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Chahar G, Deshmukh S, Banga HS, Kaur P. Effect of feeding chitosan and blend of essential organic acids on growth performance, haematological parameters and innate immunity in early aged male layer chicks. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:251. [PMID: 39225828 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-04081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
The use of antibiotics as conventional feed additives in poultry operations have proven useful, however resulted serious health concerns to consumer due to their bio-accumulation, besides rising problem of antimicrobial resistance in microbes, thus, an alternative to antibiotic growth promoter have called for. One of the aim of the experiment was to assess the lone and combined effects of feeding of chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) and blend of organic acids and short chain fatty acids in essential oils on growth performance, haematological parameters, relative lymphoid organ weight and innate immunity in early aged layer chick (male birds). A total of ninety, day-old chicks were randomly allotted into five groups: CO, Control group fed only poultry feed ; AGP, antibiotic growth promoter fed Avilomycin at the dose of 200 mg/kg of poultry feed; CH, chitosan oligosaccharide fed at the rate of 100 mg/kg feed; OE, blend of organic acids and short chain fatty acids in essential oils contained 1000 to 2000 mg/kg feed in a graded dose per week and CH + OE, chitosan oligosaccharide plus blend of organic acids and short chain fatty acids in essential oils at consistent rate and manner as followed for each of given feed additives when fed individually. Data on growth performance, samples for haematological parameters and innate immunity were measured and assayed on 7th, 21st and 42nd day post feeding (dpf) respectively. The results showed that compared with the control group; there is a marginal gain in body weight at 7th and 21st dpf in CH group and the corresponding CH + OE group. Feed conversion ratio in CH group was remarkably good at 7th and 21st dpf. No significant difference was observed in relative organ weights of thymus, spleen and Bursa of Fabricius in treatment groups as compared to control birds; however a significant rise in splenic weight index in OE fed birds at 42nd dpf noted. Haematological changes were inconsequential in treatment groups with an exception to enhancement of heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (H:L ratio) in CH group at 42nd dpf. Serum lysozyme activity proportionately elevated in CH + OE group on 21st and 42nd dpf when measured against control group; on the other hand no detectable augmentation of gut lysozyme activity observed. Both serum bactericidal and gut bactericidal activity boosted in combinatorial group at 42nd dpf. These results indicated that early age feeding of chitosan individually or combination with organic acids and short chain fatty acids in layer chick is beneficial, as it has the potential to enhance body weight gain to some extent and improves systemic and localized innate immunity to offer protection against infectious assaults thus may avoid early chick mortality in farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Chahar
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
| | - Sidhartha Deshmukh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - H S Banga
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Paviter Kaur
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
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de Mello NP, Carlos Ramos Espinoza F, da Silva Claudiano G, Yunis-Aguinaga J, Graça de Oliveira Carvalho J, Elizabeth Almeida Silva J, Cristina Pacheco de Oliveira E, Rodini Engrácia de Moraes J. Copaiba oil's bactericidal activity and its effects on health and zootechnical performance for Nile tilapia after oral supplementation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17405. [PMID: 39075092 PMCID: PMC11286787 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Tilapia is one of the most important farmed fish in the world and the most cultivated in Brazil. The increase of this farming favors the appearance of diseases, including bacterial diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal activity of copaiba oil, Copaifera duckei, against Streptococcus agalactiae and Flavobacterium columnare and the dietary effect of copaiba oil on zootechnical performance, hematological, biochemical, immunological, and histological analysis before and after an intraperitoneal infection (body cavity) with S. agalactiae in Nile tilapia. For this, fish were randomly distributed into 15 fiber tanks in five treatments (0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and 1.0%) and fed with a commercial diet supplemented with copaiba oil for 30 days. After this period, the fish were randomly redistributed for the experimental challenge with S. agalactiae into six treatments (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5), the fish were anesthetized, and blood samples were collected to assess hematological, biochemical, immunological, and histological parameters. Copaiba oil showed bactericidal activity against Streptococcus spp. and Flavobacterium spp. in vitro. In addition, concentrations of 0.75 and 1.0% of copaiba oil have an anti-inflammatory effect and improve hematological and immunological parameters, increasing leukocyte numbers, albumin, and serum lytic activity. Furthermore, there is an increase in the intestinal villus length and tissue damage in groups at concentrations of 0.75 and 1.0% of copaiba oil. In conclusion, copaiba oil presented bactericidal activity against Streptococcus spp. and Flavobacterium spp. in vitro, and oral supplementation at concentrations of 0.75 and 1.0% compared to the control group enhanced non-specific immune parameters and digestibility in Nile Tilapia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoli Paganoti de Mello
- Postgraduated Program in Aquaculture/Aquaculture Center of UNESP, Caunesp, Jaboticabal, , São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gustavo da Silva Claudiano
- Institute of Biodversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, UFOPA-IBEF, Rua Vera Paz, s/n (Unidade Tapajós) Bairro Salé, Santarém, PA, CEP 68040-255, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Elaine Cristina Pacheco de Oliveira
- Institute of Biodversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, UFOPA-IBEF, Rua Vera Paz, s/n (Unidade Tapajós) Bairro Salé, Santarém, PA, CEP 68040-255, Brazil
| | - Julieta Rodini Engrácia de Moraes
- Department of Pathology, Theriogenology and One Health, Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil.
- UNESP / Access Road Professor Paulo Donato Castelane Castellane S/N - Vila Industrial, Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Fordjour E, Manful CF, Javed R, Galagedara LW, Cuss CW, Cheema M, Thomas R. Chaga mushroom: a super-fungus with countless facets and untapped potential. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1273786. [PMID: 38116085 PMCID: PMC10728660 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1273786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) is an inexpensive fungus with a broad range of traditional and medicinal applications. These applications include therapy for breast, cervix, and skin cancers, as well as treating diabetes. However, its benefits are virtually untapped due to a limited understanding of its mycochemical composition and bioactivities. In this article, we explore the ethnobotany, mycochemistry, pharmacology, traditional therapeutic, cosmetic, and prospective agricultural uses. The review establishes that several secondary metabolites, such as steroids, terpenoids, and other compounds exist in chaga. Findings on its bioactivity have demonstrated its ability as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, and antitumor agent. The study also demonstrates that Chaga powder has a long history of traditional use for medicinal purposes, pipe smoking rituals, and mystical future forecasts. The study further reveals that the applications of Chaga powder can be extended to industries such as pharmaceuticals, food, cosmetics, and agriculture. However numerous publications focused on the pharmaceutical benefits of Chaga with few publications on other applications. Overall, chaga is a promising natural resource with a wide range of potential applications and therefore the diverse array of therapeutic compounds makes it an attractive candidate for various applications such as plant biofertilizers and active ingredients in cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Thus, further exploration of Chaga's potential benefits in agriculture and other industries could lead to exciting new developments and innovations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Charles F. Manful
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Rabia Javed
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Lakshman W. Galagedara
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Chad W. Cuss
- School of Science and the Environment, Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
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Velázquez J, Rodríguez-Cornejo T, Rodríguez-Ramos T, Pérez-Rodríguez G, Rivera L, Campbell JH, Al-Hussinee L, Carpio Y, Estrada MP, Dixon B. New Evidence for the Role of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide as an Antimicrobial Peptide in Teleost Fish. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1484. [PMID: 37887185 PMCID: PMC10604671 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide that is widely distributed and conserved across species. We have previously shown that in teleost fish, PACAP not only possesses direct antimicrobial properties but also immunomodulatory effects against the bacterial pathogens Flavobacterium psychrophilum and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using in vitro and in vivo experiments. These previous results suggest PACAP can be used as an alternative to antibiotics to prevent and/or treat bacterial infections in the aquaculture industry. To accomplish this goal, more studies are needed to better understand the effect of PACAP on pathogens affecting fish in live infections. In the present study, the transcripts PACAP, PRP/PACAP, and VPAC2 receptor were examined in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with Yersinia ruckeri, which exhibited an increase in their expression in the spleen when compared to healthy fish. Synthetic Clarias gariepinus PACAP-38 has direct antimicrobial activity on Y. ruckeri and inhibits up to 60% of the bacterial growth when the peptide is at concentrations between 50 and 100 µM in TSB. The growth inhibition increased up to 90% in the presence of 12.5 µM of PACAP-38 when salt-free LB broth was used instead of TSB. It was also found to inhibit Y. ruckeri growth in a dose-dependent manner when the rainbow trout monocyte/macrophage-like cell line (RTS11) was pre-treated with lower concentrations of the peptide (0.02 and 0.1 µM) before going through infection. Differential gene expression was analyzed in this in vitro model. Overall, the results revealed new evidence to support the role of PACAP as an antimicrobial and immunomodulatory peptide treatment in teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Velázquez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba; (J.V.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Cornejo
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| | - Tania Rodríguez-Ramos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| | - Geysi Pérez-Rodríguez
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba; (J.V.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Laura Rivera
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| | - James Hugh Campbell
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| | - Lowia Al-Hussinee
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
| | - Yamila Carpio
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba; (J.V.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Mario Pablo Estrada
- Animal Biotechnology Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), P.O. Box 6162, Havana 10600, Cuba; (J.V.); (G.P.-R.)
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; (T.R.-C.); (T.R.-R.); (L.R.); (J.H.C.); (L.A.-H.)
