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Chiavaroli A, Masciulli F, Ingallina C, Mannina L, Loreta Libero M, Di Simone SC, Acquaviva A, Nilofar, Recinella L, Leone S, Brunetti L, Carradori S, Cantò L, Orlando G, Zengin G, Ibrahim Uba A, Cakilcioğlu U, Mukemre M, Elkiran O, Di Vito M, Menghini L, Ferrante C. Comprehensive metabolite and biological profile of "Sulmona Red Garlic" ecotype's aerial bulbils. Food Res Int 2024; 175:113654. [PMID: 38129017 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
"Sulmona Red Garlic" is a well-known Italian traditional product. Bulbs, used for culinary purposes, have been largely investigated for their medicinal properties whereas aerial bulbils are usually removed as waste material. Here, for the first time, chemical composition and biological properties of the hydroalcoholic extract from aerial bulbils were investigated. Complementary information on metabolite composition were obtained using both NMR based untargeted and HPLC-DAD targeted methodologies. The NMR analysis revealed the presence of sugars, organic acids, amino acids, organosulphur compounds (methiin, alliin, allicin and cycloalliin), and other secondary metabolites. In particular, methiin and alliin were identified for the first time in the NMR spectra of aerial bulbil garlic extracts. Polyphenol content was determined by HPLC-DAD analysis: catechin, chlorogenic acid, and gallic acid turned out to be the most abundant phenolics. Hydroalcoholic extract blocked cell proliferation of colon cancer cell line HCT116 with an IC50 of 352.07 µg/mL, while it was non-toxic to myoblast cell line C2C12. In addition, it caused seedling germination reduction of two edible and herbaceous dicotyledon species, namely Cichorium intybus and C. endivia. Moreover, the same extract reduced the gene expression of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor), HIF1-α (hypoxia-inducible factor), VEGFA (vascular endothelial growth factor), and transient receptor potential (TRP) M8 (TRPM8) indicating the ability to contrast cancer development through the angiogenic pathway. Final, in silico experiments were also carried out supporting the biological effects of organosulphur compounds, particularly alliin, which may directly interact with TRPM8. The results here reported suggest the potential use of garlic aerial bulbils often considered a waste product as a source in phytotherapeutic remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Chiavaroli
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Masciulli
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; NMR Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Ingallina
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; NMR Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Mannina
- Food Chemistry Lab, Department of Chemistry and Technology of Drugs, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy; NMR Lab, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Loreta Libero
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | | | - Alessandra Acquaviva
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Nilofar
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Lucia Recinella
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Sheila Leone
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luigi Brunetti
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Luca Cantò
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Giustino Orlando
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Abdullah Ibrahim Uba
- College of Science and Mathematics, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, United States
| | - Ugur Cakilcioğlu
- Pertek Sakine Genç Vocational School, Munzur University, Tunceli, Pertek 62500, Turkey
| | - Muzaffer Mukemre
- Department of Plant and Animal Production, Yuksekova Vocational School, Hakkari University, Hakkari 30100, Turkey
| | - Omer Elkiran
- Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Environmental Health, Sinop University, Sinop, Turkey
| | - Maura Di Vito
- Dip. di Scienze biotecnologiche di base, cliniche intensivologiche e perioperatorie Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Agostino Gemelli, 00168 Rome, Italy.
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.
| | - Claudio Ferrante
- Department of Pharmacy, G. d'Annunzio University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Zang B, Qiu Z, Zheng Z, Zhang B, Qiao X. Quality Improvement of Garlic Paste by Whey Protein Isolate Combined with High Hydrostatic Pressure Treatment. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071500. [PMID: 37048321 PMCID: PMC10094670 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Garlic, one of the most popular spices and medical herbs, has a unique pungent flavor and taste. Conventional homogenization and thermal treatment commonly lead to flavor and color deterioration in garlic paste, because allicin is highly susceptible to degradation and reaction. The present study was to investigate the effects of whey protein isolate (WPI) and different levels of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP, 200, 300, 400, 500, and 600 MPa) on the quality of garlic paste. Results showed that the addition of WPI in the homogenization of garlic significantly prevented green discoloration. Furthermore, WPI plus HHP under 500 MPa could better protect the color of garlic paste. Higher pressure (600 MPa) led to WPI aggregation, resulting in higher green color chroma of garlic paste. GC-MS results revealed that the application of WPI and HHP in garlic paste increased the relative level of pungent flavor compounds and decreased those of unpleasant odor compounds. The correlation analysis results revealed that WPI efficiently prevented garlic green discoloration, which is attributed to the thiol group in WPI exchanging the sulfonyl groups in allicin. In consideration of the microbial load, flavor and color quality of garlic paste, the optimal processing conditions were found at 500 MPa for 5 min with 2% WPI addition, extending shelf life to 25 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyuan Zang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Zhichang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xuguang Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Street, Tai’an 271018, China
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Cinar A, Altuntas S, Demircan H, Dundar AN, Taner G, Oral RA. Encapsulated black garlic: Comparison with black garlic extract in terms of physicochemical properties, biological activities, production efficiency and storage stability. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Lasalvia A, Cairone F, Cesa S, Maccelli A, Crestoni ME, Menghini L, Carradori S, Marinacci B, Gallorini M, Elsallabi O, Pesce M, Patruno A. Characterization and Valorization of 'Sulmona Red Garlic' Peels and Small Bulbs. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2088. [PMID: 36358459 PMCID: PMC9686930 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
