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Xie Y, Huang DD, Xu LF, Wan T, Cao YJ, Salminen K, Sun JJ. Rapid nanomolar detection of cocaine in biofluids by electrochemical aptamer-based sensor with low-temperature effect for drugged driving screening. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:510. [PMID: 39103665 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Cocaine is one of the most abused illicit drugs, and its abuse damages the central nervous system and can even lead directly to death. Therefore, the development of simple, rapid and highly sensitive detection methods is crucial for the prevention and control of drug abuse, traffic accidents and crime. In this work, an electrochemical aptamer-based (EAB) sensor based on the low-temperature enhancement effect was developed for the direct determination of cocaine in bio-samples. The signal gain of the sensor at 10 °C was greatly improved compared to room temperature, owing to the improved affinity between the aptamer and the target. Additionally, the electroactive area of the gold electrode used to fabricate the EAB sensor was increased 20 times by a simple electrochemical roughening method. The porous electrode possesses more efficient electron transfer and better antifouling properties after roughening. These improvements enabled the sensor to achieve rapid detection of cocaine in complex bio-samples. The low detection limits (LOD) of cocaine in undiluted urine, 50% serum and 50% saliva were 70 nM, 30 nM and 10 nM, respectively, which are below the concentration threshold in drugged driving screening. The aptasensor was simple to construct and reusable, which offers potential for drugged driving screening in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Special Optoelectronic Artificial Crystal Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
| | - Da-Dong Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Ling-Feng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Special Optoelectronic Artificial Crystal Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an, 343009, China
| | - Ting Wan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Yi-Jie Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Kalle Salminen
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Jian-Jun Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
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2
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Lu Y, Cao Y, Tang X, Hu N, Wang Z, Xu P, Hua Z, Wang Y, Su Y, Guo Y. Deep learning-assisted mass spectrometry imaging for preliminary screening and pre-classification of psychoactive substances. Talanta 2024; 272:125757. [PMID: 38368831 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.125757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Currently, it is of great urgency to develop a rapid pre-classification and screening method for suspected drugs as the constantly springing up of new psychoactive substances. In most researches, psychoactive substances classification approaches depended on the similar chemical structures and pharmacological action with known drugs. Such approaches could not face the complicated circumstance of emerging new psychoactive substances. Herein, mass spectrometry imaging and convolutional neural networks (CNN) were used for preliminary screening and pre-classification of suspected psychoactive substances. Mass spectrometry imaging was performed simultaneously on two brain slices as one was from blank group and another one was from psychoactive substance-induced group. Then, fused neurotransmitter variation mass spectrometry images (Nv-MSIs) reflecting the difference of neurotransmitters between two slices were achieved through two homemade programs. A CNN model was developed to classify the Nv-MSIs. Compared with traditional classification methods, CNN achieved better estimation accuracy and required minimal data preprocessing. Also, the specific region on Nv-MSIs and weight of each neurotransmitter that affected the classification most could be unraveled by CNN. Finally, the method was successfully applied to assist the identification of a new psychoactive substance seized recently. This sample was identified as cannabinoids, which greatly promoted the screening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Lu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China; Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Yuqi Cao
- Technical Centre, Shanghai Tobacco (Group) Corp., Shanghai, 200082, China
| | - Xiaohang Tang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Na Hu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhengyong Wang
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhendong Hua
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Youmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Monitoring and Control, Drug Intelligence and Forensic Center, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yue Su
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Yinlong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry and National Center for Organic Mass Spectrometry in Shanghai, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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3
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Kale R, Chaturvedi D, Dandekar P, Jain R. Analytical techniques for screening of cannabis and derivatives from human hair specimens. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:1133-1149. [PMID: 38314866 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay00786c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis and associated substances are some of the most frequently abused drugs across the globe, mainly due to their anxiolytic and euphorigenic properties. Nowadays, the analysis of hair samples has been given high importance in forensic and analytical sciences and in clinical studies because they are associated with a low risk of infection, do not require complicated storage conditions, and offer a broad window of non-invasive detection. Analysis of hair samples is very easy compared to the analysis of blood, urine, and saliva samples. This review places particular emphasis on methodologies of analyzing hair samples containing cannabis, with a special focus on the preparation of samples for analysis, which involves screening and extraction techniques, followed by confirmatory assays. Through this manuscript, we have presented an overview of the available literature on the screening of cannabis using mass spectroscopy techniques. We have presented a detailed overview of the advantages and disadvantages of this technique, to establish it as a suitable method for the analysis of cannabis from hair samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kale
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Deepa Chaturvedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Prajakta Dandekar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
| | - Ratnesh Jain
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai 400019, India.
