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Furger C. Live Cell Assays for the Assessment of Antioxidant Activities of Plant Extracts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060944. [PMID: 34208019 PMCID: PMC8230623 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant extracts and pharmacopoeias represent an exceptional breeding ground for the discovery of new antioxidants. Until recently, the antioxidant activity was only measured by chemical hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) and single-electron transfer (SET) cell-free assays that do not inform about the actual effect of antioxidants in living systems. By providing information about the mode of action of antioxidants at the subcellular level, recently developed live cell assays are now changing the game. The idea of this review is to present the different cell-based approaches allowing a quantitative measurement of antioxidant effects of plant extracts. Up to date, only four different approaches have reached a certain degree of standardization: (1) the catalase-like assay using H2O2 as a stressor, (2) the cell antioxidant assay (CAA) using AAPH as a stressor and DCFH-DA as a readout, (3) the AOP1 assay which uses photoinduction to monitor and control cell ROS production, and (4) the Nrf2/ARE gene reporter system. The molecular aspects of these assays are presented in detail along with their features, drawbacks, and benefits. The Nrf2/ARE gene reporter system dedicated to indirect antioxidant effect measurement currently represents the most standardized approach with high-throughput applications. AOP1, the first technology linking a fine-tuning of cell ROS production with a quantitative signal, appears to be the most promising tool for the assessment of direct cellular ROS-scavenging effects at an industrial scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Furger
- Anti Oxidant Power AOP/MH2F-LAAS/CNRS, 7 Avenue du Colonel Roche, BP 54200, 31031 Toulouse, France
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Shen L, Xiong X, Zhang D, Zekrumah M, Hu Y, Gu X, Wang C, Zou X. Optimization of betacyanins from agricultural by-products using pressurized hot water extraction for antioxidant and in vitro oleic acid-induced steatohepatitis inhibitory activity. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13044. [PMID: 31515832 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Pressurized hot water extraction (PHWE) is proposed to recover betacyanins from agricultural by-products (pitaya fruits peels (PFP), red beet stalks (RBS), and cactus pear peels (CPP)). The extraction yield of betacyanins was optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal PHWE conditions were attained and the actual yields of betacyanins under optimal conditions were well matched with the predicted yields. In addition, betacyanin pigment compositions as well as superoxide anion scavenging activity of individual betacyanins extract (BE) produced in optimal PHWE conditions were characterized by HPLC-ESI/MSn and cyclic voltammetry. Furthermore, the inhibitory activity of three BEs on oleic acid-induced steatohepatitis in cellular model was comparatively investigated. The results showed that unlike PFP, RBS, and CPP presented excellent efficacy in decreasing intracellular triglyceride and reactive oxygen species, inhibiting the release of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase as well as regulating fatty acid synthase and carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 mRNAs expression. Practical applications In this study, PHWE, is firstly proposed for the enhancement of the extraction of betacyanins from three agricultural by-products. Betacyanin-rich extracts by PHWE method exhibit excellent activities in inhibition of ROS and regulation of lipid metabolism in hepatic cells. It suggests that PHWE has a strong potentiality in keeping bioactivity of BEs, which is significant for the production of betacyanins functional foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingqin Shen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiong Xiong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Jiangsu Hengshun Group Co., Ltd., Zhenjiang, China
| | | | - Yuqian Hu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiangyue Gu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobo Zou
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
