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Nag DS, Swain A, Sahu S, Sen B, Vatsala, Parween S. Stroke: Evolution of newer treatment modalities for acute ischemic stroke. World J Clin Cases 2024; 12:6137-6147. [DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v12.i28.6137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Restoration of cerebral blood flow to affected ischemic areas has been the cornerstone of therapy for patients for eligible patients as early diagnosis and treatment have shown improved outcomes. However, there has been a paradigm shift in the management approach over the last decade, and with the emphasis currently directed toward including newer modalities such as neuroprotection, stem cell treatment, magnetic stimulation, anti-apoptotic drugs, delayed recanalization, and utilization of artificial intelligence for early diagnosis and suggesting algorithm-based management protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deb Sanjay Nag
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur 831001, India
| | - Amlan Swain
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur 831001, India
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Manipal Tata Medical College, Jamshedpur 831017, India
| | - Seelora Sahu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur 831001, India
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Manipal Tata Medical College, Jamshedpur 831017, India
| | - Biswajit Sen
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur 831001, India
| | - Vatsala
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur 831001, India
| | - Sadiya Parween
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Tata Main Hospital, Jamshedpur 831001, India
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Purrahman D, Shojaeian A, Poniatowski ŁA, Piechowski-Jóźwiak B, Mahmoudian-Sani MR. The Role of Progranulin (PGRN) in the Pathogenesis of Ischemic Stroke. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3435-3447. [PMID: 37561339 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01396-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a life-threatening medical condition and is a leading cause of disability. Cerebral ischemia is characterized by a distinct inflammatory response starting with the production of various cytokines and other inflammation-related agents. Progranulin (PGRN), a multifunctional protein, is critical in diverse physiological reactions, such as cell proliferation, inflammation, wound healing, and nervous system development. A mature PGRN is anti-inflammatory, while granulin, its derivative, conversely induces pro-inflammatory cytokine expression. PGRN is significantly involved in the brain tissue and its damage, for example, improving mood and cognitive disorders caused by cerebral ischemia. It may also have protective effects against nerve and spinal cord injuries by inhibiting neuroinflammatory response and apoptosis or it may be related to the proliferation, accumulation, differentiation, and activation of microglia. PGRN is a neurotrophic factor in the central nervous system. It may increase post-stroke neurogenesis of the subventricular zone (SVZ), which is particularly important in improving long-term brain function following cerebral ischemia. The neurogenesis enhanced via PGRN in the ischemic brain SVZ may be attributed to the induction of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signaling routes. PGRN can also promote the proliferation of neural stem/progenitor cells through PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. PGRN increases hippocampal neurogenesis, reducing anxiety and impaired spatial learning post-cerebral ischemia. PGRN alleviates cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury by reducing endoplasmic reticulum stress and suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway. PGRN can be introduced as a potent neuroprotective agent capable of improving post-ischemia neuronal actions, mainly by reducing and elevating the inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Expression, storage, cleavage, and function of progranulin (PGRN) in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryush Purrahman
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ali Shojaeian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Łukasz A Poniatowski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dietrich-Bonhoeffer-Klinikum, Salvador-Allende-Straße 30, 17036, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Bartłomiej Piechowski-Jóźwiak
- Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi, 59 Hamouda Bin Ali Al Dhaheri Street, Jazeerat Al Maryah, PO Box 112412, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad-Reza Mahmoudian-Sani
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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3
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Spille DC, Kuroczik D, Görlich D, Varghese J, Schwake M, Stummer W, Holling M. Which risk factors significantly influence the outcome of traumatic brain injured patients with alcohol use disorder? Eur J Trauma Emerg Surg 2023:10.1007/s00068-023-02346-1. [PMID: 37578515 DOI: 10.1007/s00068-023-02346-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Every year, approximately 10 million people worldwide suffer a traumatic brain injury that leads to hospitalization or mortality. Chronic and acute alcohol intoxication increase the risk of developing traumatic brain injury. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) as a predictor of outcome in neurosurgical patients and the definition of risk factors have been sparsely addressed so far. This study aims to improve the understanding of the effects of alcohol use disorder in the context of neurosurgical therapy. METHODS This study included patients admitted to Münster University Hospital with a traumatic brain injury and alcohol use disorder from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2018. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify risk factors for a poorer outcome, assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Score. RESULTS Of the 197 patients included, 156 (79%) were male, and 41 (21%) were female, with a median age of 49 years (IQR 38-58 years). In multivariate analyses, age (p < 0.001), the occurrence of a new neurologic deficit (p < 0.001), the development of hydrocephalus (p = 0.005), and CT-graphic midline shift due to intracerebral hemorrhage (p = 0.008) emerged as significant predictors of a worse outcome (GOS 1-3). In addition, the level of blood alcohol concentration correlated significantly with the occurrence of seizures (p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS Early identification of risk factors in patients with alcohol use disorder and traumatic brain injury is crucial to improve the outcome. In this regard, the occurrence of hydrocephalus or seizures during the inpatient stay should be considered as cause of neurological deterioration in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Kuroczik
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Dennis Görlich
- Institute of Biostatistics and Clinical Research, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julian Varghese
- Institute of Medical Informatics, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Schwake
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Walter Stummer
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Holling
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
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4
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Foster TC. Animal models for studies of alcohol effects on the trajectory of age-related cognitive decline. Alcohol 2023; 107:4-11. [PMID: 35504438 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in understanding how ethanol use interacts with advancing age to influence the brain and cognition. Animal models are employed to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms of brain aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases that underlie cognitive decline. However, all too often research on problems and diseases of the elderly are conducted in healthy young animals, providing little clinical relevance. The validity of animal models is discussed, and confounds due to age-related differences in anxiety, sensory-motor function, and procedural learning are highlighted in order to enhance the successful translation of preclinical results into clinical settings. The mechanism of action of ethanol on brain aging will depend on the dose, acute or chronic treatment, or withdrawal from treatment and the age examined. Due to the fact that humans experience alcohol use throughout life, important questions concern the effects of the dose and duration of ethanol treatment on the trajectory of cognitive function. Central to this research will be questions of the specificity of alcohol effects on cognitive functions and related brain regions that decline with age, as well as the interaction of alcohol with mechanisms or biomarkers of brain aging. Alternatively, moderate alcohol use may provide a source of reserve and resilience against brain aging. Longitudinal studies have the advantage of being sensitive to detecting the effects of treatment on the emergence of cognitive impairment in middle age and can minimize effects of stress/anxiety associated with the novelty of alcohol exposure and behavioral testing, which disproportionately influence aged animals. Finally, the effect of alcohol on senescent neurophysiology and biomarkers of brain aging are discussed. In particular, the interaction of age and effects of alcohol on inflammation, oxidative stress, N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor function, and the balance of excitatory and inhibitory synaptic transmission are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas C Foster
- Department of Neuroscience, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
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Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury and Pharmacologic Preconditioning as a Means to Reduce Stroke-induced Inflammation and Damage. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3598-3614. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03789-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Moderate Ethanol-Preconditioning Offers Ischemic Tolerance Against Focal Cerebral Ischemic/Reperfusion: Role of Large Conductance Calcium-Activated Potassium Channel. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3647-3658. [PMID: 35790697 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03661-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism underlying moderate ethanol (EtOH)-preconditioning (PC) against ischemic brain injury remains unclear. We evaluated the role of large conductance calcium-sensitive potassium (BKCa) channels in EtOH-PC. Almost one hundred and ninety normal adult SD rats (8 to 10 weeks, 320-350 g) were enrolled in this study. Ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) brain injury was induced in rats by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 2 h followed by reperfusion for 24 h. EtOH or the BKCa channel opener, NS11021, was administered 24 h before I/R with or without pre-treatment with the BKCa channel blocker, paxilline. Infarct volumes were measured by tissue staining and imaging, and neurological functions were assessed by a scoring system. The expression of BKCa channel subunit α was detected by Western blotting, and cell apoptosis was assessed using staining. Prior (24 h) administration of ethanol that produced a peak plasma concentration of ~ 45 mg/dl in rats would offer neuroprotection after cerebral I/R. In addition, the expression of BKCa channel α-subunit was significantly increased 24 h after EtOH-PC (n = 10; control: 2.00 ± 0.09, EtOH: 1.00 ± 0.06; P < 0.5). Compared to I/R, EtOH-PC enhanced the expression of BKCa channel α-subunit both in the penumbra (n = 10; 24 h: I/R: 1.25 ± 0.10, EtOH-PC + I/R: 1.99 ± 0.12; P < 0.01; 4 h: I/R: 1.03 ± 0.03, EtOH-PC + I/R: 1.49 ± 0.05; P < 0.001) and infarct core (n = 10; 4 h: I/R: 1.04 ± 0.04, EtOH-PC + I/R: 1.42 ± 0.05; P < 0.001), improved the neurological function (n = 10; I/R: 14.00 (12.75-15.00), EtOH-PC + I/R: 7.00 (4.75-8.25); P < 0.001), attenuated the apoptosis (n = 10; I/R: 26.80 ± 0.69, EtOH-PC + I/R: 8.46 ± 0.31; P < 0.001), and decreased the infarct volume (n = 10; I/R: 244.00 ± 26.24, EtOH-PC + I/R: 70.09 ± 14.69; P < 0.001) after experimental cerebral I/R. These changes were reversed by paxilline administration. The moderate EtOH-PC protects against I/R-induced brain damage dependent on the upregulation BKCa channels.