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Menanteau-Ledouble S, Skov J, Lukassen MB, Rolle-Kampczyk U, Haange SB, Dalsgaard I, von Bergen M, Nielsen JL. Modulation of gut microbiota, blood metabolites, and disease resistance by dietary β-glucan in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:58. [PMID: 36404315 PMCID: PMC9677660 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prebiotics are known to have a positive impact on fish health and growth rate, and β-glucans are among the most used prebiotics on the market. In this study, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were treated with a β-1,3;1,6-glucan dietary supplement (at a dose of 0 g, 1 g, 10 g, and 50 g β-glucan per kg of feed). After 6 weeks, the effect of the β-glucan was evaluated by determining the changes in the microbiota and the blood serum metabolites in the fish. The impact of β-glucan on the immune system was evaluated through a challenge experiment with the bacterial fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. RESULTS The microbiota showed a significant change in terms of composition following β-glucan treatment, notably an increase in the relative abundance of members of the genus Aurantimicrobium, associated with a decreased abundance of the genera Carnobacterium and Deefgea. Furthermore, analysis of more than 200 metabolites revealed that the relative levels of 53 metabolites, in particular compounds related to phosphatidylcholines, were up- or downregulated in response to the dietary supplementation, this included the amino acid alanine that was significantly upregulated in the fish that had received the highest dose of β-glucan. Meanwhile, no strong effect could be detected on the resistance of the fish to the bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS The present study illustrates the ability of β-glucans to modify the gut microbiota of fish, resulting in alteration of the metabolome and affecting fish health through the lipidome of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Menanteau-Ledouble
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XDepartment of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Jakob Skov
- grid.5254.60000 0001 0674 042XDepartment of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark ,grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mie Bech Lukassen
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XDepartment of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Ulrike Rolle-Kampczyk
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sven-Bastiaan Haange
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- grid.5170.30000 0001 2181 8870National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin von Bergen
- grid.7492.80000 0004 0492 3830Department of Molecular Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UFZ, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.421064.50000 0004 7470 3956German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstraße 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany ,grid.9647.c0000 0004 7669 9786Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Leipzig, Brüderstraße 34, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jeppe Lund Nielsen
- grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XDepartment of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
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Casas-Arrojo V, Arrojo Agudo MDLÁ, Cárdenas García C, Carrillo P, Pérez Manríquez C, Martínez-Manzanares E, Abdala Díaz RT. Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory and Potential Anticancer Capacity of Polysaccharides (Glucans) from Euglena gracilis G.A. Klebs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15111379. [PMID: 36355551 PMCID: PMC9693019 DOI: 10.3390/ph15111379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine the bioactivity of polysaccharides extracted from Euglena gracilis (EgPs). These were characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS. Cytotoxicity analyses (MTT) were performed on healthy human gingival fibroblast cell lines (HGF-1), obtaining an IC50 of 228.66 µg mL-1, and cell lines with anticancer activity for colon cancer (HCT-116), breast cancer (MCF-7), human leukemia (U-937, HL-60) and lung cancer (NCl-H460), showing that EgPs have anticancer activity, mainly in HTC-116 cells (IC50 = 26.1 µg mL-1). The immunological assay determined the immunomodulatory capacity of polysaccharides for the production of proinflammatory cytokines IL-6 and TNF-α in murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) and TNF-α in human monocytes (THP-1). It was observed that the EgPs had a stimulating capacity in the synthesis of these interleukins. The antioxidant capacity of polysaccharides and their biomass were analyzed using the ABTS method (18.30 ± 0.14% and (5.40 ± 0.56%, respectively, and the DPPH method for biomass (17.79 ± 0.57%). We quantitatively profiled HGF-1 proteins by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis, coupled with 2-plex tandem mass tag labelling, in normal cells. In total, 1346 proteins were identified and quantified with high confidence, of which five were considered to be overexpressed. The data is available through ProteomeXchange, under identifier PXD029076.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Casas-Arrojo
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | | | - Casimiro Cárdenas García
- Servicios Centrales de Apoyo a la Investigación (SCAI), Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Paloma Carrillo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- IBIMA (Biomedical Research Institute of Málaga), 29590 Málaga, Spain
| | - Claudia Pérez Manríquez
- Departamento de Botánica, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile
- Unidad de Desarrollo Tecnológico, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4190000, Chile
| | - Eduardo Martínez-Manzanares
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Roberto T. Abdala Díaz
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-952-13-66-52
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Porter D, Peggs D, McGurk C, Martin SAM. Immune responses to prebiotics in farmed salmonid fish: How transcriptomic approaches help interpret responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:35-47. [PMID: 35667538 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Within aquaculture, prebiotics are composed of complex carbohydrate molecules that cannot be digested by the fish directly but are metabolised by the microbial communities within the host gut, with the desire that "healthy" bacterial species are promoted with subsequently improved performance of the fish, there are likely some direct responses of intestinal cells to these dietary components. The sources and processing of prebiotics, which fall under the overarching theme of "functional feeds" are highly varied between species and types of prebiotics administered. How these feeds exert their effect, and the host responses are hard to determine, but new technologies and the development of high-throughput technologies (omics) are enabling the mechanisms and methods of action to be further understood. The recent advances in the availability of 'omics' technologies with the transition from single gene assays to microarray and RNA-seq in fish health have enabled novel functional ingredients to be analysed. This review will focus on recent studies on targeted gene expression and 'omics' technologies to characterize immune responses. Comparisons between the immunomodulatory effect of different prebiotics have been made and specific examples of how transcriptomics techniques have been used to identify immune responses to prebiotics are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Porter
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK
| | - D Peggs
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - C McGurk
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 15, 4016 Stavanger, Norway
| | - S A M Martin
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24, 2TZ, UK.
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Feuzing F, Mbakidi JP, Marchal L, Bouquillon S, Leroy E. A review of paramylon processing routes from microalga biomass to non-derivatized and chemically modified products. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 288:119181. [PMID: 35450615 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Paramylon is a linear β-1,3-glucan, similar to curdlan, produced as intracellular granules by the microalga Euglena gracilis, a highly versatile and robust strain, able to grow under various trophic conditions, with valorization of CO2, wastewaters, or food byproducts as nutrients. This review focuses in particular on the various processing routes leading to new potential paramylon based products. Due to its crystalline structure, involving triple helices stabilized by internal intermolecular hydrogen bonds, paramylon is neither water-soluble nor thermoplastic. The few solvents able to disrupt the triple helices, and to fully solubilize the polymer as random coils, allow non derivatizing shaping into films, fibers, and even nanofibers by a specific self-assembly mechanism. Chemical modification in homogeneous or heterogeneous conditions is also possible. The non-selective or regioselective substitution of the hydroxyl groups of glucosidic units leads to water-soluble ionic derivatives and thermoplastic paramylon esters with foreseen applications ranging from health to bioplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérica Feuzing
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France; Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Jean Pierre Mbakidi
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Luc Marchal
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France
| | - Sandrine Bouquillon
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, CNRS UMR 7312, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex, France
| | - Eric Leroy
- Université de Nantes, Oniris, CNRS, GEPEA, UMR 6144, F- 44470 Carquefou, France.
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Mondal H, Thomas J. A review on the recent advances and application of vaccines against fish pathogens in aquaculture. AQUACULTURE INTERNATIONAL : JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN AQUACULTURE SOCIETY 2022; 30:1971-2000. [PMID: 35528247 PMCID: PMC9059915 DOI: 10.1007/s10499-022-00884-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Globally, aquaculture has faced serious economic problems due to bacterial, viral, and various other infectious diseases of different origins. Even though such diseases are being detected and simultaneously treated with several therapeutic and prophylactic methods, the broad-spectrum activity of vaccines plays a vital role as a preventive measure in aquaculture. However, treatments like use of antibiotics and probiotics seem to be less effective when new mutant strains develop and disease causing pathogens become resistant to commonly used antibiotics. Therefore, vaccines developed by using recent advanced molecular techniques can be considered as an effective way of treating disease causing pathogens in aquatic organisms. The present review emphasizes on the current advances in technology and future outlook with reference to different types of vaccines used in the aquaculture industries. Beginning with traditional killed/inactivated and live attenuated vaccines, this work culminates in the review of modern new generation ones including recombinant, synthetic peptides, mucosal and DNA, subunit, nanoparticle-based and plant-based edible vaccines, reverse vaccinology, and monovalent and polyvalent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haimanti Mondal
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
| | - John Thomas
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore, Tamil Nadu India
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10
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Chen J, Dong Z, Lei Y, Yang Y, Guo Z, Ye J. β-glucan mitigation on toxicological effects in monocytes/macrophages of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following copper exposure. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 121:124-134. [PMID: 34998984 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of β-glucan against toxicological effects caused by copper oxide nanoparticles (Cu NPs) and copper ions (Cu ions) were studied in monocytes/macrophages (MO/MФ) of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Our results demonstrated that CuO NPs and Cu ions exposure aroused strong oxidative lesion in MO/MФ by detection of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced glutathione (GSH), as well as identification of several antioxidant-related cytokines. Meanwhile, the serious pro-inflammatory responses were accompanied during the processes of oxidative lesion by TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 genes validation. Copper induced MO/MФ underwent apoptosis through mitochondrial signaling pathway by mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) detection and Bax, Bcl-2, Cyt-c, Apaf-1, Caspase 9, Caspase 3 genes validation. Furthermore, the phagocytic abilities were inhibition in MO/MФ by evaluation of microspheres (0.5 and 1.0 μm beads) and bioparticles (S. agalactiae and A. hydrophila) uptake and LPS-induced NO production. However, β-glucan might participate in immunomodulation through C-type lectin receptor (CLR) and complement receptor 3 (CR3) to suppress pro-inflammatory responses, thereby revered all the copper induced aforementioned adverse effects in MO/MΦ. Taken together, our results provide insights on the mechanisms through β-glucan administration to mitigate toxicological effects of CuO NPs and Cu ions exposure to the MO/MΦ, which will benefit aspects related to fish farming and aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlin Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zijiong Dong
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yanjian Yang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Zheng Guo
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Subtropical Biodiversity and Biomonitoring, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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11
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Bedekar MK, Kole S. Fundamentals of Fish Vaccination. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2411:147-173. [PMID: 34816404 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1888-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fish health management has become a critical component of disease control and is invaluable for improved harvests and sustainable aquaculture. Vaccination is generally accepted as the most effective prophylactic measure for fish disease prevention, on environmental, social, and economic grounds. Although the historical approach for developing fish vaccines was based on the principle of Louis Pasteur's "isolate, inactivate and inject," but their weak immunogenicity and low efficacies in many cases, have shifted the focus of fish vaccine development from traditional to next-generation technologies. However, before any fish vaccine can be successfully commercialized, several hurdles need to be overcome regarding the production cost, immunogenicity, effectiveness, mode of administration, environmental safety, and associated regulatory concerns. In this context, the chapter summarises the basic aspects of fish vaccination such as type of vaccine, modalities of vaccine delivery, the immunological basis of fish immunization as well as different challenges associated with the development process and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kadam Bedekar
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.
| | - Sajal Kole
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, ICAR- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.,Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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12
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Cultivation and Biorefinery of Microalgae (Chlorella sp.) for Producing Biofuels and Other Byproducts: A Review. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132313480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Microalgae-based carbon dioxide (CO2) biofixation and biorefinery are the most efficient methods of biological CO2 reduction and reutilization. The diversification and high-value byproducts of microalgal biomass, known as microalgae-based biorefinery, are considered the most promising platforms for the sustainable development of energy and the environment, in addition to the improvement and integration of microalgal cultivation, scale-up, harvest, and extraction technologies. In this review, the factors influencing CO2 biofixation by microalgae, including microalgal strains, flue gas, wastewater, light, pH, temperature, and microalgae cultivation systems are summarized. Moreover, the biorefinery of Chlorella biomass for producing biofuels and its byproducts, such as fine chemicals, feed additives, and high-value products, are also discussed. The technical and economic assessments (TEAs) and life cycle assessments (LCAs) are introduced to evaluate the sustainability of microalgae CO2 fixation technology. This review provides detailed insights on the adjusted factors of microalgal cultivation to establish sustainable biological CO2 fixation technology, and the diversified applications of microalgal biomass in biorefinery. The economic and environmental sustainability, and the limitations and needs of microalgal CO2 fixation, are discussed. Finally, future research directions are provided for CO2 reduction by microalgae.
