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Zhong L, Hu Q, Zhan Q, Zhao M, Zhao L. Oat protein isolate- Pleurotus ostreatus β-glucan conjugate nanoparticles bound to β-carotene effectively alleviate immunosuppression by regulating gut microbiota. Food Funct 2024; 15:1867-1883. [PMID: 38236028 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Individuals with immune disorders cannot establish an adequate defense to pathogens, leading to gut microbiota dysbiosis. β-Carotene can regulate immune response, but its bioavailability in vivo is very low. Herein, we developed a glycosylated oat protein-based nanoparticle to improve the application of β-carotene for mitigating cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression and gut microbiota imbalance in mice. The results showed that the nanoparticles facilitated a conversion of β-carotene to retinol or retinyl palmitate into the systemic circulation, leading to an increased bioavailability of β-carotene. The encapsulated β-carotene bolstered humoral immunity by elevating immunoglobulin levels, augmenting splenic T lymphocyte subpopulations, and increasing splenic cytokine concentrations in immunosuppressed mice. This effect was accompanied by the alleviation of pathological features observed in the spleen. In addition, the encapsulated β-carotene restored the abnormal gut microbiota associated with immunosuppression, including Erysipelotrichaceae, Akkermansia, Bifidobacterium and Roseburia. This study suggested that nanoparticles loaded with β-carotene have great potential for therapeutic intervention in human immune disorders by specifically targeting the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Qiuhui Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing, 210023, P.R. China.
| | - Qiping Zhan
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture; Microbiology Department, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
| | - Liyan Zhao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, P.R. China
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2
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Xiao W, Gu N, Zhang B, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Qin G, Lin Q. Characterization and expression patterns of lysozymes reveal potential immune functions during male pregnancy of seahorse. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 142:104654. [PMID: 36738950 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Seahorses are one of the most amazing ovoviviparous fishes in the ocean because males, and not females, have evolved a brood pouch for incubating embryos. During male pregnancy, paternal seahorses need to develop effective immune protection for embryos in the brood pouch from potential infection by pathogens. Lysozymes (Lyz) are a group of antibacterial enzymes of the innate immune system that play an important role in resisting pathogen invasion. However, the immune function of lysozymes in the brood pouch of the pregnancy-lined seahorse (Hippocampus erectus) remains unknown. In this study, we found three different lysozymes in the lined seahorse: HeLyzC, HeLyzG1, and HeLyzG2. Synteny analysis revealed that HeLyzG1 and HeLyzG2 were generated by species-specific expansion rather than tandem duplication. Tissue expression patterns showed that the highest mRNA expression levels of the three lysozymes occurred in the brood pouches. Immunostimulation-induced expression analysis showed that all three HeLyzs in the brood pouches up-regulated their mRNA expression levels after Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection, but only the HeLyzG2 was upregulated after Poly(I:C) injection. Similarly, except for HeLyzC, upregulated expressions of HeLyzG1 and HeLyzG2 were found quickly in brood pouches injected with LPS. The upregulated levels of HeLyzC and HeLyzG2 in brood pouches during pregnancy were significantly higher than those in non-pregnancy, implying that seahorse lysozymes might function in the immune defense in brood pouches during pregnancy. In addition, the expression levels of HeLyzs were low in embryos in the brood pouch but significantly increased in neonates. This implies that embryos in the brood pouch might not necessarily express more lysozymes by themselves due to paternal immune protection. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that HeLyzs play an important role in immune protection during male seahorse gestation, and the synergistic effect of multiple HeLyzs may contribute to improved neonatal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanghong Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, 572000, PR China
| | - Na Gu
- Zhongkai university of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Aquaculture of Tianjin, College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384, PR China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, 572000, PR China
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China
| | - Geng Qin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, 572000, PR China.
