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Guangxin L, Guangfeng L, Ce L, Hongling M, Yiqin D, Changhong C, Jianjun J, Sigang F, Juan F, Li L, Zhendong Q, Zhixun G. Genome sequencing analysis and validation of infestation-related functional genes of Vibrio parahaemolyticus LG2206 isolated from the hepatopancreas of diseased mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) in South China. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:109854. [PMID: 39179188 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (V. parahaemolyticus) is a major bacterial pathogen found in brackish environments, leading to disease outbreaks and great economic losses in the mud crab industry. This study investigated the molecular mechanism of V. parahaemolyticus infecting mud crabs through genome sequencing analysis, survival experiments, and the expression patterns of related functional genes. A strain of V. parahaemolyticus with high pathogenicity and lethality was isolated from diseased mud crab in South China. The genome sequencing results showed that the genome size of V. parahaemolyticus was a circular chromosome of 3,357,271 bp, with a GC content of 45 %, containing 2985 protein-coding genes, denoted as V. parahaemolyticus LG2206. Genome analysis data revealed that a total of 113 adherence coding genes were obtained, including 120 virulence factor coding genes, 37 type III secretion system (T3SS) coding genes, and 277 sequences of T3SS effectors. Survival experiments showed that the mortality was 20 % within 96 h in the 1 × 104 CFU/mL infection group, 90 % in the 3.2 × 105 CFU/mL treatment group, and 100 % in the 1 × 106 CFU/mL treatment group. The LD50 of V. parahaemolyticus LG2206 was determined as 4.6 × 104 CFU/mL. Six genes of znuA and fliD (flagellin encoding genes), yscE and yscR (T3SS encoding genes), and nfuA and htpX (virulence factor encoding genes) were selected and validated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis after infection with 4.6 × 104 CFU/mL of V. parahaemolyticus LG2206 for 96 h. The expression of the six genes exhibited a significant up-regulation trend at all tested time points. The results indicated that the infestation-related genes screened in the experiment play important roles in the infestation process. This study provides timely and effective information to further analyze the molecular mechanism of V. parahaemolyticus infection and develop comprehensive measures for disease prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Guangxin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Liu Guangfeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Li Ce
- Zhaoqing Aquatic Technology Extension Center, Zhaoqing, 526060, China
| | - Ma Hongling
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Deng Yiqin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Cheng Changhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Jiang Jianjun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Fan Sigang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Feng Juan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Qin Zhendong
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China.
| | - Guo Zhixun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fishery Ecology and Environment, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China.
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Zhu K, Cheng CH, Ma HL, Liu GX, Fan SG, Deng YQ, Jiang JJ, Feng J, Guo ZX. Identification and functional characterization of laminin receptor in the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, in response to MCDV-1 challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109648. [PMID: 38777253 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Laminin receptor (LR), which mediating cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, plays a crucial role in cell signaling and regulatory functions. In the present study, a laminin receptor gene (SpLR) was cloned and characterized from the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). The full length of SpLR contained an open reading frame (ORF) of 960 bp encoding 319 amino acids, a 5' untranslated region (UTR) of 66 bp and a 3' UTR of 49 bp. The predicted protein comprised two Ribosomal-S2 domains and a 40S-SA-C domain. The mRNA of SpLR was highly expressed in the gill, followed by the hepatopancreas. The expression of SpLR was up-regulated after mud crab dicistrovirus-1(MCDV-1) infection. Knocking down SpLR in vivo by RNA interference significantly down-regulated the expression of the immune genes SpJAK, SpSTAT, SpToll1, SpALF1 and SpALF5. This study shown that the expression level of SpToll1 and SpCAM in SpLR-interfered group significantly increased after MCDV-1 infection. Moreover, silencing of SpLR in vivo decreased the MCDV-1 replication and increased the survival rate of mud crabs after MCDV-1 infection. These findings collectively suggest a pivotal role for SpLR in the mud crab's response to MCDV-1 infection. By influencing the expression of critical innate immune factors and impacting viral replication dynamics, SpLR emerges as a key player in the intricate host-pathogen interaction, providing valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying MCDV-1 pathogenesis in mud crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zhu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Chang-Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Hong-Ling Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Guang-Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Si-Gang Fan
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Yi-Qin Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Jian-Jun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China
| | - Zhi-Xun Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, China.
