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Jain SK, Stevens CM, Margret JJ, Levine SN. Alzheimer's Disease: A Review of Pathology, Current Treatments, and the Potential Therapeutic Effect of Decreasing Oxidative Stress by Combined Vitamin D and l-Cysteine Supplementation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2024; 40:663-678. [PMID: 37756366 PMCID: PMC11001507 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2023.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Excess oxidative stress and neuroinflammation are risk factors in the onset and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and its association with amyloid-β plaque accumulation. Oxidative stress impairs acetylcholine (ACH) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor signaling in brain areas that function in memory and learning. Glutathione (GSH) antioxidant depletion positively correlates with the cognitive decline in AD subjects. Treatments that upregulate GSH and ACH levels, which simultaneously decrease oxidative stress and inflammation, may be beneficial for AD. Recent Advances: Some clinical trials have shown a benefit of monotherapy with vitamin D (VD), whose deficiency is linked to AD or with l-cysteine (LC), a precursor of GSH biosynthesis, in reducing mild cognitive impairment. Animal studies have shown a simultaneous decrease in ACH esterase (AChE) and increase in GSH; combined supplementation with VD and LC results in a greater decrease in oxidative stress and inflammation, and increase in GSH levels compared with monotherapy with VD or LC. Therefore, cosupplementation with VD and LC has the potential of increasing GSH, downregulation of oxidative stress, and decreased inflammation and AChE levels. Future Directions: Clinical trials are needed to determine whether safe low-cost dietary supplements, using combined VD+LC, have the potential to alleviate elevated AChE, oxidative stress, and inflammation levels, thereby halting the onset of AD. Goal of Review: The goal of this review is to highlight the pathological hallmarks and current Food and Drug Administration-approved treatments for AD, and discuss the potential therapeutic effect that cosupplementation with VD+LC could manifest by increasing GSH levels in patients. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 663-678.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil K. Jain
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher M. Stevens
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jeffrey Justin Margret
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Steven N. Levine
- Department of Pediatrics and Medicine, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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2
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Chen Z, Tian Y, Yang J, Wu F, Liu S, Cao W, Xu W, Hu T, Siegwart DJ, Xiong H. Modular Design of Biodegradable Ionizable Lipids for Improved mRNA Delivery and Precise Cancer Metastasis Delineation In Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:24302-24314. [PMID: 37853662 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) represent the most clinically advanced nonviral mRNA delivery vehicles; however, the full potential of the LNP platform is greatly hampered by inadequate endosomal escape capability. Herein, we rationally introduce a disulfide bond-bridged ester linker to modularly synthesize a library of 96 linker-degradable ionizable lipids (LDILs) for improved mRNA delivery in vivo. The top-performing LDILs are composed of one 4A3 amino headgroup, four disulfide bond-bridged linkers, and four 10-carbon tail chains, whose unique GSH-responsive cone-shaped architectures endow optimized 4A3-SCC-10 and 4A3-SCC-PH lipids with superior endosomal escape and rapid mRNA release abilities, outperforming their parent lipids 4A3-SC-10/PH without a disulfide bond and control lipids 4A3-SSC-10/PH with a disulfide bond in the tail. Notably, compared to DLin-MC3-DMA via systematic administration, 4A3-SCC-10- and 4A3-SCC-PH-formulated LNPs significantly improved mRNA delivery in livers by 87-fold and 176-fold, respectively. Moreover, 4A3-SCC-PH LNPs enabled the highly efficient gene editing of 99% hepatocytes at a low Cre mRNA dose in tdTomato mice following intravenous administration. Meanwhile, 4A3-SCC-PH LNPs were able to selectively deliver firefly luciferase mRNA and facilitate luciferase expression in tumor cells after intraperitoneal injection, further improving cancer metastasis delineation and surgery via bioluminescence imaging. We envision that the chemistry adopted here can be further extended to develop new biodegradable ionizable lipids for broad applications such as gene editing and cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoming Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jieyu Yang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fapu Wu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Senyao Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenwen Cao
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Weijia Xu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Tao Hu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Daniel J Siegwart
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Hu Xiong
