects and Health Benefits of Platycodon grandiflorus-A Medicine Food Homology Species. Foods 2020; 9:foods9020142. [PMID: 32023858 PMCID: PMC7073691 DOI: 10.3390/foods9020142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorus is a widely used edible, traditional Chinese medicinal herb. It is rich in saponins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and other compounds. It contains a large number of fatty acids such as linoleic acid (up to 63.24%), a variety of amino acids, vitamins, and multiple essential trace elements. P. grandiflorus has several biological applications, such as in hypotension, lipid reduction, atherosclerosis, inflammation, relieving cough and phlegm, promoting cholic acid secretion, and as an antioxidant. Further, P. grandiflorus is often used in the development of cold mixed vegetables, canned vegetables, preserved fruit, salted vegetables, and cosmetics in northeast China, South Korea, Japan, and Korea. In this paper, the active chemical components and the health benefits of P. grandiflorus have been reviewed, providing new ideas for the further development of nutraceutical products to prevent and manage chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yue Ji
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Agula Bo
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Min Yang
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Jin-Fan Xu
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
| | - Lin-Lin Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
| | - Bao-Chang Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China; (M.-Y.J.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (J.-F.X.)
- Department of Pharmacy, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot 010110, Inner Mongolia, China; (L.-L.J.); (B.-C.Z.)
- Pharmaceutical Laboratory, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hohhot 010020, Inner Mongolia, China
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Characteristic Geoherbs Resources Protection and Utilization, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014060, Inner Mongolia, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Medicinal Resources Protection and Genetic Improvement, Guangxi Botanical Garden of Medicinal Plants, Nanning 530023, Jiangxi, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-472-716-7795
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Kim M, Hwang I, Kim S, Choi A. Chemical characterization of balloon flower ( Platycodon grandiflorum) sprout extracts and their regulation of inflammatory activity in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophage cells. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:246-256. [PMID: 31993150 PMCID: PMC6977515 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The balloon flower (BF) is a potent natural source of phytochemical compounds and is associated with our health. The sprouting process is accompanied by significant changes in phytochemical compounds in comparison with their original plants. Even though many studies are conducted with BF, there are not yet reports of BF sprouts. In the present study, we determined the chemical composition and biological activity of BF sprouts that had been cultivated for 50 days. Kaempferol-3-O-galactoside and 1-O-caffeoylquinic acid were identified as major components of whole BF sprouts. The leaves/stems of the sprouts had higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents and lower IC50 values in DPPH• and ABTS•+ scavenging assays than whole sprouts or roots. The roots of the sprouts had the highest polygalacin D content (1.44 mg/g). We also determined the effects of different parts of BF sprouts on RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. When these cells were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), their nitrite and pro-inflammatory cytokine production increased. BF sprouts suppressed the LPS-induced production of nitrite, tumor necrosis factor-α, and interleukin-6 in a concentration-dependent manner without causing any cytotoxic effects. Nitrite and pro-inflammatory cytokine production were significantly inhibited by the roots and leaves/stems, respectively. The inhibitory effects of BF sprouts on LPS-stimulated inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophage cells were associated with suppressed NF-κB activation. These findings suggest that BF sprouts could be a valuable source of bioactive compounds and exert anti-inflammatory effects due to their polygalacin D, deapi-platycodin D3, and polyphenol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Kim
- Division of Functional Food & NutritionDepartment of Agrofood ResourcesNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuKorea
| | - In‐Guk Hwang
- Division of Functional Food & NutritionDepartment of Agrofood ResourcesNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuKorea
| | - Sang‐Bum Kim
- Division of Functional Food & NutritionDepartment of Agrofood ResourcesNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuKorea
| | - Ae‐Jin Choi
- Division of Functional Food & NutritionDepartment of Agrofood ResourcesNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesRural Development AdministrationWanjuKorea
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Characterization of β-Glycosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor owensensis and Its Application in the Production of Platycodin D from Balloon Flower Leaf. Catalysts 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/catal9121025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D has diverse pharmacological activities. An efficient and economical mechanism for obtaining platycosides (platycodin D in particular) would be very useful. Balloon flower leaf extract (BFLE) was obtained by recycling leaves discarded from Platycodi radix production, as they have a high platycoside E content. A recombinant β-glycosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor owensensis was characterized and applied to BFLE for platycoside bioconversion. The enzyme specifically hydrolyzed the glucose residue at the C-3 position in platycosides and was suitable for platycodin D production. Under optimized reaction conditions, β-glycosidase from C. owensensis completely converted platycoside E from BFLE into platycodin D with the highest concentration and productivity reported so far. These results greatly improve the production process for deglycosylated platycosides.