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7
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Su F, Yang H, Guo A, Qu Z, Wu J, Wang Q. Mitochondrial BK Ca Mediates the Protective Effect of Low-Dose Ethanol Preconditioning on Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation and Reperfusion-Induced Neuronal Apoptosis. Front Physiol 2021; 12:719753. [PMID: 34759831 PMCID: PMC8573145 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.719753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury contributes to the morbidity and mortality of ischemic strokes. As an in vitro model, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) exposure induces neuronal injury. Low-dose ethanol preconditioning (EtOH-PC) was reported to alleviate neuronal apoptosis during OGD/R. However, whether the mitochondrial BKCa (mitoBKCa) channel is involved in the neuroprotective effect of EtOH-PC during OGD/R is not clearly defined. This study attempts to explore the mediation of the mitoBKCa channel in the neuroprotective effect of EtOH-PC on OGD/R-induced neuronal apoptosis and the underlying mechanisms. OGD/R model was established using primary cortical neurons that were preincubated with ethanol. Subsequently, the cell viability was measured by CCK-8 assay, and the apoptotic cells were determined by TUNEL assay. Annexin V/7-AAD staining and mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-10 were detected by flow cytometry. Western blot analysis was performed to check the apoptosis-related proteins. In the mixed primary culture, 95% neurofilament-positive cells were cortical neurons. Low-dose EtOH-PC (10 mmol/L) for 24 h significantly attenuated the OGD2h/R24h-induced neuronal apoptosis through activating the BKCa channel. Further investigations suggested that ethanol pretreatment increased the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and downregulated the production of cleaved caspase 3 in OGD/R-injured neurons by activating the mitoBKCa channel. Low-dose ethanol pretreatment significantly attenuated the OGD/R-induced neuronal apoptosis mediated by the mitoBKCa channel which modulated the mitochondrial function by impeding the uncontrolled opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Su
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Huajun Yang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Anchen Guo
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengyi Qu
- Department of Neurology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jianping Wu
- Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Disorders, Beijing Institute of Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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8
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Kosmachevskaya OV, Topunov AF. Nonenzymatic Reactions in Metabolism: Their Role in Evolution and Adaptation. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683821050100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Sasaki K, Obinata H, Yokobori S, Sakamoto T. Alcohol does not increase in-hospital mortality due to severe blunt trauma: an analysis of propensity score matching using the Japan Trauma Data Bank. Acute Med Surg 2021; 8:e671. [PMID: 34262778 PMCID: PMC8254651 DOI: 10.1002/ams2.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim Alcohol‐related problems, including trauma, are a great burden on global health. Alcohol metabolism in the Japanese population is genetically inferior to other races. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of alcohol use among a Japanese severe blunt trauma cohort. Methods This retrospective observational study analyzed the data of trauma patients registered in the Japan Trauma Data Bank between 2004 and 2019. The primary outcome of this study was in‐hospital mortality. The lengths of hospital and intensive care unit stay were the secondary outcomes. Propensity score matching was used to adjust the anatomical severity and patient background to reduce the potential alcohol use bias. Results We analyzed 46,361 patients categorized into nondrinking (n = 37,818) and drinking (n = 8,543) groups. After a 1:1 propensity score matching (n = 8,428, respectively), despite the Glasgow Coma Scale and Revised Trauma Score scores being significantly lower in the drinking group (14 vs. 13 and 7.84 vs. 7.55, P < 0.001, respectively) and intensive care unit length of stay being significantly longer in the drinking group (6 vs. 7 days, P = 0.002), in‐hospital mortality was significantly lower in the alcohol group (11.8% vs. 9.0%, P < 0.001) and there were no differences in the duration of hospital stay (19 vs. 19 days, P = 0.848). Conclusion Despite increasing physiological severity on admission, after adjusting for anatomical severity, alcohol consumption could be beneficial in severe blunt trauma patients as regards in‐hospital mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuma Sasaki
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Hirofumi Obinata
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan.,Shock and Trauma Center Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital Chiba Japan
| | - Shoji Yokobori
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan
| | - Taigo Sakamoto
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine Nippon Medical School Tokyo Japan.,Shock and Trauma Center Nippon Medical School Chiba Hokusoh Hospital Chiba Japan
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Lin PBC, Wang PK, Pang CY, Hu WF, Tsai APY, Oblak AL, Liew HK. Moderate Ethanol Pre-treatment Mitigates ICH-Induced Injury via ER Stress Modulation in Rats. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:682775. [PMID: 34248500 PMCID: PMC8267178 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.682775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a life-threatening type of stroke that disrupts the normal neurological function of the brain. Clinical studies have reported a non-linear J-shaped association between alcohol consumption levels and the occurrence of cerebral stroke. Specifically, alcohol intoxication increases stroke incidence, while moderate alcohol pre-conditioning decreases stroke frequency and improves outcomes. Although alcohol pre-consumption is likely a crucial player in ICH, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We performed 1-h alcohol pre-conditioning followed by ICH induction in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats to investigate the role of alcohol pre-conditioning in ICH. Interestingly, behavioral test analysis found that ethanol intoxication (3 g/kg) aggravated ICH-induced neurological deficits, but moderate ethanol pre-conditioning (0.75 g/kg) ameliorated ICH-induced neurological deficits by reducing the oxidative stress and proinflammatory cytokines release. Moreover, we found that moderate ethanol pretreatment improved the striatal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis by increasing the chaperone protein expression and reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis caused by ICH. Our findings show that the mechanism regulated by moderate ethanol pre-conditioning might be beneficial for ICH, indicating the importance of ER homeostasis, oxidative stress, and differential cytokines release in ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bor-Chian Lin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Po-Kai Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yoong Pang
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Fen Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Andy Po-Yi Tsai
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Adrian L Oblak
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Hock-Kean Liew
- Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Neuro-Medical Scientific Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
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11
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Pérez MJ, Loyola R, Canelo F, Aranguiz A, Tapia-Monsalves C, Osorio-Fuentealba C, Quintanilla RA. NADPH oxidase contributes to oxidative damage and mitochondrial impairment induced by acute ethanol treatment in rat hippocampal neurons. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108100. [PMID: 32289339 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute ethanol treatment induces neurodegeneration in cultured neurons and can lead to brain damage in animal models. Neuronal cells exposed to ethanol showed an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative damage and mitochondrial impairment contributing to synaptic failure. However, the underlying mechanisms of these events are not well understood. Here, we studied the contribution of NADPH oxidase, as a relevant source of ROS production in the brain, to mitochondrial impairment and oxidative stress induced by ethanol. We used primary hippocampal neurons subjected to an acute treatment of ethanol at increasing concentrations (25, 50, and 75 mM, 24 h), and we evaluated ROS production, mitochondrial function, and synaptic vesicle activity. Our studies showed that after ethanol administration, hippocampal neurons presented an increase in ROS levels, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium handling defects, and synaptic impairment. Interestingly, treatment with the NADPH inhibitor, apocynin, significantly prevented oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the impairment of synaptic vesicle activity induced by ethanol treatment. These results indicate that NADPH oxidase could be a key participant in the molecular mechanism by which alcohol affects the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- María José Pérez
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Rocío Loyola
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Canelo
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandra Aranguiz
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Carola Tapia-Monsalves
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Osorio-Fuentealba
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Kinesiología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomedicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes (CIAA), Santiago, Chile.