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Pérez-Sala D, Pajares MA. Appraising the Role of Astrocytes as Suppliers of Neuronal Glutathione Precursors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098059. [PMID: 37175763 PMCID: PMC10179008 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism and intercellular transfer of glutathione or its precursors may play an important role in cellular defense against oxidative stress, a common hallmark of neurodegeneration. In the 1990s, several studies in the Neurobiology field led to the widely accepted notion that astrocytes produce large amounts of glutathione that serve to feed neurons with precursors for glutathione synthesis. This assumption has important implications for health and disease since a reduction in this supply from astrocytes could compromise the capacity of neurons to cope with oxidative stress. However, at first glance, this shuttling would imply a large energy expenditure to get to the same point in a nearby cell. Thus, are there additional underlying reasons for this expensive mechanism? Are neurons unable to import and/or synthesize the three non-essential amino acids that are the glutathione building blocks? The rather oxidizing extracellular environment favors the presence of cysteine (Cys) as cystine (Cis), less favorable for neuronal import. Therefore, it has also been proposed that astrocytic GSH efflux could induce a change in the redox status of the extracellular space nearby the neurons, locally lowering the Cis/Cys ratio. This astrocytic glutathione release would also increase their demand for precursors, stimulating Cis uptake, which these cells can import, further impacting the local decline of the Cis/Cys ratio, in turn, contributing to a more reduced extracellular environment and subsequently favoring neuronal Cys import. Here, we revisit the experimental evidence that led to the accepted hypothesis of astrocytes acting as suppliers of neuronal glutathione precursors, considering recent data from the Human Protein Atlas. In addition, we highlight some potential drawbacks of this hypothesis, mainly supported by heterogeneous cellular models. Finally, we outline additional and more cost-efficient possibilities by which astrocytes could support neuronal glutathione levels, including its shuttling in extracellular vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Pajares
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Li N, Wang T, Wang N, Fan M, Cui X. A Substituted-Rhodamine-Based Reversible Fluorescent Probe for In Vivo Quantification of Glutathione. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202217326. [PMID: 36564368 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202217326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Quantifying glutathione (GSH) in cells and organisms is of great significance for understanding the mechanism of oxidative stress in various physiological and pathological processes. However, the quantification by fluorescence bioimaging in living tissues has much stricter requirements than the "Petri dish"-cultured cells in flat plates. Based on the evaluation of the electronic structure and steric hindrance-tuned reactivity of phospha-substituted rhodamine with GSH, a reversible Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) probe ZpSiP with a distinct performance (Kd =4.9 mM, t1/2 =0.57 s, k=81 M-1 s-1 ) is developed for real time quantifying GSH in living cells. Furthermore, the near-infrared (NIR) probe succeeded in sensitively tracking the dynamics of GSH in the real organisms bearing tumors, chronic renal failure, and liver fibrosis for unveiling the related pathological processes. We believe that the advance in chemistry with quantitative analysis methods will initiate more promising progress and broad applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, 800 Xiangyin Road, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Mengting Fan
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Cui
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200241, P. R. China
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5
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Gould RL, Craig SW, McClatchy S, Churchill GA, Pazdro R. Genetic mapping of renal glutathione suggests a novel regulatory locus on the murine X chromosome and overlap with hepatic glutathione regulation. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 174:28-39. [PMID: 34324982 PMCID: PMC8597656 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is a critical cellular antioxidant that protects against byproducts of aerobic metabolism and other reactive electrophiles to prevent oxidative stress and cell death. Proper maintenance of its reduced form, GSH, in excess of its oxidized form, GSSG, prevents oxidative stress in the kidney and protects against the development of chronic kidney disease. Evidence has indicated that renal concentrations of GSH and GSSG, as well as their ratio GSH/GSSG, are moderately heritable, and past research has identified polymorphisms and candidate genes associated with these phenotypes in mice. Yet those discoveries were made with in silico mapping methods that are prone to false positives and power limitations, so the true loci and candidate genes that control renal glutathione remain unknown. The present study utilized high-resolution gene mapping with the Diversity Outbred mouse stock to identify causal loci underlying variation in renal GSH levels and redox status. Mapping output identified a suggestive locus associated with renal GSH on murine chromosome X at 51.602 Mbp, and bioinformatic analyses identified apoptosis-inducing factor mitochondria-associated 1 (Aifm1) as the most plausible candidate. Then, mapping outputs were compiled and compared against the genetic architecture of the hepatic GSH system, and we discovered a locus on murine chromosome 14 that overlaps between hepatic GSH concentrations and renal GSH redox potential. Overall, the results support our previously proposed model that the GSH redox system is regulated by both global and tissue-specific loci, vastly improving our understanding of GSH and its regulation and proposing new candidate genes for future mechanistic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gould
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steven W Craig
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Susan McClatchy
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Gary A Churchill
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Robert Pazdro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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6