| | - Qiang Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, PR China; Sanya Institute of Ocean Eco-Environmental Engineering, Sanya, 572000, PR China
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3
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Harvey DJ. Analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry: An update for 2017-2018. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:227-431. [PMID: 34719822 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review is the tenth update of the original article published in 1999 on the application of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI) mass spectrometry to the analysis of carbohydrates and glycoconjugates and brings coverage of the literature to the end of 2018. Also included are papers that describe methods appropriate to glycan and glycoprotein analysis by MALDI, such as sample preparation techniques, even though the ionization method is not MALDI. Topics covered in the first part of the review include general aspects such as theory of the MALDI process, new methods, matrices, derivatization, MALDI imaging, fragmentation and the use of arrays. The second part of the review is devoted to applications to various structural types such as oligo- and poly-saccharides, glycoproteins, glycolipids, glycosides, and biopharmaceuticals. Most of the applications are presented in tabular form. The third part of the review covers medical and industrial applications of the technique, studies of enzyme reactions, and applications to chemical synthesis. The reported work shows increasing use of combined new techniques such as ion mobility and highlights the impact that MALDI imaging is having across a range of diciplines. MALDI is still an ideal technique for carbohydrate analysis and advancements in the technique and the range of applications continue steady progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Harvey
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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In vitro digestion and cellular antioxidant activity of β-carotene-loaded emulsion stabilized by soy protein isolate-Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide conjugates. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2020.106340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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5
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Zhang H, Nakamura S, Kitts DD. Antioxidant Properties of Casein Phosphopeptides (CPP) and Maillard-Type Conjugated Products. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E648. [PMID: 32707948 PMCID: PMC7464099 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A casein phosphopeptide (CPP) fraction derived from tryptic hydrolysis of bovine casein was evaluated for antioxidant activity. Conjugations or mixtures of CPP with polysaccharide, galactomannan (Gal), or xyloglucan (Xyl) were prepared to evaluate potential enhancement of CPP antioxidant activity. The effect of calcium was also investigated. The CPP preparation alone was effective at scavenging hydroxyl radicals and sequestering Fe2+ to protect against Fenton reaction-induced deoxyribose oxidation in non-site-specific (up 63.3% inhibition) and site-specific (up 32.1% inhibition) binding assays, respectively. CPP also effectively quenched 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid radicals (ABTS•+) to an extent of 67.6% scavenging in an aqueous system. In a soybean lecithin liposome system, CPP exhibited effective protection against peroxyl radical-induced liposomal peroxidation (38.3% of control in terms of rate of propagation). Conjugating CPP with Gal or Xyl polysaccharides using Maillard reaction conditions significantly reduced activity in the Fenton reaction-deoxyribose assays, while exhibiting no effect on the antioxidant activity of native CPP in both the ABTS and liposome assays, respectively. These results represent comparative antioxidant capacity of the native CPP and associated conjugates in phases that varied in relative hydrophilic and hydrophobic character. We conclude that CPP has the potential to act as both a primary and secondary antioxidant by displaying transition metal ion sequestering activity and free radical quenching activity. Improvements in antioxidant activity of CPP by Maillard-type conjugation with Xyl or Gal were relatively small and model-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiying Zhang
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
| | - Soichiro Nakamura
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 8304 Minamiminowamura, Kamiina, Nagano 399-4598, Japan;
| | - David D. Kitts
- Food, Nutrition and Health Program, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada;
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Chun SH, Kim HH, Kim Y, Lee KW. Characterization of macrophage stimulating compound in glycated whey protein concentrate. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:1113-1123. [PMID: 32670665 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-020-00746-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Whey, a by-product of cheese making, is a collection of several milk proteins and has functional and nutritional values. Whey protein concentrate (WPC) exhibits various functional effects by glycation. Studies to find sugar-binding sites in a protein having a functional effect are reported. However, it is rarely clear whether it confirms that glycated single protein exhibits the same effect of protein cluster. This study confirmed which protein sites are responsible for the effect of glycated WPC (G-WPC). β-Lactoglobulin (LG) was the major protein of G-WPC and glycated with lactose. The glycated LG increased the nitric oxide and cytokine secretion similar to G-WPC and peptide sequences of active compound was confirmed using the high molecular weight band of G-WPC. The K151 and K157 residues of LG were modified by glycation with sugar in common with G-WPC. These residues of glycated LG potentially contribute to the immune-modulation effect of G-WPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyun Chun
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Hyung Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, 06974 Republic of Korea
| | - Yoonsook Kim
- Division of Functional Food Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365 Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