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Enzymatic Biotransformation of Balloon Flower Root Saponins into Bioactive Platycodin D by Deglucosylation with Caldicellulosiruptor bescii β-Glucosidase. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163854. [PMID: 31394870 PMCID: PMC6721153 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodin D (PD), a major saponin (platycoside) in Platycodi radix (balloon flower root), has higher pharmacological activity than the other major platycosides; however, its content in the plant root is only approximately 10% (w/w) and the productivities of PD by several enzymes are still too low for industrial applications. To rapidly increase the total PD content, the β-glucosidase from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii was used for the deglucosylation of the PD precursors platycoside E (PE) and platycodin D3 (PD3) in the root extract into PD. Under the optimized reaction conditions, the enzyme completely converted the PD precursors into PD with the highest productivity reported so far, increasing the total PD content to 48% (w/w). In the biotransformation process, the platycosides in Platycodi radix were hydrolyzed by four pathways: deapiosylated (deapi)-PE → deapi-PD3 → deapi-PD, PE → PD3 → PD, polygalacin D3 → polygalacin D, and 3″-O-acetyl polygalacin D3 → 3″-O-acetyl polygalacin D.
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Zhang L, Liu P, Gao J, Wang X, An J, Xu S, Deng RX. Profiling and simultaneous quantitative determination of oligostilbenes in Paeonia ostii seed shell from different geographical areas in China and their comparative evaluation. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2019; 30:464-473. [PMID: 30950123 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Paeonia ostii T. Hong & J. X. Zhang seed shell, characterised by a high content of oligostilbenes, is one of the two most important by-products in the preparation of seed oil. Oligostilbenes are considered characteristic constituents of the genus Paeonia, and can be used in fingerprinting to determine the geographical origin and the quality of raw materials. OBJECTIVE To develop and optimise a simple and reproducible high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detection (HPLC-DAD) method for the simultaneous determination of seven oligostilbenes in P. ostii seed shell from different geographical areas, and to associate the cultivation area. METHODOLOGY A validated HPLC method coupled with a DAD detector was performed for the detection and determination of target compounds in the samples. Optimal chromatographic conditions were achieved using an Agilent Zorbax Eclipse SB-AQ-C18 column and a gradient elution with acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution. RESULTS The proposed quantitative method showed appropriate accuracy and precision, and was successfully applied to the routine analysis of seven oligostilbenes and the quality evaluation of 50 P. ostii seed shell samples. There were significant differences between the contents of the seven oligostilbenes in different samples (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION The results demonstrated that the oligostilbenes were main secondary metabolites in the P. ostii seed shells, and the content of seven components in P. ostii seed shells sourced from different cultivation areas in China was different.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Zhang
- Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Pu Liu
- Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jiayu Gao
- Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Xinsheng Wang
- Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Jiamin An
- Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Shijing Xu
- Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Rui-Xue Deng
- Chemical Engineering & Pharmaceutical College, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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Kang SH, Kim TH, Shin KC, Ko YJ, Oh DK. Biotransformation of Food-Derived Saponins, Platycosides, into Deglucosylated Saponins Including Deglucosylated Platycodin D and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activities. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:1470-1477. [PMID: 30652865 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Platycodon grandiflorum root, Platycodi radix, a common vegetable, and its extract with glycosylated saponins, platycosides, have been used as food items and food health supplements for pulmonary diseases and respiratory disorders. Enzymes convert glycosylated saponins into deglycosylated saponins, which exhibit higher biological activity than glycosylated saponins. In this study, β-glucosidase from the hyperthermophilic bacterium Dictyoglomus turgidum converted platycosides in the Platycodi radix extract into deglucosylated platycosides. In addition, the enzyme completely converted platycoside E (PE), platycodin D3 (PD3), and platycodin D (PD) in Platycodi radix extract into deglucosylated platycodin D (deglu PD), which was first identified by nuclear magnetic resonance. The anti-inflammatory activities of deglu PD and deglucosylated Platycodi radix extract were higher than those of PE, PD3, PD, Platycodi radix extract, and baicalein, an anti-inflammatory agent. Therefore, deglucosylated Platycodi radix extract is expected to be used as improved functional food supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hwan Kang
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Chul Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Joo Ko