'Sulmona red garlic' is an Italian variety characterized by a red tunica surrounding a white bulb. Red tunicae and non-commercial small bulbs are food wastes that must be studied for their added value. Hydroalcoholic extracts, obtained by separated inner and outer tunicae and peeled bulbs of small commercial 'Sulmona red garlic' bulbs, harvested at two different years, were first characterized with respect to their color, polyphenolic content, and antiradical activity. Then, an untargeted metabolic profile by means of electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (ESI FT-ICR) mass spectrometry led to a comparative evaluation of the chemical diversity of six different samples. The study was completed by biological tests aiming to evaluate the associated health potential. Data on monocytes/macrophages showed good biocompatibility and a promising cytoprotective effect under oxidative stress conditions of all the extracts. At a molecular level, all the garlic extracts were able to downregulate the hydrogen peroxide-induced cyclooxygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase expression through the modulation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB) and peroxynitrite intracellular amounts, at different extents depending on the extract, the cell type, and the concentration. On the whole, data highlight an associated health potential of the extracts of this waste plant material both in terms of cytoprotection and of anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Lasalvia
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Cairone
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Cesa
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Maccelli
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Elisa Crestoni
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technology, “Sapienza” University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Menghini
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Simone Carradori
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Beatrice Marinacci
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Marialucia Gallorini
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Osama Elsallabi
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrizion, Karolinska Institutet, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Mirko Pesce
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonia Patruno
- Department of Medicine and Science of Aging, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Khan MAR, Al Mamun MS, Habib MA, Islam AN, Mahiuddin M, Karim KMR, Naime J, Saha P, Dey SK, Ara MH. A review on gold nanoparticles: Biological synthesis, characterizations, and analytical applications. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
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Variability in Bulb Organosulfur Compounds, Sugars, Phenolics, and Pyruvate among Greek Garlic Genotypes: Association with Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100967. [PMID: 33050229 PMCID: PMC7599820 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to assess the diversity of Greek garlic (Allium sativum L.) landraces, 34 genotypes including commercial ones were grown in the same field and their content in organosulfur compounds, pyruvate, total sugars, and total phenolics, alongside antioxidant capacity, was determined. The organosulfur compounds were studied by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) after ultrasound-assisted extraction in ethyl acetate, identifying 2-vinyl-4H-1,3-dithiin and 3-vinyl-4H-1,2-dithiin as the predominant compounds, albeit in different ratios among genotypes. The bioactivity and the polar metabolites were determined in hydromethanolic extracts. A great variability was revealed, and nearly one-third of landraces had higher concentration of compounds determining bioactivity and organoleptic traits than the imported ones. We recorded strong correlations between pyruvate and total organosulfur compounds, and between antioxidant capacity and phenolics. In conclusion, chemical characterization revealed great genotype-dependent variation in the antioxidant properties and the chemical characters, identifying specific landraces with superior traits and nutritional and pharmaceutical value.
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Castillo-Henríquez L, Alfaro-Aguilar K, Ugalde-Álvarez J, Vega-Fernández L, Montes de Oca-Vásquez G, Vega-Baudrit JR. Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles from Plant Extracts and Their Possible Applications as Antimicrobial Agents in the Agricultural Area. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E1763. [PMID: 32906575 PMCID: PMC7558319 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Currently, metal nanoparticles have varied uses for different medical, pharmaceutical, and agricultural applications. Nanobiotechnology, combined with green chemistry, has great potential for the development of novel and necessary products that benefit human health, environment, and industries. Green chemistry has an important role due to its contribution to unconventional synthesis methods of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts, which have exhibited antimicrobial potential, among other outstanding properties. Biodiversity-rich countries need to collect and convert knowledge from biological resources into processes, compounds, methods, and tools, which need to be achieved along with sustainable use and exploitation of biological diversity. Therefore, this paper describes the relevant reported green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles from plant extracts and their capacity as antimicrobial agents within the agricultural field for fighting against bacterial and fungal pathogens that can cause plant, waterborne, and foodborne diseases. Moreover, this work makes a brief review of nanoparticles' contribution to water treatment and the development of "environmentally-friendly" nanofertilizers, nanopesticides, and nanoherbicides, as well as presenting the harmful effects of nanoparticles accumulation in plants and soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Castillo-Henríquez
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica; (L.C.-H.); (J.U.-Á.); (G.M.d.O.-V.)
| | - Karla Alfaro-Aguilar
- Chemistry School, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (K.A.-A.); (L.V.-F.)
| | - Jeisson Ugalde-Álvarez
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica; (L.C.-H.); (J.U.-Á.); (G.M.d.O.-V.)
| | - Laura Vega-Fernández
- Chemistry School, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (K.A.-A.); (L.V.-F.)
| | - Gabriela Montes de Oca-Vásquez
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica; (L.C.-H.); (J.U.-Á.); (G.M.d.O.-V.)
| | - José Roberto Vega-Baudrit
- National Laboratory of Nanotechnology (LANOTEC), National Center for High Technology (CeNAT), San José 1174-1200, Costa Rica; (L.C.-H.); (J.U.-Á.); (G.M.d.O.-V.)
- Chemistry School, National University of Costa Rica, Heredia 86-3000, Costa Rica; (K.A.-A.); (L.V.-F.)
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