1
|
Nazmeen A, Maiti S, Maiti S. Dialyl-sulfide with trans-chalcone prevent breast cancer prohibiting SULT1E1 malregulations and oxidant-stress induced HIF1a-MMPs induction. Genes Cancer 2024; 15:41-59. [PMID: 39132498 PMCID: PMC11315411 DOI: 10.18632/genesandcancer.237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In some breast cancers, altered estrogen-sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) and its inactivation by oxidative-stress modifies E2 levels. Parallelly, hypoxia-inducible tissue-damaging factors (HIF1α) are induced. The proteins/genes expressions of these factors were verified in human-breast-cancer tissues. SULT1E1 inducing-drugs combinations were tested for their possible protective effects. METHODS Matrix-metalloproteases (MMP2/9) activity and SULT1E1-HIF1α protein/gene expression (Western-blot/RTPCR) were assessed in breast-cancers versus adjacent-tissues. Oxidant-stress neutralizer, chalcone (trans-1,3-diaryl-2-propen-1-ones) and SULT1E1-inducer pure dialyl-sulfide (garlic; Allium sativum) were tested to prevent cancer causing factors in rat, in-vitro and in-vivo. The antioxidant-enzymes SOD1/catalase/GPx/LDH and matrix-degenerating MMP2/9 activities were assessed (gel-zymogram). Histoarchitecture (HE-staining) and tissue SULT1E1-localization (immuno-histochemistry) were screened. Extensive statistical-analysis were performed. RESULTS Human cancer-tissue expresses higher SULT1E1, HIF1α protein/mRNA and lower LDH activity. Increase of MMP2/9 activities commenced tissue damage. However, chalcone and DAS significantly induced SULT1E1 gene/protein, suppressed HIF1α expression, MMP2/9 activities in rat tissues. Correlation and group statistics of t-test suggest significant link of oxidative-stress (MDA) with SULT1E1 (p = 0.006), HIF1α (p = 0.006) protein-expression. The non-protein-thiols showed negative correlation (p = 0.001) with HIF1α. These proteins and SULT1E1-mRNA expressions were significantly higher in tumor (p < 0.05). Correlation data suggest, SULT1E1 is correlated with non-protein-thiols. CONCLUSIONS Breast cancers associate with SULT1E1, HIF1α and MMPs deregulations. For the first time, we are revealing that advanced cancer tissue with elevated SULT1E1-protein may reactivate in a reducing-state initiated by chalcone, but remain dormant in an oxidative environment. Furthermore, increased SULT1E1 protein synthesis is caused by DAS-induced mRNA expression. The combined effects of the drugs might decrease MMPs and HIF1α expressions. Further studies are necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aarifa Nazmeen
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Lab, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore 721101, India
| | - Sayantani Maiti
- Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Therapeutics Lab, Oriental Institute of Science and Technology, Midnapore 721101, India
| | - Smarajit Maiti
- Haldia Institute of Health Sciences, ICARE, Haldia, East Midnapore, India
- AgriCure Biotech Research Society, Midnapore, WB, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Männistö PT, Keränen T, Reinikainen KJ, Hanttu A, Pollesello P. The Catechol O-Methyltransferase Inhibitor Entacapone in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: Personal Reflections on a First-in-Class Drug Development Programme 40 Years On. Neurol Ther 2024; 13:1039-1054. [PMID: 38809484 PMCID: PMC11263458 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-024-00629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
In the 1980s, Orion Pharma, then a mid-ranking Nordic area pharmaceutical company, established a drug development programme on the inhibition of catechol O-methyltransferase (COMT). This enzyme, which plays an important role in the inactivation of catecholamine neurotransmitters and drugs with a catechol structure, thus came under consideration as a target in the innovative translational and clinical programme we describe in this historical review. The starting point was the conjecture that a peripherally acting COMT inhibitor might improve entry of levodopa into the brain. This had potentially significant implications for the medical treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). The rationale was that more efficient delivery of levodopa to the brain might allow the high therapeutic doses of levodopa to be reduced and the dose interval to be extended. Elucidation of structure-activity relations paved the way for the discovery and development of entacapone, a 5-nitrocatechol that was a potent and highly specific inhibitor of COMT. Experience in phase III clinical trials established that entacapone, used as an adjunct to regular or controlled-release levodopa preparations (also including a peripherally acting dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor), increased ON-time and reduced OFF-time and improved clinical condition in patients with PD experiencing wearing-off, often with a reduced daily levodopa dose. Several of these studies also identified that entacapone improved patients' quality of life and was cost-effective. Subsequently, entacapone has been amalgamated into a triple-combination preparation (Stalevo®) with levodopa and carbidopa to create a flexible and convenient drug therapy for patients with PD who have end-of-dose motor fluctuations not stabilised on levodopa/dopa-decarboxylase inhibitor treatment. This review offers a historical perspective on a successful programme of drug development by researchers who played central roles in the progress from exploratory hypothesis to registered pharmaceutical product.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pekka T Männistö
- Institute of Pharmacology and Drug Therapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tapani Keränen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kari J Reinikainen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anna Hanttu
- Medical Affairs, CNS Branded Products, Orion Pharma, Espoo, Finland
| | - Piero Pollesello
- Content and Communication, Branded Products, Orion Pharma, Orionintie 1, 02101, Espoo, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Geczik AM, Falk RT, Xu X, Ansong D, Yarney J, Wiafe-Addai B, Edusei L, Dedey F, Vanderpuye V, Titiloye N, Adjei E, Aitpillah F, Osei-Bonsu E, Oppong J, Biritwum R, Nyarko K, Wiafe S, Awuah B, Clegg-Lamptey JN, Ahearn TU, Figueroa J, Garcia-Closas M, Brinton LA, Trabert B. Measured body size and serum estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women: the Ghana Breast Health Study. Breast Cancer Res 2022; 24:9. [PMID: 35081987 PMCID: PMC8793253 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-022-01500-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Several anthropometric measures have been associated with hormone-related cancers, and it has been shown that estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women plays an important role in these relationships. However, little is known about circulating estrogen levels in African women, and the relevance to breast cancer or breast cancer risk factors. To shed further light on the relationship of anthropometric factors and estrogen levels in African women, we examined whether measured body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), height, and self-reported body size were associated with serum estrogens/estrogen metabolites in a cross-sectional analysis among postmenopausal population-based controls of the Ghana Breast Health Study.
Methods
Fifteen estrogens/estrogen metabolites were quantified using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in serum samples collected from postmenopausal female controls enrolled in the Ghana Breast Health Study, a population-based case–control study conducted in Accra and Kumasi. Geometric means (GMs) of estrogens/estrogen metabolites were estimated using linear regression, adjusting for potential confounders.