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities (NCIRF) , Seoul National University , Seoul 08826 , Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Kun Oh
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
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Park M, Park SY, Lee HJ, Kim CE. A Systems-Level Analysis of Mechanisms of Platycodon grandiflorum Based on A Network Pharmacological Approach. Molecules 2018; 23:E2841. [PMID: 30388815 PMCID: PMC6278259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) is widely used in Asia for its various beneficial effects. Although many studies were conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of PG, it is still unclear how the combinations of multiple ingredients work together to exert its therapeutic effects. The aim of the present study was to provide a comprehensive review of the systems-level mechanisms of PG by adopting network pharmacological analysis. We constructed a compound⁻target⁻disease network for PG using experimentally validated and machine-leaning-based prediction results. Each target of the network was analyzed based on previously known pharmacological activities of PG. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the majority of targets were related to cellular and metabolic processes, responses to stimuli, and biological regulation. In pathway enrichment analyses of targets, the terms related to cancer showed the most significant enrichment and formed distinct clusters. Degree matrix analysis for target⁻disease associations of PG suggested the therapeutic potential of PG in various cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, prostate cancer, small-cell lung cancer, and renal cell carcinoma. We expect that network pharmacological approaches will provide an understanding of the systems-level mechanisms of medicinal herbs and further develop their therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musun Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Sa-Yoon Park
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Hae-Jeung Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea.
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Lu H, Ju M, Chu S, Xu T, Huang Y, Chan Q, Peng H, Gui S. Quantitative and Chemical Fingerprint Analysis for the Quality Evaluation of Platycodi Radix Collected from Various Regions in China by HPLC Coupled with Chemometrics. Molecules 2018; 23:E1823. [PMID: 30041412 PMCID: PMC6099642 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Platycodi Radix (PR) is the root of Platycodon grandiflorum (Jacq.) A. DC., which has been used for a long time in China to treat pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the quality of PR samples collected from 23 regions of 11 provinces in China. Eight saponins were quantified using HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection (HPLC-ELSD). The samples with the highest total contents of saponins were from southern China, such as Yunnan, Guangxi, Jiangxi, and Guangzhou. The fingerprint analysis of PR samples was conducted by HPLC-UV method. Nineteen common peaks were selected and the similarity values varied from 0.607 to 0.921. These findings indicated that the saponins contents of PR from different regions varied significantly, with PR samples from southern China having the highest contents of saponins. These comprehensive methods were successful in evaluating the quality of PR samples from northern and southern China, which will serve as a guide for the development of PR as a clinical medication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Lu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Mengzhen Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Shanshan Chu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Tao Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Yuzhe Huang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Qingyun Chan
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
| | - Huasheng Peng
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230038, China.
| | - Shuangying Gui
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Anhui Authentic Chinese Medicine Quality Improvement, Hefei 230038, China.
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China.
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Effect of processing method on platycodin D content in Platycodon grandiflorum roots. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:1087-1093. [PMID: 28852980 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0946-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum root is a traditional medicine and food material rich in triterpenoid saponins. Its major constituent, platycodin D (PD), is known to have various pharmacological properties, but processing methods may influence the PD content. In this study, a fully validated HPLC-ELSD method was developed for the quantification of PD in various states of 73 P. grandiflorum root samples from East Asia, and it exhibited a marked variation of the content. Furthermore, the effects of processing procedures such as peeling and drying temperature on the PD content were investigated using UPLC-ELSD analysis, and as a result, a significant influence of processing methods such as peeling and heating of samples on the content was confirmed. Specifically, unpeeled samples that were dried at 40 °C showed the greatest PD content. The obtained results could facilitate the reliable standardization of P. grandiflorum for precise authentication and efficacious applications.