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Ye Z, Yao H, Zhang Y, Su A, Sun D, Ye Y, Zhou J, Xu S. Pretreatment-free, on-site separation and sensitive identification of methamphetamine in biological specimens by SERS-active hydrogel microbeads. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1263:341285. [PMID: 37225337 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide abuse of illicit drugs led to severe consequences for human health, and society environment. Therefore, urgently required are effective and efficient on-site detection methods for illicit drugs of interest in various matrices, e.g., police samples, biofluids, and hairs. Although surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) shows power in many analytical fields, the cumbersome pretreatment of various matrices restricts its use in the easy-to-operate and on-site detection of illicit drugs. To address this problem, we adopted pore-size selectivity SERS-active hydrogel microbeads, whose meshes are adjustable to allow small molecules to access and to exclude large molecules. Meanwhile, Ag nanoparticles were uniformly dispersed and wrapped in the hydrogel matrix, providing excellent SERS performances with high sensitivity, reproducibility, and stability. By using these SERS hydrogel microbeads, one of the illicit drugs, methamphetamine (MAMP), can be rapidly and reliably detected in various biological specimens (blood, saliva, and hair) without sample pretreatment. The minimum detectable concentration is 0.1 ppm for MAMP in three biological specimens with a linear range of 0.1-100 ppm, which is lower than the maximum allowable level of 0.5 ppm set by the department of the health and human service. The SERS detection results were consistent with the gas chromatographic (GC) data. Thanks to its operational simplicity, fast response, high throughput and low cost, our established SERS hydrogel microbeads can be used as a sensing platform for facile analysis of illicit drugs through simultaneous separation, preconcentration, and optical detection, which shall be provided practically for front-line narcotics squad and resistance to the overwhelmed drug abuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zelin Ye
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Huifang Yao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of the Forensic Science, Hubei University of Police, Wuhan, 430035, PR China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Ailing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Dan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yong Ye
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| | - Ji Zhou
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials & Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China.
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Doménech-Carbó MT, Doménech-Carbó A. Spot tests: past and present. CHEMTEXTS 2022; 8:4. [PMID: 34976574 PMCID: PMC8710564 DOI: 10.1007/s40828-021-00152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microchemistry, i.e., the chemistry performed at the scale of a microgram or less, has its roots in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. In the first half of the twentieth century a wide range of spot tests have been developed. For didactic reasons, they are still part of the curriculum of chemistry students. However, they are even highly important for applied analyses in conservation of cultural heritage, food science, forensic science, clinical and pharmacological sciences, geochemistry, and environmental sciences. Modern pregnancy tests, virus tests, etc. are the most recent examples of sophisticated spot tests. The present ChemTexts contribution aims to provide an overview of the past and present of this analytical methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Teresa Doménech-Carbó
- Institut de Restauració del Patrimoni, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera 14, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Antonio Doménech-Carbó
- Departament de Química Analítica, Universitat de València. Dr. Moliner, 50, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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Tan R, Shen Y, Li D, Yang Y, Tu Y. The Electrochemiluminescent Immunosensors for Point‐of‐Care Testing of Methamphetamine Using a Portable Meter. ELECTROANAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou Industrial Park Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Yi Shen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou Industrial Park Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Dongning Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou Industrial Park Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
| | - Ya Yang
- Department of Forensic Medicine Institute of Forensic Science Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University, Suzhou Industrial Park 215123 Suzhou P. R. China
| | - Yifeng Tu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Dushu Lake Campus Soochow University Suzhou Industrial Park Suzhou 215123 P. R. China
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7
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Chang WCW, Wang PH, Chang CW, Chen YC, Liao PC. Extraction strategies for tackling complete hair metabolome using LC-HRMS-based analysis. Talanta 2021; 223:121708. [PMID: 33303158 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over recent years, metabolomics has been featured as the state-of-the-art technology that successfully opens the paths to understanding biological mechanisms and facilitating biomarker discovery. However, the inherent dynamic and sensitive nature of the metabolome have been challenging the accuracy of capturing the timepoints of interest while using biofluids such as urine and blood. Hair has thus emerged as a valuable analytical specimen for the long-term and retrospective determinations. Unfortunately, notwithstanding the apparent interest on global hair metabolomics, very few studies have engaged in the optimisation of the extraction strategy. In this study, we systemically investigated the extraction procedures for hair metabolome using a single factor experimental design. Three pH values (acidic, neutral, and basic) in aqueous solution, six extraction solvents (methanol, acetonitrile, acetone, phosphate-buffered saline, deionised water, and dichloromethane), different compositions of selected solvent mixtures and their sequential extraction, and a series of extraction times (15, 45, 60, 120, 240, and 480 min) were evaluated. The ideal condition for hair extraction is ultrasonic-assisted extraction with methanol:phosphate-buffered saline 50:50 (v/v) under +55 °C for 240 min. This strategy may secure the true composition of the metabolome, maximise the signal abundance, and guarantee a high coverage of wide-range metabolites in a straightforward approach. The optimised extraction strategy was then coupled with structure annotation tools for hair metabolome profiling. After a single RPLC-HRMS run, hair metabolite identification was achieved as the annotations of 171 probable structures and 853 tentative structures as well as the assignments of 414 unequivocal molecular formulae. In conclusion, we established an efficient extraction strategy for untargeted hair metabolomics, which the method is deliverable to any analytical laboratories and the sample can be directly profiled by means of a conventional RPLC-HRMS gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Chang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Chih Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Chi Liao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan; Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
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8