Results
Measured BMI (≥ 30 vs. 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) was positively associated with parent estrogens (multivariable adjusted GM for unconjugated estrone: 78.90 (66.57–93.53) vs. 50.89 (43.47–59.59), p-value < 0.0001; and unconjugated estradiol: 27.83 (21.47–36.07) vs. 13.26 (10.37–16.95), p-value < 0.0001). Independent of unconjugated estradiol, measured BMI was associated with lower levels of 2-pathway metabolites and higher levels of 16-ketoestradriol. Similar patterns of association were found with WHR; however, the associations were not entirely independent of BMI. Height was not associated with postmenopausal estrogens/estrogen metabolite levels in African women.
Conclusions
We observed strong associations between measured BMI and parent estrogens and estrogen metabolite patterns that largely mirrored relations that have previously been associated with higher breast cancer risk in postmenopausal White women. The consistency of the BMI-estrogen metabolism associations in our study with those previously noted among White women suggests that estrogens likely explain part of the BMI-postmenopausal breast cancer risk in both groups. These findings merit evaluation in Black women, including prospective studies.
Collapse
|
4
|
Deng Y, Jin H. Effects of menopausal hormone therapy-based on the role of estrogens, progestogens, and their metabolites in proliferation of breast cancer cells. Cancer Biol Med 2021; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0344. [PMID: 34779589 PMCID: PMC9088189 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2021.0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) has been widely used for the clinical treatment of symptoms associated with menopause in women. However, the exact nature of the relationship between MHT and the increased risk of breast cancer has not been fully elucidated. The results of the Women's Health Initiative's randomized controlled clinical studies showed that estrogen monotherapy was associated with a lower incidence of breast cancer as compared to estrogen-progesterone combined therapy, with an elevated risk of breast cancer. The evidence currently available from randomized trials and observational studies is based on data from different populations, drug formulations, and routes of administration. Even though the risks of MHT and breast cancer have received a great deal of attention, information regarding the unpredictable toxicological risks of estrogen and progestogen metabolism needs to be further analyzed. Furthermore, the diversity and complexity of the metabolic pathways of estrogen and different progestogens as well as the association of the different estrogen and progestogen metabolites with the increased risk of breast cancer need to be adequately studied. Therefore, this review aimed to describe the biological effects of estrogen, progesterone, and their metabolites on the proliferation of breast cancer cells, based on relevant basic research and clinical trials, to improve our understanding of the biological functions of estrogen and progestogen as well as the safety of MHT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Hongyan Jin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pescatori S, Berardinelli F, Albanesi J, Ascenzi P, Marino M, Antoccia A, di Masi A, Acconcia F. A Tale of Ice and Fire: The Dual Role for 17β-Estradiol in Balancing DNA Damage and Genome Integrity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:1583. [PMID: 33808099 PMCID: PMC8036963 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
17β-estradiol (E2) regulates human physiology both in females and in males. At the same time, E2 acts as a genotoxic substance as it could induce DNA damages, causing the initiation of cellular transformation. Indeed, increased E2 plasma levels are a risk factor for the development of several types of cancers including breast cancer. This paradoxical identity of E2 undermines the foundations of the physiological definition of "hormone" as E2 works both as a homeostatic regulator of body functions and as a genotoxic compound. Here, (i) the molecular circuitries underlying this double face of E2 are reviewed, and (ii) a possible framework to reconcile the intrinsic discrepancies of the E2 function is reported. Indeed, E2 is a regulator of the DNA damage response, which this hormone exploits to calibrate its genotoxicity with its physiological effects. Accordingly, the genes required to maintain genome integrity belong to the E2-controlled cellular signaling network and are essential for the appearance of the E2-induced cellular effects. This concept requires an "upgrade" to the vision of E2 as a "genotoxic hormone", which balances physiological and detrimental pathways to guarantee human body homeostasis. Deregulation of this equilibrium between cellular pathways would determine the E2 pathological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pescatori
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.B.); (J.A.); (P.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Francesco Berardinelli
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.B.); (J.A.); (P.A.); (M.M.)
- Neurodevelopment, Neurogenetics and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Jacopo Albanesi
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.B.); (J.A.); (P.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Paolo Ascenzi
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.B.); (J.A.); (P.A.); (M.M.)
- Neuroendocrinology, Metabolism and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Marino
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.B.); (J.A.); (P.A.); (M.M.)
- Neuroendocrinology, Metabolism and Neuropharmacology Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Antoccia
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.B.); (J.A.); (P.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Alessandra di Masi
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.B.); (J.A.); (P.A.); (M.M.)
| | - Filippo Acconcia
- Department of Sciences, Section Biomedical Sciences, and Technology, University Roma Tre, Viale Guglielmo Marconi, 446, I-00146 Rome, Italy; (S.P.); (F.B.); (J.A.); (P.A.); (M.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ong Tone S, Kocaba V, Böhm M, Wylegala A, White TL, Jurkunas UV. Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy: The vicious cycle of Fuchs pathogenesis. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 80:100863. [PMID: 32438095 PMCID: PMC7648733 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is the most common primary corneal endothelial dystrophy and the leading indication for corneal transplantation worldwide. FECD is characterized by the progressive decline of corneal endothelial cells (CECs) and the formation of extracellular matrix (ECM) excrescences in Descemet's membrane (DM), called guttae, that lead to corneal edema and loss of vision. FECD typically manifests in the fifth decades of life and has a greater incidence in women. FECD is a complex and heterogeneous genetic disease where interaction between genetic and environmental factors results in cellular apoptosis and aberrant ECM deposition. In this review, we will discuss a complex interplay of genetic, epigenetic, and exogenous factors in inciting oxidative stress, auto(mito)phagy, unfolded protein response, and mitochondrial dysfunction during CEC degeneration. Specifically, we explore the factors that influence cellular fate to undergo apoptosis, senescence, and endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. These findings will highlight the importance of abnormal CEC-DM interactions in triggering the vicious cycle of FECD pathogenesis. We will also review clinical characteristics, diagnostic tools, and current medical and surgical management options for FECD patients. These new paradigms in FECD pathogenesis present an opportunity to develop novel therapeutics for the treatment of FECD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Ong Tone
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Viridiana Kocaba
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Myriam Böhm
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Adam Wylegala
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Tomas L White
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ula V Jurkunas
- Cornea Center of Excellence, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Miyajima T, Melangath G, Zhu S, Deshpande N, Vasanth S, Mondal B, Kumar V, Chen Y, Price MO, Price FW, Rogan EG, Zahid M, Jurkunas UV. Loss of NQO1 generates genotoxic estrogen-DNA adducts in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 147:69-79. [PMID: 31857234 PMCID: PMC6939626 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy (FECD) is an age-related genetically complex disease characterized by increased oxidative DNA damage and progressive degeneration of corneal endothelial cells (HCEnCs). FECD has a greater incidence and advanced phenotype in women, suggesting a possible role of hormones in the sex-driven differences seen in the disease pathogenesis. In this study, catechol estrogen (4-OHE2), the byproduct of estrogen metabolism, induced genotoxic estrogen-DNA adducts formation, macromolecular DNA damage, and apoptotic cell death in HCEnCs; these findings were potentiated by menadione (MN)-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS). Expression of NQO1, a key enzyme that neutralizes reactive estrogen metabolites, was downregulated in FECD, indicating HCEnC susceptibility to reactive estrogen metabolism in FECD. NQO1 deficiency in vitro exacerbated the estrogen-DNA adduct formation and loss of cell viability, which was rescued by the supplementation of N-acetylcysteine, a ROS scavenger. Notably, overexpression of NQO1 in HCEnCs treated with MN and 4-OHE2 quenched the ROS formation, thereby reducing the DNA damage and endothelial cell loss. This study signifies a pivotal role for NQO1 in mitigating the macromolecular oxidative DNA damage arising from the interplay between intracellular ROS and impaired endogenous estrogen metabolism in post-mitotic ocular tissue cells. A dysfunctional Nrf2-NQO1 axis in FECD renders HCEnCs susceptible to catechol estrogens and estrogen-DNA adducts formation. This novel study highlights the potential role of NQO1-mediated estrogen metabolite genotoxicity in explaining the higher incidence of FECD in females.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Miyajima