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Nanostructured conjugates from tara gum and α-lactalbumin. Part 1. Structural characterization. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 153:995-1004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.10.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Saito H, Sakakibara Y, Sakata A, Kurashige R, Murakami D, Kageshima H, Saito A, Miyazaki Y. Antibacterial activity of lysozyme-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates (LYZOX) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217504. [PMID: 31136634 PMCID: PMC6538184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria requires the development of new antibiotics or new agents capable of enhancing antibiotic activity. This study evaluated the antibacterial activity of lysozyme-chitosan oligosaccharide conjugates (LYZOX) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which should resolve the problem of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Bactericidal tests showed that LYZOX killed 50% more P. aeruginosa (NBRC 13275), A. baumannii and MRSA than the control treatment after 60 min. In addition, LYZOX was shown to inhibit the growth of P. aeruginosa (NBRC 13275 and PAO1), A. baumannii and MRSA better than its components. To elucidate the antibacterial mechanism of LYZOX, we performed cell membrane integrity assays, N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine assays, 2-nitrophenyl β-D-galactopyranoside assays and confocal laser scanning microscopy. These results showed that LYZOX affected bacterial cell walls and increased the permeability of the outer membrane and the plasma membrane. Furthermore, each type of bacteria treated with LYZOX was observed by electron microscopy. Electron micrographs revealed that these bacteria had the morphological features of both lysozyme-treated and chitosan oligosaccharide-treated bacteria and that LYZOX destroyed bacterial cell walls, which caused the release of intracellular contents from cells. An acquired drug resistance test revealed that these bacteria were not able to acquire resistance to LYZOX. The hemolytic toxicity test demonstrated the low hemolytic activity of LYZOX. In conclusion, LYZOX exhibited antibacterial activity and low drug resistance in the presence of P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii and MRSA and showed low hemolytic toxicity. LYZOX affected bacterial membranes, leading to membrane disruption and the release of intracellular contents and consequent bacterial cell death. LYZOX may serve as a novel candidate drug that could be used for the control of refractory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Saito
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Sakakibara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Sakata
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rie Kurashige
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Murakami
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Akira Saito
- Wako Filter Technology Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunari Miyazaki
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Wu T, Jiang Q, Wu D, Hu Y, Chen S, Ding T, Ye X, Liu D, Chen J. What is new in lysozyme research and its application in food industry? A review. Food Chem 2018; 274:698-709. [PMID: 30372997 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Lysozyme, an important bacteriostatic protein, is widely distributed in nature. It is generally believed that the high efficiency of lysozyme in inhibiting gram-positive bacteria is caused by its ability to cleave the β-(1,4)-glycosidic bond between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. In recent years, there has been growing interest in modifying lysozyme via physical or chemical interactions in order to improve its sensitivity against gram-negative bacterial strains. This review addresses some significant techniques, including sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), infrared (IR) spectra, fluorescence spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), UV-vis spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) spectra and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), which can be used to characterize lysozymes and methods that modify lysozymes with carbohydrates to enhance their various physicochemical characteristics. The applications of biomaterials based on lysozymes in different food matrices are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Wu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qingqing Jiang
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Department of Food Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Dan Wu
- Zhiwei Guan Foods Co., Ltd, Hangzhou 311199, China
| | - Yaqin Hu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Shiguo Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Tian Ding
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xingqian Ye
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Donghong Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianchu Chen
- National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technoklogy and Equipment, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Postharvest Handling of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory for Agro-Products Nutritional Evaluation of Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-Food Processing, Fuli Institute of Food Science, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Yu J, Hu M, Wang Y, Zhang Q, Xu W, Su W. Extraction, partial characterization and bioactivity of polysaccharides from Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 109:535-543. [PMID: 29275205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.12.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry was applied to improve the yield of bioactive acid polysaccharides obtained from low-cost Senecio scandens Buch.-Ham. The structural characteristics and biological activities of three novel polysaccharides from S. scandens (SP2-1, SP2-2 and SP3-2) were investigated. SP2-1 and SP2-2 with molecular weights of 267.6 and 253.1 kDa, respectively, were composed of L-rhamnose, D-arabinose, D-mannose, D-xylose, D-glucose and D-galactose in various ratios, whereas SP3-2 with molecular weight of 266.6 kDa was composed of D-arabinose, D-glucose and D-galactose. In vitro, SP3-2 presented the strongest DPPH, ABTS and O2- radicals scavenging activities, as well as Fe3+ reducibility. Immunological tests demonstrated that all polysaccharide fractions stimulated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α) without cytotoxicity in macrophages and promoted splenocyte proliferation in different degree. These findings indicated that SP2-1, SP2-2 and SP3-2 have prominent antioxidant activity and potential immune response, which proved the possibility of S. scandens polysaccharides (SSP) applied in the field of functional food or medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Yu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Meiqun Hu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Yingyao Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Qihong Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wenhao Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Weike Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Process Development of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China; College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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