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Improved Analysis of Isomeric Polyphenol Dimers Using the 4th Dimension of Trapped Ion Mobility Spectrometry—Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134176. [PMID: 35807423 PMCID: PMC9268536 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dehydrodicatechins resulting from (epi)catechin oxidation have been investigated in different foods and natural products, but they still offer some analytical challenges. The purpose of this research is to develop a method using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with trapped ion mobility spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC−ESI−TIMS−QTOF−MS/MS) to improve the characterization of dehydrodicatechins from model solutions (oxidation dimers of (+)-catechin and/or (−)-epicatechin). Approximately 30 dehydrodicatechins were detected in the model solutions, including dehydrodicatechins B with β and ε-interflavanic configurations and dehydrodicatechins A with γ-configuration. A total of 11 dehydrodicatechins B, based on (−)-epicatechin, (+)-catechin, or both, were tentatively identified in a grape seed extract. All of them were of β-configuration, except for one compound that was of ε-configuration. TIMS allowed the mobility separation of chromatographically coeluted isomers including dehydrodicatechins and procyanidins with similar MS/MS fragmentation patterns that would hardly be distinguished by LC-MS/MS alone, which demonstrates the superiority of TIMS added to LC-MS/MS for these kinds of compounds. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was applied to the analysis of dehydrodicatechins. This method can be adapted for other natural products.
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Jin SA, Kämäräinen T, Rinke P, Rojas OJ, Todorović M. Machine learning as a tool to engineer microstructures: Morphological prediction of tannin-based colloids using Bayesian surrogate models. MRS BULLETIN 2022; 47:29-37. [PMID: 35250164 PMCID: PMC8884090 DOI: 10.1557/s43577-021-00183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Oxidized tannic acid (OTA) is a useful biomolecule with a strong tendency to form complexes with metals and proteins. In this study we open the possibility to further the application of OTA when assembled as supramolecular systems, which typically exhibit functions that correlate with shape and associated morphological features. We used machine learning (ML) to selectively engineer OTA into particles encompassing one-dimensional to three-dimensional constructs. We employed Bayesian regression to correlate colloidal suspension conditions (pH and pK a) with the size and shape of the assembled colloidal particles. Fewer than 20 experiments were found to be sufficient to build surrogate model landscapes of OTA morphology in the experimental design space, which were chemically interpretable and endowed predictive power on data. We produced multiple property landscapes from the experimental data, helping us to infer solutions that would satisfy, simultaneously, multiple design objectives. The balance between data efficiency and the depth of information delivered by ML approaches testify to their potential to engineer particles, opening new prospects in the emerging field of particle morphogenesis, impacting bioactivity, adhesion, interfacial stabilization, and other functions inherent to OTA. IMPACT STATEMENT Tannic acid is a versatile bio-derived material employed in coatings, surface modifiers, and emulsion and growth stabilizers, which also imparts mild anti-viral health benefits. Our recent work on the crystallization of oxidized tannic acid (OTA) colloids opens the route toward further valuable applications, but here the functional properties tend to depend strongly on particle morphology. In this study, we eschew trial-and-error morphology exploration of OTA particles in favor of a data-driven approach. We digitalized the experimental observations and input them into a Gaussian process regression algorithm to generate morphology surrogate models. These help us to visualize particle morphology in the design space of material processing conditions, and thus determine how to selectively engineer one-dimensional or three-dimensional particles with targeted functionalities. We extend this approach to visualize other experimental outcomes, including particle yield and particle surface-to-volume ratio, which are useful for the design of products based on OTA particles. Our findings demonstrate the use of data-efficient surrogate models for general materials engineering purposes and facilitate the development of next-generation OTA-based applications. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1557/s43577-021-00183-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Ah Jin
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695 USA
| | - Tero Kämäräinen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Aalto, Finland
| | - Patrick Rinke
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J. Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Vuorimiehentie 1, P.O. Box 16300, 00076 Espoo, Aalto, Finland
- Bioproducts Institute, Departments of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Chemistry, and Wood Science, 2360 East Mall, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Milica Todorović
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, 20014 Turku, Finland