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University, Tochigi, 321-0293, Japan
| | - Geetha Melangath
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shan Zhu
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neha Deshpande
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shivakumar Vasanth
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bodhisattwa Mondal
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Varun Kumar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yuming Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marianne O Price
- Price Vision Group and Cornea Research Foundation of America, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Francis W Price
- Price Vision Group and Cornea Research Foundation of America, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Eleanor G Rogan
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ula V Jurkunas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Giudice A, Barbieri A, Bimonte S, Cascella M, Cuomo A, Crispo A, D'Arena G, Galdiero M, Della Pepa ME, Botti G, Caraglia M, Capunzo M, Arra C, Montella M. Dissecting the prevention of estrogen-dependent breast carcinogenesis through Nrf2-dependent and independent mechanisms. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:4937-4953. [PMID: 31388303 PMCID: PMC6607693 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s183192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Various studies indicate that prolonged exposure to elevated levels of estrogens is associated with development of breast cancer. Both estrogen receptor-dependent and independent mechanisms can contribute to the carcinogenic effects of estrogens. Among them, the oxidative metabolism of estrogens plays a key role in the initiation of estradiol-induced breast cancer by generation of reactive estrogen quinones as well as the associated formation of oxygen free radicals. These genotoxic metabolites can react with DNA to form unstable DNA adducts which generate mutations leading to the initiation of breast cancer. A variety of endogenous and exogenous factors can alter estrogen homeostasis and generate genotoxic metabolites. The use of specific phytochemicals and dietary supplements can inhibit the risk of breast cancer not only by the modulation of several estrogen-activating enzymes (CYP19, CYP1B1) but also through the induction of various cytoprotective enzymes (eg, SOD3, NQO1, glutathione S-transferases, OGG-1, catechol-O-methyltransferases, CYP1B1A, etc.) that reestablish the homeostatic balance of estrogen metabolism via nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-dependent and independent mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Giudice
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Bimonte
- Division of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Cascella
- Division of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Cuomo
- Division of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Crispo
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni D'Arena
- Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation Unit, IRCCS Centro di Riferimento Oncologico della Basilicata, Rionero in Vulture, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Galdiero
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80134Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Elena Della Pepa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80134Naples, Italy
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138Naples, Italy
| | - Mario Capunzo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry “Scuola Medica Salernitana”, University of Salerno, Baronissi, 84081Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Montella
- Epidemiology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori “Fondazione G. Pascale”, IRCCS, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Tolba MF, Omar HA, Hersi F, Nunes ACF, Noreddin AM. The impact of Catechol-O-methyl transferase knockdown on the cell proliferation of hormone-responsive cancers. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 488:79-88. [PMID: 30904591 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Estrogen (E2) plays a central role in the development and progression of hormone-responsive cancers. Estrogen metabolites exhibit either stimulatory or inhibitory roles on breast and prostate cells. The catechol metabolite 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2) enhances cell proliferation, while 2-methoxyestradiol (2 ME) possesses anticancer activity. The major metabolizing enzyme responsible for detoxifying the deleterious metabolite 4-OHE2 and forming the anticancer metabolite 2 ME is Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase (COMT). The current work investigated the relationship between the expression level of COMT and the cell proliferation of hormone-responsive cancers. The results showed that COMT silencing enhanced the cell proliferation of ER-α positive cancer cells MCF-7 and PC-3 but not the cells that lack ER-α expression as MDA-MB231 and DU-145. The data generated from our study provides a better understanding of the effect of COMT on critical signaling pathways involved in the development and progression of breast cancer (BC) and prostate cancer (PC) including ER-α, p21cip1, p27kip1, NF-κB (P65) and CYP19A1. These findings suggest that COMT enzyme plays a tumor suppressor role in hormone receptor-positive tumors which opens the door for future studies to validate COMT expression as a novel biomarker for the prediction of cancer aggressiveness and treatment efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mai F Tolba
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt; Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Hany A Omar
- College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, 62511 Egypt; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Fatima Hersi
- Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ane C F Nunes
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ayman M Noreddin
- Chapman University School of Pharmacy, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA; College of Pharmacy, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu Q, Odwin-Dacosta S, Cao S, Yager JD, Tang WY. Estrogen down regulates COMT transcription via promoter DNA methylation in human breast cancer cells. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2019; 367:12-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Audet-Delage Y, Grégoire J, Caron P, Turcotte V, Plante M, Ayotte P, Simonyan D, Villeneuve L, Guillemette C. Estradiol metabolites as biomarkers of endometrial cancer prognosis after surgery. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 178:45-54. [PMID: 29092787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common gynecologic malignancy prevailing after menopause. Defining steroid profiles may help predict the risk of recurrence after hysterectomy, which remains limited due to the lack of reliable markers. Adrenal precursors, androgens, parent estrogens and catechol estrogen metabolites were measured by mass spectrometry (MS) in preoperative serums and those collected one month after hysterectomy from 246 newly diagnosed postmenopausal EC cases. We also examined the associations between steroid hormones and EC status by including 110 healthy postmenopausal women. Steroid concentrations were analyzed in relation to clinicopathological features, recurrence and overall survival (OS). The mean follow-up time was 65.5 months and 26 patients experienced relapse after surgery for a recurrence incidence of 10.6% (6.4% Type I and 29.5% Type II). Recurrence and OS were related to a more aggressive disease but not linked to body mass index. Preoperative levels of estriol (E3) and estrone-sulfate (E1-S) were inversely associated with recurrence in a multivariate logistic regression analysis (Hazard ratios (HRs) of 0.31, P=0.039 and 3.01, P=0.024; respectively). All circulating steroids declined considerably after surgery almost reaching those of healthy women, except 4-methoxy-E2 (4MeO-E2) for which postoperative levels increased by 35% and were associated to a 68% decreased risk of recurrence (HR=0.32, P=0.015). Women diagnosed with both histological types of EC present significantly higher levels of steroids, in support of their mitogenic effects. The estrogen precursor E1-S, the anticancer metabolite 4MeO-E2, and E3 that exert mixed antagonist and agonist estrogenic activities and immunological effects, are potential independent prognostic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Audet-Delage