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Han M, Zhou Z, Zhu T, Yu C, Si Q, Zhu C, Gao T, Jiang Q. Metabolomics and microbiome co-analysis reveals altered innate immune responses in Charybdis japonica following Aeromonas hydrophila infection. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 50:101240. [PMID: 38718732 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/27/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive bioinformatics analysis was conducted to elucidate the innate immune response of Charybdis japonica following exposure to Aeromonas hydrophila. This study integrated metabolomics, 16S rRNA sequencing, and enzymatic activity data to dissect the immune mechanisms activated in response to infection. Infection with A. hydrophila resulted in an increased abundance of beneficial intestinal genera such as Photobacterium spp., Rhodobacter spp., Polaribacter spp., Psychrilyobacter spp., and Mesoflavibacter spp. These probiotics appear to suppress A. hydrophila colonization by competitively dominating the intestinal microbiota. Key metabolic pathways affected included fatty acid biosynthesis, galactose metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism, highlighting their role in the crab's intestinal response. Enzymatic analysis revealed a decrease in activities of hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, and pyruvate kinase, which are essential for energy homeostasis and ATP production necessary for stress responses. Additionally, reductions were observed in the activities of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase. Gene expression analysis showed downregulation in Peroxiredoxin 1 (PRDX1), Peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2), glutathione-S-transferase (GST), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH), with concurrent increases in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, indicating severe oxidative stress. This study provides insights into the molecular strategies employed by marine crabs to counteract bacterial invasions in their natural habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Han
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Zihan Zhou
- Centre for Marine and Coastal Studies, University Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia
| | - Tian Zhu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Cigang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210424, China
| | - Qin Si
- Key Laboratory of Biosafety, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Nanjing 210424, China
| | - Chenxi Zhu
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China
| | - Tianheng Gao
- Institute of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, China
| | - Qichen Jiang
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, 79 Chating East Street, Nanjing 210017, China; Low-temperature Germplasm Bank of Important Economic Fish (Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province) of Jiangsu Provincial Science and Technology Resources (Agricultural Germplasm Resources) Coordination Service Platform, Nanjing 210017, China.
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Du Q, Wu Y, Liao Y, Dong R, Shui S, Benjakul S, Zhang B. Investigation of the Alternations in the Muscle Quality of Swimming Crab ( Ovalipes punctatus) during Cold-Chain Transportation Using Physicochemical and TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11820-11835. [PMID: 38710668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c02224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Physicochemical properties and protein alterations in Ovalipes punctatus during cold-chain transportation were examined via sensory scores, water-holding capacity (WHC), glucose (GLU) content, catalase (CAT) activity, urea nitrogen (UN) content, and tandem mass tag (TMT)-based proteomic analysis. The results revealed that sensory characteristics and texture of crab muscle deteriorated during transportation. Proteomic analysis revealed 442 and 470 different expressed proteins (DEPs) in crabs after 18 h (FC) and 36 h (DC) of transportation compared with live crabs (LC). Proteins related to muscle structure and amino acid metabolism significantly changed, as evidenced by the decreased WHC and sensory scores of crab muscle. Glycolysis, calcium signaling, and peroxisome pathways were upregulated in the FC/LC comparison, aligning with the changes in GLU content and CAT activity, revealing the stress response of energy metabolism and immune response in crabs during 0-18 h of transportation. The downregulated tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and carcinogenesis-reactive oxygen species pathways were correlated with the decreasing trend in CAT activity, suggesting a gradual retardation in both energy and antioxidant metabolism in crabs during 18-36 h of transportation. Furthermore, the regulated purine nucleoside metabolic and nucleoside diphosphate-related processes, with the increasing changes in UN content, revealed the accumulation of metabolites in crabs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Du
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315000, China
| | - Yingru Wu
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Yueqin Liao
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Ruyi Dong
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Shanshan Shui
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Soottawat Benjakul
- International Center of Excellence in Seafood Science and Innovation, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90110, Thailand
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Health Risk Factors for Seafood of Zhejiang Province, College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