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Ren H, Huo F, Shen T, Liu X, Yin C. Molecular-Dimension-Dependent ESIPT Break for Specific Reversible Response to GSH and Its Real-Time Bioimaging. Anal Chem 2021; 93:12801-12807. [PMID: 34498863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays many important roles in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis, and determining its real-time levels in the biological system is essential for the diagnosis, treatment, and pathological research of related diseases. Fluorescence imaging has been regarded as a powerful tool for tracking biomarkers in vivo, for which specificity, reversibility, and fast response are the main issues to ensure the real-time effective detection of analytes. The determination of GSH is often interfered with by other active sulfur species. However, in addition to the common features of nucleophilic addition, GSH is unique in its large molecular scale. 2-(2-Hydroxyphenyl) benzothiazole (HBT) was often formed in the ESIPT process. In this study, HBT was installed with α,β-unsaturated ketone conjugated coumarin derivates or nitrobenzene, which were used to adjust the reactivity of α,β-unsaturated ketone. Experimental and theoretical calculations found ESIPT to be favorable in HBT-COU but not HBT-COU-NEt2 or HBT-BEN-NO2 due to the higher electronic energies in the keto form. Thus, for HBT-COU, in the presence of GSH, the hydrogen-bonding interaction between C═N of the HBT unit and carboxyl of GSH would inhibit the process, simultaneously promoting the Michel addition reaction between α,β-unsaturated ketone and GSH. As a consequence, probe HBT-COU could exhibit a rapid reversible ratiometric response to GSH. Small structures of Hcy and Cys are passivated for such reactions. Cell imaging demonstrated the specific response of the probe to GSH, and the probe was successfully used to monitor fluctuations in GSH concentration during cells apoptosis in real-time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixian Ren
- Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Fangjun Huo
- Research Institute of Applied Chemistry, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Tianruo Shen
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, 487372 Singapore
| | - Caixia Yin
- Xinzhou Teachers University, Xinzhou 034000, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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7
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Gould RL, Craig SW, McClatchy S, Churchill GA, Pazdro R. Quantitative trait mapping in Diversity Outbred mice identifies novel genomic regions associated with the hepatic glutathione redox system. Redox Biol 2021; 46:102093. [PMID: 34418604 PMCID: PMC8385155 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.102093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is instrumental to antioxidant protection and xenobiotic metabolism, and the ratio of its reduced and oxidized forms (GSH/GSSG) indicates the cellular redox environment and maintains key aspects of cellular signaling. Disruptions in GSH levels and GSH/GSSG have long been tied to various chronic diseases, and many studies have examined whether variant alleles in genes responsible for GSH synthesis and metabolism are associated with increased disease risk. However, past studies have been limited to established, canonical GSH genes, though emerging evidence suggests that novel loci and genes influence the GSH redox system in specific tissues. The present study marks the most comprehensive effort to date to directly identify genetic loci associated with the GSH redox system. We employed the Diversity Outbred (DO) mouse population, a model of human genetics, and measured GSH and the essential redox cofactor NADPH in liver, the organ with the highest levels of GSH in the body. Under normal physiological conditions, we observed substantial variation in hepatic GSH and NADPH levels and their redox balances, and discovered a novel, significant quantitative trait locus (QTL) on murine chromosome 16 underlying GSH/GSSG; bioinformatics analyses revealed Socs1 to be the most likely candidate gene. We also discovered novel QTL associated with hepatic NADP+ levels and NADP+/NADPH, as well as unique candidate genes behind each trait. Overall, these findings transform our understanding of the GSH redox system, revealing genetic loci that govern it and proposing new candidate genes to investigate in future mechanistic endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Gould
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Steven W Craig
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Susan McClatchy
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Gary A Churchill
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
| | - Robert Pazdro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Georgia, 305 Sanford Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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8
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Sulaiman GM, Waheeb HM, Jabir MS, Khazaal SH, Dewir YH, Naidoo Y. Hesperidin Loaded on Gold Nanoparticles as a Drug Delivery System for a Successful Biocompatible, Anti-Cancer, Anti-Inflammatory and Phagocytosis Inducer Model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9362. [PMID: 32518242 PMCID: PMC7283242 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66419-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hesperidin is a flavonoid glycoside with proven therapeutic activities for various diseases, including cancer. However, its poor solubility and bioavailability render it only slightly absorbed, requiring a delivery system to reach its therapeutic target. Hesperidin loaded on gold nanoparticles (Hsp-AuNPs) was prepared by a chemical synthesis method. Various characterization techniques such as UV-VIS spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD, FESEM, TEM and EDX, Zeta potential analysis, particle size analysis, were used to confirm the synthesis of Hsp-AuNPs. The cytotoxic effect of Hsp-AuNPs on human breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) was assessed using MTT and crystal violet assays. The results revealed significant decrease in proliferation and inhibition of growth of the treated cells when compared with human normal breast epithelial cell line (HBL-100). Determination of apoptosis by fluorescence microscope was also performed using acridine orange-propidium iodide dual staining assay. The in vivo study was designed to evaluate the toxicity of Hsp-AuNPs in mice. The levels of hepatic and kidney functionality markers were assessed. No significant statistical differences were found for the tested indicators. Histological images of liver, spleen, lung and kidney showed no apparent damages and histopathological abnormalities after treatment with Hsp-AuNPs. Hsp-AuNPs ameliorated the functional activity of macrophages against Ehrlich ascites tumor cells-bearing mice. The production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines was also assessed in bone marrow–derived macrophage cells treated with Hsp-AuNPs. The results obviously demonstrated that Hsp-AuNPs treatment significantly inhibited the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghassan M Sulaiman
- Biotechnology Division, Applied Science Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq.
| | - Hanaa M Waheeb
- Biotechnology Division, Applied Science Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Majid S Jabir
- Biotechnology Division, Applied Science Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Shaymaa H Khazaal
- Applied Chemistry Division, Applied Science Department, University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Yaser Hassan Dewir
- King Saud University, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Kafrelsheikh University, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Yougasphree Naidoo
- University of KwaZulu-Natal, School of Life Sciences, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
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Pajares MA, Pérez-Sala D. Mammalian Sulfur Amino Acid Metabolism: A Nexus Between Redox Regulation, Nutrition, Epigenetics, and Detoxification. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:408-452. [PMID: 29186975 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Transsulfuration allows conversion of methionine into cysteine using homocysteine (Hcy) as an intermediate. This pathway produces S-adenosylmethionine (AdoMet), a key metabolite for cell function, and provides 50% of the cysteine needed for hepatic glutathione synthesis. The route requires the intake of essential nutrients (e.g., methionine and vitamins) and is regulated by their availability. Transsulfuration presents multiple interconnections with epigenetics, adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and glutathione synthesis, polyol and pentose phosphate pathways, and detoxification that rely mostly in the exchange of substrates or products. Major hepatic diseases, rare diseases, and sensorineural disorders, among others that concur with oxidative stress, present impaired transsulfuration. Recent Advances: In contrast to the classical view, a nuclear branch of the pathway, potentiated under oxidative stress, is emerging. Several transsulfuration proteins regulate gene expression, suggesting moonlighting activities. In addition, abnormalities in Hcy metabolism link nutrition and hearing loss. CRITICAL ISSUES Knowledge about the crossregulation between pathways is mostly limited to the hepatic availability/removal of substrates and inhibitors. However, advances regarding protein-protein interactions involving oncogenes, identification of several post-translational modifications (PTMs), and putative moonlighting activities expand the potential impact of transsulfuration beyond methylations and Hcy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Increasing the knowledge on transsulfuration outside the liver, understanding the protein-protein interaction networks involving these enzymes, the functional role of their PTMs, or the mechanisms controlling their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling may provide further insights into the pathophysiological implications of this pathway, allowing design of new therapeutic interventions. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 408-452.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Pajares
- 1 Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain .,2 Molecular Hepatology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Paz (IdiPAZ) , Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- 1 Department of Chemical and Physical Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC) , Madrid, Spain
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10
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Heritability of the aged glutathione phenotype is dependent on tissue of origin. Mamm Genome 2018; 29:619-631. [DOI: 10.1007/s00335-018-9759-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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11
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Gui L, Zhou J, Zhou L, Wei S. A smart copper-phthalocyanine framework nanoparticle for enhancing photodynamic therapy in hypoxic conditions by weakening cells through ATP depletion. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2078-2088. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00334c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxic tumor treatment by synergistic of photodynamic therapy and ATP deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gui
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Jiahong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