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Jean Grégoire
- Gynecologic Oncology Service, CHU de Québec, and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Caron
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Véronique Turcotte
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Plante
- Gynecologic Oncology Service, CHU de Québec, and Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- CHU de Québec Research Center, and Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - David Simonyan
- Statistical and Clinical Research Platform, CHU de Québec Research Center, Québec, Canada
| | - Lyne Villeneuve
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada
| | - Chantal Guillemette
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec (CHU de Québec) Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Laval University, Québec, Canada; Canada Research Chair in Pharmacogenomics, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Wen C, Wu L, Fu L, Wang B, Zhou H. Unifying mechanism in the initiation of breast cancer by metabolism of estrogen (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627646 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive exposure to estrogen is associated with increased risk of breast cancer. The mechanisms of carcinogenesis in the breast caused by estrogen metabolism include formation of depurinating adducts which are released from DNA to generate apurinic sites, and production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excess ROS not only exerts genotoxicity by indirectly increasing genomic instability, but also stimulates progression of mammary carcinogenicity by inducing a redox‑associated signaling pathway. Estrogen metabolism enzymes serve an important role in estrogen metabolism. Alterations in the expression and activity of estrogen metabolism enzymes may influence estrogen metabolism homeostasis. The present review discusses the process of estrogen metabolism, the role of estrogen metabolites and ROS in breast carcinogenesis, and the effect of metabolism enzyme polymorphisms on generation of pro‑carcinogens and breast cancer susceptibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunjie Wen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lanxiang Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Lijuan Fu
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Honghao Zhou
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bastos P, Gomes T, Ribeiro L. Catechol-O-Methyltransferase (COMT): An Update on Its Role in Cancer, Neurological and Cardiovascular Diseases. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 173:1-39. [DOI: 10.1007/112_2017_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
14
|
Tripathi K, Mani C, Somasagara RR, Clark DW, Ananthapur V, Vinaya K, Palle K. Detection and evaluation of estrogen DNA-adducts and their carcinogenic effects in cultured human cells using biotinylated estradiol. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:1010-1020. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaushlendra Tripathi
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
| | - Chinnadurai Mani
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
| | - Ranganatha R. Somasagara
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
| | - David W. Clark
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
| | - Venkateshwari Ananthapur
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
- Institute of Genetics and Hospital for Genetic Diseases; Osmania University; Begumpet, Hyderabad Telangana India
| | - Kambappa Vinaya
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
- Department of Chemistry; Government First Grade College; Kadur Karnataka India
| | - Komaraiah Palle
- Department of Oncologic Sciences, Mitchell Cancer Institute; University of South Alabama; Mobile Alabama
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Casey SC, Amedei A, Aquilano K, Azmi AS, Benencia F, Bhakta D, Bilsland AE, Boosani CS, Chen S, Ciriolo MR, Crawford S, Fujii H, Georgakilas AG, Guha G, Halicka D, Helferich WG, Heneberg P, Honoki K, Keith WN, Kerkar SP, Mohammed SI, Niccolai E, Nowsheen S, Vasantha Rupasinghe HP, Samadi A, Singh N, Talib WH, Venkateswaran V, Whelan RL, Yang X, Felsher DW. Cancer prevention and therapy through the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S199-S223. [PMID: 25865775 PMCID: PMC4930000 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer arises in the context of an in vivo tumor microenvironment. This microenvironment is both a cause and consequence of tumorigenesis. Tumor and host cells co-evolve dynamically through indirect and direct cellular interactions, eliciting multiscale effects on many biological programs, including cellular proliferation, growth, and metabolism, as well as angiogenesis and hypoxia and innate and adaptive immunity. Here we highlight specific biological processes that could be exploited as targets for the prevention and therapy of cancer. Specifically, we describe how inhibition of targets such as cholesterol synthesis and metabolites, reactive oxygen species and hypoxia, macrophage activation and conversion, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase regulation of dendritic cells, vascular endothelial growth factor regulation of angiogenesis, fibrosis inhibition, endoglin, and Janus kinase signaling emerge as examples of important potential nexuses in the regulation of tumorigenesis and the tumor microenvironment that can be targeted. We have also identified therapeutic agents as approaches, in particular natural products such as berberine, resveratrol, onionin A, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, curcumin, naringenin, desoxyrhapontigenin, piperine, and zerumbone, that may warrant further investigation to target the tumor microenvironment for the treatment and/or prevention of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Casey
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Amedeo Amedei
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Katia Aquilano
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Asfar S Azmi
- Department of Oncology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Dipita Bhakta
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Alan E Bilsland
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Chandra S Boosani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Sophie Chen
- Ovarian and Prostate Cancer Research Laboratory, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Sarah Crawford
- Department of Biology, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Hiromasa Fujii
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematics and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gunjan Guha
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA University, Thanjavur 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - William G Helferich
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Petr Heneberg
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
| | - W Nicol Keith
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Sid P Kerkar
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University Center for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, United States
| | | | - Somaira Nowsheen
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Medical School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - H P Vasantha Rupasinghe
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Neetu Singh
- Advanced Molecular Science Research Centre (Centre for Advanced Research), King George's Medical University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Wamidh H Talib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Applied Science University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Richard L Whelan
- Mount Sinai Roosevelt Hospital, Icahn Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Xujuan Yang
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign-Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Dean W Felsher