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Kim JW, Byun MS, Yi D, Lee JH, Ko K, Jeon SY, Sohn BK, Lee JY, Kim YK, Shin SA, Sohn CH, Lee DY. Association of moderate alcohol intake with in vivo amyloid-beta deposition in human brain: A cross-sectional study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003022. [PMID: 32097439 PMCID: PMC7041799 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An emerging body of literature has indicated that moderate alcohol intake may be protective against Alzheimer disease (AD) dementia. However, little information is available regarding whether moderate alcohol intake is related to reductions in amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, or is protective via amyloid-independent mechanisms in the living human brain. Here we examined the associations of moderate alcohol intake with in vivo AD pathologies, including cerebral Aβ deposition, neurodegeneration of AD-signature regions, and cerebral white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) in the living human brain. METHODS AND FINDINGS The present study was part of the Korean Brain Aging Study for Early Diagnosis and Prediction of Alzheimer's Disease (KBASE), an ongoing prospective cohort study that started in 2014. As of November 2016, 414 community-dwelling individuals with neither dementia nor alcohol-related disorders (280 cognitively normal [CN] individuals and 134 individuals with mild cognitive impairment [MCI]) between 56 and 90 years of age (mean age 70.9 years ± standard deviation 7.8; male, n [%] = 180 [43.5]) were recruited from 4 sites (i.e., 2 university hospitals and 2 public centers for dementia prevention and management) around Seoul, South Korea. All the participants underwent comprehensive clinical assessments comprising lifetime and current histories of alcohol intake and multimodal brain imaging, including [11C] Pittsburgh compound B positron emission tomography (PET), [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. Lifetime and current alcohol intake were categorized as follows: no drinking, <1 standard drink (SD)/week, 1-13 SDs/week, and 14+ SDs/week. A moderate lifetime alcohol intake (1-13 SDs/week) was significantly associated with a lower Aβ positivity rate compared to the no drinking group, even after controlling for potential confounders (odds ratio 0.341, 95% confidence interval 0.163-0.714, p = 0.004). In contrast, current alcohol intake was not associated with amyloid deposition. Additionally, alcohol intake was not related to neurodegeneration of AD-signature regions or cerebral WMH volume. The present study had some limitations in that it had a cross-sectional design and depended on retrospective recall for alcohol drinking history. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed in middle- and old-aged individuals with neither dementia nor alcohol-related disorders that moderate lifetime alcohol intake was associated with lower cerebral Aβ deposition compared to a lifetime history of not drinking. Moderate lifetime alcohol intake may have a beneficial influence on AD by reducing pathological amyloid deposition rather than amyloid-independent neurodegeneration or cerebrovascular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jee Wook Kim
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soo Byun
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dahyun Yi
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Ko
- Department of Geriatric Psychiatry, National Center for Mental Health, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - So Yeon Jeon
- Department of Psychiatry, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyung Sohn
- Department of Psychiatry, Sanggye Paik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Young Lee
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyeong Kim
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong A Shin
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Sohn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Lee
- Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Zhu NW, Yin XL, Lin R, Fan XL, Chen SJ, Zhu YM, Zhao XZ. Possible mechanisms of lycopene amelioration of learning and memory impairment in rats with vascular dementia. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:332-341. [PMID: 31552907 PMCID: PMC6905346 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.265565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia. Studies have shown that lycopene can significantly inhibit oxidative stress; therefore, we hypothesized that lycopene can reduce the level of oxidative stress in vascular dementia. A vascular dementia model was established by permanent bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries. The dosage groups were treated with lycopene (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) every other day for 2 months. Rats without bilateral carotid artery ligation were prepared as a sham group. To test the ability of learning and memory, the Morris water maze was used to detect the average escape latency and the change of search strategy. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe changes of hippocampal neurons. The levels of oxidative stress factors, superoxide dismutase and malondialdehyde, were measured in the hippocampus by biochemical detection. The levels of reactive oxygen species in the hippocampus were observed by dihydroethidium staining. The distribution and expression of oxidative stress related protein, neuron-restrictive silencer factor, in hippocampal neurons were detected by immunofluorescence histochemistry and western blot assays. After 2 months of drug administration, (1) in the model group, the average escape latency was longer than that of the sham group, and the proportion of straight and tend tactics was lower than that of the sham group, and the hippocampal neurons were irregularly arranged and the cytoplasm was hyperchromatic. (2) The levels of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde in the hippocampus of the model group rats were increased, and the activity of superoxide dismutase was decreased. (3) Lycopene (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) intervention improved the above changes, and the lycopene 100 mg/kg group showed the most significant improvement effect. (4) Neuron-restrictive silencer factor expression in the hippocampus was lower in the sham group and the lycopene 100 mg/kg group than in the model group. (5) The above data indicate that lycopene 100 mg/kg could protect against the learning-memory ability impairment of vascular dementia rats. The protective mechanism was achieved by inhibiting oxidative stress in the hippocampus. The experiment was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian Medical University, China (approval No. 2014-025) in June 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Wei Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province; Department of Pharmacy, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical College, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Yin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Ren Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Fan
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Shi-Jie Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Yuan-Ming Zhu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Zhao
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Key Laboratory of Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China
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Lu S, Liao L, Zhang B, Yan W, Chen L, Yan H, Guo L, Lu S, Xiong K, Yan J. Antioxidant cascades confer neuroprotection in ethanol, morphine, and methamphetamine preconditioning. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104540. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Kany S, Janicova A, Relja B. Innate Immunity and Alcohol. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8111981. [PMID: 31739600 PMCID: PMC6912266 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8111981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The innate immunity has evolved during millions of years, and thus, equivalent or comparable components are found in most vertebrates, invertebrates, and even plants. It constitutes the first line of defense against molecules, which are either pathogen-derived or a danger signal themselves, and not seldom both. These molecular patterns are comprised of highly conserved structures, a common trait in innate immunity, and constitute very potent triggers for inflammation mediated via extracellular or intracellular pattern recognition receptors. Human culture is often interweaved with the consumption of alcohol, in both drinking habits, its acute or chronical misuse. Apart from behavioral effects as often observed in intoxicated individuals, alcohol consumption also leads to immunological modulation on the humoral and cellular levels. In the last 20 years, major advances in this field of research have been made in clinical studies, as well as in vitro and in vivo research. As every physician will experience intoxicated patients, it is important to be aware of the changes that this cohort undergoes. This review will provide a summary of the current knowledge on the influence of alcohol consumption on certain factors of innate immunity after a hit, followed by the current studies that display the effect of alcohol with a description of the model, the mode of alcohol administration, as well as its dose. This will provide a way for the reader to evaluate the findings presented.
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Li X, Cheng S, Hu H, Zhang X, Xu J, Wang R, Zhang P. Progranulin protects against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury by inhibiting necroptosis and oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 521:569-576. [PMID: 31679689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.09.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Nevertheless, its molecular mechanisms have not yet been adequately illustrated. Progranulin (PGRN) is a secreted glycoprotein with pleiotropic functions. In the present study, we found that PGRN expression was markedly reduced in mice after stroke onset through middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We also showed that necroptosis was a mechanism underlying cerebral I/R injury. Importantly, PGRN knockdown in vivo significantly promoted the infarction volume and neurological deficits scores in mice after MCAO surgery. Necroptosis induced by MCAO was further accelerated by PGRN knockdown, as evidenced by the promoted expression of phosphorylated receptor-interacting protein (RIP) 1 kinase (RIPK1), RIPK3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like (MLKL), which was accompanied with increased expression of cleaved Caspase-8 and Caspase-3. However, PGRN over-expression was neuroprotective. Additionally, PGRN-regulated ischemic stroke was related to ROS accumulation that MCAO-mice with PGRN knockdown exhibited severe oxidative stress, as proved by the aggravated malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) contents, and the decreased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. However, PGRN over-expression in mice with cerebral ischemia showed anti-oxidative effects. Finally, PGRN was found to attenuate oxidative damage partly via its regulatory effects on necroptosis. Therefore, promoting PGRN expression could reduced cerebral I/R-induced brain injury by suppressing neroptosis and associated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. These data elucidated that PGRN might provide an effective therapeutic treatment for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shaoli Cheng
- Basic Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hao Hu
- Basic Medical Experimental Teaching Center, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaotian Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiehua Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China
| | - Pengbo Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi, China.
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Pignataro L. Alcohol protects the CNS by activating HSF1 and inducing the heat shock proteins. Neurosci Lett 2019; 713:134507. [PMID: 31541723 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although alcohol abuse and dependence have profound negative health consequences, emerging evidence suggests that exposure to low/moderate concentrations of ethanol protects multiple organs and systems. In the CNS, moderate drinking decreases the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease. This neuroprotection correlates with an increased expression of the heat shock proteins (HSPs). Multiple epidemiological studies revealed an inverse association between ethanol intoxication and traumatic brain injury mortality. In this case, ethanol-induced HSPs limit the inflammatory immune response diminishing cell death and improving the neurobehavioural outcome. Ethanol also protects the brain against ischemic injuries via the HSPs. In our laboratory, we demonstrated that ethanol increased the expression of several HSP genes in neurons and astrocytes by activating the transcription factor, heat shock factor 1 (HSF1). HSF1 induces HSPs that target misfolded proteins for refolding or degradation, increasing the survival chances of the cells. These data indicate that ethanol neuroprotection is mediated by the activation HSF1 and the induction of HSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pignataro
- Columbia University, Department of Anesthesiology, 622 West 168th St., PH 511, New York, NY, 10032, USA; College of Staten Island - City University of New York, 2800 Victory Blvd., Building 1A - 101, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA.