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13
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Yang H, Zhujin D, Marana MH, Dalsgaard I, Rzgar J, Heidi M, Asma KM, Per KW, Kurt B. Immersion vaccines against Yersinia ruckeri infection in rainbow trout: Comparative effects of strain differences. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2021; 44:1937-1950. [PMID: 34392540 PMCID: PMC9290694 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The protective effects of autogenous and commercial ERM immersion vaccines (bacterins based on Yersinia ruckeri, serotype O1, biotypes 1 and 2) for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were compared in order to evaluate whether the use of local pathogen strains for immunization can improve protection. In addition, the effect of the bacterin concentration was established for the commercial product. Following sublethal challenge of vaccinated and non-vaccinated control fish with live bacteria, we followed the bacterial count in the fish (gills, liver and spleen). The expression of genes encoding immune factors (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, MHCI, MHCII, CD4, CD8, TCRβ, IgM, IgT, IgD, cathelicidins 1 and 2, SAA and C3) and densities of immune cells in organs were recorded. Both vaccines conferred protection as judged from the reduced bacterial load in exposed fish. Innate immune genes were upregulated in all groups following bacterial challenge but significantly more in non-vaccinated naive fish in which densities of SAA-positive immune cells increased. Immunoglobulin genes were upregulated on day 5 post-challenge, and fish vaccinated with the high commercial bacterin dosage showed increased IgM levels by ELISA on day 14 post-challenge, reflecting that the vaccine dosage was correlated to protection. In conclusion, both vaccine types offered protection to rainbow trout when exposed to live Y. ruckeri and no significant difference between commercial and autogenous vaccines was established.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Yang
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province for Fishes Conservation and Utilization in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze RiverNeijiang Normal UniversityNeijiangChina
| | - Ding Zhujin
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
- School of Marine Science and FisheriesJiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine BiotechnologyJiangsu Ocean UniversityLianyungangChina
| | - Moonika H. Marana
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Institute of Aquatic ResourcesTechnical University of DenmarkLyngbyDenmark
| | - Jaafar Rzgar
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Mathiessen Heidi
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Karami M. Asma
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Kania W. Per
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
| | - Buchmann Kurt
- Laboratory of Aquatic PathobiologyDepartment of Veterinary and Animal SciencesFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagenDenmark
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14
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Caruffo M, Vidal S, Santis L, Siel D, Pérez O, Huenchullan PR, Sáenz L. Effectiveness of a proteoliposome-based vaccine against salmonid rickettsial septicaemia in Oncorhynchus mykiss. Vet Res 2021; 52:111. [PMID: 34425904 PMCID: PMC8382212 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonid rickettsial septicaemia (SRS) is a contagious disease caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis, an intracellular bacterium. SRS causes an estimated economic loss of $700 million USD to the Chilean industry annually. Vaccination and antibiotic therapy are the primary prophylactic and control measures used against SRS. Unfortunately, commercially available SRS vaccines have not been shown to have a significant effect on reducing mortality. Most vaccines contain whole inactivated bacteria which results in decreased efficacy due to the limited ability of the vaccine to evoke a cellular mediated immune response that can eliminate the pathogen or infected cells. In addition, SRS vaccine efficacy has been evaluated primarily with Salmo salar (Atlantic salmon). Vaccine studies using Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout) are scarce, despite SRS being the leading cause of infectious death for this species. In this study, we evaluate an injectable vaccine based on P. salmonis proteoliposome; describing the vaccine security profile, capacity to induce specific anti-P. salmonis IgM and gene expression of immune markers related to T CD8 cell-mediated immunity. Efficacy was determined by experimental challenge with P. salmonis intraperitoneally. Our findings indicate that a P. salmonis proteoliposome-based vaccine is able to protect O. mykiss against challenge with a P. salmonis Chilean isolate and causes a specific antibody response. The transcriptional profile suggests that the vaccine is capable of inducing cellular immunity. This study provides new insights into O. mykiss protection and the immune response induced by a P. salmonis proteoliposome-based vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Caruffo
- NGEN LAB S.A, Santiago, Chile.,Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Vacunas Veterinarias, Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sonia Vidal
- Laboratorio de Vacunas Veterinarias, Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Leonardo Santis
- Laboratorio de Vacunas Veterinarias, Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela Siel
- Laboratorio de Vacunas Veterinarias, Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Oliver Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencias Básicas Y Preclínicas "Victoria de Girón", Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de La Habana, Havana, Cuba
| | | | - Leonardo Sáenz
- Laboratorio de Vacunas Veterinarias, Departamento de Ciencias Animales, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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15
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Cornet V, Khuyen TD, Mandiki SNM, Betoulle S, Bossier P, Reyes-López FE, Tort L, Kestemont P. GAS1: A New β-Glucan Immunostimulant Candidate to Increase Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) Resistance to Bacterial Infections With Aeromonas salmonicida achromogenes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693613. [PMID: 34295335 PMCID: PMC8290837 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
β-glucans are prebiotic and/or food additives used by the aquaculture industry to enhance the immune response of fish. Their efficiency may vary according to their origin and structure. In this study, the immunostimulant effects of two β-glucan types extracted from wild-type baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and its null-mutant Gas1 were investigated. Gas1 has a beta-1,3-glucanosyltransferase activity necessary for cell wall assembly. Using a positive (commercial product MacroGard®) and a negative control (a diet without glucans), we evaluated the immune responses and disease resistance of rainbow trout juveniles (mean weight, ~44 g) fed control, low (0.2%) and high (0.5%) doses of Macrogard®, Gas1, and Wild type-β-glucan after a short-term (15 days, D15) or mid-term (36 days, D36) feeding periods. We found that β-glucan supplemented diets did not affect growth performance, mortality, splenic index, or leukocyte respiratory burst activity on D15 nor D36. However, each β-glucan triggered different immune effectors, depending of the doses or length of exposure compared to others and/or the negative control. Indeed, high dose of MacroGard® significantly increased lysozyme activities at D15 compared with the control and other diets (p<0.05). At D36, MacroGard β-glucan enhanced the production of lymphocytes in comparison with the control diet (p<0.05). Regarding WT β-glucan, at D36, WT-β-glucan, especially the high dose, provided the highest enzymatic activities (lysozyme and ACH50) and Ig level (p<0.01). Furthermore, on D36, Gas1 also increased lysozyme activity, Ig proportion, and some immune genes (mcsfra, hepcidin) compared with MacroGard® (p<0.05). Besides, both doses of Gas1-β-glucans increased the resistance of juveniles to bacterial infection highlighted by a higher survival rate at 14 days post-challenge compared with the control and other types and doses of β-glucans (p<0.05). In conclusion, our results suggest that Gas1-β-glucan could represent a promising immunostimulant that would help to prevent diseases in aquaculture even more efficiently than other β-glucans already in use. Mode of action and particular efficiency of this new Gas1 mutant are debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Cornet
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Research Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Trinh Dinh Khuyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Research Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Research Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Betoulle
- UMR-INERIS 02 SEBIO StressEnvironnementaux et Biosurveillance des milieux aquatiques, Plateau technique mobile en cytométrie environnementale MOBICYTE, UFR Sciences Exactes et Naturelles, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Felipe E Reyes-López
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.,Consorcio Tecnológico de Sanidad Acuícola, Ictio Biotechnologies S.A., Santiago, Chile.,Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Agronomía, Universidad de Las Américas, Providencia, Chile
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Research Institute of Life, Earth & Environment, University of Namur (UNamur), Namur, Belgium
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16
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Muchut RJ, Calloni RD, Arias DG, Arce AL, Iglesias AA, Guerrero SA. Elucidating carbohydrate metabolism in Euglena gracilis: Reverse genetics-based evaluation of genes coding for enzymes linked to paramylon accumulation. Biochimie 2021; 184:125-131. [PMID: 33675853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a eukaryotic single-celled and photosynthetic organism grouped under the kingdom Protista. This phytoflagellate can accumulate the carbon photoassimilate as a linear β-1,3-glucan chain called paramylon. This storage polysaccharide can undergo degradation to provide glucose units to obtain ATP and reducing power both in aerobic and anaerobic growth conditions. Our group has recently characterized an essential enzyme for accumulating the polysaccharide, the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (Biochimie vol 154, 2018, 176-186), which catalyzes the synthesis of UDP-glucose (the substrate for paramylon synthase). Additionally, the identification of nucleotide sequences coding for putative UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylases suggests the occurrence of an alternative source of UDP-glucose. In this study, we demonstrate the active involvement of both pyrophosphorylases in paramylon accumulation. Using techniques of single and combined knockdown of transcripts coding for these proteins, we evidenced a substantial decrease in the polysaccharide synthesis from 39 ± 7 μg/106 cells determined in the control at day 21st of growth. Thus, the paramylon accumulation in Euglena gracilis cells decreased by 60% and 30% after a single knockdown of the expression of genes coding for UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase and UDP-sugar pyrophosphorylase, respectively. Besides, the combined knockdown of both genes resulted in a ca. 65% reduction in the level of the storage polysaccharide. Our findings indicate the existence of a physiological dependence between paramylon accumulation and the partitioning of sugar nucleotides into other metabolic routes, including the Leloir pathway's functionality in Euglena gracilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robertino J Muchut
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Rodrigo D Calloni
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Diego G Arias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Agustin L Arce
- Laboratorio de Biología del ARN, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Alberto A Iglesias
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina
| | - Sergio A Guerrero
- Laboratorio de Enzimología Molecular, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral (CONICET - UNL), Argentina, Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Argentina.
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17
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Karami AM, Ødegård J, Marana MH, Zuo S, Jaafar R, Mathiessen H, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Kania PW, Dalsgaard I, Nielsen T, Buchmann K. A Major QTL for Resistance to Vibrio anguillarum in Rainbow Trout. Front Genet 2020; 11:607558. [PMID: 33447254 PMCID: PMC7802751 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.607558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic selection of disease resistant fish is a major strategy to improve health, welfare and sustainability in aquaculture. Mapping of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the fish genome may be a fruitful tool to define relevant quantitative trait loci (QTL) and we here show its use for characterization of Vibrio anguillarum resistant rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fingerlings were exposed to the pathogen V. anguillarum serotype O1 in a solution of 1.5 × 107 cfu/ml and observed for 14 days. Disease signs appeared 3 days post exposure (dpe) whereafter mortality progressed exponentially until 6 dpe reaching a total mortality of 55% within 11 days. DNA was sampled from all fish – including survivors – and analyzed on a 57 k Affymetrix SNP platform whereby it was shown that disease resistance was associated with a major QTL on chromosome 21 (Omy 21). Gene expression analyses showed that diseased fish activated genes associated with innate and adaptive immune responses. The possible genes associated with resistance are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma M Karami
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Moonika H Marana
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shaozhi Zuo
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rzgar Jaafar
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Development of Fish Immunity and the Role of β-Glucan in Immune Responses. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225378. [PMID: 33213001 PMCID: PMC7698520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Administration of β-glucans through various routes, including immersion, dietary inclusion, or injection, have been found to stimulate various facets of immune responses, such as resistance to infections and resistance to environmental stress. β-Glucans used as an immunomodulatory food supplement have been found beneficial in eliciting immunity in commercial aquaculture. Despite extensive research involving more than 3000 published studies, knowledge of the receptors involved in recognition of β-glucans, their downstream signaling, and overall mechanisms of action is still lacking. The aim of this review is to summarize and discuss what is currently known about of the use of β-glucans in fish.