| | - Shaohua Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Nanjing Normal University
- Nanjing 210023
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12
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Kiersztan A, Trojan N, Tempes A, Nalepa P, Sitek J, Winiarska K, Usarek M. DHEA supplementation to dexamethasone-treated rabbits alleviates oxidative stress in kidney-cortex and attenuates albuminuria. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 174:17-26. [PMID: 28782595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Our recent study has shown that dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) administered to rabbits partially ameliorated several dexamethasone (dexP) effects on hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis, insulin resistance and plasma lipid disorders. In the current investigation, we present the data on DHEA protective action against dexP-induced oxidative stress and albuminuria in rabbits. Four groups of adult male rabbits were used in the in vivo experiment: (1) control, (2) dexP-treated, (3) DHEA-treated and (4) both dexP- and DHEA-treated. Administration of dexP resulted in accelerated generation of renal hydroxyl free radicals (HFR) and malondialdehyde (MDA), accompanied by diminished superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase activities and a dramatic rise in urinary albumin/creatinine ratio. Treatment with DHEA markedly reduced dexP-induced oxidative stress in kidney-cortex due to a decline in NADPH oxidase activity and enhancement of catalase activity. Moreover, DHEA effectively attenuated dexP-evoked albuminuria. Surprisingly, dexP-treated rabbits exhibited elevation of GSH/GSSG ratio, accompanied by a decrease in glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities as well as an increase in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) activity. Treatment with DHEA resulted in a decline in GSH/GSSG ratio and glutathione reductase (GR) activity, accompanied by an elevation of GPx activity. Interestingly, rabbits treated with both dexP and DHEA remained the control values of GSH/GSSG ratio. As the co-administration of DHEA with dexP resulted in (i) reduction of oxidative stress in kidney-cortex, (ii) attenuation of albuminuria and (iii) normalization of glutathione redox state, DHEA might limit several undesirable renal side effects during chronic GC treatment of patients suffering from allergies, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. Moreover, its supplementation might be particularly beneficial for the therapy of patients with glucocorticoid-induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kiersztan
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Nina Trojan
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Tempes
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Paweł Nalepa
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Sitek
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Winiarska
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Michał Usarek
- Department of Metabolic Regulation, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, I. Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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Li M, Xu G, Xia X, Wang M, Yin X, Zhang B, Zhang X, Cui Y. Deciphering the physiological and molecular mechanisms for copper tolerance in autotetraploid Arabidopsis. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2017; 36:1585-1597. [PMID: 28685360 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-017-2176-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Autotetraploid Arabidopsis line esd and 4COL exhibit enhanced tolerance to Cu stress by enhancing activation of antioxidative defenses, altering expression of genes related to Cu transport, chelation, and ABA-responsive. Autopolyploidy is ubiquitous among angiosperms and often results in better adaptation to stress conditions. Although copper (Cu) is an essential trace element, excess amounts can inhibit plant growth and even result in death. Here, we report that autotetraploid Arabidopsis thaliana esd and 4COL exhibit higher tolerance to Cu stress. Under such conditions, tetraploid plants had lower Cu contents and significantly more biomass compared with diploid plants. When exposed to excess Cu for 24 h, levels of superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide, and malondialdehyde were lower in tetraploids than in diploids. Moreover, activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and peroxidase were stimulated and glutathione content was maintained at a relative higher level in the tetraploids. The expression of genes related to Cu transport and chelation was altered in autotetraploid Arabidopsis under Cu stress, and several key genes involved in the response to abscisic acid (ABA) were significantly up-regulated. Our results indicate that tetraploid Arabidopsis esd and 4COL acquire improved tolerance to Cu stress through enhanced activation of antioxidative defense mechanisms, altered expression of genes related to Cu transport and chelation, and positive regulation of expression for ABA-responsive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Process in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guoyun Xu
- Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Xinjie Xia
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Process in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Manling Wang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Process in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Xuming Yin
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Process in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Process in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Process in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yanchun Cui
- Key Laboratory for Agro-ecological Process in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, 410125, Hunan, China.