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Alinaghipour A, Mazoochi T, Ardjmand A. Low-dose ethanol ameliorates amnesia induced by a brief seizure model: the role of NMDA signaling. Neurol Res 2019; 41:624-632. [PMID: 30967097 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2019.1602322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the ameliorative effect of low-dose ethanol (Eth) on amnesia induced by a brief seizure model and the role of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) signaling in this event. Materials and Methods: Four groups of rats (total number = 36; n = 9, each group) were used: control, Eth (0.5 g/kg/i.p.), pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) (60 mg/kg/i.p.), and Eth+PTZ. Eth was administered for 6 days before the single injection of PTZ, at minute dose that cannot induce memory impairment. The consequences of Eth pretreatment, coadministered with PTZ, were studied in an inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory model. The PTZ was injected 30 min prior to the IA memory test. Thereafter, locomotion, liver enzymes, and the Real-time PCR for NR1 subunit of NMDA receptor were studied. The statistical analyses were performed using the parametric/nonparametric ANOVA and the post-hoc tests. Results: Our findings revealed that Eth pretreatment significantly improved the IA memory impairment induced by PTZ (P < 0.001), and indicated no change in locomotion and serum ALT, but significantly differed for AST between the PTZ and PTZ groups (P = < 0.05). The Real-time PCR results indicate the decreased NR1 mRNA expression in Eth and PTZ groups and the increased NR1 mRNA expression in Eth+PTZ group, compared to the control group (P < 0.001); however, the NR1 mRNA expression was increased in the Eth+PTZ group, compared to PTZ group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The present study provides evidence that the low-dose Eth can improve the amnesia induced by a brief seizure model presumably via NMDA signaling in a rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Alinaghipour
- a Physiology Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Tahereh Mazoochi
- b Anatomical Science Research Center , Kashan University of Medical sciences , Kashan , Iran
| | - Abolfazl Ardjmand
- a Physiology Research Center , Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran.,c Department of Physiology , School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences , Kashan , Iran
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Zhou RP, Leng TD, Yang T, Chen FH, Xiong ZG. Acute Ethanol Exposure Promotes Autophagy-Lysosome Pathway-Dependent ASIC1a Protein Degradation and Protects Against Acidosis-Induced Neurotoxicity. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:3326-3340. [PMID: 30120732 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1289-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tissue acidosis is a common feature of brain ischemia which causes neuronal injury. Activation of acid-sensing ion channel 1a (ASIC1a) plays an important role in acidosis-mediated neurotoxicity. Acute ethanol administration has been shown to provide neuroprotective effects during ischemic stroke, but the precise mechanisms have yet to be determined. In this study, we investigated the effect of ethanol on the activity/expression of ASIC1a channels and acidosis-induced neurotoxicity. We showed that acute treatment of neuronal cells with ethanol for more than 3 h could reduce ASIC1a protein expression, ASIC currents, and acid-induced [Ca2+]i elevation. We further demonstrated that ethanol-induced reduction of ASIC1a expression is mediated by autophagy-lysosome pathway (ALP)-dependent protein degradation. Finally, we showed that ethanol protected neuronal cells against acidosis-induced cytotoxicity, which effect was mimicked by autophagy activator rapamycin and abolished by autophagy inhibitor CQ. Together, these results indicate that moderate acute ethanol exposure can promote autophagy-lysosome pathway-dependent ASIC1a protein degradation and protect against acidosis-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren-Peng Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230601, China
- Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30310, USA
| | - Tian-Dong Leng
- Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30310, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30310, USA
| | - Fei-Hu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Zhi-Gang Xiong
- Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, 30310, USA.
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Hlusicka J, Loster T, Lischkova L, Vaneckova M, Seidl Z, Diblik P, Kuthan P, Urban P, Navratil T, Kacer P, Zakharov S. Role of activation of lipid peroxidation in the mechanisms of acute methanol poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 56:893-903. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1455980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Hlusicka
- Toxicological Information Centre, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Loster
- Faculty of Informatics and Statistics, Department of Statistics and Probability, University of Economics, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Lischkova
- Toxicological Information Centre, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Vaneckova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Seidl
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Diblik
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kuthan
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Urban
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Navratil
- J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kacer
- Biocev, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sergey Zakharov
- Toxicological Information Centre, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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Cheng HY, Huang LC, Peng HF, Kuo JS, Liew HK, Pang CY. Delayed formation of hematomas with ethanol preconditioning in experimental intracerebral hemorrhage rats. Tzu Chi Med J 2018; 30:5-9. [PMID: 29643709 PMCID: PMC5883839 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_184_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) accounts for 10%–15% of all strokes and causes high mortality and morbidity. In the previous study, we demonstrated that ethanol could aggravate the severity of brain injury after ICH by increasing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, we further investigate the acute effects of ethanol on brain injury within 24 h after ICH. Materials and Methods: Totally, 66 male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned randomly into two groups: saline pretreatment before ICH (saline + ICH), and ethanol pretreatment before ICH (ethanol + ICH). Normal saline (10 mL/kg) or ethanol (3 g/kg, in 10 mL/kg normal saline) was administered intraperitoneally 1 h before induction of experimental ICH. Bacterial collagenase VII-S (0.23 U in 1.0 μL sterile saline) was injected into the right striatum to induce ICH in the rats. We evaluated the hematoma expansion, hemodynamic parameters (heart rate and blood pressure), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), prothrombin time (PT), and striatal matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9) expressions at 3, 6, 9, and 24 h after ICH. Results: The ethanol + ICH group exhibited decreased hematoma at 3 h after ICH; nevertheless, there was a larger hematoma compared with the saline + ICH group at 9 and 24 h after ICH. The ethanol + ICH group had lower blood pressure at 3, 6, and 9 h post-ICH, but both groups maintained similar heart rates after ICH. There was no significant difference in the aPTT and PT between the two groups. Incremental ethanol concentrations had no influence on collagenase VII-S activity at 120 min in vitro. MMP-9 expression was upregulated in the right striata of the ethanol + ICH group, especially at 3 and 9 h after ICH. Conclusion: Ethanol delayed hematoma formation in the first 3 h due to a hypotensive effect; however, the accelerated growth of hematomas after 9 h may be a sequela of ethanol-induced MMP-9 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Yu Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chuan Huang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Radiology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Fen Peng
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Jon-Son Kuo
- Master Program and PhD Program in Pharmacology and Toxicology, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hock-Kean Liew
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yoong Pang
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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Wang L, Zhu Y, Wang L, Hou J, Gao Y, Shen L, Zhang J. Effects of chronic alcohol exposure on ischemia-reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury in mice: the role of β-arrestin 2 and glycogen synthase kinase 3. Exp Mol Med 2017. [PMID: 28642577 PMCID: PMC5519017 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of chronic alcohol intake on the outcome of acute kidney injury (AKI). Hence, we examined the effects of chronic alcohol intake on the development of renal fibrosis following AKI in an animal model of bilateral renal ischemia–reperfusion (IR) injury. We first found that chronic alcohol exposure exacerbated bilateral IR-induced renal fibrosis and renal function impairment. This phenomenon was associated with increased bilateral IR-induced extracellular matrix deposition and an increased myofibroblast population as well as increased bilateral IR-induced expression of fibrosis-related genes in the kidneys. To explore the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, we showed that chronic alcohol exposure enhanced β-arrestin 2 (Arrb2) expression and Akt and glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3)β activation in the kidneys. Importantly, pharmacological GSK3 inhibition alleviated bilateral IR-induced renal fibrosis and renal function impairment. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Arrb2−/− mice exhibited resistance to IR-induced renal fibrosis and renal function impairment following chronic alcohol exposure, and these effects were associated with attenuated GSK3β activation in the kidneys. Taken together, our results suggest that chronic alcohol exposure may potentiate AKI via β-arrestin 2/Akt/GSK3β-mediated signaling in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Wang
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yifei Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lili Wang
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingjing Hou
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongning Gao
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lei Shen
- Division of Blood Purification, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jingyu Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Key Laboratory of Hematology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Seo JY, Kim SK, Nguyen PH, Lee JY, Tung PHT, Sung SH, Oh WK. Chemical constituents from a Gynostemma laxum and their antioxidant and neuroprotective activities. Chin Med 2017; 12:15. [PMID: 28546827 PMCID: PMC5442659 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-017-0136-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A few bioactivities of constituents from Gynostemma laxum, which has been collected in Vietnam, have been
reported until now. There is no report about the effects of constituents from G. laxum although the nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2)-mediated heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) antioxidant defense system is involved in neuroprotection in the brain. Therefore, we investigated whether quercetin (2), benzoic acid (10) and their analogues (1, 3–9 and 11) from G. laxum have the antioxidant and neuroprotective activities and also their underlying mechanism. Methods To examine their neuroprotective and antioxidant activities, oxytosis, total oxidant scavenging capacity (TOSC), 2,7-dichlorofluorescein (DCFDA), dihydroethidium (DHE), antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase reporter gene assays, Western blot analysis, real time-PCR, immunocytochemistry and in silico 3D molecular docking simulation were performed. Results The study of constituents using chromatographic techniques and spectroscopic analysis showed that G. laxum contained an abundance of quercetin (2), benzoic acid (10) and their analogues (1, 3–9 and 11). Our data demonstrated that quercetin (2) and its analogue (4) among the constituents from G. laxum showed the strongest neuroprotective effect against oxytosis triggered by the excessive amount of glutamate. Compounds 2, 4, 6 and 11 exhibited reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitory and ARE transcriptional activities in immortalized hippocampal HT22 cell line. Among them, compound 4, a second active compound, induced Nrf2/HO-1 activation. They were also fit stable onto the Tramtrack and Bric-à-Brac (BTB) domain of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), a known Nrf2 inhibitor protein, based on the results of docking and interaction energies. Overall, these data suggest that –OH and –OCH3 groups of quercetin and its analogues are responsible for their neuroprotective effect. Conclusions In summary, the major constituents of G. laxum had strong antioxidant and neuroprotective activities so that they could consider as a natural antioxidant supplement. Furthermore, G. laxum might be used beneficially in reducing oxidative complications with the further deep investigation in vivo. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13020-017-0136-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Seo