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19
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Zuo S, Karami AM, Ødegård J, Mathiessen H, Marana MH, Jaafar RM, von Gersdorff Jørgensen L, Abdu M, Kania PW, Dalsgaard I, Nielsen T, Buchmann K. Immune gene expression and genome-wide association analysis in rainbow trout with different resistance to Yersinia ruckeri infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:441-450. [PMID: 32791094 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Selective breeding programmes involving marker assisted selection of innately pathogen resistant strains of rainbow trout rely on reliable controlled infection studies, extensive DNA typing of individual fish and recording of expression of relevant genes. We exposed juvenile rainbow trout (6 h bath to 2.6 × 105 CFU mL-1) to the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1, biotype 2, eliciting Enteric Red Mouth Disease ERM, and followed the disease progression over 21 days. Cumulative mortality reached 42% at 12 days post challenge (dpc) after which no disease signs were recorded. All fish were sampled for DNA-typing (50 k SNP chip, Affymetrix®) throughout the course of infection when they showed clinical signs of disease (susceptible fish) or at day 21 when fish showed no clinical signs of disease (survivors - resistant fish). Genome-wide association analyses of 1027 trout applying single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as markers revealed an association between traits (susceptible/resistant) and certain regions of the trout genome. It was indicated that multiple genes are involved in rainbow trout resistance towards ERM whereby it is considered a polygenic trait. A corresponding trout group was kept as non-exposed controls and a comparative expression analysis of central innate and adaptive immune genes in gills, spleen and liver was performed for three fish groups: 1) moribund trout exhibiting clinical signs 7 dpc (CS), 2) exposed fish without clinical signs at the same sampling point (NCS) and 3) surviving fish at 21 dpc (survivors). Immune genes encoding inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2A, IL-6A, IL-8, IL-10A, IL-12, IL-17A/F2A, IL-17C1, IL-17C2, IL-22, IFNγ, TNFα), acute phase reactants (SAA, C3, cathelicidins, lysozyme) were expressed differently in CS and NCS fish. Correlation (negative or positive) between expression of genes and bacterial load suggested involvement of immune genes in protection. Down-regulation of adaptive immune genes including IgDm, IgDs, IgT and TCR-β was seen primarily in CS and NCS fish whereas survivors showed up-regulation of effector molecule genes such as cathelicidins, complement and lysozyme suggesting their role in clearing the infection. In conclusion, SNP analyses indicated that ERM resistance in rainbow trout is a multi-locus trait. The gene expression in surviving fish suggested that several immune genes are associated with the trait conferring resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhi Zuo
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Asma M Karami
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
| | | | - Heidi Mathiessen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Moonika H Marana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Rzgar M Jaafar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Louise von Gersdorff Jørgensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Mohamed Abdu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
| | - Inger Dalsgaard
- Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C., Denmark
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Wei G, Tan H, Ma S, Sun G, Zhang Y, Wu Y, Cai S, Huang Y, Jian J. Protective effects of β-glucan as adjuvant combined inactivated Vibrio harveyi vaccine in pearl gentian grouper. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:1025-1030. [PMID: 32971269 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is one of the strategies for preventing Vibrio harveyi infection in marine-cultured animals. In this study, we prepared a formalin-killed cells of V. harveyi ZJ0603 vaccine (FKC) combined with β-glucan to immune pearl gentian grouper. The results indicated that the expression levels of IgM, TNF-α, MHC-Iα, IL-1β and IL-16 significantly increased in the spleen of the vaccinated fish. Antibody titers, activities of lysozyme and superoxide dismutase were significantly prompted in blood of the vaccinated fish. After 35 d post-vaccination, all fish were challenged intraperitoneally by virulent V. harveyi, and the relative percentage of survival (RPS) of FKC+β-glucan, FKC, β-glucan and PBS were 68 ± 5.7%, 55 ± 8.5%, 42 ± 7.5% and 32 ± 6.9%, respectively. These results demonstrated that β-glucan could be as a potential adjuvant of FKC and provide good protective effect against V. harveyi infection in the pearl gentian grouper culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangben Wei
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiming Tan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaohong Ma
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guorong Sun
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yilin Zhang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanzhi Wu
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuanghu Cai
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Yucong Huang
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jichang Jian
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Fisheries College of Guangdong Ocean University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals & Key Laboratory of Control for Diseases of Aquatic Economic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Zhanjiang, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen, China
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Martín-Martín A, Tejedor L, Tafalla C, Díaz-Rosales P. Potential of the Escherichia coli LT(R192G/L211A) toxoid as a mucosal adjuvant for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:310-318. [PMID: 32702476 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oral vaccines are highly demanded by aquaculture sector that requires alternatives to injectable vaccines, involving fish handling, stress-related immunosuppression and mortalities. However, most previous attempts to obtain effective oral vaccines have failed due to a restricted tolerance mechanisms in intestine, whose mucosa is at the frontline of antigen encounter and has to balance the equilibrium between tolerance and immunity in a microbe-rich environment. Thus, the search for oral adjuvants that could augment immune responses triggered by antigens allowing them to circumvent intestinal tolerance is of great relevance. The present work focuses on the adjuvant potential of the Escherichia coli LT(R192G/L211A) toxoid (dmLT). To undertake an initial screening of the potential that dmLT has as an oral adjuvant in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), we have analyzed its transcriptional effects alone or in combination with Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida or viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) on rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cell line RTgutGC and gut explants. Our results show that although dmLT provoked no significant effects by itself, it increased the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antimicrobial genes induced by the bacteria. In contrast, when combined with VHSV, dmLT only increased the transcription of Mx and the intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1). Therefore, the protocol designed is an effective method to initially evaluate the effects of potential oral adjuvants, and points to dmLT as an effective adjuvant for oral antibacterial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Martín-Martín
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lydia Tejedor
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Fish Immunology and Pathology Laboratory, Animal Health Research Centre (CISA-INIA), 28130, Valdeolmos, Madrid, Spain.
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22
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Dezfuly ZT, Alishahi M, Ghorbanpoor M, Tabandeh MR, Mesbah M. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Yersinia ruckeri lipopolysaccharide (LPS), encapsulated by alginate-chitosan micro/nanoparticles in rainbow trout (Oncorhyncus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:25-35. [PMID: 32473361 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Considering the many advantages of oral vaccines in aquaculture, several studies have been conducted in this area recently. In this study, immunization and protective power of the oral vaccine of Yersinia ruckeri encapsulated with Alginate-Chitosan micro/nanoparticles were evaluated in rainbow trout. For this purpose, 720 juvenile rainbow trout (9 ± 1.8 g) were divided into 8 groups in three replications (30 fish each) as follows: Groups A, B and C, were immunized with Yersinia ruckeri lipopolysaccharide (LPS), LPS+Formalin Killed Cells (FKC) and FKC alone, groups D, E, and F were immunized with encapsulated LPS, LPS+FKC and FKC, respectively. The G and H groups considered as encapsulated and non-encapsulated control, respectively. Micro/nanoencapsulation with alginate-chitosan was performed by internal emulsification method and vaccination were conductrd in the first and third weeks via oral route. Sampling was performed on days 0, 30, and 60 of experiment. Anti Y. ruckeri antibody titer in serum, intestine and skin mucus were measured via ELISA method. Non-specific immune response including: serum lysozyme, complement, bactericidal and respiratory burst activity, serum protein and globulin level, as well as white blood cell count were compared among the groups. The expression of IgT gene in the intestine and TCR gene in the anterior kidney were also investigated. At the end of the study, the fish were challenged with Y. ruckeri through immerssion and intraperitoneal routs and the relative survival rate was evaluated. Result showed that the antibody level in serum, skin and intestine was significantly higher in group E and F than control groups (P < 0.05), meanwhile serum, skin and intestine antibody level in all vaccinated groups were significantly (P < 0.01) higher in day 30 and 60 compare to zero day. Non-specific immunity factors including: serum lysozyme, complement, and respiratory burst activity as well as WBC, protein and Globulin level were significantly higher in E and F groups not only in day 30 but also in day 60 of experiment (P < 0.05). Cumulative mortality following injection and bath challenge were significantly (P = 0.004) lower (35%-45%) in groups E and F compare to control group (80%). The IgT and TCR gene expression in groups D, E and F were significantly higher (P < 0.05) than control group. Highest upregulation of IgT and TCR gene expression in vaccinated groups were seen at day 30 and 60 respectively which were significantly (P < 0.001) higher than day zero. Generally, it can be concluded that nano/micronanoencapsulation of Y. ruckeri FKC+LPS with chitosan-alginate, not only increases protective efficacy of oral vaccine, but improves specific and non-specific immune responses in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Tulaby Dezfuly
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Alishahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Masoud Ghorbanpoor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Tabandeh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mehrzad Mesbah
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran
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Rømer Villumsen K, Ohtani M, Forberg T, Tinsley J, Boye M, Bojesen AM. Citrus flavonoids, β-Glucan and organic acid feed additives decrease relative risk during Yersinia ruckeri O1 biotype 2 infection of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss). PeerJ 2020; 8:e8706. [PMID: 32181057 PMCID: PMC7060755 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether through direct supplementation of bacteria or by prebiotic supplementation thought to favour subsets of bacteria, modulation of gut microbiota constitutes an important and promising alternative to the use of prophylactic and growth promoting antibiotics in worldwide aquaculture. We fed a commercial base feed, alone or supplemented with either proprietary β-glucan, β-glucan and organic acids, citrus flavonoid or yeast cell wall supplements, to rainbow trout over a period of four weeks. Fish from each feed group were then subjected to experimental, waterborne infection with Yersinia ruckeri O1 biotype 2. Following experimental feeding, the β-glucan and organic acids supplemented group showed significantly improved feed conversion and lipid efficiency ratios. Furthermore, the β-glucan, β-glucan and organic acids and citrus flavonoid supplements proved to significantly reduce the risk of mortality in rainbow trout during experimental infection as shown by hazard ratio analysis. Resulting in 33.2%, 30.6% and 30.5% reduction in risk relative to the non-supplemented base feed, respectively, these three supplements show a promising potential either as stand-alone feed supplements, or as components in complex feed formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Rømer Villumsen
- Preventive Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Maki Ohtani
- Preventive Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Mette Boye
- Preventive Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anders M. Bojesen
- Preventive Veterinary Microbiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences , University of Copenhagen, Denmark, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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24
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Dawood MAO, Abo-Al-Ela HG, Hasan MT. Modulation of transcriptomic profile in aquatic animals: Probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics scenarios. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:268-282. [PMID: 31863903 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture and fisheries have provided protein sources for human consumption for a long time, but diseases have induced declines in product benefits and raised concerns, resulting in great losses to these industries in many countries. The overuse of antibiotics for the treatment of diseases has increased the chemical concentrations in culture systems and weakened the natural immunity of aquatic organisms. Concerns regarding the detrimental effects of antibiotics on the environment and human health due to residual antibiotic-related issues encourage the development of reliable, environmental and health safety methods, such as vaccines, probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and phytobiotics, for protection against disease and for reducing and possibly eliminating disease occurrence. Immunity has been effectively enhanced by pro-, pre-, and synbiotics, which confer strong protection and reduce the risks associated with stressors and disease outbreaks in culture systems. These agents confer several benefits, including enhancing both host growth and immune responses against pathogens, while sustaining health and environmental stability, and their use is thus widely accepted. Alterations in gene expression in individual cells could serve as an indicator of the immunity and growth rate of aquatic animals after pro-, pre- and synbiotic feeding. This review addresses the potential use of pro, pre- and synbiotics as immunostimulants for improved aquaculture management and environmental health and chronicles the recent insights regarding the application of pro-, pre- and synbiotics with special emphasis on their immunomodulatory and antioxidative responses based on gene expression changes. Furthermore, the current review describes the research gaps and other issues that merit further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
| | - Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Shibin Al-Kom, El-Minufiya, Egypt
| | - Md Tawheed Hasan
- Department of Aquaculture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
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25
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Review on Immersion Vaccines for Fish: An Update 2019. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7120627. [PMID: 31795391 PMCID: PMC6955699 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7120627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Immersion vaccines are used for a variety of aquacultured fish to protect against infectious diseases caused by bacteria and viruses. During immersion vaccination the antigens are taken up by the skin, gills or gut and processed by the immune system, where the resulting response may lead to protection. The lack of classical secondary responses following repeated immersion vaccination may partly be explained by the limited uptake of antigens by immersion compared to injection. Administration of vaccines depends on the size of the fish. In most cases, immersion vaccination is inferior to injection vaccination with regard to achieved protection. However, injection is problematic in small fish, and fry as small as 0.5 gram may be immersion vaccinated when they are considered adaptively immunocompetent. Inactivated vaccines are, in many cases, weakly immunogenic, resulting in low protection after immersion vaccination. Therefore, during recent years, several studies have focused on different ways to augment the efficacy of these vaccines. Examples are booster vaccination, administration of immunostimulants/adjuvants, pretreatment with low frequency ultrasound, use of live attenuated and DNA vaccines, preincubation in hyperosmotic solutions, percutaneous application of a multiple puncture instrument and application of more suitable inactivation chemicals. Electrostatic coating with positively charged chitosan to obtain mucoadhesive vaccines and a more efficient delivery of inactivated vaccines has also been successful.