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Li X, Shen Y, Wu G, Qi X, Zhang H, Wang L, Qian H. Determination of Key Active Components in Different Edible Oils Affecting Lipid Accumulation and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in HepG2 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:11943-11956. [PMID: 30350970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b04563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the poor ability of cells to decompose triglycerides, most studies of edible oil have depended on animal or clinical trials. However, such trials are expensive and time-consuming, and the results are limited to considerable individual differences. This is the first study to comprehensively investigate the effect of different oils on the lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HepG2 cells by hydrolyzing oil to fatty acids with integrated fat content. In addition, the key components of fatty acid composition, phytosterol, polyphenols, and tocopherol/tocotrienol in different oils, contributing to a decrease in content of lipid accumulation, cholesterol, ROS, and malondialdehyde (MDA), were analyzed using multivariate analysis. The results showed that the lipid accumulation content of coconut oil, Pu'er tea oil, olive oil, and flaxseed oil at a concentration of 200 μM decreased by 45.98 ± 0.75, 50.35 ± 1.37, 40.43 ± 2.44, and 42.76 ± 1.88%, respectively, compared with the lard. In addition, the ROS contents of Pu'er tea oil, olive oil, and flaxseed oil had no significant difference from that of control cells ( p < 0.05). In the results, (3β,5α)-stigmastan-3-yl, cholane-5,20(22)-diene-3b-ph, and β-sitosterol were determined to be the key components in edible oils associated with lipid accumulation and ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Yingbin Shen
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, School of Science and Engineering , Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632 , Guangdong , China
| | - Gangcheng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Xiguang Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
| | - Haifeng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
- School of Food Science and Technology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , China
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Purification and characterization of antioxidant peptides from cooked eggs using a dynamic in vitro gastrointestinal model in vascular smooth muscle A7r5 cells. NPJ Sci Food 2018; 2:7. [PMID: 31304257 PMCID: PMC6550140 DOI: 10.1038/s41538-018-0015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antioxidant peptides derived from food sources are considered as safer alternatives to commercially available antioxidant drugs. As one of the most abundant protein sources, hen’s egg proteins were extensively used to produce antioxidant peptides by enzymatic hydrolysis. Our previous work indicated that gastrointestinal digestion of cooked eggs significantly increased the antioxidant activity due to hydrolysis of egg proteins. To characterize the responsible antioxidant peptides, cooked eggs were digested in a simulated in vitro model of human gastro-intestinal digestion. Prepared digests were fractionated with FPLC (Fast Protein Liquid Chromatography) and RP-HPLC (Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography) and the antioxidant activity was determined in A7r5 cells (vascular smooth muscle cell line). Further identification of peptides from peptide fractions with the highest antioxidant activity was carried out using LC-MS/MS. Four peptides derived from ovalbumin, DSTRTQ (48–53), DKLPG (61–65), DVYSF (96–100), and ESKPV (205–209), were identified; of which DKLPG did not show antioxidant activity in cells. Enzyme cleave analysis suggested that these four peptides were likely released from ovalbumin only by pepsin non-specific cleaves. It is postulated that egg consumption may exert protection against oxidative stress on human health due to release of antioxidant peptides during digestion. Chicken eggs are a major source of dietary proteins, and can be used to produce antioxidant peptides, safer alternatives to synthetic antioxidant drugs. Jianping Wu and co-workers at University of Alberta, Canada, looked into how digestion of cooked eggs in the stomach and intestines could affect the antioxidant activity. Using a simulated model of human digestion, they separated the digests and identified the most active antioxidant peptides, likely released from ovalbumin—the main protein in egg white—by pepsin, the essential digestive enzyme in the stomach. These findings show that digestion of cooked eggs breaks down egg proteins to more potent antioxidant peptides, suggesting that consumption of eggs may help protect human body against oxidative stress.
