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Huang N, Wang B, Liu S, Wang K, Wang R, Liu F, Chen C. Cadmium exposure in infants and children: toxicity, health effects, dietary risk assessment and mitigation strategies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2024:1-23. [PMID: 39264340 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2024.2403036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
As a non-essential metal, cadmium (Cd) poses a significant threat to food safety and public health. This risk is particularly pronounced for infants and young children due to their high food consumption relative to body weight and immature physiological systems. This review examines the health risks associated with Cd exposure, particularly during the prenatal period through adolescence. It evaluates the prevalence of Cd-rich foods in children's diets and their intake levels across various countries. The review demonstrates that Cd exposure is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, immune dysfunction, and cardiovascular diseases. It also highlights geographic differences in exposure, with some Asian countries, such as Thailand and China, exhibiting higher overall levels of Cd intake among children compared to other regions. This review presents several recommendations to mitigate Cd intake during early childhood, including reducing the Cd content in food, inhibiting Cd absorption, and promoting its excretion from the body. To minimize the risk of dietary Cd intake in children, it is recommended that stringent regulations of Cd limits in children's food be implemented, alongside a coordinated multi-stakeholder effort. This review provides important insights into effective public health policy development, laying the foundation for achieving broader public health goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Huang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baozhen Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shufang Liu
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kebo Wang
- Shandong Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, China
| | - Ruike Wang
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Fengquan Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology/Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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2
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Nan X, Zhao K, Qin Y, Song Y, Guo Y, Luo Z, Li W, Wang Q. Antibacterial responses and functional characterization of the interferon gamma inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) protein in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 136:104514. [PMID: 35977559 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2022.104514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The inducible reductase of interferon gamma (IFN- γ), IFN-γ-induced lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is important in antiviral immunity, but its mechanism in invertebrate antimicrobial immunity is unclear. We determined that GILT protein was involved in the antibacterial immunity of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). GILT protein was highly expressed in crab hemocytes and was significantly upregulated 6 h after bacterial stimulation. Recombinant E. sinensis GILT (rEsGILT) contained a CXXS active site that catalyzed disulfide bond reduction. Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Staphylococcus aureus were bound through interaction with peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide, respectively, and bacterial agglutination and clearance in the crabs was markedly promoted. Nevertheless, EsGILT exhibited no direct antibacterial or bactericidal activity. EsGILT also promoted crab hemocyte phagocytosis and played an anti-bacterial role, and inhibited hemocyte apoptosis. In summary, EsGILT promoted bacterial agglutination, clearance, and phagocytosis by recognizing and agglutinating pathogenic microorganisms and reduced the apoptosis level, indirectly participating in antibacterial reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Nan
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Zhao
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yukai Qin
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Song
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanan Guo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi Luo
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Qun Wang
- Laboratory of Invertebrate Immunological Defense and Reproductive Biology, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
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Fei H, Naqvi MAUH, Naqvi SZ, Xu L, Song X, Li X, Yan R. Trichinella spiralis: Knockdown of gamma interferon inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) results in the reduction of worm burden. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009958. [PMID: 34847145 PMCID: PMC8631631 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis is mammalian skeletal muscles parasite which may cause trichinellosis in animals and humans. Gamma interferon inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is a widespread superfamily which plays key role in processing and presentation of MHC class II restricted antigen by catalyzing disulfide bond reduction. There are no reports about GILT in T. spiralis. In present study, GILT from T. spiralis (Tsp-GILT) was cloned, analyzed by multiple-sequence alignment, and predicted by 3D structure model. Recombinant Tsp-GILT (about 46 kDa) was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli and thiol reductase activity suggested that in acidic environment the addition of a reducing agent is needed. Soaking method was used to knockdown expression of Tsp-GILT using small interference RNA (siRNA). Immunofluorescence assay confirmed the transformation of siRNA into muscle larva (ML) and new born larva (NBL). Quantitative real time-PCR (QRT-PCR) analysis revealed that transcription level of Tsp-GILT mRNA can be up-regulated by stimulation of mouse IFN-γ and down-regulated by siRNA2 in vitro. NBLs soaked with siRNA2 showed 32.3% reduction in the generation of MLs. MLs soaked with siRNA2 showed 26.2% reduction in the next generation of MLs, but no significant effect was observed on adult worms or NBLs. These findings concluded that GILT may play important roles in the development of T. spiralis parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Fei