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26
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Vetvicka V, Vannucci L, Sima P. β-glucan as a new tool in vaccine development. Scand J Immunol 2019; 91:e12833. [PMID: 31544248 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination constitutes one of the major breakthroughs in human medicine. At the same time, development of more immunogenic vaccine alternatives to using aluminium-based adjuvants is one of the most important phases of vaccination development. Among different sources of carbohydrate polymers, including plants, microbes and synthetic sources tested, glucans were found to be the most promising vaccine adjuvant, as they alone stimulate various immune reactions including antibody production without any negative side effects. The use of glucan particles as a delivery system is a viable option based on the documented efficient antigen loading and receptor-targeted uptake in antigen-presenting cells. In addition to particles, soluble glucans can be used as novel hydrogels or as direct immunocyte-targeting delivery systems employing novel complexes with oligodeoxynucleotides. This review focuses on recent advances in glucan-based vaccine development from glucan-based conjugates to a glucan-based delivery and adjuvant platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaclav Vetvicka
- Department of Pathology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Luca Vannucci
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Sima
- Laboratory of Immunotherapy, Institute of Microbiology, Prague, Czech Republic
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27
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Carballo C, Pinto PIS, Mateus AP, Berbel C, Guerreiro CC, Martinez-Blanch JF, Codoñer FM, Mantecon L, Power DM, Manchado M. Yeast β-glucans and microalgal extracts modulate the immune response and gut microbiome in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 92:31-39. [PMID: 31128296 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
One bottleneck to sustainability of fish aquaculture is the control of infectious diseases. Current trends include the preventive application of immunostimulants and prebiotics such as polysaccharides. The present study investigated how yeast β-glucan (Y), microalgal polysaccharide-enriched extracts (MAe) and whole Phaeodactylum tricornutum cells (MA) modulated the gut microbiome and stimulated the immune system in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) when administered by oral intubation. Blood, intestine and spleen samples were taken at 3 h, 24 h, 48 h and 7 days after treatment. The short-term response (within 48 h after treatment) consisted of up-regulation of il1b and irf7 expression in the gut of the Y treated group. In contrast, administration of MAe decreased expression of tnfa and the chemokine cxc10 in the gut and spleen. Both treatments down-regulated the expression of irf3 with respect to the control group. Lysozyme activity in plasma decreased at 48 h only in the MAe-treated soles. Medium-term response consisted of the up-regulation of clec and irf7 expression in the gut of the Y, MAe and MA groups and of il1b mRNAs in the spleen of the MA group compared to the control group. Microbiome analysis using 16S rDNA gene sequencing indicated that the intestine microbiome was dominated by bacteria of the Vibrio genus (>95%). All the treatments decreased the relative proportion of Vibrio in the microbiome and Y and MAe decreased and MA increased diversity. Quantitative PCR confirmed the load of bacteria of the Vibrio genus was significantly decreased and this was most pronounced in Y treated fish. These data indicate that orally administrated insoluble yeast β-glucans acted locally in the gut modulating the immune response and controlling the Vibrio abundance. In contrast, the MAe slightly reduced the Vibrio load in the intestine and caused a transient systemic anti-inflammatory response. The results indicate that these polysaccharides are a promising source of prebiotics for the sole aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Carballo
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain; Universidad de Málaga, Departamento de Microbiologia, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Malaga, Spain
| | - Patricia I S Pinto
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Ana Patricia Mateus
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal; Escola Superior de Saúde da Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Concha Berbel
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cláudia C Guerreiro
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Juan F Martinez-Blanch
- LifeSequencing, Parc Cientific Universidad De Valencia, Edif. 2, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Francisco M Codoñer
- LifeSequencing, Parc Cientific Universidad De Valencia, Edif. 2, C/ Catedrático Agustín Escardino Benlloch, 9, 46980, Paterna, Spain
| | - Lalia Mantecon
- Fitoplancton Marino, Dársena Comercial S/N (Muelle Pesquero), 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro Pichón s/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain.
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28
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Jami MJ, Abedian Kenari A, Paknejad H, Mohseni M. Effects of dietary b-glucan, mannan oligosaccharide, Lactobacillus plantarum and their combinations on growth performance, immunity and immune related gene expression of Caspian trout, Salmo trutta caspius (Kessler, 1877). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:202-208. [PMID: 31085328 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of individual and combination of dietary pre- and probiotics (β-glucan, 3 mg/g; mannan oligosaccharide (MOS), 4 mg/g; and Lactobacillus plantarum; 108 CFU/mg diet) on growth performance, blood immune parameters, expression of immune related genes, and intestinal microbial of Caspian trout (Salmo trutta caspius). On the basis of feeding with immunostimulant diets, the fish were assigned into eight groups denoted as: control (basal diet), bβ (basal diet + β-glucan), bM (basal diet + MOS), bLp (basal diet + L. plantarum), bβLp (basal diet + β-glucan + L. plantarum), bMLp (basal diet + MOS + L. plantarum), bMβ (basal diet + MOS + β-glucan), and bMβLp (basal diet + MOS + β-glucan + L. plantarum). All of the immunostimulant diets, in general, reduced feed intake (FI) and food conversion ratio (FCR) and increased WG, PER, and final weight. Condition factor (CF) demonstrated the lowest level in the experimental group received bMβLp. Total lipid increased in the fish received the additives, especially bM and bMβ. Ash content demonstrated significant increase in the fish fed on bβ and bMβLp, whereas moisture content was reduced in the group fed with L. plantarum-supplemented diet. All immunostimulant diets enhanced the activity and levels of lysozyme, Immunoglobulin M (IgM), and serum alternative complement activity (ACH50); the highest value for these indices was observed in the groups fed with bMβ, bMβLp, and bβLp. bMβ-treated fish group displayed the highest cortisol and glucose levels. bM diet induced the highest mRNA transcription of TNF-α1 in head kidney, whereas bLp, bMβ, and bMβLp showed no effect. IL1β exhibited the greatest up-regulation, about 8.75 fold change, in response to the diet supplemented only with β-glucan. bβLp and bβ significantly enhanced the relative IL-8 mRNA expression in the head kidney (about 2.75 and 1.9 folds, respectively), yet in response to bMβLp treatment it showed a decrease of about 5.7 times lower than the control group. In addition, intestinal population of L. plantarum showed the highest loads in the groups fed on the diets which were treated with the probiotic. Taken together, combinational use of these immunostimulants enhanced humoral innate immune system, whereas their individual and combinational application could increase and decrease the transcription of inflammation-related genes, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Javad Jami
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares, University, Mazandaran, Noor, P.O. Box 64414-356, Iran
| | - Abdolmohammad Abedian Kenari
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares, University, Mazandaran, Noor, P.O. Box 64414-356, Iran.