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Liang H, Tran NT, Deng T, Li J, Lei Y, Bakky MAH, Zhang M, Li R, Chen W, Zhang Y, Chen X, Li S. Identification and Characterization of a Potential Probiotic, Clostridium butyricum G13, Isolated from the Intestine of the Mud Crab (Scylla paramamosain). Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0131723. [PMID: 37522814 PMCID: PMC10434012 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01317-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The butyrate-producing bacterium Clostridium butyricum has been proven to be important in improving the growth and health benefits of aquatic animals. In this study, C. butyricum G13 was isolated for the first time from the gut of the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). The results of this study showed that C. butyricum G13 could produce a high concentration of butyric acid and grow well in a wide range of pHs (4 to 9) and NaCl (1 to 2.5%) and bile salt (0.2 to 1.0%) concentrations. In vitro characterization revealed that C. butyricum G13 is a Gram-positive and gamma-hemolytic bacterium sensitive to most antibiotics and shows hydrophobicity and the capacity to degrade starch. In vitro fermentation using mud crab gut contents showed that C. butyricum G13 alone or in combination with galactooligosaccharides (GOS) and/or resistant starch (RS) significantly increased butyric acid production and beneficially affected the abundance and diversity of intestinal microbiota. In addition, C. butyricum G13 can improve the survival rate of mud crabs and effectively maintain the normal structure of gut morphology after infection with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In conclusion, C. butyricum G13 can be considered a potential probiotic that improves the immune capacity and confers health benefits on mud crabs. IMPORTANCE With the development of society, more and more aquatic animals are demanded. Intensification in the aquaculture scale is facing problems, such as disease outbreaks, eutrophication of water bodies, and misuse of antibiotics. Among these challenges, disease outbreak is the most important factor directly affecting aquaculture production. It is crucial to explore new approaches effective for the prevention and control of diseases. Probiotics have been widely used in aquaculture and have shown beneficial effects on the host. In this study, the butyrate-producing bacterium Clostridium butyricum G13 was isolated for the first time from the intestine of the mud crab through in vitro fermentation. The bacterium has probiotic properties and changes the gut microbiota to be beneficial to hosts in vitro as well as protecting hosts from Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection in vivo. The outcomes of this study indicate that C. butyricum G13 can be used as a potential probiotic in mud crab aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Taoqiu Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Jinkun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yifan Lei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Mohammad Akibul Hasan Bakky
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Rui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Wenxuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, China
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, China
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Tran NT, Chen L, Zhou Y, Zhang M, Wang Y, Li S. SpTNF regulates apoptosis and antimicrobial peptide synthesis in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) during white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023:108881. [PMID: 37279830 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is an inflammatory cytokine that is important in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and death. However, the functions of TNF in the immune responses of invertebrates have been less studied. In this study, SpTNF was cloned and characterized from mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) for the first time. SpTNF contains an open reading frame of 354 bp encoding 117 deduced amino acids, with a conserved C-terminal TNF homology domain (THD) domain. RNAi knockdown of SpTNF reduced hemocyte apoptosis and antimicrobial peptide (AMP) synthesis. Expression of SpTNF was initially down-regulated but subsequently up-regulated after 48 h in hemocytes of mud crabs after WSSV infection. Results of RNAi knockdown and overexpression showed that SpTNF inhibits the WSSV infection through activating apoptosis, NF-κB pathway, and AMP synthesis. Furthermore, the lipopolysaccharide-induced TNF-α factor (SpLITAF) can regulate the expression of SpTNF, induction of apoptosis, and activation of the NF-κB pathway and AMP synthesis. The expression and nuclear translocation of SpLITAF were regulated by WSSV infection. SpLITAF knockdown increased the WSSV copy number and VP28 gene expression. Taken together, these results proved the protective function of SpTNF, which is regulated by SpLITAF, in the immune response of mud crabs against WSSV through the regulation of apoptosis and activation of AMP synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Lianjie Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yanlian Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yilei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Wang Q, Xu Z, Wang Y, Huo G, Zhang X, Li J, Hua C, Li S, Zhou F. Transcriptomics Analysis of the Toxicological Impact of Enrofloxacin in an Aquatic Environment on the Chinese Mitten Crab ( Eriocheir sinensis). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1836. [PMID: 36767205 PMCID: PMC9915228 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Enrofloxacin is an important antimicrobial drug that is widely used in aquaculture. Enrofloxacin residues can have negative effects on aquatic environments and animals. The toxicological effects of different concentrations of enrofloxacin residues in cultured water on Chinese mitten crabs (Eriocheir sinensis) were compared. A histological analysis of the E. sinensis hepatopancreas demonstrated that the hepatopancreas was damaged by the different enrofloxacin residue concentrations. The hepatopancreas transcriptome results revealed that 1245 genes were upregulated and that 1298 genes were downregulated in the low-concentration enrofloxacin residue group. In the high-concentration enrofloxacin residue group, 380 genes were upregulated, and 529 genes were downregulated. The enrofloxacin residues led to differentially expressed genes related to the immune system and metabolic processes in the hepatopancreas of the Chinese mitten crab, such as the genes for alkaline phosphatase, NF-kappa B inhibitor alpha, alpha-amylase, and beta-galactosidase-like. The gene ontology terms "biological process" and "molecular function" were enriched in the carboxylic acid metabolic process, DNA replication, the synthesis of RNA primers, the transmembrane transporter activity, the hydrolase activity, and the oxidoreductase activity. A Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis determined that the immune and metabolic signal transduction pathways were significantly enriched. Furthermore, the nonspecific immune enzyme (alkaline phosphatase) and the metabolic enzyme system played a role in the enrofloxacin metabolism in the E. sinensis hepatopancreas. These findings helped us to further understand the basis of the toxicological effects of enrofloxacin residues on river crabs and provided valuable information for the better utilization of enrofloxacin in aquatic water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaona Wang