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Ali-ul-Husnain Naqvi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Sana Zahra Naqvi
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lixin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaokai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruofeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Cui ZG, Ahmed K, Zaidi SF, Muhammad JS. Ins and outs of cadmium-induced carcinogenesis: Mechanism and prevention. Cancer Treat Res Commun 2021; 27:100372. [PMID: 33865114 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctarc.2021.100372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal and a highly toxic pollutant that is released into the environment as a byproduct of most modern factories and industries. Cd enters our body in significant quantities from contaminated water, cigarette smoke, or food product to many detrimental health hazards. Based on causal association all the Cd-related or derived compounds have been classified as carcinogens. In this study, we present an overview of the published literature to understand the molecular mechanisms for Cd-induced carcinogenesis and its prevention. In acute Cd poisoning production of reactive oxygen species is a key factor. However, chronic Cd exposure can transform cells to become more resistant to oxidative stress. Also, as an epigenetic mechanism Cd acts indirectly on DNA repair mechanisms via alteration of reactions upstream. Those transformed cells acquire resistance to apoptosis and deregulation of calcium homeostasis. Leading to uncontrolled carcinogenic cell proliferation and inherent DNA lesions. Flavonoids commonly found in plant foods have been shown to have a protective effect against Cd-induced carcinogenicity. A wide variety of tumorigenic mechanisms involved in chronic Cd exposure and the beneficial effects of flavonoids against Cd-induced carcinogenicity necessitate further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Guo Cui
- Graduate School of Medicine, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China; Department of Environmental Health, University of Fukui School of Medical Science, 23-3 Matsuoka Shimoaizuki, Eiheiji, Fukui 910-1193 Japan
| | - Kanwal Ahmed
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Faisal Zaidi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University of Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jibran Sualeh Muhammad
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates.
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Gao L, Li A, Lv Y, Huang M, Liu X, Deng H, Liu D, Zhao B, Liu B, Pang Q. Planarian gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is required for gram-negative bacterial clearance. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 116:103914. [PMID: 33137392 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The powerful regenerative ability of planarians has long been a concern of scientists, but recently, their efficient immune system has attracted more and more attention from researchers. Gamma-interferon-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is related not only to antigen presentation but also to bacteria invasions. But the systematic studies are not yet to be conducted on the relationship between bacterial infection. Our study reveals for the first time that GILT of planarian (DjGILT) plays an essential role in the clearance of Gram-negative bacteria by conducting H2O2 concentration in planarians. In animals that DjGILT was silenced, it persisted for up to 9 days before all bacteria were cleared, compared with 6 days of the control group. When infected with E. coli and V. anguillarum, the level of H2O2 was significantly increased in DjGILT-silenced planarians, and concomitantly, mRNA level of C-type lectin DjCTL, which modulates agglutination and clearance efficiency of invading bacteria, was decreased. Further study showed that the decrease of H2O2 level led to a significant increase in DjCTL transcripts. Collectively, we proposed a mechanism model for the involvement of GILT gene in bacterial elimination. We have for the first time revealed the specific mechanism of GILT in innate immune response against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Gao
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Ao Li
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China
| | - Yanhua Lv
- Department of Gynecology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, 272000, China
| | - Mujie Huang
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China
| | - Xi Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China
| | - Hongkuan Deng
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Dongwu Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China
| | - Bosheng Zhao
- Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China
| | - Baohua Liu
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China; Shenzhen University of Health Science Center, District Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Qiuxiang Pang
- Anti-aging & Regenerative Medicine Research Institution, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, China; Laboratory of Developmental and Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo, 255049, PR China.