| | - Hamed Paknejad
- Department of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mohseni
- Cold Water Fishes Research Center (CFRC), Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research, Eduction and Extension Organization (AREEO), Dohezar, Tonekabon, Mazandaran, Iran
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29
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Kumar G, Hummel K, Razzazi-Fazeli E, El-Matbouli M. Modulation of posterior intestinal mucosal proteome in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after Yersinia ruckeri infection. Vet Res 2019; 50:54. [PMID: 31315687 PMCID: PMC6637484 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0673-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is the causative agent of enteric redmouth disease in salmonids. In fish, the intestine represents an important site of nutrient uptake, host–pathogen interactions, and defense. The posterior intestine can be inflamed, reddened, and filled with an opaque, yellowish fluid during Y. ruckeri infection. Herein, we report an investigation on the proteome alteration in the posterior intestinal mucosa of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) after exposure to Y. ruckeri. The intestinal mucosal proteins were identified and quantified by a shotgun proteomic approach by applying data-independent quantification with sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical mass spectra (SWATH). A total of 437 proteins were found to be differentially up- or downregulated in the posterior intestine. Gene ontology of upregulated proteins pointed to their involvement into exopeptidase, endopeptidase, and hydrolase activities, while the downregulated proteins were involved in lipid metabolism, actin binding, and translation processes. Additionally, upregulated proteins were predicted to be involved in lysosome, oxidative phosphorylation, and metabolic pathways, while downregulated proteins were implicated in focal adhesion, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, protein digestion and absorption pathways. This study showed that Y. ruckeri infection can alter protein abundance involved in serine-type carboxypeptidase, cysteine and aspartic-type endopeptidases, metallopeptidases, antioxidant defense, calcium ion binding, glycolytic and carbohydrate metabolic processes in the proteome of the intestinal mucosa of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokhlesh Kumar
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karin Hummel
- VetCore Facility for Research/Proteomics Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ebrahim Razzazi-Fazeli
- VetCore Facility for Research/Proteomics Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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Bulfon C, Pacorig V, Sarti M, Luzzana U, Galeotti M, Volpatti D. Protec ™ improves innate immune response and specific antibody response against Lactococcus garvieae in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 213:109885. [PMID: 31307670 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.109885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Protec™ is a commercial aquafeed (Skretting Italia) containing a combination of glucans, vitamin C, vitamin E and zinc (immune support pack). No research information concerning its capability to improve fish immune response is available, so in this study the potential immunomodulatory effects of Protec™ were investigated in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Head kidney (HK) leukocytes from adult fish (100 g, n = 6) were in vitro incubated with Protec™ immune support pack resulting in significantly higher respiratory burst activity and proliferation. Specifically, sonicated Protec™ immune support pack (160 μg/ml) induced a respiratory burst response similar to that promoted by zymosan and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while non-sonicated Protec™ immune support pack induced a response comparable to that of cells stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Moreover, the proliferation of leukocytes exposed to sonicated Protec™ immune support pack (20 μg/ml) was significantly higher than that of cells stimulated with zymosan, and it was comparable to the proliferation of cells stimulated with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) and LPS. Afterwards, a feeding trial was performed in a rainbow trout farm. Two groups of juvenile rainbow trout (10 g) were acclimated for 7 weeks before the experiment and fed daily with a commercial control diet (Optiline HE, Skretting Italia) at 2% BW/day. At the end of acclimation, one group of fish was fed with Protec™ diet (Skretting Italia) at 2% BW/day whereas the other group continued to feed the control diet at the same level for further 4 weeks. Then, fish were sampled (HK leukocytes from n = 6 fish/group, serum from n = 12 fish/group) or intraperitoneally vaccinated against lactococcosis (n = 160/dietary group/time point). Fish fed the same diets for further 4 weeks after vaccination, then feeding returned to the control diet in both groups until the end of the trial. The specific antibody response was recorded at 4 and 8 weeks after vaccination (n = 12 fish/group). The administration of Protec™ significantly enhanced the respiratory burst activity of leukocytes and the synthesis of specific IgM against Lactococcus garvieae, whereas the serum lysozyme activity was unaffected. The present research suggests that the administration of Protec™ can improve both innate and adaptive immune response of rainbow trout, proving to be an interesting strategy for enhancing the immune reactivity of fish to vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bulfon
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy.
| | - Valentina Pacorig
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | | | | | - Marco Galeotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
| | - Donatella Volpatti
- Department of Agricultural, Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences (DI4A), Section of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, University of Udine, via Sondrio 2/A, 33100, Udine, Italy
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31
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Gissibl A, Sun A, Care A, Nevalainen H, Sunna A. Bioproducts From Euglena gracilis: Synthesis and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:108. [PMID: 31157220 PMCID: PMC6530250 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the versatile phototrophic protist Euglena gracilis has emerged as an interesting candidate for application-driven research and commercialisation, as it is an excellent source of dietary protein, pro(vitamins), lipids, and the β-1,3-glucan paramylon only found in euglenoids. From these, paramylon is already marketed as an immunostimulatory agent in nutraceuticals. Bioproducts from E. gracilis can be produced under various cultivation conditions discussed in this review, and their yields are relatively high when compared with those achieved in microalgal systems. Future challenges include achieving the economy of large-scale cultivation. Recent insights into the complex metabolism of E. gracilis have highlighted unique metabolic pathways, which could provide new leads for product enhancement by genetic modification of the organism. Also, development of molecular tools for strain improvement are emerging rapidly, making E. gracilis a noteworthy challenger for microalgae such as Chlorella spp. and their products currently on the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gissibl
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angela Sun
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Care
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Helena Nevalainen
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Australian Research Council Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Molecular Technology in the Food Industry, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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32
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Marana MH, Sepúlveda D, Chen D, Al-Jubury A, Jaafar RM, Kania PW, Henriksen NH, Krossøy B, Dalsgaard I, Lorenzen N, Buchmann K. A pentavalent vaccine for rainbow trout in Danish aquaculture. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 88:344-351. [PMID: 30851449 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Mariculture in Denmark is based on production of rainbow trout grown two years in fresh water followed by one growth season in sea cages. Although the majority of rainbow trout are vaccinated against the most serious bacterial pathogens - Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Vibrio anguillarum and Yersinia ruckeri, by the use of commercially available vaccines, disease outbreaks requiring treatment with antibiotics still occur. The present study tested the potential of a new experimental multicomponent vaccine that is based on local bacterial strains, isolated from rainbow trout in Danish waters, and thus custom-designed for Danish rainbow trout mariculture. The vaccination with the multicomponent vaccine resulted in protection against three relevant bacterial diseases (yersiniosis, furunculosis, vibriosis) under experimental conditions. We showed that i.p. injection of the vaccine induced specific antibody responses in trout against the different bacterial antigens and regulated expression of genes encoding SAA, C3, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IgD and MHCII.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moonika H Marana
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Dagoberto Sepúlveda
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Defang Chen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Aquaculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, China
| | - Azmi Al-Jubury
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rzgar M Jaafar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per W Kania
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Inger Dalsgaard
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Niels Lorenzen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Kurt Buchmann
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Science, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Wang J, Lei P, Gamil AAA, Lagos L, Yue Y, Schirmer K, Mydland LT, Øverland M, Krogdahl Å, Kortner TM. Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus Mykiss) Intestinal Epithelial Cells as a Model for Studying Gut Immune Function and Effects of Functional Feed Ingredients. Front Immunol 2019; 10:152. [PMID: 30792715 PMCID: PMC6374633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the rainbow trout intestinal epithelial cell line (RTgutGC) as an in vitro model for studies of gut immune function and effects of functional feed ingredients. Effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and three functional feed ingredients [nucleotides, mannanoligosaccharides (MOS), and beta-glucans] were evaluated in RTgutGC cells grown on conventional culture plates and transwell membranes. Permeation of fluorescently-labeled albumin, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), and tight junction protein expression confirmed the barrier function of the cells. Brush border membrane enzyme activities [leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) and maltase] were detected in the RTgutGC cells but activity levels were not modulated by any of the exposures. Immune related genes were expressed at comparable relative basal levels as these in rainbow trout distal intestine. LPS produced markedly elevated gene expression levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines il1b, il6, il8, and tnfa but had no effect on ROS production. Immunostaining demonstrated increased F-actin contents after LPS exposure. Among the functional feed ingredients, MOS seemed to be the most potent modulator of RTgutGC immune and barrier function. MOS significantly increased albumin permeation and il1b, il6, il8, tnfa, and tgfb expression, but suppressed ROS production, cell proliferation and myd88 expression. Induced levels of il1b and il8 were also observed after treatment with nucleotides and beta-glucans. For barrier function related genes, all treatments up-regulated the expression of cldn3 and suppressed cdh1 levels. Beta-glucans increased TEER levels and F-actin content. Collectively, the present study has provided new information on how functional ingredients commonly applied in aquafeeds can affect intestinal epithelial function in fish. Our findings suggest that RTgutGC cells possess characteristic features of functional intestinal epithelial cells indicating a potential for use as an efficient in vitro model to evaluate effects of bioactive feed ingredients on gut immune and barrier functions and their underlying cellular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Amr Ahmed Abdelrahim Gamil
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Yang Yue
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lausanne, Switzerland.,ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Åshild Krogdahl
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
| | - Trond M Kortner
- Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, Norway
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Kottuparambil S, Thankamony RL, Agusti S. Euglena as a potential natural source of value-added metabolites. A review. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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35
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Bu X, Lian X, Wang Y, Luo C, Tao S, Liao Y, Yang J, Chen A, Yang Y. Dietary yeast culture modulates immune response related to TLR2-MyD88-NF-kβ signaling pathway, antioxidant capability and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila for Ussuri catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 84:711-718. [PMID: 30359752 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate effects of dietary yeast culture on immune response related to TLR2-MyD88-NF-kβ signaling pathway, antioxidant capability and disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila for Ussuri catfish (Pseudobagrus ussuriensis). A total of 240 Ussuri catfish (mean weight of 7.39 ± 0.32 g) were randomly distributed into four groups that fed diets containing 0 (Y0), 10 (Y1), 20 (Y2) and 30 (Y3) g kg-1 yeast culture for 8 weeks. The results indicated that dietary 10 g kg-1 yeast culture supplementation significantly down-regulated mRNA levels of TLR2, MyD88, NF-kβ p65, IL-1β and IL-8 in the liver tissue compared with the control group (P < 0.05). Simultaneously, serum lysozyme (LZM) activity, respiratory burst activity (RBA) of phagocytes, plasma alkaline phosphatase (AKP) activity and immunoglobulin M (IgM) content were significantly improved in fish fed Y1 diet (P < 0.05). Fish fed Y1 diet had significantly higher serum alternative complement pathway activity (ACH50) and plasma complement 3 (C3) content than the Y3 group (P < 0.05). However, no significant differences were observed in plasma acid phosphatase (ACP) activity and complement 4 (C4) content among the groups (P > 0.05). Fish cumulative mortality rate (CMR) in the Y1 and Y2 groups were significantly lower than that in Y0 and Y3 groups (P < 0.05), and the lowest CMR was observed in the Y1 group after challenge by A. hydrophila. The highest hepatic superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activities, total antioxidant capacity and the lowest malondialdehyde content were found in Y1 group, but no significant difference was found in hepatic catalase activity among the groups (P > 0.05). These results demonstrate that dietary 10 g kg-1 yeast culture could effectively improve the immunity, antioxidant capability and disease resistance against A. hydrophila for Ussuri catfish and could down-regulate the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines modulated by TLR2-MyD88-NF-kβ signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Bu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Xuqiu Lian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Chengzeng Luo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Shengqiang Tao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Yilu Liao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Jiaming Yang
- Harbin Jiaming Fisheries Technology Co., Ltd., Harbin, 150030, PR China
| | - Aijing Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
| | - Yuhong Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, PR China.