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Kyum Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Phi Hung Nguyen
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452 Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Yong Lee
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Pham Ha Thanh Tung
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Sung
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Won Keun Oh
- Korea Bioactive Natural Material Bank, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826 Republic of Korea
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Zakharov S, Kotikova K, Nurieva O, Hlusicka J, Kacer P, Urban P, Vaneckova M, Seidl Z, Diblik P, Kuthan P, Navratil T, Pelclova D. Leukotriene-mediated neuroinflammation, toxic brain damage, and neurodegeneration in acute methanol poisoning. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 55:249-259. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1284332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Zakharov
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Toxicological Information Centre, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Kotikova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Nurieva
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Hlusicka
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Toxicological Information Centre, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kacer
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Urban
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Centre for Industrial Hygiene and Occupational Medicine, National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Manuela Vaneckova
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Seidl
- Department of Radiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Diblik
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kuthan
- Department of Ophthalmology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Navratil
- Toxicological Information Centre, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Biomimetic Electrochemistry, J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the AS CR, v.v.i, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Daniela Pelclova
- Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
- Toxicological Information Centre, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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25
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Su F, Guo AC, Li WW, Zhao YL, Qu ZY, Wang YJ, Wang Q, Zhu YL. Low-Dose Ethanol Preconditioning Protects Against Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reoxygenation-Induced Neuronal Injury By Activating Large Conductance, Ca 2+-Activated K + Channels In Vitro. Neurosci Bull 2016; 33:28-40. [PMID: 27854008 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that low to moderate ethanol ingestion protects against the deleterious effects of subsequent ischemia/reperfusion; however, the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. In the present study, we showed that expression of the neuronal large-conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channel (BKCa) α-subunit was upregulated in cultured neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) compared with controls. Preconditioning with low-dose ethanol (10 mmol/L) increased cell survival rate in neurons subjected to OGD/R, attenuated the OGD/R-induced elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ levels, and reduced the number of apoptotic neurons. Western blots revealed that ethanol preconditioning upregulated expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and downregulated the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. The protective effect of ethanol preconditioning was antagonized by a BKCa channel inhibitor, paxilline. Inside-out patches in primary neurons also demonstrated the direct activation of the BKCa channel by 10 mmol/L ethanol. The above results indicated that low-dose ethanol preconditioning exerts its neuroprotective effects by attenuating the elevation of cytosolic Ca2+ and preventing neuronal apoptosis, and this is mediated by BKCa channel activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Su
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.,Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - An-Chen Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wei-Wei Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Yi-Long Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Zheng-Yi Qu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Disease, Beijing, 100050, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yu-Lan Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150081, China.
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26
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Markoski MM, Garavaglia J, Oliveira A, Olivaes J, Marcadenti A. Molecular Properties of Red Wine Compounds and Cardiometabolic Benefits. Nutr Metab Insights 2016; 9:51-7. [PMID: 27512338 PMCID: PMC4973766 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s32909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Wine has been used since the dawn of human civilization. Despite many health benefits, there is still a lot of discussion about the real properties of its components and its actions on cells and molecular interactions. A large part of these issues permeate the fine line between the amount of alcohol that causes problems to organic systems and the amount that could be beneficial for the health. However, even after the process of fermentation, wine conserves different organic compounds from grapes, such as polysaccharides, acids, and phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and nonflavonoids. These substances have known anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities, and are considered as regulatory agents in cardiometabolic process. In this study, the main chemical components present in the wine, its interaction with molecules and biological mechanisms, and their interference with intra- and extracellular signaling are reviewed. Finally, the properties of wine that may benefit cardiovascular system are also revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Markoski
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.; Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Juliano Garavaglia
- Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.; Institute of Technology in Food for Health, University of Vale do Rio dos Sinos (UNISINOS), São Leopoldo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aline Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jessica Olivaes
- Cellular and Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Aline Marcadenti
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences: Cardiology, Institute of Cardiology of Rio Grande do Sul (IC/FUC), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.; Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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27
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Casañas-Sánchez V, Pérez JA, Quinto-Alemany D, Díaz M. Sub-toxic Ethanol Exposure Modulates Gene Expression and Enzyme Activity of Antioxidant Systems to Provide Neuroprotection in Hippocampal HT22 Cells. Front Physiol 2016; 7:312. [PMID: 27512374 PMCID: PMC4961714 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol is known to cause severe systemic damage often explained as secondary to oxidative stress. Brain is particularly vulnerable to ethanol-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) because the high amounts of lipids, and because nerve cell membranes contain high amounts of peroxidable fatty acids. Usually these effects of ethanol are associated to high and/or chronic exposure to ethanol. However, as we show in this manuscript, a low and acute dose of ethanol trigger a completely different response in hippocampal cells. Thus, we have observed that 0.1% ethanol exposure to HT22 cells, a murine hippocampal-derived cell line, increases the transcriptional expression of different genes belonging to the classical, glutathione/glutaredoxin and thioredoxin/peroxiredoxin antioxidant systems, these including Sod1, Sod2, Gpx1, Gclc, and Txnrd1. Paralleling these changes, enzyme activities of total superoxide dismutase (tSOD), catalase, total glutathione peroxidase (tGPx), glutathione-S-reductase (GSR), and total thioredoxin reductase (tTXNRD), were all increased, while the generation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), as indicators of lipid peroxidation, and glutathione levels remained unaltered. Ethanol exposure did not affect cell viability or cell growing as assessed by real-time cell culture monitoring, indicating that low ethanol doses are not deleterious for hippocampal cells, but rather prevented glutamate-induced excitotoxicity. In summary, we conclude that sub-toxic exposure to ethanol may well be neuroprotective against oxidative insults in hippocampal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Casañas-Sánchez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La LagunaTenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de CanariasTenerife, Spain
| | - José A Pérez
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Microbiología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de La LagunaTenerife, Spain; Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de CanariasTenerife, Spain
| | - David Quinto-Alemany
- Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La LagunaTenerife, Spain; Unidad Asociada de Investigación ULL-CSIC, "Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Patologías Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales"Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Salud Pública de CanariasTenerife, Spain; Departamento de Biología Animal, Edafología y Geología, Universidad de La LagunaTenerife, Spain; Unidad Asociada de Investigación ULL-CSIC, "Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Patologías Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales"Tenerife, Spain
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Forreider B, Pozivilko D, Kawaji Q, Geng X, Ding Y. Hibernation-like neuroprotection in stroke by attenuating brain metabolic dysfunction. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 157:174-187. [PMID: 26965388 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Many mammalian species naturally undergo hibernation, a process that is associated with drastic changes in metabolism and systemic physiology. Their ability to retain an undamaged central nervous system during severely reduced cerebral blood flow has been studied for possible therapeutic application in human ischemic stroke. By inducing a less extreme 'hibernation-like' state, it has been hypothesized that similar neuroprotective effects reduce ischemia-mediated tissue damage in stroke patients. This manuscript includes reviews and evaluations of: (1) true hibernation, (2) hibernation-like state and its neuroprotective characteristics, (3) the preclinical and clinical methods for induction of artificial hibernation (i.e., therapeutic hypothermia, phenothiazine drugs, and ethanol), and (4) the mechanisms by which cerebral ischemia leads to tissue damage and how the above-mentioned induction methods function to inhibit those processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Forreider
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - David Pozivilko
- Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Qingwen Kawaji
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Xiaokun Geng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuchuan Ding
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; China-America Institute of Neuroscience, Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Zakharov S, Pelclova D, Urban P, Navratil T, Nurieva O, Kotikova K, Diblik P, Kurcova I, Belacek J, Komarc M, Eddleston M, Hovda KE. Use of Out-of-Hospital Ethanol Administration to Improve Outcome in Mass Methanol Outbreaks. Ann Emerg Med 2016; 68:52-61. [PMID: 26875060 DOI: 10.1016/j.annemergmed.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Methanol poisoning outbreaks are a global public health issue, with delayed treatment causing poor outcomes. Out-of-hospital ethanol administration may improve outcome, but the difficulty of conducting research in outbreaks has meant that its effects have never been assessed. We study the effect of out-of-hospital ethanol in patients treated during a methanol outbreak in the Czech Republic between 2012 and 2014. METHODS This was an observational case-series study of 100 hospitalized patients with confirmed methanol poisoning. Out-of-hospital ethanol as a "first aid antidote" was administered by paramedic or medical staff before the confirmation of diagnosis to 30 patients; 70 patients did not receive out-of-hospital ethanol from the staff (12 patients self-administered ethanol shortly before presentation). RESULTS The state of consciousness at first contact with paramedic or medical staff, delay to admission, and serum methanol concentration were similar among groups. The median serum ethanol level on admission in the patients with out-of-hospital administration by paramedic or medical staff was 84.3 mg/dL (interquartile range 32.7 to 129.5 mg/dL). No patients with positive serum ethanol level on admission died compared with 21 with negative serum ethanol level (0% versus 36.2%). Patients receiving out-of-hospital ethanol survived without visual and central nervous system sequelae more often than those not receiving it (90.5% versus 19.0%). A positive association was present between out-of-hospital ethanol administration by paramedic or medical staff, serum ethanol concentration on admission, and both total survival and survival without sequelae of poisoning. CONCLUSION We found a positive association between out-of-hospital ethanol administration and improved clinical outcome. During mass methanol outbreaks, conscious adults with suspected poisoning should be considered for administration of out-of-hospital ethanol to reduce morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Zakharov