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Wang C, Zhang N, Wang Z, Qi Z, Zhu H, Zheng B, Li P, Liu J. Nontargeted Metabolomic Analysis of Four Different Parts of Platycodon grandiflorum Grown in Northeast China. Molecules 2017; 22:E1280. [PMID: 28769024 PMCID: PMC6152411 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Platycodonis radix is extensively used for treating cough, excessive phlegm, sore throat, bronchitis and asthma in the clinic. Meanwhile, the stems, leaves and seeds of Platycodon grandiflorum (PG) have some pharmaceutical activities such as anti-inflammation and anti-oxidation effects, etc. These effects must be caused by the different metabolites in various parts of herb. In order to profile the different parts of PG, the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography combined with quadrupole time-of- flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MSE) coupled with UNIFI platform and multivariate statistical analyses was used in this study. Consequently, for the constituent screening, 73, 42, 35, 44 compounds were characterized from the root, stem, leaf and seed, respectively. The stem, leaf and seed contain more flavonoids but few saponins that can be easily discriminated in the root. For the metabolomic analysis, 15, 5, 7, 11 robust biomarkers enabling the differentiation among root, stem, leaf and seed, were discovered. These biomarkers can be used for rapid identification of four different parts of PG grown in northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuizhu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Nanqi Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zhenzhou Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Zeng Qi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Hailin Zhu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Bingzhen Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Pingya Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Jinping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Fujin Road 1266, Changchun 130021, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Innovative Drugs Development, Western Chaoyang Road 45, Changchun 130021, China.
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Zhang Y, Wu J, Ni Q, Dong H. Multicomponent quantification of Astragalus residue fermentation liquor using ion chromatography-integrated pulsed amperometric detection. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:1526-1530. [PMID: 28810617 PMCID: PMC5525577 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Chinese medicine residues contain abundant cellulose and hemicellulose, which are potential renewable carbon sources for ethanol production. The aim of the present study was to develop a rapid and reliable method to evaluate the cellulose and hemicellulose utilization in Chinese medicine residues. In the present study, key hydrolysates (arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose, and cellobiose) of the cellulose and hemicellulose in fermentation liquor of Astragalus residues were simultaneously quantified by ion chromatography using an integrated pulsed amperometric detector (IPAD). HPLC analysis was performed on a Dionex ICS-2500 equipped with GP50 gradient pump and ED50 IPAD. The working and reference electrodes were gold electrode and Ag/AgCl electrode, respectively. Separation was achieved on serial no. 002627 Dionex Analytical column (2×250 mm). Sodium hydroxide of 250 mM and water were used as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The temperature of column was kept at 30°C. This method was validated for accuracy and precision. The regression equation revealed a good linear relationship (R2=0.9959-0.9984) within the test ranges. The limits of detection and quantification for five standard analytes (arabinose, galactose, glucose, xylose and cellobiose) were in the range of 0.067-0.091 and 0.08-0.23 mg/l, respectively. The method showed good reproducibility for the quantification of five analytes in fermentation liquor of Astragalus residue with intra-and inter-day variations less than 3.843%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Jiarong Wu
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Quanhui Ni
- School of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Hong Dong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing 102206, P.R. China
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Choi JH, Han Y, Kim YA, Jin SW, Lee GH, Jeong HM, Lee HS, Chung YC, Lee YC, Kim EJ, Lee KY, Jeong HG. Platycodin D Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis by Repressing the NFATc1 and MAPK Signaling Pathway. J Cell Biochem 2016; 118:860-868. [PMID: 27739107 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponins (Changkil saponins, CKS) are reported to have many pharmacological activities. In our latest research, CKS was proven to have a significant osteogenic effect. However, the detail molecular mechanism of CKS on osteoclastic differentiation has not been fully investigated. Administration of CKS considerably reduced OVX-induced bone loss, and ameliorated the reduction in plasma levels of alkaline phosphatase, calcium, and phosphorus observed in OVX mice. CKS also repressed the deterioration of bone trabecular microarchitecture. Interestingly, platycodin D, the most abundant and major pharmacological constituent of triterpenoid CKS, inhibited receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced activation of NF-κB, and ERK and p38 MAPK, ultimately repressing osteoclast differentiation. OVX-induced bone turnover was attenuated by CKS, possibly via repression of osteoclast differentiation by platycodin D, the active component of CKS. Platycodin D can be regarded as an antiosteoporotic candidate for treatment of osteoporosis diseases. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 860-868, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Younho Han
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong An Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Ho Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Min Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sun Lee