- Division of Oncology, Departments of Medicine and Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yager JD. Mechanisms of estrogen carcinogenesis: The role of E2/E1-quinone metabolites suggests new approaches to preventive intervention--A review. Steroids 2015; 99:56-60. [PMID: 25159108 PMCID: PMC4339663 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2014.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies in hamsters, mice and rats have demonstrated that estradiol (E2), its interconvertible metabolite estrone (E1) and their catechol metabolites, in particular 4-hydroxy E2/E1, are carcinogenic in the kidney, uterus and mammary gland. Observational studies and clinical trials consistently show that sustained exposure to E2/E1 is associated with the development of sporadic breast cancer. The weight of evidence supports the contribution of two complementary pathways in the initiation, promotion and progression of breast cancer. One pathway involves activation of nuclear and cytoplasmic signaling pathways through the binding of estrogen to nuclear and membrane-bound estrogen receptors leading to increased cell proliferation. The other pathway involves the oxidative metabolism of E2/E1 to catechols and then reactive quinones that can contribute to oxidative DNA damage and form specific, mutagenic depurinating adducts with adenine and guanine which then in turn can serve as biomarkers for the occurrence of these processes. Both pathways can serve as portals to preventive intervention. Antiestrogens are used clinically to block receptor-mediated signaling to block tumor growth. Various chemopreventive agents such as sulforaphane (SFN) and resveratrol have been shown in cell culture to block oxidative metabolism of E2/E1 and thus prevent DNA damage. Pretreatment of MCF-7 and MCF-10F cells with and inhibitor of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) followed by treatment with E2 or 4-OH E2 caused increased oxidative DNA damage (8-oxo-dG) and depurinating DNA adducts showing the importance of E2-catechol O-methylation by COMT as a protective pathway. E2 treatment of MCF-10A cells with E2 or 4-OH E2 caused an increase in E2-adenine and guanine adducts. Treatment with sulforaphane increased NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione-S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) expression without affecting expression of catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) or cytochrome P450 1B1. Pretreatment with SFN decreased depurinating DNA adducts while increasing levels of 4-OCH3E1/2 and 4-OHE1/2-glutathione conjugates. Treatment of MCF-10F cells with E2 or 4-OH-E2 also caused increased depurinating DNA adducts and neoplastic transformation while pretreatment with resveratrol caused a reduction in adduct levels and neoplastic transformation. Increased levels of estrogen-quinone conjugates and DNA adducts have also been detected in urine of women at increased risk for and with breast cancer. These observations support the notion that targeting the estrogen/estrone metabolism pathway may be another way to reduce breast cancer risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Yager
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Rm. 6527, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Yang L, Zahid M, Liao Y, Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL, Davidson NE, Yager JD, Visvanathan K, Groopman JD, Kensler TW. Reduced formation of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts by sulforaphane or KEAP1 disruption in human mammary epithelial MCF-10A cells. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2587-92. [PMID: 23843041 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulforaphane (SFN) is a potent inducer of detoxication enzymes such as NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) via the Kelch-like erythroid-derived protein with CNC homology-associated protein 1 (Keap1)-NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway. NQO1 reduces the carcinogenic estrogen metabolite, catechol estrogen-3,4-quinone, whereas GSTs detoxify it through conjugation with glutathione. These 3,4-quinones can react with DNA to form depurinating DNA adducts. Thus, SFN may alter estrogen metabolism and thus protect against estrogen-mediated DNA damage and carcinogenesis. Human breast epithelial MCF-10A cells were treated with either vehicle or SFN and either estradiol (E2) or its metabolite 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2). 4-Hydroxy-derived estrogen metabolites and depurinating DNA adducts formed from E2 and its interconvertable metabolite estrone (E1) were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Levels of the depurinated adducts, 4-OHE1/2-1-N3Adenine and 4-OHE1/2-1-N7Guanine, were reduced by 60% in SFN-treated cells, whereas levels of 4-OCH3E1/2 and 4-OHE1/2-glutathione conjugates increased. To constitutively enhance the expression of Nrf2-regulated genes, cells were treated with either scrambled or siKEAP1 RNA. Following E2 or 4-OHE2 treatments, levels of the adenine and guanine adducts dropped 60-70% in siKEAP1-treated cells, whereas 4-OHE1/2-glutathione conjugates increased. However, 4-OCH3E1/2 decreased 50% after siKEAP1 treatment. Thus, treatment with SFN or siKEAP1 has similar effects on reduction of depurinating estrogen-DNA adduct levels following estrogen challenge. However, these pharmacologic and genetic approaches have different effects on estrogen metabolism to O-methyl and glutathione conjugates. Activation of the Nrf2 pathway, especially elevated NQO1, may account for some but not all of the protective effects of SFN against estrogen-mediated DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Yang
- Department of Pharmacology & Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pruthi S, Yang L, Sandhu NP, Ingle JN, Beseler CL, Suman VJ, Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. Evaluation of serum estrogen-DNA adducts as potential biomarkers for breast cancer risk. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:73-9. [PMID: 22386952 PMCID: PMC3378787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine whether the ratio of estrogen-DNA adducts to their respective metabolites and conjugates in serum differed between women with early-onset breast cancer and those with average or high risk of developing breast cancer. Serum samples from women at average risk (n=63) or high risk (n=80) for breast cancer (using Gail model) and women newly diagnosed with early breast cancer (n=79) were analyzed using UPLC-MS/MS. Adduct ratios were statistically compared among the three groups, and the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC) was used to identify a diagnostic cut-off point. The median adduct ratio in the average-risk group was significantly lower than that of both the high-risk group and the breast cancer group (p values<0.0001), and provided good discrimination between those at average versus high risk of breast cancer (AUC=0.84, 95% CI 0.77-0.90). Sensitivity and specificity were maximized at an adduct ratio of 77. For women in the same age and BMI group, the odds of being at high risk for breast cancer was 8.03 (95% CI 3.46-18.7) times higher for those with a ratio of at least 77 compared to those with a ratio less than 77. The likelihood of being at high risk for breast cancer was significantly increased for those with a high adduct ratio relative to those with a low adduct ratio. These findings suggest that estrogen-DNA adducts deserve further study as potential biomarkers for risk of developing breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Pruthi
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; ;
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984388 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA; ; ;
| | - Nicole P. Sandhu
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; ;
| | - James N. Ingle
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Cheryl L. Beseler
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, 1876 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1876, USA;
| | - Vera J. Suman
- Divisions of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Ercole L. Cavalieri
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984388 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA; ; ;
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medial Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA; ;
| | - Eleanor G. Rogan
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984388 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, USA; ; ;
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medial Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA; ;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yager JD. Catechol- O-methyltransferase: characteristics, polymorphisms and role in breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 9:e41-e46. [PMID: 23734165 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Catechol estrogens are carcinogenic, probably because of their estrogenicity and potential for further oxidative metabolism to reactive quinones. Estrogenic quinones cause oxidative DNA damage as well as form mutagenic depurinating adenine and guanine adducts. O-Methylation by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) blocks their estrogenicity and prevents their oxidation to quinones. A single gene encodes both membrane bound (MB) and soluble (S) forms of COMT. The COMT gene contains 34 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The valine108 (S-COMT)/158 (MB-COMT) SNP encodes a low activity form of COMT and has been widely studied as a putative risk factor for breast cancer, with inconsistent results. Investigations of two other SNPs in the promoter of MB-COMT that may affect its expression have also provided mixed results. Future studies on the role of COMT in breast cancer should incorporate measurement of biomarkers that reflect COMT activity and its protective effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James D Yager