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Liyanage T, Masterson AN, Hati S, Ren G, Manicke NE, Rusyniak DE, Sardar R. Optimization of electromagnetic hot spots in surface-enhanced Raman scattering substrates for an ultrasensitive drug assay of emergency department patients' plasma. Analyst 2020; 145:7662-7672. [PMID: 32969415 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01372b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report the programmable preparation of ultrasensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based nanoplasmonic superlattice substrates to assay fentanyl and cocaine (detection and quantification) from 10 μL aliquots of emergency department patient plasma without the need for purification steps. Highly homogeneous three-dimensional (3D) nanoplasmonic superlattices are generated through the droplet evaporation-based self-assembly process of chemically-synthesized, polyethylene glycol thiolate-coated gold triangular nanoprisms (Au TNPs). Close-packed, solid-state 3D superlattice substrates produce electromagnetic hot spots due to near-field plasmonic coupling of Au TNPs, which display unique localized surface plasmonic resonance properties. These uniquely prepared superlattice substrates enable strong SERS enhancement to achieve a parts-per-quadrillion limit of detection using the label-free SERS-based technique. Our reported limit of detection is at least 100-fold better than any known SERS substrates for the drug assay. Importantly, our density functional theory calculations show that a specific electronic interaction between the drug molecule and novel nanoplasmonic superlattice substrates plays a critical role that may trigger achieving this unprecedentedly high sensitivity. Additionally, we show high selectivity of the superlattice substrate in the SERS-based detection of analytes from different patient samples, which do and do not contain target analytes (i.e., fentanyl and/or cocaine). The demonstrated sensitivity and selectivity of 3D superlattice substrates for SERS-based drug analysis in real toxicological samples are expected to advance the field of measurement science, and forensic and clinical toxicology by obviating the need for complicated sample processing steps, long assay times, and the low sensitivity of existing "gold standard" analytical techniques including gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Taken together, we believe that this entirely new and reproducible superlattice substrate for the SERS analysis will aid scientific, forensic, and healthcare communities to battle the drug overdose epidemic in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thakshila Liyanage
- Department Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Shah I, Al-Dabbagh B, Salem AE, Hamid SAA, Muhammad N, Naughton DP. A review of bioanalytical techniques for evaluation of cannabis (Marijuana, weed, Hashish) in human hair. BMC Chem 2019; 13:106. [PMID: 31428743 PMCID: PMC6694587 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis products (marijuana, weed, hashish) are among the most widely abused psychoactive drugs in the world, due to their euphorigenic and anxiolytic properties. Recently, hair analysis is of great interest in analytical, clinical, and forensic sciences due to its non-invasiveness, negligible risk of infection and tampering, facile storage, and a wider window of detection. Hair analysis is now widely accepted as evidence in courts around the world. Hair analysis is very feasible to complement saliva, blood tests, and urinalysis. In this review, we have focused on state of the art in hair analysis of cannabis with particular attention to hair sample preparation for cannabis analysis involving pulverization, extraction and screening techniques followed by confirmatory tests (e.g., GC–MS and LC–MS/MS). We have reviewed the literature for the past 10 years’ period with special emphasis on cannabis quantification using mass spectrometry. The pros and cons of all the published methods have also been discussed along with the prospective future of cannabis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iltaf Shah
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bayan Al-Dabbagh
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Alaa Eldin Salem
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Saber A A Hamid
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Neak Muhammad
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Declan P Naughton
- 2School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Surrey, UK
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Rosado T, Barroso M, Vieira DN, Gallardo E. Determination of Selected Opiates in Hair Samples Using Microextraction by Packed Sorbent: A New Approach for Sample Clean-up. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:465-476. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
In this article the development and validation of an analytical method using microextraction by packed sorbent (MEPS) to determine tramadol (TRM), codeine (COD), morphine (MOR), 6-acetylcodeine (6-AC), 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM) and fentanyl (FNT) in hair samples by gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (GC–MS-MS) is presented. The MEPS used a mixed mode sorbent, and the steps for sample cleanup were conditioning (three cycles of 250 μL of methanol and three cycles of 250 μL formic acid 2%); sample load (15 cycles of 150 μL); wash (150 μL of 3.36% formic acid); and elution (eight cycles of 100 μL of ammonium hydroxide 2.36% (in methanol)). Linearity was obtained from the lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) up to 5 ng/mg, with all target compounds revealing determination coefficients >0.99. The LLOQs achieved were 0.01 ng/mg for TRM, COD and 6-AC, and 0.025 ng/mg for MOR, 6-MAM and FNT. The recoveries ranged from 74 to 90% (TRM), 51 to 59% (COD), 22 to 36% (MOR), 69 to 99% (6-AC), 53 to 61% (6-MAM) and 75 to 86% (FNT). Precision and accuracy revealed coefficients of variation typically below 15% and relative errors within a ±15% interval, respectively. This new approach has proven to be an excellent alternative to classic procedures, reducing the volumes of organic solvents required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Rosado
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Mário Barroso
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Legal e Ciências Forenses—Delegação do Sul, Rua Manuel Bento de Sousa, 3, 1169-201 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte Nuno Vieira
- Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Celas, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Eugenia Gallardo
- Centro de Investigação em Ciências da Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências da Saúde da Universidade da Beira Interior (CICS-UBI), Av. Infante D. Henrique, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
- Laboratório de Fármaco-Toxicologia-UBIMedical, Universidade da Beira Interior, EM506, 6201-556 Covilhã, Portugal
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11
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Ng TT, So PK, Hu B, Yao ZP. Rapid detection and quantitation of drugs-of-abuse by wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Food Drug Anal 2019; 27:428-438. [PMID: 30987714 PMCID: PMC9296206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfda.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of drugs-of-abuse in body fluids of drug abusers is important for the law enforcement as well as the treatment and rehabilitation. In this study, wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (WT-ESI-MS), a simple and cost-effective technique, was developed for rapid detection and quantitation of common drugs-of-abuse, including methamphetamine, methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), cocaine, heroin and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), in urine and oral fluid, following our previous successful demonstration for rapid and sensitive detection of ketamine and nor-ketamine in urine and oral fluid by this technique. It was found that the limit-of-detection for methamphetamine could fully fulfill the cut-off value requirements of the international standards, and those of MDMA and cocaine could fulfill some of the requirements. The linear range, accuracy and precision for quantitation of the drugs were generally satisfactory, except for THC for which the analytical performance still needs to be improved. Analysis of one sample could typically be completed within minutes. These results indicated that WT-ESI-MS could be used for rapid screening of drugs-of-abuse in urine, oral fluid as well as other body fluids.