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Amorati R, Valgimigli L. Advantages and limitations of common testing methods for antioxidants. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:633-49. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.996146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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Shubin L, Juan H, RenChao Z, ShiRu X, YuanXiao J. Fungal endophytes of Alpinia officinarum rhizomes: insights on diversity and variation across growth years, growth sites, and the inner active chemical concentration. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115289. [PMID: 25536070 PMCID: PMC4275216 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) technique, combined with the use of a clone library, was applied to assess the baseline diversity of fungal endophyte communities associated with rhizomes of Alpinia officinarum Hance, a medicinal plant with a long history of use. A total of 46 distinct T-RFLP fragment peaks were detected using HhaI or MspI mono-digestion-targeted, amplified fungal rDNA ITS sequences from A. officinarum rhizomes. Cloning and sequencing of representative sequences resulted in the detection of members of 10 fungal genera: Pestalotiopsis, Sebacina, Penicillium, Marasmius, Fusarium, Exserohilum, Mycoleptodiscus, Colletotrichum, Meyerozyma, and Scopulariopsis. The T-RFLP profiles revealed an influence of growth year of the host plant on fungal endophyte communities in rhizomes of this plant species; whereas, the geographic location where A. officinarum was grown contributed to only limited variation in the fungal endophyte communities of the host tissue. Furthermore, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis across all of the rhizome samples showed that the fungal endophyte community assemblages in the rhizome samples could be grouped according to the presence of two types of active indicator chemicals: total volatile oils and galangin. Our present results, for the first time, address a diverse fungal endophyte community is able to internally colonize the rhizome tissue of A. officinarum. The diversity of the fungal endophytes found in the A. officinarum rhizome appeared to be closely correlated with the accumulation of active chemicals in the host plant tissue. The present study also provides the first systematic overview of the fungal endophyte communities in plant rhizome tissue using a culture-independent method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Shubin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Huang Juan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhou RenChao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu ShiRu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jin YuanXiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Biotechnology for Plant Development, College of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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Han YH, Kim HJ, Kim EJ, Kim KS, Hong S, Park HG, Lee MO. RORα decreases oxidative stress through the induction of SOD2 and GPx1 expression and thereby protects against nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:2083-94. [PMID: 24597775 PMCID: PMC4215383 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Increased hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation is the main cause of exacerbating nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Retinoic acid-related orphan receptor α (RORα) regulates diverse target genes associated with lipid metabolism, and its expression level is low in the liver of patients with NASH. Here, we investigated the role of RORα in regulating hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. RESULTS First, cholesterol sulfate (CS), an agonist of RORα, lowered oxidative stress that was induced by 1.5 mM oleic acid in the primary cultures of hepatocytes. Second, exogenously introduced RORα or CS treatment induced the mRNA level of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) and glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx1), through the RORα response elements located in the upstream promoters of Sod2 and Gpx1. Third, RORα significantly decreased reactive oxygen species levels and mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and interleukin-1β that were induced by lipopolysaccharide or TNFα in Kupffer cells. Finally, the administration of JC1-40 decreased the signs of liver injury, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation in the MCD diet-induced NASH mice. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSION We showed for the first time that RORα and its ligands protect NASH in mice by reducing hepatic oxidative stress and inflammation. Further, the molecular mechanism of the protective function of RORα against oxidative stress in the liver was revealed. These findings may offer a rationale for developing therapeutic strategies against NASH using RORα ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hyun Han
- Bio-MAX Institute, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University , Seoul, Korea
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Liang N, Kitts DD. Antioxidant property of coffee components: assessment of methods that define mechanisms of action. Molecules 2014; 19:19180-208. [PMID: 25415479 PMCID: PMC6270823 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191119180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coffee is a rich source of dietary antioxidants, and this property, coupled with the fact that coffee is one of the world's most popular beverages, has led to the understanding that coffee is a major contributor to dietary antioxidant intake. Brewed coffee is a complex food matrix with numerous phytochemical components that have antioxidant activity capable of scavenging free radicals, donating hydrogen and electrons, providing reducing activity and also acting as metal ion pro-oxidant chelators. More recent studies have shown that coffee components can trigger tissue antioxidant gene expression and protect against gastrointestinal oxidative stress. This paper will describe different in vitro, cell-free and cell-based assays that both characterize and compare the antioxidant capacity and mechanism of action of coffee and its bioactive constituents. Moreover, evidence of cellular antioxidant activity and correlated specific genomic events induced by coffee components, which are relevant to antioxidant function in both animal and human studies, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningjian Liang
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, the University of British Columbia 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T-1Z4, Canada.
| | - David D Kitts
- Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, the University of British Columbia 2205 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T-1Z4, Canada.
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