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fuhrman BJ, Schairer C, Gail MH, Boyd-Morin J, Xu X, Sue LY, Buys SS, Isaacs C, Keefer LK, Veenstra TD, Berg CD, Hoover RN, Ziegler RG. Estrogen metabolism and risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012; 104:326-39. [PMID: 22232133 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djr531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogens are recognized causal factors in breast cancer. Interindividual variation in estrogen metabolism may also influence the risk of breast cancer and could provide clues to mechanisms of breast carcinogenesis. Long-standing hypotheses about how estrogen metabolism might influence breast cancer have not been adequately evaluated in epidemiological studies because of the lack of accurate, reproducible, and high-throughput assays for estrogen metabolites. METHODS We conducted a prospective case-control study nested within the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial (PLCO). Participants included 277 women who developed invasive breast cancer (case subjects) and 423 matched control subjects; at PLCO baseline, all subjects were aged 55-74 years, postmenopausal and not using hormone therapy, and provided a blood sample. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure serum concentrations of 15 estrogens and estrogen metabolites, in unconjugated and conjugated forms, including the parent estrogens, estrone and estradiol, and estrogen metabolites in pathways defined by irreversible hydroxylation at the C-2, C-4, or C-16 positions of the steroid ring. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) approximating risk in highest vs lowest deciles of individual estrogens and estrogen metabolites, estrogens and estrogen metabolites grouped by metabolic pathways, and metabolic pathway ratios using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS Nearly all estrogens, estrogen metabolites, and metabolic pathway groups were associated with an increased risk of breast cancer; the serum concentration of unconjugated estradiol was strongly associated with the risk of breast cancer (HR = 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19 to 3.62). No estrogen, estrogen metabolite, or metabolic pathway group remained statistically significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer after adjusting for unconjugated estradiol. The ratio of the 2-hydroxylation pathway to parent estrogens (HR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.51 to 0.87) and the ratio of 4-hydroxylation pathway catechols to 4-hydroxylation pathway methylated catechols (HR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.72) were statistically significantly associated with the risk of breast cancer and remained so after adjustment for unconjugated estradiol. CONCLUSIONS More extensive 2-hydroxylation of parent estrogens is associated with lower risk, and less extensive methylation of potentially genotoxic 4-hydroxylation pathway catechols is associated with higher risk of postmenopausal breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara J Fuhrman
- Hormonal and Reproductive Epidemiology Branch, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. The etiology and prevention of breast cancer. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. DISEASE MECHANISMS 2012; 9:e55-e69. [PMID: 26246832 PMCID: PMC4522944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddmec.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metabolism of estrogens via the catechol estrogen pathway is characterized by a balanced set of activating and protective enzymes (homeostasis). Disruption of homeostasis, with excessive production of catechol estrogen quinones, can lead to reaction of these quinones with DNA to form depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts. Some of the mutations generated by these events can lead to initiation of breast cancer. A wealth of evidence, from studies of metabolism, mutagenicity, cell transformation and carcinogenicity, demonstrates that estrogens are genotoxic. Women at high risk for breast cancer, or diagnosed with the disease, have relatively high levels of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts compared to normal-risk women. The dietary supplements N-acetylcysteine and resveratrol can inhibit formation of catechol estrogen quinones and their reaction with DNA to form estrogen-DNA adducts, thereby preventing initiation of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ercole L. Cavalieri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eleanor G. Rogan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Yamazaki S, Sakakibara H, Takemura H, Shimoi K. 4-Hydroxyestradiol Induces ^|^gamma;-H2AX in the Presence of an Inhibitor of Catechol-O-methyltransferase in Human Breast Cancer MCF-7 Cells. Genes Environ 2012. [DOI: 10.3123/jemsge.34.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
23
|
Hinrichs B, Zahid M, Saeed M, Ali MF, Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. Formation of diethylstilbestrol-DNA adducts in human breast epithelial cells and inhibition by resveratrol. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 127:276-81. [PMID: 21896331 PMCID: PMC4422071 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Extensive evidence exists that the reaction of estrogen metabolites with DNA produces depurinating adducts that, in turn, induce mutations and cellular transformation. While it is clear that these estrogen metabolites result in a neoplastic phenotype in vitro, further evidence supporting the link between estrogen-DNA adduct formation and its role in neoplasia induction in vivo would strengthen the evidence for a genotoxic mechanism. Diethylstilbestrol (DES), an estrogen analogue known to increase the risk of breast cancer in women exposed in utero, is hypothesized to induce neoplasia through a similar genotoxic mechanism. Cultured MCF-10F human breast epithelial cells were treated with DES at varying concentrations and for various times to determine whether the addition of DES to MCF-10F cells resulted in the formation of depurinating adducts. This is the first demonstration of the formation of DES-DNA adducts in human breast cells. A dose-dependent increase in DES-DNA adducts was observed. Demonstrating that treatment of MCF-10F cells with DES, a known human carcinogen, yields depurinating adducts provides further support for the involvement of these adducts in the induction of breast neoplasia. Previous studies have demonstrated the ability of antioxidants such as resveratrol to prevent the formation of estrogen-DNA adducts, thus preventing a key carcinogenic event. In this study, when MCF-10F cells were treated with a combination of resveratrol and DES, a dose-dependent reduction in the level of DES-DNA adducts was also observed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hinrichs
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
| | - Mohammed F. Ali
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 985870 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, United States
| | - Ercole L. Cavalieri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984388 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, United States
| | - Eleanor G. Rogan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984388 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, United States
- Corresponding author at: Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984388 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4388, United States. Tel.: +1 402 559 4095; fax: +1 402 559 7259. (E.G. Rogan)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Naushad SM, Reddy CA, Rupasree Y, Pavani A, Digumarti RR, Gottumukkala SR, Kuppusamy P, Kutala VK. Cross-Talk Between One-Carbon Metabolism and Xenobiotic Metabolism: Implications on Oxidative DNA Damage and Susceptibility to Breast Cancer. Cell Biochem Biophys 2011; 61:715-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s12013-011-9245-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
25
|
Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. Unbalanced metabolism of endogenous estrogens in the etiology and prevention of human cancer. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 125:169-80. [PMID: 21397019 PMCID: PMC4423478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among the numerous small molecules in the body, the very few aromatic ones include the estrogens and dopamine. In relation to cancer initiation, the estrogens should be considered as chemicals, not as hormones. Metabolism of estrogens is characterized by two major pathways. One is hydroxylation to form the 2- and 4-catechol estrogens, and the second is hydroxylation at the 16α position. In the catechol pathway, the metabolism involves further oxidation to semiquinones and quinones, including formation of the catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones, the major carcinogenic metabolites of estrogens. These electrophilic compounds react with DNA to form the depurinating adducts 4-OHE(1)(E(2))-1-N3Ade and 4-OHE(1)(E(2))-1-N7Gua. The apurinic sites obtained by this reaction generate the mutations that may lead to the initiation of cancer. Oxidation of catechol estrogens to their quinones is normally in homeostasis, which minimizes formation of the quinones and their reaction with DNA. When the homeostasis is disrupted, excessive amounts of catechol estrogen quinones are formed and the resulting increase in depurinating DNA adducts can lead to initiation of cancer. Substantial evidence demonstrates the mutagenicity of the estrogen metabolites and their ability to induce transformation of mouse and human breast epithelial cells, and tumors in laboratory animals. Furthermore, women at high risk for breast cancer or diagnosed with the disease, men with prostate cancer, and men with non-Hodgkin lymphoma all have relatively high levels of estrogen-DNA adducts, compared to matched control subjects. Specific antioxidants, such as N-acetylcysteine and resveratrol, can block the oxidation of catechol estrogens to their quinones and their reaction with DNA. As a result, the initiation of cancer can be prevented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ercole L Cavalieri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States.