- Toxicological Information Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Daniela Pelclova
- Toxicological Information Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Urban
- Toxicological Information Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Navratil
- Toxicological Information Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic; Department of Biomimetic Electrochemistry, J. Heyrovsky Institute of Physical Chemistry of the AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Nurieva
- Toxicological Information Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Kotikova
- Toxicological Information Center, Department of Occupational Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Diblik
- Department of Ophthalmology, General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Kurcova
- Department of Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Belacek
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Komarc
- Institute of Biophysics and Informatics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, and General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michael Eddleston
- Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics, University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Knut Erik Hovda
- Norwegian CBRNe Center of Medicine, Department of Acute Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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30
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Shi GX, Wang XR, Yan CQ, He T, Yang JW, Zeng XH, Xu Q, Zhu W, Du SQ, Liu CZ. Acupuncture elicits neuroprotective effect by inhibiting NAPDH oxidase-mediated reactive oxygen species production in cerebral ischaemia. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17981. [PMID: 26656460 PMCID: PMC4674709 DOI: 10.1038/srep17981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, we aimed to investigate whether NADPH oxidase, a major ROS-producing enzyme, was involved in the antioxidant effect of acupuncture on cognitive impairment after cerebral ischaemia. The cognitive function, infract size, neuron cell loss, level of superoxide anion and expression of NADPH oxidase subunit in hippocampus of two-vessel occlusion (2VO) rats were determined after 2-week acupuncture. Furthermore, the cognitive function and production of O2(-) were determined in the presence and absence of NADPH oxidase agonist (TBCA) and antagonist (Apocynin). The effect of acupuncture on cognitive function after cerebral ischaemia in gp91phox-KO mice was evaluated by Morris water maze. Acupuncture reduced infarct size, attenuated overproduction of O2(-), and reversed consequential cognitive impairment and neuron cell loss in 2VO rats. The elevations of gp91phox and p47phox after 2VO were significantly decreased after acupuncture treatment. However, no differences of gp91phox mRNA were found among any experimental groups. Furthermore, these beneficial effects were reversed by TBCA, whereas apocynin mimicked the effect of acupuncture by improving cognitive function and decreasing O2(-) generation. Acupuncture failed to improve the memory impairment in gp91phox KO mice. Full function of the NADPH oxidase enzyme plays an important role in neuroprotective effects against cognitive impairment via inhibition of NAPDH oxidase-mediated oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Xia Shi
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xue-Rui Wang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Chao-Qun Yan
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Tian He
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Jing-Wen Yang
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Xiang-Hong Zeng
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Qian Xu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Wen Zhu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Si-Qi Du
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
| | - Cun-Zhi Liu
- Acupuncture and Moxibustion Department, Beijing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine affiliated to Capital Medical University, 23 Meishuguanhou Street, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100010, China
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Neuroprotection and reduced gliosis by atomoxetine pretreatment in a gerbil model of transient cerebral ischemia. J Neurol Sci 2015; 359:373-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Association between blood alcohol concentration and mortality in critical illness. J Crit Care 2015; 30:1382-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Synthesis and biological evaluation of methylated scutellarein analogs based on metabolic mechanism of scutellarin in vivo. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 106:95-105. [PMID: 26523667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Scutellarin (1) could be hydrolyzed into scutellarein (2) in vivo and then converted into methylated, sulfated and glucuronidated forms. In order to investigate the biological activities of these methylated metabolites, eight methylated analogs of scutellarein (2) were synthesized via semi-synthetic methods. The antithrombotic activities of these compounds were evaluated through the analyzation of prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time (TT) and fibrinogen (FIB). Their antioxidant activities were assessed by measuring their scavenging capacities toward 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) and the ability to protect PC12 cells against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the physicochemical properties of these compounds including aqueous solubility and lipophilicity were also investigated. The results showed that 6-O-methylscutellarein (5) demonstrated potent antithrombotic activity, stronger antioxidant activity and balanced solubility and permeability compared with scutellarin (1), which warrants further development of 5 as a promising lead for the treatment of ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
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Hu Y, Deng H, Xu S, Zhang J. MicroRNAs Regulate Mitochondrial Function in Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:24895-917. [PMID: 26492239 PMCID: PMC4632781 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161024895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury involves multiple independently fatal terminal pathways in the mitochondria. These pathways include the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation caused by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and calcium overload, resulting in apoptosis via cytochrome c (Cyt c) release. In addition, numerous microRNAs are associated with the overall process. In this review, we first briefly summarize the mitochondrial changes in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion and then describe the possible molecular mechanism of miRNA-regulated mitochondrial function, which likely includes oxidative stress and energy metabolism, as well as apoptosis. On the basis of the preceding analysis, we conclude that studies of microRNAs that regulate mitochondrial function will expedite the development of treatments for cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Hu
- Graduate School, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 312 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Hao Deng
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 314 An Shan Xi Road, Nan Kai District, Tianjin 300193, China.
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Godfrey J, Jeanguenin L, Castro N, Olney JJ, Dudley J, Pipkin J, Walls SM, Wang W, Herr DR, Harris GL, Brasser SM. Chronic Voluntary Ethanol Consumption Induces Favorable Ceramide Profiles in Selectively Bred Alcohol-Preferring (P) Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139012. [PMID: 26405804 PMCID: PMC4583526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy alcohol consumption has detrimental neurologic effects, inducing widespread neuronal loss in both fetuses and adults. One proposed mechanism of ethanol-induced cell loss with sufficient exposure is an elevation in concentrations of bioactive lipids that mediate apoptosis, including the membrane sphingolipid metabolites ceramide and sphingosine. While these naturally-occurring lipids serve as important modulators of normal neuronal development, elevated levels resulting from various extracellular insults have been implicated in pathological apoptosis of neurons and oligodendrocytes in several neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative disorders. Prior work has shown that acute administration of ethanol to developing mice increases levels of ceramide in multiple brain regions, hypothesized to be a mediator of fetal alcohol-induced neuronal loss. Elevated ceramide levels have also been implicated in ethanol-mediated neurodegeneration in adult animals and humans. Here, we determined the effect of chronic voluntary ethanol consumption on lipid profiles in brain and peripheral tissues from adult alcohol-preferring (P) rats to further examine alterations in lipid composition as a potential contributor to ethanol-induced cellular damage. P rats were exposed for 13 weeks to a 20% ethanol intermittent-access drinking paradigm (45 ethanol sessions total) or were given access only to water (control). Following the final session, tissues were collected for subsequent chromatographic analysis of lipid content and enzymatic gene expression. Contrary to expectations, ethanol-exposed rats displayed substantial reductions in concentrations of ceramides in forebrain and heart relative to non-exposed controls, and modest but significant decreases in liver cholesterol. qRT-PCR analysis showed a reduction in the expression of sphingolipid delta(4)-desaturase (Degs2), an enzyme involved in de novo ceramide synthesis. These findings indicate that ethanol intake levels achieved by alcohol-preferring P rats as a result of chronic voluntary exposure may have favorable vs. detrimental effects on lipid profiles in this genetic line, consistent with data supporting beneficial cardioprotective and neuroprotective effects of moderate ethanol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Godfrey
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa Jeanguenin
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Norma Castro
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey J. Olney
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jason Dudley
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Joseph Pipkin
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Stanley M. Walls
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deron R. Herr
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Greg L. Harris
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMB); (GLH)
| | - Susan M. Brasser
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SMB); (GLH)
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Lei X, Chao H, Zhang Z, Lv J, Li S, Wei H, Xue R, Li F, Li Z. Neuroprotective effects of quercetin in a mouse model of brain ischemic/reperfusion injury via anti-apoptotic mechanisms based on the Akt pathway. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:3688-3696. [PMID: 26016839 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study provided experimental evidence for the neuroprotective effects of quercetin using a rat model of global brain ischemic/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Pre‑treatment with quercetin (5 or 10 mg/kg orally (p.o.); once daily) induced a dose‑dependent reduction in I/R‑induced hippocampal neuron cell loss, with 10 mg/kg/day being the lowest dose that achieved maximal neuroprotection. Administration of 10 mg/kg quercetin over at least 3 days prior to I/R was required to improve the survival rate of I/R rats. Fluorescence‑assisted cell sorting, hematoxylin and eosin staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling indicated neuronal cell loss in the CA1 hippocampus. Rats that had undergone transient global cerebral ischemia for 15 min followed by 1 h of reperfusion exhibited a significant increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in the hippocampus. The I/R‑induced ROS overproduction in the hippocampus at 1, 12 and 24 h following I/R was significantly decreased by quercetin pre‑treatment. Western blot analysis revealed that the neuroprotective effects of quercetin (5 and 10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) were associated with an upregulation of the I/R‑induced suppression of B‑cell lymphoma‑2 (Bcl‑2), Bcl extra large and survivin expression as well as phosphorylation of Bcl‑2‑associated death promoter. Furthermore, the neuroprotective effects of quercetin (5, 10 mg/kg/day) in the brain were associated with an upregulation of Akt signaling. These findings suggested that the inhibition of I/R‑induced brain injury by quercetin likely involves a transcriptional mechanism to enhance anti‑apoptotic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Lei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Hailian Chao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zhenni Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Jianrui Lv