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14
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Glutathione and Glutathione Transferase Omega 1 as Key Posttranslational Regulators in Macrophages. Microbiol Spectr 2017; 5. [PMID: 28102119 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.mchd-0044-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage activation during phagocytosis or by pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptor 4, leads to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS act as a microbicidal defense mechanism, promoting clearance of infection, allowing for resolution of inflammation. Overproduction of ROS, however, overwhelms our cellular antioxidant defense system, promoting oxidation of protein machinery, leading to macrophage dysregulation and pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory conditions, such as atherosclerosis. Here we will describe the role of the antioxidant tripeptide glutathione (GSH). Until recently, the binding of GSH, termed glutathionylation, was only considered to maintain the integrity of cellular components, limiting the damaging effects of an aberrant oxidative environment. GSH can, however, have positive and negative regulatory effects on protein function in macrophages. GSH regulates protein secretion, driving tumor necrosis factor α release, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α stability, STAT3 phosphorylation, and caspase-1 activation in macrophages. GSH also plays a role in host defense against Listeria monocytogenes, modifying the key virulence protein PrfA in infected macrophages. We will also discuss glutathione transferase omega 1, a deglutathionylating enzyme recently shown to play a role in many aspects of macrophage activity, including metabolism, NF-κB activation, and cell survival pathways. Glutathionylation is emerging as a key regulatory event in macrophage biology that might be susceptible to therapeutic targeting.
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15
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Zhan QC, Shi XQ, Yan XH, Liu Q, Zhou JH, Zhou L, Wei SH. Breaking the reduced glutathione-activated antioxidant defence for enhanced photodynamic therapy. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:6752-6761. [DOI: 10.1039/c7tb01233k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been applied in cancer treatment by utilizing reactive oxygen species (ROSs) to kill cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-chen Zhan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry
- Nanjing Normal University Nanjing (210023)
| | - Xian-qing Shi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry
- Nanjing Normal University Nanjing (210023)
| | - Xiao-hong Yan
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry
- Nanjing Normal University Nanjing (210023)
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Neurology
- Jinling Hospital
- Medical School of Nanjing University 305 East Zhongshan Road
- Nanjing
- P. R. China
| | - Jia-hong Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry
- Nanjing Normal University Nanjing (210023)
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry
- Nanjing Normal University Nanjing (210023)
| | - Shao-hua Wei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biofunctional Materials
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Centre of Biomedical Functional Materials
- Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry
- Nanjing Normal University Nanjing (210023)
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16
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A high-fat diet differentially regulates glutathione phenotypes in the obesity-prone mouse strains DBA/2J, C57BL/6J, and AKR/J. Nutr Res 2016; 36:1316-1324. [PMID: 27866830 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitous tripeptide glutathione (GSH) is a critical component of the endogenous antioxidant defense system. Tissue GSH concentrations and redox status (GSH/GSSG) are genetically controlled, but it is unclear whether interactions between genetic background and diet affect GSH homeostasis. The current study tested the hypothesis that a high-fat diet regulates GSH homeostasis in a manner dependent on genetic background. At 4 months of age, female mice representing 3 obesity-prone inbred strains-C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2), and AKR/J (AKR)-were randomly assigned to consume a control (10% energy from fat) or high-fat (62% energy from fat) diet for 10 weeks (n=5/diet per strain). Tissue GSH levels, GSSG levels, and GSH/GSSG were quantified, and hepatic expression of GSH-related enzymes was evaluated by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The high-fat diet caused a decrease in hepatic GSH/GSSG in D2 mice. In contrast, B6 mice exhibited a decrease in GSSG levels in the liver and kidney, as well as a resultant increase in renal GSH/GSSG. AKR mice also exhibited increased renal GSH/GSSG on a high-fat diet. Finally, the high-fat diet induced a unique gene expression response in D2 mice compared with B6 and AKR. The D2 response was characterized by up-regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase modifier subunit and down-regulation of glutathione reductase, whereas the B6 and AKR responses were characterized by up-regulation of glutathione peroxidase 1. Two-way analysis of variance analyses confirmed several diet-strain interactions within the GSH system, and linear regression models highlighted relationships between body mass and GSH outcomes as well. Overall, our data indicate that dietary fat regulates the GSH system in a strain-dependent manner.