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zahid M, Saeed M, Beseler C, Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL. Resveratrol and N-acetylcysteine block the cancer-initiating step in MCF-10F cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:78-85. [PMID: 20934508 PMCID: PMC4425208 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.10.662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence suggests that catechol estrogen-3,4-quinones react with DNA to form predominantly the depurinating adducts 4-hydroxyestrone (estradiol)-1-N3Ade [4-OHE(1)(E(2))-1-N3Ade] and 4-OHE(1)(E(2))-1-N7Gua. Apurinic sites resulting from these adducts generate critical mutations that can initiate cancer. The paradigm of cancer initiation is based on an imbalance in estrogen metabolism between activating pathways that lead to estrogen-DNA adducts and deactivating pathways that lead to estrogen metabolites and conjugates. This imbalance can be improved to minimize formation of adducts by using antioxidants, such as resveratrol (Resv) and N-acetylcysteine (NAcCys). To compare the ability of Resv and NAcCys to block formation of estrogen-DNA adducts, we used the human breast epithelial cell line MCF-10F treated with 4-OHE(2). Resv and NAcCys directed the metabolism of 4-OHE(2) toward protective pathways. NAcCys reacted with the quinones and reduced the semiquinones to catechols. This pathway was also carried out by Resv. In addition, Resv induced the protective enzyme quinone reductase, which reduces E(1)(E(2))-3,4-quinones to 4-OHE(1)(E(2)). Resv was more effective at increasing the amount of 4-OCH(3)E(1)(E(2)) than NAcCys. Inhibition of estrogen-DNA adduct formation was similar at lower doses, but at higher doses Resv was about 50% more effective than NAcCys. Their combined effects were additive. Therefore, these two antioxidants provide an excellent combination to protect catechol estrogens from oxidation to catechol quinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Cheryl Beseler
- Colorado Injury Control Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Eleanor G. Rogan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ercole L. Cavalieri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Corresponding author. Fax: +1 402 559 8068. (E.L. Cavalieri)
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. Is bisphenol A a weak carcinogen like the natural estrogens and diethylstilbestrol? IUBMB Life 2010; 62:746-51. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
28
|
Zahid M, Saeed M, Ali MF, Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL. N-acetylcysteine blocks formation of cancer-initiating estrogen-DNA adducts in cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 49:392-400. [PMID: 20472053 PMCID: PMC2900421 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Catechol estrogens, especially 4-hydroxylated metabolites of 17beta-estradiol (E(2)), are responsible for estrogen-induced carcinogenesis. 4-Hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE(2)), a major metabolite of E(2) formed preferentially by cytochrome P-450 1B1, is oxidized to E(2)-3,4-quinone, which can react with DNA to yield the depurinating adducts 4-OHE(2)-1-N3Ade and 4-OHE(2)-1-N7Gua. The apurinic sites generated by the loss of these depurinating adducts induce mutations that could lead to cancer initiation. In this study, we have evaluated the effects of N-acetylcysteine (NAcCys) on the metabolism of two cell lines, MCF-10F (a normal human breast epithelial cell line) and E6 (a normal mouse mammary epithelial cell line), treated with 4-OHE(2) or its reactive metabolite, E(2)-3,4-quinone. Extensive HPLC with electrochemical detection and UPLC-MS/MS analyses of the cell media demonstrated that the presence of NAcCys very efficiently shifted the estrogen metabolism toward protective methoxylation and conjugation pathways in multiple ways, whereas formation of depurinating DNA adducts was inhibited. Protection by NAcCys seems to be similar in both cell lines, irrespective of their origin (human or mouse) or the presence of estrogen receptor-alpha. This finding suggests that NAcCys, a common dietary supplement, could be used as a potential chemopreventive agent to block the initial step in the genotoxicity caused by catechol estrogen quinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahid
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Singh S, Zahid M, Saeed M, Gaikwad NW, Meza JL, Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG, Chakravarti D. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 Arg139Trp and Pro187Ser polymorphisms imbalance estrogen metabolism towards DNA adduct formation in human mammary epithelial cells. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2009; 117:56-66. [PMID: 19628038 PMCID: PMC4425209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2009] [Revised: 06/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Estrogens (estrone, E(1); estradiol, E(2)) are oxidized in the breast first to catechols and then to form two ortho-quinones (E(1/2)-3,4-Q) that react with DNA to form depurinating adducts, which lead to mutations associated with breast cancer. NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) reduces these quinones back to catechols, and thus may protect against this mechanism. We examined whether the inheritance of two polymorphic variants of NQO1 (Pro187Ser or Arg139Trp) would result in poor reduction of E(1/2)-3,4-Q in normal human mammary epithelial cells (MCF-10F) and increased depurinating adduct formation. An isogenic set of stably transfected normal human breast epithelial cells (MCF-10F) that express a truncated (135Stop), the wild-type, the 139Trp variant or the 187Ser variant of human NQO1 cDNA was constructed. MCF-10F cells showed a low endogenous NQO1 activity. NQO1 expression was examined by RT-PCR and Western blotting, and catalytic activity of reducing E(2)-3,4-Q to 4-hydroxyE(1/2) and associated changes in the levels of quinone conjugates (4-methoxyE(1/2), 4-OHE(1/2)-2-glutathione, 4-OHE(1/2)-2-Cys and 4-OHE(1/2)-2-N-acetylcysteine) and depurinating DNA adducts (4-OHE(1/2)-1-N3Ade and 4-OHE(1/2)-1-N7Gua) were examined by HPLC with electrochemical detection, as well as by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The polymorphic variants transcribed comparably to the wild-type NQO1, but produced approximately 2-fold lower levels of the protein, suggesting that the variant proteins may become degraded. E(1/2)-3,4-Q toxicity to MCF-10F cells (IC50=24.74 microM) was increased (IC50=3.7 microM) by Ro41-0960 (3 microM), a catechol-O-methyltransferase inhibitor. Cells expressing polymorphic NQO1 treated with E(2)-3,4-Q with or without added Ro41-0960, showed lower ability to reduce the quinone ( approximately 50% lower levels of the free catechols and approximately 3-fold lower levels of methylated catechols) compared to the wild-type enzyme. The increased availability of the quinones in these cells did not result in greater glutathione conjugation. Instead, there was increased (2.5-fold) formation of the depurinating DNA adducts. Addition of Ro41-0960 increased the amounts of free catechols, quinone conjugates and depurinating DNA adducts. NQO1 polymorphic variants (Arg139Trp and Pro187Ser) were poor reducers of estrogen-3,4-quinones, which caused increased formation of estrogen-DNA adduct formation in MCF-10F cells. Therefore, the inheritance of these NQO1 polymorphisms may favor the estrogen genotoxic mechanism of breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seema Singh
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
| | - Muhammad Zahid
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
| | - Muhammad Saeed
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