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Haidong Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Rongliang Xue
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Zongfang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Brennan-Minnella AM, Won SJ, Swanson RA. NADPH oxidase-2: linking glucose, acidosis, and excitotoxicity in stroke. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:161-74. [PMID: 24628477 PMCID: PMC4281853 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Neuronal superoxide production contributes to cell death in both glutamate excitotoxicity and brain ischemia (stroke). NADPH oxidase-2 (NOX2) is the major source of neuronal superoxide production in these settings, and regulation of NOX2 activity can thereby influence outcome in stroke. RECENT ADVANCES Reduced NOX2 activity can rescue cells from oxidative stress and cell death that otherwise occur in excitotoxicity and ischemia. NOX2 activity is regulated by several factors previously shown to affect outcome in stroke, including glucose availability, intracellular pH, protein kinase ζ/δ, casein kinase 2, phosphoinositide-3-kinase, Rac1/2, and phospholipase A2. The newly identified functions of these factors as regulators of NOX2 activity suggest alternative mechanisms for their effects on ischemic brain injury. CRITICAL ISSUES Key aspects of these regulatory influences remain unresolved, including the mechanisms by which rac1 and phospholipase activities are coupled to N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and whether superoxide production by NOX2 triggers subsequent superoxide production by mitochondria. FUTURE DIRECTIONS It will be important to establish whether interventions targeting the signaling pathways linking NMDA receptors to NOX2 in brain ischemia can provide a greater neuroprotective efficacy or a longer time window to treatment than provided by NMDA receptor blockade alone. It will likewise be important to determine whether dissociating superoxide production from the other signaling events initiated by NMDA receptors can mitigate the deleterious effects of NMDA receptor blockade.
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Delayed treatment with NSC23766 in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats ameliorates post-ischemic neuronal apoptosis through suppression of mitochondrial p53 translocation. Neuropharmacology 2014; 85:508-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kalogeris T, Bao Y, Korthuis RJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species: a double edged sword in ischemia/reperfusion vs preconditioning. Redox Biol 2014; 2:702-14. [PMID: 24944913 PMCID: PMC4060303 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reductions in the blood supply produce considerable injury if the duration of ischemia is prolonged. Paradoxically, restoration of perfusion to ischemic organs can exacerbate tissue damage and extend the size of an evolving infarct. Being highly metabolic organs, the heart and brain are particularly vulnerable to the deleterious effects of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). While the pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to I/R-induced tissue injury and infarction are multifactorial, the relative importance of each contributing factor remains unclear. However, an emerging body of evidence indicates that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by mitochondria plays a critical role in damaging cellular components and initiating cell death. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the mechanisms whereby mitochondrial ROS generation occurs in I/R and contributes to myocardial infarction and stroke. In addition, mitochondrial ROS have been shown to participate in preconditioning by several pharmacologic agents that target potassium channels (e.g., ATP-sensitive potassium (mKATP) channels or large conductance, calcium-activated potassium (mBKCa) channels) to activate cell survival programs that render tissues and organs more resistant to the deleterious effects of I/R. Finally, we review novel therapeutic approaches that selectively target mROS production to reduce postischemic tissue injury, which may prove efficacious in limiting myocardial dysfunction and infarction and abrogating neurocognitive deficits and neuronal cell death in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Kalogeris
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212-0001, United States of America
| | - Yimin Bao
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212-0001, United States of America
| | - Ronald J Korthuis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO 65212-0001, United States of America
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Garab D, Fet N, Szabó A, Tolba RH, Boros M, Hartmann P. Remote ischemic preconditioning differentially affects NADPH oxidase isoforms during hepatic ischemia–reperfusion. Life Sci 2014; 105:14-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Tóth ME, Vígh L, Sántha M. Alcohol stress, membranes, and chaperones. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:299-309. [PMID: 24122554 PMCID: PMC3982023 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0472-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethanol, which affects all body organs, exerts a number of cytotoxic effects, most of them independent of cell type. Ethanol treatment leads to increased membrane fluidity and to changes in membrane protein composition. It can also interact directly with membrane proteins, causing conformational changes and thereby influencing their function. The cytotoxic action may include an increased level of oxidative stress. Heat shock protein molecular chaperones are ubiquitously expressed evolutionarily conserved proteins which serve as critical regulators of cellular homeostasis. Heat shock proteins can be induced by various forms of stresses such as elevated temperature, alcohol treatment, or ischemia, and they are also upregulated in certain pathological conditions. As heat shock and ethanol stress provoke similar responses, it is likely that heat shock protein activation also has a role in the protection of membranes and other cellular components during alcohol stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda E. Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, 6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Vígh
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, 6701 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sántha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 521, 6701 Szeged, Hungary
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Ashabi G, Khodagholi F, Khalaj L, Goudarzvand M, Nasiri M. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase by metformin protects against global cerebral ischemia in male rats: interference of AMPK/PGC-1α pathway. Metab Brain Dis 2014; 29:47-58. [PMID: 24435937 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-013-9475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have investigated the effect of metformin pretreatment in the rat models of global cerebral ischemia. Cerebral ischemia which leads to brain dysfunction is one of the main causes of neurodegeneration and death worldwide. Metformin is used in clinical drug therapy protocols of diabetes. It is suggested that metformin protects cells under hypoxia and ischemia in non-neuronal contexts. Protective effects of metformin may be modulated via activating the AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK). Our results showed that induction of 30 min global cerebral I/R injury using 4-vesseles occlusion model led to significant cell death in the rat brain. Metformin pretreatment (200 mg kg/once/day, p.o., 2 weeks) attenuated apoptotic cell death and induced mitochondrial biogenesis proteins in the ischemic rats, analyzed using histological and Western blot assays. Besides, inhibition of AMPK by compound c showed that metformin resulted in apoptosis attenuation via AMPK activation. Interestingly, AMPK activation was also involved in the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins using metformin, inhibition of AMPK by compound c reversed such effect, further supporting the role of AMPK upstream of mitochondrial biogenesis proteins. In summary, Metformin pretreatment is able to modulate mitochondrial biogenesis and apoptotic cell death pathways through AMPK activation in the context of global cerebral ischemia, conducting the outcome towards neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghorbangol Ashabi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Stetler RA, Leak RK, Gan Y, Li P, Zhang F, Hu X, Jing Z, Chen J, Zigmond MJ, Gao Y. Preconditioning provides neuroprotection in models of CNS disease: paradigms and clinical significance. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 114:58-83. [PMID: 24389580 PMCID: PMC3937258 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning is a phenomenon in which brief episodes of a sublethal insult induce robust protection against subsequent lethal injuries. Preconditioning has been observed in multiple organisms and can occur in the brain as well as other tissues. Extensive animal studies suggest that the brain can be preconditioned to resist acute injuries, such as ischemic stroke, neonatal hypoxia/ischemia, surgical brain injury, trauma, and agents that are used in models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Effective preconditioning stimuli are numerous and diverse, ranging from transient ischemia, hypoxia, hyperbaric oxygen, hypothermia and hyperthermia, to exposure to neurotoxins and pharmacological agents. The phenomenon of "cross-tolerance," in which a sublethal stress protects against a different type of injury, suggests that different preconditioning stimuli may confer protection against a wide range of injuries. Research conducted over the past few decades indicates that brain preconditioning is complex, involving multiple effectors such as metabolic inhibition, activation of extra- and intracellular defense mechanisms, a shift in the neuronal excitatory/inhibitory balance, and reduction in inflammatory sequelae. An improved understanding of brain preconditioning should help us identify innovative therapeutic strategies that prevent or at least reduce neuronal damage in susceptible patients. In this review, we focus on the experimental evidence of preconditioning in the brain and systematically survey the models used to develop paradigms for neuroprotection, and then discuss the clinical potential of brain preconditioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Anne Stetler
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Rehana K Leak
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mylan School of Pharmacy, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA 15282, USA
| | - Yu Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Peiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Xiaoming Hu
- Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Zheng Jing
- Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Educational and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Health Care System, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Michael J Zigmond
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China; Department of Neurology and Center of Cerebrovascular Disease Research, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yanqin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and Institute of Brain Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Abstract
A transient, ischemia-resistant phenotype known as "ischemic tolerance" can be established in brain in a rapid or delayed fashion by a preceding noninjurious "preconditioning" stimulus. Initial preclinical studies of this phenomenon relied primarily on brief periods of ischemia or hypoxia as preconditioning stimuli, but it was later realized that many other stressors, including pharmacologic ones, are also effective. This review highlights the surprisingly wide variety of drugs now known to promote ischemic tolerance, documented and to some extent mechanistically characterized in preclinical animal models of stroke. Although considerably more experimentation is needed to thoroughly validate the ability of any currently identified preconditioning agent to protect ischemic brain, the fact that some of these drugs are already clinically approved for other indications implies that the growing enthusiasm for translational success in the field of pharmacologic preconditioning may be well justified.