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17
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Wisnewski AV, Liu J, Nassar AF. Identification of novel reaction products of methylene-bis-phenylisocyanate ("MDI") with oxidized glutathione in aqueous solution and also during incubation of MDI with a murine hepatic S9 fraction. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 36:97-104. [PMID: 27453132 PMCID: PMC5010927 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) is an important industrial chemical and asthmagenic respiratory sensitizer, however its metabolism remains unclear. In this study we used LC-MS and LC-MS/MS to identify novel reaction products of MDI with oxidized glutathione (GSSG), including an 837m/z [M+H](+) ion corresponding to GSSG bound (via one of its N-termini) to partially hydrolyzed MDI, and an 863m/z [M+H](+) ion corresponding to GSSG cross-linked by MDI (via its two γ-glutamate N-termini) [corrected]. Further studies with heavy isotope labeled and native reduced glutathione (GSH) identified an [M+H](+) ion corresponding to previously described mono(GSH)-MDI, and evidence for "oligomeric" GSH-MDI conjugates. This study also investigated transformational changes in MDI after incubation with an S9 fraction prepared from murine liver. LC-MS analyses of the S9 reaction products revealed the formation of [M+H](+) ions with m/z's and retention times identical to the newly described GSSG-MDI (837 and 863) conjugates and the previously described mono(GSH)-MDI conjugate. Together the data identify novel biological transformations of MDI, which could have implications for exposure-related health effects, and may help target future in vivo studies of metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Wisnewski
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06524, USA.
| | - J Liu
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06524, USA
| | - A F Nassar
- Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06524, USA
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18
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The anthocyanin cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside modulates murine glutathione homeostasis in a manner dependent on genetic background. Redox Biol 2016; 9:254-263. [PMID: 27591835 PMCID: PMC5021773 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthocyanins are a class of phytochemicals that have generated considerable interest due to their reported health benefits. It has been proposed that commonly consumed anthocyanins, such as cyandin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G), confer cellular protection by stimulating biosynthesis of glutathione (GSH), an endogenous antioxidant. Currently, it is unknown whether the health effects of dietary anthocyanins are genetically determined. We therefore tested the hypothesis that anthocyanin-induced alterations in GSH homeostasis vary by genetic background. Mice representing five genetically diverse inbred strains (A/J, 129S1/SvImJ, CAST/EiJ, C57BL/6J, and NOD/ShiLtJ) were assigned to a control or 100mg/kg C3G diet (n=5/diet/strain) for six weeks. GSH and GSSG levels were quantified in liver, kidney, heart, pancreas, and brain samples using HPLC. The C3G diet promoted an increase in renal GSH concentrations, hepatic GSH/GSSG, and cardiac GSH/GSSG in CAST/EiJ mice. C3G treatment also induced an increase in pancreatic GSH/GSSG in C57BL/6J mice. In contrast, C3G did not affect GSH homeostasis in NOD/ShiLtJ mice. Surprisingly, the C3G-diet caused a decrease in hepatic GSH/GSSG in A/J and 129S1/SvImJ mice compared to controls; C3G-treated 129S1/SvImJ mice also exhibited lower total glutathione in the heart. Overall, we discovered that C3G modulates the GSH system in a strain- and tissue-specific manner. To our knowledge, this study is the first to show that the redox effects of anthocyanins are determined by genetic background.
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19
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da Silva VH, Regitano LCDA, Geistlinger L, Pértille F, Giachetto PF, Brassaloti RA, Morosini NS, Zimmer R, Coutinho LL. Genome-Wide Detection of CNVs and Their Association with Meat Tenderness in Nelore Cattle. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157711. [PMID: 27348523 PMCID: PMC4922624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brazil is one of the largest beef producers and exporters in the world with the Nelore breed representing the vast majority of Brazilian cattle (Bos taurus indicus). Despite the great adaptability of the Nelore breed to tropical climate, meat tenderness (MT) remains to be improved. Several factors including genetic composition can influence MT. In this article, we report a genome-wide analysis of copy number variation (CNV) inferred from Illumina® High Density SNP-chip data for a Nelore population of 723 males. We detected >2,600 CNV regions (CNVRs) representing ≈6.5% of the genome. Comparing our results with previous studies revealed an overlap in ≈1400 CNVRs (>50%). A total of 1,155 CNVRs (43.6%) overlapped 2,750 genes. They were enriched for processes involving guanosine triphosphate (GTP), previously reported to influence skeletal muscle physiology and morphology. Nelore CNVRs also overlapped QTLs for MT reported in other breeds (8.9%, 236 CNVRs) and from a previous study with this population (4.1%, 109 CNVRs). Two CNVRs were also proximal to glutathione metabolism genes that were previously associated with MT. Genome-wide association study of CN state with estimated breeding values derived from meat shear force identified 6 regions, including a region on BTA3 that contains genes of the cAMP and cGMP pathway. Ten CNVRs that overlapped regions associated with MT were successfully validated by qPCR. Our results represent the first comprehensive CNV study in Bos taurus indicus cattle and identify regions in which copy number changes are potentially of importance for the MT phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Henrique da Silva