- Natural Medicine Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Department of Food Science, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chun Lee
- Jangsaeng Doraji Research Institute of Biotechnology, Jangsaeng Doraji Co., Ltd., Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Kim
- Jangsaeng Doraji Research Institute of Biotechnology, Jangsaeng Doraji Co., Ltd., Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Youl Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Drug Development, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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Zeng L, Kong H, Zhu M, Yan W. A facile method to evaluate the quality of Platycodon grandiflorum A. De Candolle using reference standard extract. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Ma XQ, Li SM, Chan CL, Su T, Li WD, Cao H, Fong WF, Yu ZL. Influence of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile in Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng). Chin Med 2016; 11:32. [PMID: 27385975 PMCID: PMC4934009 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-016-0101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over recent decades, sulfur fumigation is becoming abused in processing some freshly harvested herbs used as both medicine and food, although it has been questioned whether sulfur fumigation will change the efficacy and safety of the herbs. One of the herbs commonly processed by sulfur fumigation is Platycodonis Radix (Jiegeng in Chinese). Glycosides are the main bioactive components of Jiegeng. Up to the present, no study has been carried out to evaluate the impact of sulfur fumigation on glycoside profile of Jiegeng. METHODS A rapid and versatile ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with ultra-high resolution quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC UHD Q-TOF MS/MS) method was developed for comprehensive analysis of the glycoside profiles of sulfur-fumigated and air-dried Jiegeng samples. RESULTS Twenty-three glycosides were detected in air-dried and sulfur-fumigated Jiegeng samples. After sulfur fumigation, the peak heights of eight glycosides, namely platycogenin A, platycodin D, platycodin D2, platycodin D3, polygalacin D, polygalacin D2, deapio-platycodin D and 3″-O-acetylplatycodin D2, remarkably decreased; while peak heights of five glycosides, namely syringin, lobetyolin, platycoside E, deapio-platycodin D2 and deapio-platycoside E, slightly increased; in addition, peaks of ten glycosides, platycodin A, platycodin C, platycodin V, platycoside C, 16-oxoplatycodin D, 2″-O-acetylpolygalacin D, 2″-O-acetylpolygalacin D2, 3″-O-acetylpolygalacin D, 3″-O-acetylpolygalacin D2, and platycogenic acid B, disappeared. CONCLUSION Sulfur fumigation caused significant changes of glycoside components of Jiegeng. Further investigations are warranted to explore how these chemical changes occurred and whether these changes would affect the efficacy and safety of Jiegeng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Ma
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Su-Mei Li
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Chi Leung Chan
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Tao Su
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Hui Cao
- />National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, Guangdong China
| | - Wang-Fun Fong
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- />School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong China
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Zeng L, Zhong J, Zhu M, Yan W. A feasible scaling-up separation of platycosides from Platycodi Radix: From analytical to semi-preparative high performance liquid chromatography coupling with a post-separation flash freezing treatment to obtain highly unstable components. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2016.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Li DH, Lv YS, Liu JH, Yang L, Wang Y, Zhang SK, Zhuo YZ. Simultaneous Determination of Four Active Ingredients in Sargentodoxa cuneata by HPLC Coupled with Evaporative Light Scattering Detection. Int J Anal Chem 2016; 2016:8509858. [PMID: 27313618 PMCID: PMC4903121 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8509858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A HPLC coupled with evaporative light scattering detection method had been developed for the simultaneous determination of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylethyl alcohol glycoside, salidroside, chlorogenic acid, and liriodendrin in the stem of Sargentodoxa cuneata. With a C18 column, the analysis was performed using acetonitrile and 0.2% formic acid aqueous solution as mobile phase in gradient program at a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The optimum drift tube temperature of evaporative light scattering detection was at 105°C with the air flow rate of 2.5 L/min. The calibration curves showed good linearity during the test ranges. This method was validated for limits of detection and quantification, precision, and reproducibility. The recoveries were within the range of 96.39%-104.64%. The relative standard deviations of intraday and interday precision were less than 2.90% and 3.30%, respectively. The developed method can be successfully used to quantify the four analytes in the stem of Sargentodoxa cuneata from various regions in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di-Hua Li
- Tianjin Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Yuan-Shan Lv
- Tianjin Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Jun-Hong Liu
- Tianjin Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Tianjin Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Shu-Kun Zhang
- Tianjin Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin 300100, China
| | - Yu-Zhen Zhuo
- Tianjin Institute of Acute Abdominal Diseases of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tianjin 300100, China