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12
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Rauf S, Zhang L, Ali A, Liu Y, Li J. Label-Free Nanopore Biosensor for Rapid and Highly Sensitive Cocaine Detection in Complex Biological Fluids. ACS Sens 2017; 2:227-234. [PMID: 28723133 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Detection of very low amounts of illicit drugs such as cocaine in clinical fluids like serum continues to be important for many areas in the fight against drug trafficking. Herein, we constructed a label-free nanopore biosensor for rapid and highly sensitive detection of cocaine in human serum and saliva samples based on target-induced strand release strategy. In this bioassay, an aptamer for cocaine was prehybridized with a short complementary DNA. Owing to cocaine specific binding with aptamer, the short DNA strand was displaced from aptamer and translocation of this output DNA through α-hemolysin nanopore generated distinct spike-like current blockages. When plotted in double-logarithmic scale, a linear relationship between target cocaine concentration and output DNA event frequency was obtained in a wide concentration range from 50 nM to 100 μM of cocaine, with the limit of detection down to 50 nM. In addition, this aptamer-based sensor method was successfully applied for cocaine detection in complex biological fluids like human saliva and serum samples with great selectivity. Simple preparation, low cost, rapid, label-free, and real sample detection are the motivating factors for practical application of the proposed biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Rauf
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Asghar Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory for Analytical Methods and Instrumentation, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Kline ND, Tripathi A, Mirsafavi R, Pardoe I, Moskovits M, Meinhart C, Guicheteau JA, Christesen SD, Fountain AW. Optimization of Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Conditions for Implementation into a Microfluidic Device for Drug Detection. Anal Chem 2016; 88:10513-10522. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neal D. Kline
- Oak Ridge Institute
for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, United States
| | - Ashish Tripathi
- Research and Technology
Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
| | - Rustin Mirsafavi
- Department
of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California−Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ian Pardoe
- Excet, Inc., Springfield, Virginia 22150, United States
| | - Martin Moskovits
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California−Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Carl Meinhart
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa
Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jason A. Guicheteau
- Research and Technology
Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
| | - Steven D. Christesen
- Research and Technology
Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
| | - Augustus W. Fountain
- Research and Technology
Directorate, Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010-5424, United States
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A Novel Tetrahydrocannabinol Electrochemical Nano Immunosensor Based on Horseradish Peroxidase and Double-Layer Gold Nanoparticles. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21101377. [PMID: 27763523 PMCID: PMC6274132 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21101377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, a novel double-layer gold nanoparticles-electrochemical immunosensor electrode immobilized with tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) antibody derived from Balb/c mice was developed. To increase the fixed quantity of antibodies and electrochemical signals, an electrochemical biosensing signal amplification system was utilized with gold nanoparticles-thionine-chitosan absorbing horseradish peroxidase (HRP). In addition, a transmission electron microscope (TEM) was used to characterize the nanogold solution. To evaluate the quality of the immunosensor, the amperometric I-t curve method was applied to determine the THC in PBS. The results showed that the response current had a good linear correlation with the THC concentration range from 0.01~103 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.9986. The lowest detection limit for THC was 3.3 pg/mL (S/N = 3). Moreover, it was validated with high sensitivity and reproducibility. Apparently, the immunosensor may be a very useful tool for monitoring the THC.
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15
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Shahdost-Fard F, Roushani M. Conformation switching of an aptamer based on cocaine enhancement on a surface of modified GCE. Talanta 2016; 154:7-14. [PMID: 27154642 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive aptasensor was fabricated as an electrochemical nanotool based on the conformation switching of an aptamer (Apt). The Apt which was covalently attached on the surface of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) covered with cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots (QDs) works as a unique modifier for assaying cocaine. The Apt was combined with cocaine to form a three-way junction complex; this complex increased the steric hindrance of the modified GCE surface and resulted in a variation of the corresponding current of a redox probe. In the present study, DPV technique for cocaine detection was applied and resulted in an unprecedented detection limit (LOD) of 5.0±0.1pmolL(-1), which is more sensitive than previously reported methods. One of the greatest advantages of this aptasensor is the elimination of enzymes or antibodies. It is also relatively a highly sensitive, simple, reproducible, and controllable nanotool. Likewise, it can be easily miniaturized, which is a necessary condition for the high-throughput system and on-site applications. The offered nanotool has a great promise for the routine analysis of the ultra-trace amounts of cocaine, which is important for law enforcement and clinical medicine. It is notable to say that further attempts are under way in our laboratory for the construction of other aptasensors with higher performance for specific targets such as the detection of methadone (MTD) and ibuprofen (IBP).