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Krenz M, Baines C, Kalogeris T, Korthuis R. Cell Survival Programs and Ischemia/Reperfusion: Hormesis, Preconditioning, and Cardioprotection. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4199/c00090ed1v01y201309isp044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Baicalin's Therapeutic Time Window of Neuroprotection during Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia and Its Antioxidative Effects In Vitro and In Vivo. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:120261. [PMID: 23878589 PMCID: PMC3708445 DOI: 10.1155/2013/120261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of baicalin on an ischemia-reperfusion-induced brain injury model in rats and its antioxidative activities in vitro and in vivo. An ischemia-reperfusion injury of the brain via a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) was induced in rats. Baicalin was injected at different time points (0, 2, 4, and 6 h) after the MCAO was induced. Baicalin can improve neurological function and significantly decrease brain infarction within a time window of 4 h. Moreover, baicalin was able to reduce cell apoptosis and had the strong antioxidative effect of reducing reactive oxygen species production and malondialdehyde generation. In contrast, baicalin interfered with superoxide dismutase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2′-phosphate oxidase activities. Moreover, baicalin also exhibited strong neuroprotective effects against H2O2-mediated injury and improved the SOD activity of neurons. Furthermore, baicalin demonstrated good scavenging of hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, and DPPH radicals and exerted an additional effect of inhibiting xanthine oxidase. Baicalin showed beneficial effects against MCAO-induced injury within a 4 h time window, and its antioxidative effects both in vitro and in vivo may partly elucidate its mechanism of action.
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Kahles T, Brandes RP. Which NADPH oxidase isoform is relevant for ischemic stroke? The case for nox 2. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 18:1400-17. [PMID: 22746273 PMCID: PMC3603497 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Significance and Recent Advances: Ischemic stroke is the leading cause of disability and third in mortality in industrialized nations. Immediate restoration of cerebral blood flow is crucial to salvage brain tissue, but only few patients are eligible for recanalization therapy. Thus, the need for alternative neuroprotective strategies is huge, and antioxidant interventions have long been studied in this context. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) physiologically serve as signaling molecules, but excessive amounts of ROS, as generated during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), contribute to tissue injury. CRITICAL ISSUES Nevertheless and despite a strong rational of ROS being a pharmacological target, all antioxidant interventions failed to improve functional outcome in human clinical trials. Antioxidants may interfere with physiological functions of ROS or do not reach the crucial target structures of ROS-induced injury effectively. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Thus, a potentially more promising approach is the inhibition of the source of disease-promoting ROS. Within recent years, NADPH oxidases (Nox) of the Nox family have been identified as mediators of neuronal pathology. As, however, several Nox homologs are expressed in neuronal tissue, and as many of the pharmacological inhibitors employed are rather unspecific, the concept of Nox as mediators of brain damage is far from being settled. In this review, we will discuss the contribution of Nox homologs to I/R injury at large as well as to neuronal damage in particular. We will illustrate that the current data provide evidence for Nox2 as the most important NADPH oxidase mediating cerebral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timo Kahles
- Institut für Kardiovaskuläre Physiologie, Fachbereich Medizin der Goethe-Universität , Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Role of reactive oxygen species and NADPH-oxidase in the development of rat cerebellum. Neurochem Int 2013; 62:998-1011. [PMID: 23535068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) could participate in the regulation of some physiological conditions. In the nervous system, ROS have been suggested to act as signaling molecules involved in several developmental processes including cell differentiation, proliferation and programmed of cell death. Although ROS can be generated by several sources, it has been suggested that NADPH oxidase (NOX) could be critical in the production of ROS acting as a signal in some of these events. It has been reported that ROS production by NOX enzymes participate in neuronal maturation and differentiation during brain development. In the present study, we found that during rat cerebellar development there was a differential ROS generation at different ages and areas of the cerebellum. We also found a differential expression of NOX homologues during rat cerebellar development. When we treated developing rats with an antioxidant or with apocynin, an inhibitor of NOX, we found a marked decrease of the ROS levels in all the cerebellar layers at all the ages tested. Both treatments also induced a significant change in the cerebellar foliation as well as an alteration in motor behavior. These results suggest that both ROS and NOX have a critical role during cerebellar development.
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Kochanski R, Peng C, Higashida T, Geng X, Hüttemann M, Guthikonda M, Ding Y. Neuroprotection conferred by post-ischemia ethanol therapy in experimental stroke: an inhibitory effect on hyperglycolysis and NADPH oxidase activation. J Neurochem 2013; 126:113-21. [PMID: 23350720 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol provides neuroprotection following ischemia/reperfusion. This study assessed ethanol's effect on hyperglycolysis and NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h. Three sets of experiments were conducted to determine ethanol's effect on (i) conferring neuroprotection by measuring infarct volume and neurological deficits 24 h post reperfusion; (ii) cerebral glucose metabolism and lactic acidosis by measuring brain and blood glucose concentrations and protein expression of glucose transporter 1 and 3 (GLUT1, GLUT3), phosphofructokinase (PFK), as well as lactic acidosis by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and lactate; and (iii) nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) activation by detecting enzymatic activity and subunit expression at 3 h after reperfusion. When administered upon reperfusion, ethanol (1.5 g/kg) reduced infarct volume by 40% (p < 0.01) and neurological deficits by 48% at 24 h post reperfusion while reducing (p < 0.01) elevations in glycolytic protein expression and lactate levels during early reperfusion (3 h). Ethanol increased the reductions in cerebral glucose concentration at 3 h post reperfusion by 64% (p < 0.01) while enhancing (p < 0.01) post stroke blood glucose concentration, suggesting a reduced cellular glucose uptake and utilization. Ethanol decreased (p < 0.01) stroke-induced NOX activation by reducing enzymatic activity and gp91(phox) expression by 45% and 38%, respectively. Post-ischemia ethanol treatment exerts neuroprotection through attenuation of hyperglycolysis and associated NOX activation. Because of the lack of associated hypoglycemia and selectivity toward decreasing cerebral metabolism, further investigation of ethanol's use as a post-stroke therapy, especially in the context of hyperglycemia, seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Kochanski
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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50
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Neumann JT, Cohan CH, Dave KR, Wright CB, Perez-Pinzon MA. Global cerebral ischemia: synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. Curr Drug Targets 2013; 14:20-35. [PMID: 23170794 PMCID: PMC5800514 DOI: 10.2174/138945013804806514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary arrest is one of the leading causes of death and disability, primarily occurring in the aged population. Numerous global cerebral ischemia animal models induce neuronal damage similar to cardiac arrest. These global cerebral ischemia models range from vessel occlusion to total cessation of cardiac function, both of which have allowed for the investigation of this multifaceted disease and detection of numerous agents that are neuroprotective. Synapses endure a variety of alterations after global cerebral ischemia from the resulting excitotoxicity and have been a major target for neuroprotection; however, neuroprotective agents have proven unsuccessful in clinical trials, as neurological outcomes have not displayed significant improvements in patients. A majority of these neuroprotective agents have specific neuronal targets, where the success of future neuroprotective agents may depend on non-specific targets and numerous cognitive improvements. This review focuses on the different models of global cerebral ischemia, neuronal synaptic alterations, synaptic neuroprotection and behavioral tests that can be used to determine deficits in cognitive function after global cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake T Neumann
- Cerebral Vascular Disease Research Laboratories, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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