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Peng Y, Zhang F, Tao H, Wang W, Sun L, Chen W, Wang C. Simultaneous determination of multiple platycosides with a single reference standard in Platycodi Radix by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light scattering detection. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:3712-9. [PMID: 26331296 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Peng
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Hongxun Tao
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Lianna Sun
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Wansheng Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Changzheng Hospital; Second Military Medical University; Shanghai China
| | - Changhong Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
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He M, Nie J, Wu H, Liang Y. Accurate Mass Determination of Platycosides Prepared by Macroporous Resins Using High-Resolution Mass Spectroscopy and Optimization Methods. Chromatographia 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-015-2874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Choi JH, Jin SW, Han EH, Park BH, Kim HG, Khanal T, Hwang YP, Do MT, Lee HS, Chung YC, Kim HS, Jeong TC, Jeong HG. Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponins attenuate atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions via suppression of NF-κB and STAT1 and activation of Nrf2/ARE-mediated heme oxygenase-1. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:1053-1061. [PMID: 24854572 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The consequences of precipitously rising allergic skin inflammation rates worldwide have accelerated the risk of atopic dermatitis (AD). Natural product-based agents with good efficacy and low risk of side effects offer promising prevention and treatment strategies for inflammation-related diseases. We have already reported that Platycodon grandiflorum root-derived saponins (Changkil saponins, CKS) have many pharmacological effects, including anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effects, but its influence on AD remains unclear. Therefore, we evaluated the inhibitory effect of CKS, mainly platycodin D, on AD-like skin symptoms in mice and the possible mechanisms in cells. METHODS Mice were sensitized and challenged with 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB). Four weeks after challenge, mice were treated with oral administration of CKS for 4 weeks. In addition, cells were used to evaluate the effect of CKS, mainly platycodin D, on the TARC expression regulated mechanism. RESULTS CKS attenuated DNCB-induced dermatitis severity, serum levels of IgE and TARC, and mRNA expression of TARC, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in mice. Histopathological examination showed reduced thickness of the epidermis/dermis and dermal infiltration of inflammatory cells and mast cells in the ears. Moreover, CKS and platycodin D inhibited TNF-α/IFN-γ-induced TARC expression through the suppression of NF-κB and STAT1 and induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in cells. CONCLUSION We suggest that CKS and platycodin D inhibited the development of AD-like skin symptoms by regulating cytokine mediators and may be an effective alternative therapy for AD-like skin symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Ho Choi
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Woo Jin
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Hee Han
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Hwan Park
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Gyun Kim
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tilak Khanal
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Pil Hwang
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minh Truong Do
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Sun Lee
- Molecular Cancer Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Chung
- Department of Food and Medicine, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Culinary, International University of Korea, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Cheon Jeong
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Gwang Jeong
- Department of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao J, Deng J, Chen Y, Li S. Advanced phytochemical analysis of herbal tea in China. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1313:2-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Simultaneous separation and determination of fructose, sorbitol, glucose and sucrose in fruits by HPLC-ELSD. Food Chem 2013; 145:784-8. [PMID: 24128545 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.08.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with evaporative light scattering detection (ELSD) was optimised for simultaneous determination of fructose, sorbitol, glucose and sucrose in fruits. The analysis was carried out on a Phenomenex Luna 5u NH₂ 100A column (250 mm × 4.60mm, 5 micron) with isocratic elution of acetonitrile:water (82.5:17.5, v/v). Drift tube temperature of the ELSD system was set to 82 °C and nitrogen flow rate was 2.0 L min⁻¹. The regression equation revealed good linear relationship (R = 0.9967-0.9989) within test ranges. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) for four analytes (peach, apple, watermelon, and cherry fruits) were in the range of 0.07-0.27 and 0.22-0.91 mg L⁻¹, respectively. The proposed HPLC-ELSD method was validated for quantification of sugars in peach, apple, watermelon, and cherry fruits, and the results were satisfactory. The results showed that the contents of the four sugars varied among fruits. While fructose (5.79-104.01 mg g⁻¹) and glucose (9.25-99.62 mg g⁻¹) emerged as common sugars in the four fruits, sorbitol (8.70-19.13 mg g⁻¹) were only found in peach, apple and cherry fruits, and sucrose (15.82-106.39 mg g⁻¹) were in peach, apple and watermelon. There was not detectable sorbitol in watermelon and sucrose in cherry fruits, respectively.
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