| | - Nilesh W. Gaikwad
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
| | - Jane L. Meza
- Preventive and Societal Medicine, 984350 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4350, United States
| | - Ercole L. Cavalieri
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
| | - Eleanor G. Rogan
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
- Department of Environmental, Agricultural and Occupational Health, College of Public Health, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5110, United States
| | - Dhrubajyoti Chakravarti
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, United States
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 402 559 2951; fax: +1 402 559 8068. (D. Chakravarti)
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Saeed M, Rogan E, Cavalieri E. Mechanism of metabolic activation and DNA adduct formation by the human carcinogen diethylstilbestrol: the defining link to natural estrogens. Int J Cancer 2009; 124:1276-84. [PMID: 19089919 PMCID: PMC2814601 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Diethylstilbestrol (DES) is a human carcinogen, based on sufficient epidemiological evidence. DES is mainly metabolized to its catechol, 3'-hydroxyDES (3'-OH-DES), which can further oxidize to DES-3',4'-quinone (DES-3',4'-Q). Similarly to estradiol-3,4-quinone, the reaction of DES-3',4'-Q with DNA would form the depurinating 3'-OH-DES-6'-N3Ade and 3'-OH-DES-6'-N7Gua adducts. To prove this hypothesis, synthesis of DES-3',4'-Q by oxidation of 3'-OH-DES with Ag(2)O was tried; this failed due to instantaneous formation of a spiro-quinone. Oxidation of 3'-OH-DES by lactoperoxidase or tyrosinase in the presence of DNA led to the formation of 3'-OH-DES-6'-N3Ade and 3'-OH-DES-6'-N7Gua adducts. These adducts were tentatively identified by LC-MS/MS as 3'-OH-DES-6'-N3Ade, m/z = 418 [M+H](+), and 3'-OH-DES-6'-N7Gua, m/z = 434 [M+H](+). Demonstration of their structures derived from their oxidation by MnO(2) to the DES quinone adducts and subsequent tautomerization to the dienestrol (DIES) catechol adducts, which are identical to the standard 3'-OH-DIES-6'-N3Ade, m/z = 416 [M+H](+), and 3'-OH-DIES-6'-N7Gua, m/z = 432 [M+H](+), adducts. The reaction of DIES-3',4'-Q or lactoperoxidase-activated 3'-OH-DIES with DNA did not produce any depurinating adducts, due to the dienic chain being perpendicular to the phenyl planes, which impedes the intercalation of DIES into the DNA. Enzymic oxidation of 3'-OH-DES suggests that the catechol of DES intercalates into DNA and is then oxidized to its quinone to yield N3Ade and N7Gua adducts. These results suggest that the common denominator of tumor initiation by the synthetic estrogen DES and the natural estrogen estradiol is formation of their catechol quinones, which react with DNA to afford the depurinating N3Ade and N7Gua adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saeed
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Lu F, Zahid M, Wang C, Saeed M, Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG. Resveratrol prevents estrogen-DNA adduct formation and neoplastic transformation in MCF-10F cells. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2009; 1:135-45. [PMID: 19138946 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-08-0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to estrogens is a risk factor for breast cancer. Specific estrogen metabolites may initiate breast cancer and other cancers. Genotoxicity may be caused by cytochrome P450 (CYP)-mediated oxidation of catechol estrogens to quinones that react with DNA to form depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts. CYP1B1 favors quinone formation by catalyzing estrogen 4-hydroxylation, whereas NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) catalyzes the protective reduction of quinones to catechols. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induces CYP1B1 expression through the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Resveratrol has anticancer effects in diverse in vitro and in vivo systems and is an AhR antagonist that decreases CYP expression but induces NQO1 expression. The chemopreventive effect of resveratrol on breast cancer initiation was investigated in MCF-10F cells. Its effects on estrogen metabolism and formation of estrogen-DNA adducts were analyzed in culture medium by high-performance liquid chromatography, whereas its effects on CYP1B1 and NQO1 were determined by immunoblotting and immunostaining. The antitransformation effects of resveratrol were also examined. TCDD induced expression of CYP1B1 and its redistribution in the nucleus and cytoplasm. Concomitant treatment with resveratrol dose-dependently suppressed TCDD-induced expression of CYP1B1, mainly in the cytoplasm. Resveratrol dose- and time-dependently induced expression of NQO1. NQO1 is mainly in the perinuclear membrane of control cells, but resveratrol induced NQO1 and its intracellular redistribution, which involves nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2. Resveratrol decreased estrogen metabolism and blocked formation of DNA adducts in cells treated with TCDD and/or estradiol. Resveratrol also suppressed TCDD and/or estradiol-induced cell transformation. Thus, resveratrol can prevent breast cancer initiation by blocking multiple sites in the estrogen genotoxicity pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Lu
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Zahid M, Gaikwad NW, Ali MF, Lu F, Saeed M, Yang L, Rogan EG, Cavalieri EL. Prevention of estrogen-DNA adduct formation in MCF-10F cells by resveratrol. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:136-45. [PMID: 18423413 PMCID: PMC2494714 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol (Resv), a natural occurring phytolexin present in grapes and other foods, possesses chemopreventive effects revealed by its striking modulation of diverse cellular events associated with tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. Catechol estrogens generated in the metabolism of estrogens are oxidized to catechol quinones that react with DNA to form predominantly depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts. This event can generate the mutations responsible for cancer initiation. In this regard, Resv acts as both an antioxidant and an inducer of the phase II enzyme NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1). In this report, we present the effects of Resv on the metabolism of estrogens in normal breast epithelial cells (MCF-10F) treated with 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE(2)) or estradiol-3,4-quinone (E(2)-3,4-Q). Resv induced NQO1 in a dose- and time-dependent manner, but did not affect the expression of catechol-O-methyltransferase. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was used to determine the effects of Resv on estrogen metabolism. Preincubation of the cells with Resv for 48 h decreased the formation of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts from 4-OHE(2) or E(2)-3,4-Q and increased formation of methoxycatechol estrogens. When Resv was also present with the 4-OHE(2) or E(2)-3,4-Q, even greater increases in methoxycatechol estrogens were observed, and the DNA adducts were undetectable. We conclude that Resv can protect breast cells from carcinogenic estrogen metabolites, suggesting that it could be used in breast cancer prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ercole L. Cavalieri
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. Ercole L. Cavalieri, Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, UNMC, 986805 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6805, phone 402-559-7237, fax 402-559-8068, e-mail,
| |
Collapse
|