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Liu X, Le Bourvellec C, Guyot S, Renard CMGC. Reactivity of flavanols: Their fate in physical food processing and recent advances in their analysis by depolymerization. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2021; 20:4841-4880. [PMID: 34288366 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Flavanols, a subgroup of polyphenols, are secondary metabolites with antioxidant properties naturally produced in various plants (e.g., green tea, cocoa, grapes, and apples); they are a major polyphenol class in human foods and beverages, and have recognized effect on maintaining human health. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate their changes (i.e., oxidation, polymerization, degradation, and epimerization) during various physical processing (i.e., heating, drying, mechanical shearing, high-pressure, ultrasound, and radiation) to improve the nutritional value of food products. However, the roles of flavanols, in particular for their polymerized forms, are often underestimated, for a large part because of analytical challenges: they are difficult to extract quantitatively, and their quantification demands chemical reactions. This review examines the existing data on the effects of different physical processing techniques on the content of flavanols and highlights the changes in epimerization and degree of polymerization, as well as some of the latest acidolysis methods for proanthocyanidin characterization and quantification. More and more evidence show that physical processing can affect content but also modify the structure of flavanols by promoting a series of internal reactions. The most important reactivity of flavanols in processing includes oxidative coupling and rearrangements, chain cleavage, structural rearrangements (e.g., polymerization, degradation, and epimerization), and addition to other macromolecules, that is, proteins and polysaccharides. Some acidolysis methods for the analysis of polymeric proanthocyanidins have been updated, which has contributed to complete analysis of proanthocyanidin structures in particular regarding their proportion of A-type proanthocyanidins and their degree of polymerization in various plants. However, future research is also needed to better extract and characterize high-polymer proanthocyanidins, whether in their native or modified forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuwei Liu
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France
| | | | - Sylvain Guyot
- INRAE, UR1268 BIA, Team Polyphenol, Reactivity & Processing (PRP), Le Rheu, France
| | - Catherine M G C Renard
- INRAE, Avignon University, UMR408 SQPOV, Avignon, France.,INRAE, TRANSFORM, Nantes, France
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Billerach G, Rouméas L, Dubreucq E, Fulcrand H. Furanolysis with Menthofuran: A New Depolymerization Method for Analyzing Condensed Tannins. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2917-2926. [PMID: 31013083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
An improved analytical depolymerization method for characterizing condensed tannins was developed with menthofuran (3,6-dimethyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1-benzofuran) as the nucleophilic trapping reagent. Herein, menthofuran was compared with routinely used nucleophiles, phloroglucinol and 2-mercaptoethanol. At 30 °C and in the presence of 0.1 M HCl, menthofuran displayed the outstanding ability to enable the fast and full depolymerization of procyanidin B2 using only a 1:1 molar ratio of both reactants. Under the same conditions, phloroglucinol and 2-mercaptoethanol led to a reaction equilibrium with significantly lower conversion yields. Application to commercial tannin extracts showed that a menthofuran-to-extract weight ratio of 1 gave the same yields of procyanidin constitutive units as 10-fold higher molecular equivalent phloroglucinol and 100-fold 2-mercaptoethanol. Finally, guidelines for implementing the menthofuran depolymerization method are proposed to assess the tannin content and composition of extracts as well as of plant materials without prior extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Billerach
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1083 SPO Sciences pour l'Œnologie, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1208 IATE Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Laurent Rouméas
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1208 IATE Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Eric Dubreucq
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1208 IATE Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fulcrand
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1083 SPO Sciences pour l'Œnologie, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
- INRA, Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1208 IATE Ingénierie des Agropolymères et Technologies Emergentes, 2 Place Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France
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Cheynier V, Tomas-Barberan FA, Yoshida K. Polyphenols: From Plants to a Variety of Food and Nonfood Uses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7589-94. [PMID: 26281949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are major plant secondary metabolites, structurally extremely diverse, essential for a variety of functions in plants, responsible for major organoleptic and nutritional properties of plant-derived foods, and useful for numerous practical applications. During the 27th International Conference on Polyphenols and 8th Tannin Conference, held jointly in September 2014 in Nagoya, Japan (ICP2014), the latest advances in polyphenol research have been presented. These include advances in polyphenol chemistry, physicochemistry, and materials science; their biosynthesis, genetics, and metabolic engineering; and their role in plant interactions with the environment, in nutrition and health, and in natural medicine. This special issue presents a selection of research papers presented at the meeting, covering these different fields. Major recent progress and perspectives in these areas are also outlined in this introductory paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Cheynier
- UMR1083 Sciences pour l'œnologie, INRA , 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex, France
- Research group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC , P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Francisco A Tomas-Barberan
- UMR1083 Sciences pour l'œnologie, INRA , 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex, France
- Research group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC , P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Kumi Yoshida
- UMR1083 Sciences pour l'œnologie, INRA , 2 place Viala, 34060 Montpellier cedex, France
- Research group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, CEBAS-CSIC , P.O. Box 164, Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University , Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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