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LLC); (VHS)
| | | | - Ludwig Geistlinger
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Amalienstrasse 17, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Fábio Pértille
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Ricardo Augusto Brassaloti
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natália Silva Morosini
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ralf Zimmer
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Department of Informatics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Amalienstrasse 17, 80333, München, Germany
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Animal Science Department, University of São Paulo (USP)/Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (ESALQ), Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: (LLC); (VHS)
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20
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Kunwar A, Haston CK. Basal levels of glutathione peroxidase correlate with onset of radiation induced lung disease in inbred mouse strains. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L597-604. [PMID: 25150064 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00088.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers predicting for the radiation-induced lung responses of pneumonitis or fibrosis are largely unknown. Herein we investigated whether markers of oxidative stress and intracellular antioxidants, measured within days of radiation exposure, are correlated with the lung tissue injury response occurring weeks later. Mice of the eight inbred strains differing in their susceptibility to radiation-induced pulmonary fibrosis, and in the duration of asymptomatic survival, received 18 Gy whole thorax irradiation and were killed 6 h, 24 h, or 7 days later. Control mice were not irradiated. Lung levels of antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione, and of oxidative damage [reactive oxygen species (ROS) and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG)], were biochemically determined. GPx was additionally measured through gene expression and immunohistochemical assessment of lung tissue, and activity in serum. ROS and 8-OHdG were increased postirradiation and exhibited significant strain and time-dependent variability, but were not strongly predictive of radiation-induced lung diseases. Antioxidant measures were not dramatically changed postirradiation and varied significantly among the strains. Basal GPx activity (r = 0.73, P = 0.04) in the lung and the pulmonary expression of GPx2 (r = 0.94, P = 0.0003) correlated with postirradiation asymptomatic survival, whereas serum GPx activity was inversely correlated (r = -0.80, P = 0.01) with fibrosis development. In conclusion, pulmonary oxidative stress and antioxidant markers were more affected by inbred strain than radiation over 7 days posttreatment. Lung GPx activity, and GPx2 expression, predicted for survival from lethal pneumonitis, and serum GPx for fibrosis, in this panel of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kunwar
- Department of Human Genetics and the Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Christina K Haston
- Department of Human Genetics and the Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and Department of Medicine and the Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Harper B, Sinche F, Ho Wu R, Gowrishankar M, Marquart G, Mackiewicz M, Harper SL. The Impact of Surface Ligands and Synthesis Method on the Toxicity of Glutathione-Coated Gold Nanoparticles. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 4:355-371. [PMID: 26213631 PMCID: PMC4512953 DOI: 10.3390/nano4020355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2014] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are increasingly used in biomedical applications, hence understanding the processes that affect their biocompatibility and stability are of significant interest. In this study, we assessed the stability of peptide-capped AuNPs and used the embryonic zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a vertebrate system to investigate the impact of synthesis method and purity on their biocompatibility. Using glutathione (GSH) as a stabilizer, Au-GSH nanoparticles with identical core sizes were terminally modified with Tryptophan (Trp), Histidine (His) or Methionine (Met) amino acids and purified by either dialysis or ultracentrifugation. Au-GSH-(Trp)2 purified by dialysis elicited significant morbidity and mortality at 200 μg/mL, Au-GSH-(His)2 induced morbidity and mortality after purification by either method at 20 and 200 μg/mL, and Au-GSH-(Met)2 caused only sublethal responses at 200 μg/mL. Overall, toxicity was significantly reduced and ligand structure was improved by implementing ultracentrifugation purifications at several stages during the multi-step synthesis and surface modification of Au-GSH nanoparticles. When carefully synthesized at high purity, peptide-functionalized AuNPs showed high biocompatibility in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Federico Sinche
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (F.S.)
| | - Rosina Ho Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.W.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Meenambika Gowrishankar
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.W.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Grant Marquart
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.W.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Marilyn Mackiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, 1719 SW 10th Ave., Portland, OR 97201, USA; E-Mails: (R.H.W.); (M.G.); (G.M.); (M.M.)
| | - Stacey L. Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, 1007 ALS Building, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA; E-Mails: (B.H.); (F.S.)
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