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Pang Z, Zhang Y, Liu L. Identification and functional characterization of interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) gene in common Chinese cuttlefish Sepiella japonica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 86:627-634. [PMID: 30529465 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) is a pivotal enzyme involved in the histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted antigen processing whereby it catalyzes the disulfide bond reduction in the endocytic pathway. Here, a novel GILT homologue termed as SjGILT firstly identified from common Chinese cuttlefish Sepiella japonica. SjGILT shared domain topology containing a signal peptide, a signature sequence CQHGX2ECX2NX4C, an activate-site CXXC motif, two potential N-glycosylation sites and six conserved cysteins with its counterparts in other animals. SjGILT transcripts were constitutively expressed in all examined tissues in S. japonica, with the higher expression levels in immune-related tissues such as pancreas, intestines, liver and gills. Upon lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, SjGILT transcripts were significantly induced in liver and gill tissues, and SjGILT protein transferred to late endosomes and lysosomes in HeLa cells. Further study showed that recombinant SjGILT had obvious thiol reductase activity demonstrated by reducing the interchain disulfide bonds of IgG under acidic conditions. Taken together, these results suggested that SjGILT may be involved in the immune response to bacteria challenge, and then might play an important role in the processing of MHC class II-restricted antigens in S. japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Pang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China
| | - Liqin Liu
- Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China.
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Fu J, Chen S, Zhao X, Luo Z, Zou P, Liu Y. Identification and characterization of the interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase gene in Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:55-59. [PMID: 30172908 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The reduction of disulfide bonds of exogenous antigens is crucial to the MHC-II class antigen processing and presenting pathway and is catalysed by interferon-γ-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT). In this study, a reptile GILT gene from Chinese soft-shelled turtle, Pelodiscus sinensis (PsGILT), was identified. The full-length cDNA of PsGILT is 1631 nucleotides (nt), including a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 3 nt, a 3'-UTR of 860 nt and an open reading frame (ORF) of 768 nt encoding 255 amino acids (aa). The conserved features in known GILTs, such as signal peptide, CXXC motif, GILT signature sequence, N-glycosylation site and conserved cysteines, were all found in the putative PsGILT protein. Genomic analysis revealed that PsGILT kept the "7 exons and 6 introns" structure of vertebrate GILT genes. PsGILT was expressed in all examined organs/tissues and was mainly expressed in spleen and blood. Increased mRNA expression levels of PsIFN-γ and PsGILT in PBLs were observed after induction with LPS, PolyI:C and recombinant IFN-γ (rIFN-γ). We also tested the reductase activity of rGILT in vitro and found that it could reduce intact human IgG into H chains and L chains. These above results implied that PsGILT may play an important role in resisting bacterial and viral infections, like other vertebrate GILTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, China
| | - Shannan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, China
| | - Zhang Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Pengfei Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430072, China
| | - Yi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Road, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, 330022, China.
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Zhu K, Yu W, Guo H, Zhang N, Guo L, Liu B, Jiang S, Zhang D. Genomic structure, expression pattern and polymorphisms of GILT in golden pompano Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus 1758). Gene 2018; 665:18-25. [PMID: 29709636 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The interferon-g-inducible lysosomal thiol reductase (GILT) plays a significant character in the processing and presentation of MHC class II restricted antigen (Ag) by catalyzing disulfide bond reduction in mammals. To explore the function of GILT in the immune system of fish, we cloned a GILT gene homologue from Trachinotus ovatus, the full-length cDNA of GILT, which consisted of 2, 747 bp with a 771 bp open reading frame, encoding a protein of 256 amino acids. Moreover, similar to other species GILT gene, 7 exons and 6 introns were identified in T. ovatus, the deduced protein also possessed a representative characteristic of known GILT proteins. The result of real-time quantitative PCR showed that GILT mRNA was dramatically expressed in immune-associated tissues, such as spleen (p < 0.01) and kidney (p < 0.05). Bacterial challenge revealed that GILT mRNA level remarkably up-regulation in liver, spleen, kidney and intestine after induction with Photobacterium damsela. Furthermore, based on cloned sequences and genome BLAST, only one SNP site (ToGILT-S1-g.148C>G) was identified, and the allele C was significantly associated with high-susceptibility (HS) group, nevertheless, the allele G was dramatically associated with high-resistance (HR) group, indicating potential application for disease resistant breeding selection in T. ovatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kecheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huayang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Baosuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shigui Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianchang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, 510300 Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Engineer Technology Research Center of Marine Biological Seed Industry, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, People's Republic of China.
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