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16
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Immunoassays. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-799967-8.15003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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17
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Ma DL, Wang M, He B, Yang C, Wang W, Leung CH. A Luminescent Cocaine Detection Platform Using a Split G-Quadruplex-Selective Iridium(III) Complex and a Three-Way DNA Junction Architecture. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:19060-19067. [PMID: 26284502 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b05861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of 10 in-house cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes bearing different auxiliary ligands were tested for their selectivity toward split G-quadruplex in order to construct a label-free switch-on cocaine detection platform employing a three-way junction architecture and a G-quadruplex motif as a signal output unit. Through two rounds of screening, we discovered that the iridium(III) complex 7 exhibited excellent selectivity toward the intermolecular G-quadruplex motif. A detection limit as low as 30 nM for cocaine can be achieved by this sensing approach with a linear relationship between luminescence intensity and cocaine concentration established from 30 to 300 nM. Furthermore, this sensing approach could detect cocaine in diluted oral fluid. We hope that our simple, signal-on, label-free oligonucleotide-based sensing method for cocaine using a three-way DNA junction architecture could act as a useful platform in bioanalytical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dik-Lung Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
- Partner State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Modi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Bingyong He
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao, China
| | - Wanhe Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University , Hong Kong, China
| | - Chung-Hang Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau , Macao, China
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18
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Han Z, Liu H, Meng J, Yang L, Liu J, Liu J. Portable Kit for Identification and Detection of Drugs in Human Urine Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2015; 87:9500-6. [PMID: 26305415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b02899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Han
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Juan Meng
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Jinhuai Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines and ‡Cancer Hospital, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy
of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
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19
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Yang T, Guo X, Wang H, Fu S, wen Y, Yang H. Magnetically optimized SERS assay for rapid detection of trace drug-related biomarkers in saliva and fingerprints. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:350-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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20
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Han Z, Liu H, Wang B, Weng S, Yang L, Liu J. Three-Dimensional Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Hotspots in Spherical Colloidal Superstructure for Identification and Detection of Drugs in Human Urine. Anal Chem 2015; 87:4821-8. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Han
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Honglin Liu
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Shizhuang Weng
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
| | - Jinhuai Liu
- Institute of Intelligent
Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
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21
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Vogliardi S, Tucci M, Stocchero G, Ferrara SD, Favretto D. Sample preparation methods for determination of drugs of abuse in hair samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 857:1-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Fernández F, Pinacho DG, Gratacós-Cubarsí M, García-Regueiro JA, Castellari M, Sánchez-Baeza F, Marco MP. Immunochemical determination of fluoroquinolone antibiotics in cattle hair: A strategy to ensure food safety. Food Chem 2014; 157:221-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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23
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Gryczynski J, Schwartz RP, Mitchell SG, O’Grady KE, Ondersma SJ. Hair drug testing results and self-reported drug use among primary care patients with moderate-risk illicit drug use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 141:44-50. [PMID: 24932945 PMCID: PMC4080811 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study sought to examine the utility of hair testing as a research measure of drug use among individuals with moderate-risk drug use based on the internationally validated Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test (ASSIST). METHODS This study is a secondary analysis using baseline data from a randomized trial of brief intervention for drug misuse, in which 360 adults with moderate-risk drug use were recruited from two community clinics in New Mexico, USA. The current study compared self-reported drug use on the ASSIST with laboratory analysis of hair samples using a standard commercially available 5-panel test with assay screening and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmation. Both self-report and hair testing covered a 3-month period. RESULTS Overall concordance between hair testing and self-report was 57.5% (marijuana), 86.5% (cocaine), 85.8% (amphetamines), and 74.3% (opioids). Specificity of hair testing at standard laboratory cut-offs exceeded 90% for all drugs, but sensitivity of hair testing relative to self-report was low, identifying only 52.3% (127/243) of self-disclosed marijuana users, 65.2% (30/46) of cocaine users, 24.2% (8/33) of amphetamine users, and 2.9% (2/68) of opioid users. Among participants who disclosed using marijuana or cocaine in the past 3 months, participants with a negative hair test tended to report lower-frequency use of those drugs (p<.001 for marijuana and cocaine). CONCLUSIONS Hair testing can be useful in studies with moderate-risk drug users, but the potential for under-identification of low-frequency use suggests that researchers should consider employing low detection cut-offs and using hair testing in conjunction with self-report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Gryczynski
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite 103, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Robert P. Schwartz
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite 103, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Shannon Gwin Mitchell
- Friends Research Institute, Inc., 1040 Park Avenue, Suite 103, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Kevin E. O’Grady
- University of Maryland, College Park, Department of Psychology, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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24
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Agius R, Nadulski T. Utility of ELISA screening for the monitoring of abstinence from illegal and legal drugs in hair and urine. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6 Suppl 1:101-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Agius
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology; Siemensstraße 40 32105 Bad Salzuflen Germany
| | - Thomas Nadulski
- Department of Forensic and Clinical Toxicology; Siemensstraße 40 32105 Bad Salzuflen Germany