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36
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Shafie S, Soltani E, Soltani M, Hazrati SM. Adjuvant efficacy of G2 (buffalo spleen extraction) against Yersinia septicemia in rainbow trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 82:115-120. [PMID: 30092257 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adjuvant effect of G2 (extraction of buffalo spleen) was assessed in intraperitoneally immunized rainbow trout (100-150 g) with killed- Y. ruckeri bacterin biotype I [0.1 mL (1 × 107 cells/fish) of vaccine diluted with the adjuvant in a ratio of 1:1 (V/V)] at 12.4 ± 1.3 °C for 10 weeks. Leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, anti-Y. ruckeri antibody titer and relative percent survival (RPS) in fish vaccinated with vaccine containing the adjuvant were significantly higher than the immunized fish with Y. ruckeri antigen alone throughout the experiment (P < 0.05), but neutrophils count and lysozyme activity were mostly significantly higher in the latter group (P < 0.05). No difference was seen in the complement activity between vaccinated fish containing the adjuvant and vaccine alone (P > 0.05). The results of this work for the first time demonstrated that inclusion of G2 as an adjuvant in Y. urckeri vaccine can improve the efficacy of the vaccine against Yersinia septicemia in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafigh Shafie
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahrekord University, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Elahe Soltani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Soltani
- Department of Aquatic Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Freshwater Fish Group and Fish Health Unit, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Australia.
| | - Saleh Mohaghegh Hazrati
- Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Dr Mohaghegh Foundation of Research Industrial Biotechnology, 16 Azar Steet, Keshavarz Bolvard, Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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Yamamoto FY, Sutili FJ, Hume M, Gatlin DM. The effect of β-1,3-glucan derived from Euglena gracilis (Algamune ™ ) on the innate immunological responses of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2018; 41:1579-1588. [PMID: 30051484 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Algamune™ is a commercial additive produced from Euglena gracilis, providing a rich source of the β-1,3-glucan paramylon. Isolated kidney phagocytes of Nile tilapia were incubated with graded doses (0, 8, 16, 32, 64 and 128 μg/ml) of Algamune™ and purified paramylon to gauge their ability to elicit the production of reactive oxygen species. A linear response was observed for extracellular superoxide anion for both sources but only Algamune™ for intracellular superoxide anion. After corroborating the immunostimulant properties ex vivo, a feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the dietary supplementation of Algamune™ (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg/kg of diet) for Nile tilapia. Fish were fed for 3 weeks, after which, fish were sampled for blood and head kidney phagocytes. The remaining fish were challenged with Streptococcus iniae. Macrophage extracellular superoxide anion production was significantly elevated in fish fed diets with 200 mg of Algamune™ kg-1 when compared to fish fed the basal diet. Even though the disease challenge did not show statistical differences, it is worth mentioning that fish fed intermediate doses of Algamune™ had lowest numerical mortality values. Therefore, Algamune™ was demonstrated to enhance some immunological responses of tilapia both in ex vivo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Y Yamamoto
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas
| | - Fernando J Sutili
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Michael Hume
- Food, and Safety Research Unit, USDA, ARS, SPARC, College Station, Texas
| | - Delbert M Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, Texas
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38
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Yılmaz S, Ergün S. Trans-cinnamic acid application for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): I. Effects on haematological, serum biochemical, non-specific immune and head kidney gene expression responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 78:140-157. [PMID: 29684602 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of dietary trans-cinnamic acid (CA) on pre- and post-challenge haematological, serum biochemical, non-specific immune and head kidney gene expression responses of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss juveniles. In this regard, fish with an average weight of 17.01 ± 0.05 g were divided into five groups, and fed daily with an additive free basal diet (control); 250, 500, 750 or 1500 mg kg-1 CA for a 60-day period. Fish were sampled every 20 days during the experiment. On days 20, 40 and 60 (the pre-challenge period), the dietary CA especially at 250 and/or 500 mg kg-1 significantly increased blood granulocyte percentage, and serum total protein, globulin, lysozyme and total immunoglobulin values. Furthermore, dietary CA increased activities of phagocytic activity, respiratory burst and potential killing, and increased the expression levels of immune related genes [serum amyloid A (SAA), interleukin 8 (IL-8), interleukin 1, beta (IL-1β), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and immunoglobulin T (IgT)] in the head kidney of fish fed with 250 and/or 500 mg kg-1 CA. Following 60 days of feeding, fish were challenged with Yersinia ruckeri and mortality was recorded for 20 days. Highest percentage survival (%) rate was found in the 250 and/or 500 mg kg-1 CA-supplemented feeding groups. During the post-challenge period, red blood cell (RBC) count, hematocrit (%), respiratory burst activity, and total antiprotease activity increased in fish fed with feed containing 500 mg kg-1 content. Moreover, markedly up-regulated the expression of related genes (SAA, IL-8, IL-1β, TGF-β, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IgM) in fish fed 250, 500 and/or 750 mg kg-1 CA. Therefore, feeding O. mykiss for 60 days with dietary CA at 250-500 mg kg-1 CA incorporation levels can be suggested as optimal to enhance the immunity and disease resistance against Y. ruckeri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevdan Yılmaz
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17100, Turkey.
| | - Sebahattin Ergün
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Marine Sciences and Technology, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale 17100, Turkey
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Yamamoto FY, Yin F, Rossi W, Hume M, Gatlin DM. β-1,3 glucan derived from Euglena gracilis and Algamune™ enhances innate immune responses of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus L.). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:273-279. [PMID: 29625243 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To reduce susceptibility to stressors and diseases, immune-modulators such as β-glucans have been proven effective tools to enhance the innate immune responses of fish. Consequently, commercial sources of this polysaccharide are becoming increasingly more available. Algamune™ is a commercial additive produced from Euglena gracilis, as a source of linear β-1,3-glucan. In order to evaluate the immunomodulatory effects of this β-glucan product, the present study assessed the innate immune parameters of red drum (Sciaenops ocellatus) exposed to Algamune™ ex vivo and in vivo. Isolated kidney phagocytes were incubated with graded concentrations (0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 mg L-1) of dried Euglena gracilis (Algamune™) as well as purified Paramylon (linear β-1,3 glucan). Increased bactericidal activity against Streptococcus iniae, and production of intracellular O2- anion superoxide were stimulated by both β-glucan sources. A reduced activity of extracellular anion superoxide was observed by the phagocytes incubated with Algamune ™. After corroborating the effectiveness of the glucan source ex vivo, a feeding trial was conducted using red drum juveniles (∼26.6 g initial weight). Fish were fed diets with graded levels of Algamune™ (0, 100, 200, 400 and 800 mg kg-1) twice daily for 21 days. No significant differences were detected regarding production performance parameters. At the end of the feeding trial, blood, intestinal content, and kidney were sampled. Intestinal microbiota from fecal material was analyzed through denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and found to be similar among all treatments. No significant differences were detected for oxidative radical production from whole blood, and isolated phagocytes, and plasma lysozyme activity. However, the total hemolytic activity of red drum plasma was increased in fish fed 100 and 200 mg kg-1 of dietary Algamune™ when compared to fish fed the basal diet. Based on results from both ex vivo and in vivo trials, β-glucan from Algamune™ was demonstrated to have a moderate immunostimulatory effects on red drum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Y Yamamoto
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 77843-2258, USA
| | - Fei Yin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 77843-2258, USA; Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center for Zhejiang Marine High-efficiency and Healthy Aquaculture, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Waldemar Rossi
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 77843-2258, USA
| | - Michael Hume
- USDA, ARS, SPARC, Food, and Safety Research Unit, College Station, TX, 778445, USA
| | - Delbert M Gatlin
- Department of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences, Texas A&M University System, College Station, TX, 77843-2258, USA.
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Vazirzadeh A, Dehghan F, Kazemeini R. Changes in growth, blood immune parameters and expression of immune related genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in response to diet supplemented with Ducrosia anethifolia essential oil. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 69:164-172. [PMID: 28830711 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An 8- week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of Ducrosia anethifolia essential oil on growth, blood immune parameters and immune related genes expression in juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Fish were allocated into 4 groups and fed on diet containing different levels of essential oil (0, 0.001, 0.01 and 0.1%) to apparent satiation in 30 min 3 times daily. Growth and immunological parameters were measured every ten days and tissue samples were taken from kidney and spleen on days 10, 30 and 50 to study the expression of IL-1β and TNF-α. The changes of measured parameters in different treatments and over sampling time series were statistically analysis based on repeated measurement method (P < 0.05). Results showed that growth did not affected by essential oil at different treatments. The highest level of hematocrit was observed in 0.001 treatment. The mean of RBC showed no significant differences among treatments. The mean of WBC in 0.01 and 0.1 groups were higher than those in 0.001 and control groups. Total protein, albumin and globulin and serum bactericidal activity showed no significant difference in different treatments. Neither treatments nor sampling times affected serum lysozyme activity. The highest mean of respiratory burst activity was observed in 0.01 group. The highest expression of both IL-1β and TNF-α genes in kidney was observed at 0.001 dose on day 30, while in spleen, the highest expression of IL-1β and TNF-α was obtained on day 30 at doses 0.1 and 0.01%, respectively. In conclusion the results of this study showed that feeding with lower and medium level of D. anethifolia for 30 days led to immunostimulatory effects in juvenile rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Vazirzadeh
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441- 65186, Iran.
| | - Fatemeh Dehghan
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441- 65186, Iran
| | - Roya Kazemeini
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71441- 65186, Iran
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Sahoo L, Parhi J, Debnath C, Prasad KP. Effect of feeding Lipopolysaccharide as an immunostimulant on immune response and immune gene expression of Labeo bata. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2017; 188:48-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Ji L, Sun G, Li J, Wang Y, Du Y, Li X, Liu Y. Effect of dietary β-glucan on growth, survival and regulation of immune processes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) infected by Aeromonas salmonicida. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:56-67. [PMID: 28286256 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of dietary β-glucan (0, 0.05%, 0.1%, and 0.2%) on growth performance after 42 days of feeding. Thereafter, rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were infected with Aeromonas salmonicida, and survival rates as well as the regulating processes of stress- and immune-related factors were analyzed. In general, higher dietary β-glucan levels obviously improved specific growth rate (SGR), weight gain (WG) and feed efficiency (FE) (P ≤ 0.05). Survival rates in β-glucan groups increased significantly compared with the control group after A. salmonicida infection (P ≤ 0.05). Serum total superoxide dimutase (T-SOD), peroxidase (POD) as well as catalase (CAT) activities, and their mRNA expressions in the head kidney of fish in the β-glucan groups generally increased to higher levels after infection, and more quickly, compared with in the control group. Serum lysozyme (LSZ) and its expression in the head kidney in β-glucan groups reached a higher peak earlier than in the control group. Serum glutamic oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) and glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) levels in the β-glucan groups were significantly lower than in the control group (P ≤ 0.05). The peak of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression in the 0.2% β-glucan group was higher and occurred earlier than in other groups (P ≤ 0.05). These results confirm that 0.1% and 0.2% dietary β-glucan are beneficial for promoting growth in rainbow trout and enhancing resistance against A. salmonicida. Furthermore, β-glucan could play an important role in regulating stress- and immune-related factors in rainbow trout to more quickly fight against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqin Ji
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039, China
| | - Guoxiang Sun
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Biological Sciences, Lake Superior State University, Sault Ste. Marie, MI, 49783, United States
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yishuai Du
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xian Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Domenico JD, Canova R, Soveral LDF, Nied CO, Costa MM, Frandoloso R, Kreutz LC. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-glucan in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The immunomodulatory effects of dietary β-glucan were evaluated in silver catfish. β-glucan was added to the diet (0.01%, and 0.1%) and fed to the fish for 21 days, to evaluate effects on blood and some innate immune parameter, or fed for 42 days, to evaluate growth rate and resistance to challenge with pathogenic Aeromonas hydrophila. We found that adding β-glucan to the diet had no effect on fish growth and no effect on blood cells, or serum bacterial agglutination and serum myeloperoxidase activity. However, fish that received β-glucan in the diet had the natural hemolytic activity of complement significantly higher compared to control fish. Furthermore, fish fed with β-glucan and challenged with A. hydrophila had fewer bacteria in blood and presented a significantly higher survival rate compared to control fish. Thus, we concluded that β-glucan might be explored as feed additive aiming to improve silver catfish innate immunity and resistance to specific pathogen.