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A screening method for 30 drugs in hair using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:288-95. [PMID: 23666579 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3182884528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to develop and to validate a qualitative screening method that met the new Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) guideline criteria for thresholds. METHODS Extraction of 20 mg hair was performed by a previously validated procedure using overnight incubation in a mixture of methanol:acetonitrile:formiate buffer pH 3 (10:10:80). Analysis was performed on an Agilent 6540 quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer in combination with an Agilent 1290 Infinity ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography system. Separation was achieved with a 12-minute linear gradient chromatography on a high-strength silica T3 column at acidic conditions. An in-house database containing 30 compounds from the groups amphetamines, opiates, opioids, cocaine, benzodiazepines, and other sedatives including 6 deuterated internal standards was built by analyzing solutions from certified standards. Data were extracted using mass accuracy of ± 10 ppm, retention time deviation of ± 0.15 minutes, and area of ≥ 30,000 counts. Identification was based on scoring of retention time, accurate mass measurement, and isotopic pattern. Validation included selectivity, repeatability of analyte area, and the scoring parameters at the proposed thresholds and a method comparison with the present liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry method using 50 authentic hair samples. A daily cutoff calibrator was used to identify positive samples. RESULTS All cutoffs could be met with imprecisions of less than 5% for most parameters and analytes. Hair from drug-free subjects did not produce any positive results and the method comparison agreed in more than 90% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that the developed method meets the criteria of the new SoHT guidelines for screening cutoffs. Even though no thresholds have been suggested for benzodiazepines, we conclude that thresholds between 0.05 and 0.1 ng/mg should be sufficient to determine regular use of these substances.
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26
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Andreou C, Hoonejani MR, Barmi MR, Moskovits M, Meinhart CD. Rapid detection of drugs of abuse in saliva using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and microfluidics. ACS NANO 2013; 7:7157-64. [PMID: 23859441 DOI: 10.1021/nn402563f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We present a microfluidic device that detects trace concentrations of drugs of abuse in saliva within minutes using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). Its operation is demonstrated using methamphetamine. The detection scheme exploits concentration gradients of chemicals, fostered by the laminar flow in the device, to control the interactions between the analyte, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), and a salt. Also, since all species interact while advecting downstream, the relevant reaction coordinates occur with respect to the position in the channel. The system was designed to allow the analyte first to diffuse into the side stream containing the Ag-NPs, on which it is allowed to adsorb, before salt ions are introduced, causing the Ag-NPs to aggregate, and so creating species with strong SERS signal. The device allows partial separation via diffusion of the analyte from the complex mixture. Also, the reproducible salt-induced NP aggregation decouples the aggregation reaction (necessary for strong SERS) from the analyte concentration or charge. This method enables the creation of a region where detection of the analyte of interest via SERS is optimal, and dramatically extends the classes of molecules and quality of signals that can be measured using SERS, compared to bulk solution methods. The spatial distribution of the SERS signals was used to map the degree of nanoparticle aggregation and species diffusion in the channel, which, together with numerical simulations, was used to describe the kinetics of the colloid aggregation reaction, and to determine the optimal location in the channel for SERS interrogation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysafis Andreou
- Interdepartmental Program in Biomolecular Science and Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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27
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Cheong JC, Suh S, Ko BJ, Lee JI, Kim JY, Suh YJ, In MK. Screening Method for the Detection of Methamphetamine in Hair Using Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay. J Anal Toxicol 2013; 37:217-21. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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So PK, Ng TT, Wang H, Hu B, Yao ZP. Rapid detection and quantitation of ketamine and norketamine in urine and oral fluid by wooden-tip electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Analyst 2013; 138:2239-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36641c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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29
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Sergi M, Napoletano S, Montesano C, Iofrida R, Curini R, Compagnone D. Pressurized-liquid extraction for determination of illicit drugs in hair by LC–MS–MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 405:725-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6072-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Evaluation of two immunoassay procedures for drug testing in hair samples. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 215:60-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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31
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TSUTSUMI E, HENARES TG, FUNANO SI, KAWAMURA K, ENDO T, HISAMOTO H. Single-Step Sandwich Immunoreaction in a Square Glass Capillary Immobilizing Capture and Enzyme-linked Antibodies for Simplified Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. ANAL SCI 2012; 28:51-6. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.28.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erina TSUTSUMI
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
| | | | | | - Kunio KAWAMURA
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
| | - Tatsuro ENDO
- Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University
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32
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Hua M, Li P, Li L, Huang L, Zhao X, Feng Y, Yang Y. Quantum dots as immobilized substrate for electrochemical detection of cocaine based on conformational switching of aptamer. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Abstract
An increasing number of toxicology laboratories are choosing to expand the services they offer to include hair testing in response to customer demands. Hair provides the toxicologist with many advantages over conventional matrices in that it is easy to collect, is a robust and stable matrix that does not require refrigeration, and most importantly, provides a historical profile of an individual's exposure to drugs or analytes of interest. The establishment of hair as a complementary technique in forensic toxicology is a direct result of the success of the matrix in medicolegal cases and the wide range of applications. However, before introducing hair testing, laboratories must consider what additional requirements they will need that extend beyond simply adapting methodologies already validated for blood or urine. Hair presents many challenges with respect to the lack of available quality control materials, extensive sample handling protocols and low drug concentrations requiring greater instrument sensitivity. Unfortunately, a common pitfall involves over-interpretation of the findings and must be avoided.