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Petit J, Wiegertjes GF. Long-lived effects of administering β-glucans: Indications for trained immunity in fish. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:93-102. [PMID: 26945622 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, it has become evident that immune-modulation of fish with β-glucans, using injection, dietary or even immersion routes of administration, has stimulating but presumed short-lived effects on both intestinal and systemic immunity and can increase protection against a subsequent pathogenic challenge. Although the exact effects can be variable depending on, among others, fish species and administration route, the immune-stimulating effects of β-glucans on the immune system of fish appear to be universal. This review provides a condensed update of the most recent literature describing the effects of β-glucans on the teleost fish immune system. We shortly discuss possible mechanisms influencing immune-stimulation by β-glucans, including microbial composition of the gut, receptor recognition and downstream signalling. Of interest, in mammalian monocytes, β-glucans are potent inducers of trained immunity. First, we screened the literature for indications of this phenomenon in fish. Criteria that we applied include indications for at least one out of three features considered characteristic of trained immunity; (i) providing protection against a secondary infection in a T- and B-lymphocyte independent manner, (ii) conferring increased resistance upon re-infection and, (iii) relying on key roles for innate immune cell types such as natural killer cells and macrophages. We conclude that several indications exist that support the notion that the innate immune system of teleost fish can be trained. Second, we screened the literature for indications of long-lived effects on innate immunity of fish after administering β-glucans, a criterion which could help to identify key roles for macrophages on resistance to infection. We discuss whether β-glucans, as well-known immune-stimulants, are able to train the immune system of fish and argue in favour of further studies designed to specifically investigate this phenomenon in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules Petit
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, PO Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Embregts CWE, Forlenza M. Oral vaccination of fish: Lessons from humans and veterinary species. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 64:118-37. [PMID: 27018298 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The limited number of oral vaccines currently approved for use in humans and veterinary species clearly illustrates that development of efficacious and safe oral vaccines has been a challenge not only for fish immunologists. The insufficient efficacy of oral vaccines is partly due to antigen breakdown in the harsh gastric environment, but also to the high tolerogenic gut environment and to inadequate vaccine design. In this review we discuss current approaches used to develop oral vaccines for mass vaccination of farmed fish species. Furthermore, using various examples from the human and veterinary vaccine development, we propose additional approaches to fish vaccine design also considering recent advances in fish mucosal immunology and novel molecular tools. Finally, we discuss the pros and cons of using the zebrafish as a pre-screening animal model to potentially speed up vaccine design and testing for aquaculture fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen W E Embregts
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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47
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Simon RR, Vo TD, Levine R. Genotoxicity and subchronic toxicity evaluation of dried Euglena gracilis ATCC PTA-123017. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 80:71-81. [PMID: 27311684 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Euglena gracilis is a microalga capable of synthesizing various nutrients of interest in human and animal nutrition. When cultivated aerobically in the dark, Euglena synthesize paramylon, a storage polysaccharide comprised of high molecular weight beta-1,3-D-glucose polymers organized in cytoplasmic granules. Beta-glucans have been shown to have immune modulation effects, including anti-microbial, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidant properties, and metabolic effects, such as regulation of cholesterol and blood sugar levels. Preparations of E. gracilis and paramylon may therefore have potential utility as functional food ingredients for human and animal nutrition. A battery of toxicological studies was conducted on a dried preparation of E. gracilis and paramylon to support their safe food use. The dried alga was not genotoxic in a bacterial reverse mutation test and mammalian micronucleus test. In the subchronic toxicity study, rats were provided E. gracilis in the diet at levels of 0, 12,500, 25,000 or 50,000 ppm. Paramylon was provided at a concentration of 50,000 ppm. No effects that could be attributable to treatment were observed in clinical observations, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmology, hematology and clinical chemistry, urinalysis, and macroscopic and microscopic findings. A NOAEL of 50,000 ppm in the diet was determined for both ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan R Simon
- Intertek Scientific and Regulatory Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Road, Suite 201, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Trung D Vo
- Intertek Scientific and Regulatory Consultancy, 2233 Argentia Road, Suite 201, Mississauga, ON L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Robert Levine
- Algal Scientific Corporation, 14925 Galleon Court, Plymouth, MI 48170, USA.
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Bianchi VA, Castro JM, Rocchetta I, Conforti V, Pascual M, Luquet CM. Modulating effects of orally supplied Euglena gracilis on the physiological responses of the freshwater mussel Diplodon chilensis, exposed to sewage water pollution in a Patagonian river (Argentina). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:17-25. [PMID: 26892796 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to test if orally supplied Euglena sp. cells modulate the physiological status of bivalves during bioremediation procedures, we evaluated the effect of Euglena gracilis diet on the immune response, oxidative balance and metabolic condition of Diplodon chilensis exposed to sewage water pollution. Mussels were fed for 90 days with E. gracilis (EG) or Scenedesmus vacuolatus (SV, control diet), and then exposed for 10 days at three sites along the Pocahullo river basin: 1) an unpolluted site, upstream of the city (control, C); 2) upstream (UpS) and 3) downstream (DoS) from the main tertiary-treated sewage discharge, in the city of San Martín de los Andes, Northwest Patagonia, Argentina. Our results show that the total hemocyte number decreases while pollution load increases along the river course for both, EG and SV mussels. Phagocytic activity is higher in EG mussels than in SV ones under all conditions. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in hemocytes increases with the increase in the pollution load, being significantly higher for EG mussels than for SV ones at DoS; no changes are observed for total oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC). Hemocytes' viability is increased for E. gracilis diet at C and remains unchanged in this group of mussels when exposed at the polluted sites. Lysosomal membrane stability is higher in EG mussels than in SV ones for all conditions, although it is decreased at polluted sites compared with that at C. Antioxidant (catalase) and detoxifying (gluthatione S-transferase) defenses are generally lower in gills and digestive gland of EG mussels than in SV ones. Lipid peroxidation (TBARS) is evident in gills of EG mussels at C, and in digestive gland of the same group, at all the sites. Gill mass factor (GF) is affected by the E. gracilis diet; it is increased at C and decreased at polluted sites when compared with that of SV ones. Digestive gland mass factor (DGF) is higher in EG mussels than in SV ones. In D. chilensis, continuous and long term feeding with E. gracilis cells favors immune response and reduces the damage caused by sewage pollution exposure on hemocytes. Nevertheless, diet and transplantation procedures may produce negative effects on the oxidative balance of gills and digestive gland and should be taken into account for bioremediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia A Bianchi
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas, Químicas y de Medio Ambiente (LIBIQUIMA-CITAAC), Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, CP: 8300, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Juan M Castro
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Iara Rocchetta
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Visitación Conforti
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Av. Rivadavia 1917, Buenos Aires, Argentina; IBBEA, Instituto de CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Pab. II, Ciudad Universitaria, 1428, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Pascual
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA(CONICET-UNCo) - CEAN, ruta provincial N° 61, km 3, CCP 7, Junín de los Andes, 8371, Neuquén, Argentina
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Aramli MS, Kamangar B, Nazari RM. Effects of dietary β-glucan on the growth and innate immune response of juvenile Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:606-610. [PMID: 26453793 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the effects of different levels of dietary β-glucan (MacroGard(®)) on growth performance and innate immune parameters in juvenile Persian sturgeon (Acipenser persicus). Fish (20.1 ± 0.8 g) were allocated into 12 tanks (15 fish per tank) and triplicate groups were fed a control diet or diets containing 0.1%, 0.2% and 0.3% β-glucan. After six weeks of daily feeding (3.0% body weight day(-1)), humoral innate immune parameters (serum immunoglobulin (Ig) levels, lysozyme activity and alternative complement activity (ACH50)) and growth parameters (final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR)) were examined. Innate immune responses (lysozyme activity and ACH50) were significantly higher in 0.2% and 0.3% β-glucan fed fish (P < 0.05). Similarly, elevated growth performance (final weight, SGR and FCR) was observed in fish fed 1%, 2% and 3% β-glucan compared to the control group (P < 0.05). However, dietary β-glucan had no significant effect on survival rate of fish (P > 0.05). These results indicate that β-glucan can be considered as a beneficial dietary supplement for improving the immune response and growth performance of Persian sturgeon.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Behzad Kamangar
- Fisheries Department, Sari Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Sari, Iran
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50
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Schmitt P, Wacyk J, Morales-Lange B, Rojas V, Guzmán F, Dixon B, Mercado L. Immunomodulatory effect of cathelicidins in response to a β-glucan in intestinal epithelial cells from rainbow trout. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 51:160-169. [PMID: 25818364 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to characterize intestinal immune mechanisms involved in the response to β-glucans in rainbow trout. Among the immune effectors regulated in response to immunostimulants, host defense peptides (HDPs) are abundantly expressed in epithelial linings, suggesting their important role in the mucosal immune response. Therefore, the immunomodulatory properties of expressed HDPs in the epithelial intestinal cells of rainbow trout in response to the β-glucan, zymosan, were assessed. The results showed that zymosan increased the production of the HDP, cathelicidin, and the cytokine, IL-1β, in the intestinal epithelial RTgutGC cell line at the transcript and protein levels. Thus, cathelicidin-2 variants were produced and were shown to (i) induce the production of IL-1β in RTgutGC cells and (ii) display a synergic effect with zymosan in IL-1β upregulation. Importantly, the colocalization of both rtCATH-2 and IL-1β was detected in the intestinal epithelial cells of rainbow trout fed with a 0.3% zymosan-supplemented diet. We propose that trout cathelicidins are expressed by intestinal epithelial cells and exert immunomodulatory effects to improve the local intestinal immune response triggered by immunostimulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Jurij Wacyk
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología en Acuicultura (LBA), Facultad de Ciencias Agronómicas, Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Verónica Rojas
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnológico de Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave W., Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Luis Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Núcleo Biotecnológico de Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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