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34
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Bioanalytical methods for the determination of cocaine and metabolites in human biological samples. Bioanalysis 2011; 1:977-1000. [PMID: 21083066 DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Determination of cocaine and its metabolites in biological specimens is of great importance, not only in clinical and forensic toxicology, but also in workplace drug testing. These compounds are normally screened for using sensitive immunological methods. However, screening methods are unspecific and, therefore, the posterior confirmation of presumably positive samples by a specific technique is mandatory. Although GC-MS-based techniques are still the most commonly used for confirmation purposes of cocaine and its metabolites in biological specimens, the advent of LC-MS and LC-MS/MS has enabled the detection of even lower amounts of these drugs, which assumes particular importance when sample volume available is small, as frequently occurs with oral fluid. This paper will review recently-published papers that describe procedures for detection of cocaine and metabolites, not only in the most commonly used specimens, such as blood and urine, but also in other 'alternative' matrices (e.g., oral fluid and hair) with a special focus on sample preparation and chromatographic analysis.
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35
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Hua M, Tao M, Wang P, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Chang Y, Yang Y. Label-free electrochemical cocaine aptasensor based on a target-inducing aptamer switching conformation. ANAL SCI 2011; 26:1265-70. [PMID: 21157095 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.26.1265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel label-free electrochemical nucleic acid aptasensor for the determination of cocaine by the immobilization of thiolated self-assembled DNA sequences on a gold nanoparticles-modified electrode is presented. When cocaine was complexed specifically to the aptamer, the configuration of the nucleic acid aptamer switched to a locked structure and the interface of the biosensor changed, resulting in a variation of the corresponding peak current of an electrochemical probe ([Fe(CN)(6)](3-/4-)). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were employed to characterize modifications of the electrode surface. The peak current was detected by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under the optimized experimental conditions, the presented sensor exhibits a nice specificity towards cocaine. The decrease of the peak current response of the aptasensor has a linear relationship with the concentration of cocaine ranging from 1.0 × 10(-6) to 1.5 × 10(-4) mol L(-1) with a detection limit of 3 × 10(-7) mol L(-1) at 3σ. The proposed aptasensor can be easily regenerated by the denaturalization of aptamer-target complexes in a heated water bath at 80-90°C. Besides, this biosensor has a high reproducibility and selectivity, which can be a promising method to detect cocaine in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Hua
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming, P. R. China
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36
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Chiuminatto U, Gosetti F, Dossetto P, Mazzucco E, Zampieri D, Robotti E, Gennaro MC, Marengo E. Automated Online Solid Phase Extraction Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography Method Coupled with Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Forty-Two Therapeutic Drugs and Drugs of Abuse in Human Urine. Anal Chem 2010; 82:5636-45. [DOI: 10.1021/ac100607v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Chiuminatto
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Fabio Gosetti
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Paolo Dossetto
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mazzucco
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Davide Zampieri
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Elisa Robotti
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Maria Carla Gennaro
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Emilio Marengo
- AB Sciex, via Tiepolo 18, 20052 Monza, Italy, and University of Piemonte Orientale, DISAV Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente e della Vita, viale Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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37
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Analytical methods for abused drugs in hair and their applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1039-67. [PMID: 20232061 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3569-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2009] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hair has been focused on for its usability as an alternative biological specimen to blood and urine for determining drugs of abuse in fields such as forensic and toxicological sciences because hair can be used to elucidate the long intake history of abused drugs compared with blood and urine. Hair analysis consists of several pretreatment steps, such as washing out contaminates from hair, extraction of target compounds from hair, and cleanup for instrumental analysis. Each step includes characteristic and independent features for the class of drugs, e.g., stimulants, narcotics, cannabis, and other medicaments. In this review, recently developed methods to determine drugs of abuse are summarized, and the pretreatment steps as well as the sensitivity and applicability are critically discussed.
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Coulter C, Tuyay J, Taruc M, Moore C. Semi-quantitative analysis of drugs of abuse, including tetrahydrocannabinol in hair using aqueous extraction and immunoassay. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 196:70-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/27/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Janicka M, Kot-Wasik A, Namieśnik J. Analytical procedures for determination of cocaine and its metabolites in biological samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2009.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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40
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de la Torre R, Civit E, Svaizer F, Lotti A, Gottardi M, Miozzo M. High throughput analysis of drugs of abuse in hair by combining purposely designed sample extraction compatible with immunometric methods used for drug testing in urine. Forensic Sci Int 2010; 196:18-21. [PMID: 20080367 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2009.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Drug testing in hair usually requires a rather complex sample treatment before drugs are amenable to analysis by either immunological and/or chromatographic coupled to mass spectrometry methods. Immunological methods applied are usually dedicated to hair analysis as analytes present in this matrix are not always the same present in urine. Comedical s.a.s. laboratories recently commercialized reagents (VMA-T) purposely designed for hair sample treatment which are compatible with current immunometric methods used for urine drug testing. This is possible as some analytes (6-MAM and cocaine) present in hair after sample treatment are converted to those detected in urine (morphine and benzoylecgonine). A correlation study for several drug classes performed in two laboratories with 32 clinical and 12 spiked drug free (controls) hair samples shows that implementation of the method on clinical chemistry analyzers is easy and that results obtained by different operators and instruments are comparable and reproducible. The main advantage of VMA-T method is the possibility to simultaneously extract from hair main drug classes, in a period of time lower than 2h and its compatibility with immunological methods applied in urine drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R de la Torre
- Institut Municipal d'Investigatiò Mèdica (IMIM-Hospital del Mar), Neuropsychopharmacology Program, Barcelona, Spain.
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41
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Tan C, Gajovic-Eichelmann N, Stöcklein WF, Polzius R, Bier FF. Direct detection of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in saliva using a novel homogeneous competitive immunoassay with fluorescence quenching. Anal Chim Acta 2010; 658:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2009] [Revised: 11/03/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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ssDNA aptamers that recognize diclofenac and 2-anilinophenylacetic acid. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:5380-7. [PMID: 19604698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of 56 ssDNA aptamer variants that bind to diclofenac (DCF) were selected from an initial pool of 2.4x10(14) ssDNA molecules by Flu-Mag SELEX process. Sequence analysis of these aptamer variants showed three major groups based on sequence similarity in their random N40 sequences. Out of these, four aptamers designated as D10/DA24, D22, D16, and D3 showed high affinity to DCF with K(d) values 100.64, 166.34, 148.73, and 42.7 nM, respectively. Secondary structures of these aptamers showed highly distinct features with typical stem and loop structures. Specificity tests with these four aptamer variants showed that D3 aptamer had higher specificity to DCF followed by 2-anilinophenylacetic acid (2APA), a structural analog of DCF. Whereas aptamers D16 and D22 showed higher specificity to 2APA compared to DCF as target used during selection process. Further, the D10/DA24 aptamer showed high affinity but no specificity to DCF. The DCF aptamers selected can be potential candidates for drug-delivery systems, specific detection of DCF and its derivatives in pharmaceutical preparations and contaminants.
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43
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Traceability of sulfonamide antibiotic treatment by immunochemical analysis of farm animal hair samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 395:1009-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2878-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2009] [Revised: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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García-Fuster M, Ramos-Miguel A, Rivero G, La Harpe R, Meana J, García-Sevilla J. Regulation of the extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways in the prefrontal cortex of short- and long-term human opiate abusers. Neuroscience 2008; 157:105-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 09/02/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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45
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Petróczi A, Mazanov J, Nepusz T, Backhouse SH, Naughton DP. Comfort in big numbers: Does over-estimation of doping prevalence in others indicate self-involvement? J Occup Med Toxicol 2008; 3:19. [PMID: 18775068 PMCID: PMC2553062 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6673-3-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2008] [Accepted: 09/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The 'False Consensus Effect' (FCE), by which people perceive their own actions as relatively common behaviour, might be exploited to gauge whether a person engages in controversial behaviour, such as performance enhancing drug (PED) use. Hypothesis It is assumed that people's own behaviour, owing to the FCE, affects their estimation of the prevalence of that behaviour. It is further hypothesised that a person's estimate of PED population use is a reliable indicator of the doping behaviour of that person, in lieu of self-reports. Testing the hypothesis Over- or underestimation is calculated from investigating known groups (i.e. users vs. non-users), using a short questionnaire, and a known prevalence rate from official reports or sample evidence. It is proposed that sample evidence from self-reported behaviour should be verified using objective biochemical analyses. In order to find proofs of concept for the existence of false consensus, a pilot study was conducted. Data were collected among competitive UK student-athletes (n = 124) using a web-based anonymous questionnaire. User (n = 9) vs. non-user (n = 76) groups were established using self-reported information on doping use and intention to use PEDs in hypothetical situations. Observed differences in the mean estimation of doping made by the user group exceeded the estimation made by the non-user group (35.11% vs. 15.34% for general doping and 34.25% vs. 26.30% in hypothetical situations, respectively), thus providing preliminary evidence in support of the FCE concept in relation to doping. Implications of the hypothesis The presence of the FCE in estimating doping prevalence or behaviour in others suggests that the FCE based approach may be an avenue for developing an indirect self-report mechanism for PED use behaviour. The method may be successfully adapted to the estimation of prevalence of behaviours where direct self-reports are assumed to be distorted by socially desirable responding. Thus this method can enhance available information on socially undesirable, health compromising behaviour (i.e. PED use) for policy makers and healthcare professionals. The importance of the method lies in its usefulness in epidemiological studies, not in individual assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Petróczi
- Kingston University, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK.
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Nakashima
- Division of Analytical Research for Pharmacoinformatics, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Course of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University
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