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Ziling Xu
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Guangming Huo
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jianmei Li
- School of Food Science and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chun Hua
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Shengjie Li
- School of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- School of Food Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing 211171, China
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Wang Z, Aweya JJ, Yao D, Zheng Z, Wang C, Zhao Y, Li S, Zhang Y. Taurine metabolism is modulated in Vibrio-infected Penaeus vannamei to shape shrimp antibacterial response and survival. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:213. [PMID: 36464721 PMCID: PMC9721036 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01414-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous microorganisms are found in aquaculture ponds, including several pathogenic bacteria. Infection of cultured animals by these pathogens results in diseases and metabolic dysregulation. However, changes in the metabolic profiles that occur at different infection stages in the same ponds and how these metabolic changes can be modulated by exogenous metabolites in Penaeus vannamei remain unknown. RESULTS Here, we collected gastrointestinal tract (GIT) samples from healthy, diseased, and moribund P. vannamei in the same aquaculture pond for histological, metabolic, and transcriptome profiling. We found that diseased and moribund shrimp with empty GITs and atrophied hepatopancreas were mainly infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio harveyi. Although significant dysregulation of crucial metabolites and their enzymes were observed in diseased and moribund shrimps, diseased shrimp expressed high levels of taurine and taurine metabolism-related enzymes, while moribund shrimp expressed high levels of hypoxanthine and related metabolism enzymes. Moreover, a strong negative correlation was observed between taurine levels and the relative abundance of V. parahaemolyticus and V. harveyi. Besides, exogenous taurine enhanced shrimp survival against V. parahaemolyticus challenge by increasing the expression of key taurine metabolism enzymes, mainly, cysteine dioxygenase (CDO) and cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSD). CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that taurine metabolism could be modulated by exogenous supplementation to improve crustacean immune response against pathogenic microbes. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyan Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Jude Juventus Aweya
- College of Ocean Food and Biological Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Enzyme Engineering, Jimei University, Xiamen, 361021, Fujian, China
| | - Defu Yao
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihong Zheng
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuanqi Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou, 511458, China.
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9
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Potential role of prebiotics and probiotics in conferring health benefits in economically important crabs. FISH AND SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY REPORTS 2022; 3:100041. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsirep.2021.100041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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10
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Zheng Y, Zha S, Zhang W, Dong Y, He J, Lin Z, Bao Y. Integrated RNA-seq and RNAi Analysis of the Roles of the Hsp70 and SP Genes in Red-Shell Meretrix meretrix Tolerance to the Pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 24:942-955. [PMID: 36030481 PMCID: PMC9420185 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The "Wanlihong" Meretrix meretrix (WLH-M) clam is a new variety of this species that has a red shell and stronger Vibrio tolerance than ordinary M. meretrix (ORI-M). To investigate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the WLH-M strain's tolerance to Vibrio, we challenged clams with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and then assessed physiological indexes and conducted transcriptome analysis and RNA interference experiments. The mortality, tissue bacterial load, and hemocyte reactive oxygen species level of ORI-M were significantly higher than those of WLH-M, whereas the content and activity of lysozyme were significantly lower. Gene Ontology functional annotation analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis revealed that immune and metabolic pathways were enriched in Vibrio-challenged clams. The expressions of the heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and serine protease (SP) genes, which are involved in antibacterial immunity, were significantly upregulated in WLH-M but not in ORI-M, while the expression of the kynurenine 3-monooxygenase gene, a proinflammatory factor, was significantly downregulated in WLH-M. RNA interference experiments confirmed that Hsp70 and SP downregulation could result in increased mortality of WLH-M. Therefore, we speculate that Hsp70 and SP may be involved in the antibacterial immunity of WLH-M in vivo. Our data provided a valuable resource for further studies of the antibacterial mechanism of WLH-M and provided a foundation for the breeding of pathogen-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Shanjie Zha
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315823 China
| | - Yinghui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
| | - Jing He
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
| | - Zhihua Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
| | - Yongbo Bao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Germplasm Resources of Zhejiang, College of Biological & Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100 China
- Ninghai Marine Biological Seed Industry Research Institute, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315604 China
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11
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Kuo CH, Ballantyne R, Huang PL, Ding S, Hong MC, Lin TY, Wu FC, Xu ZY, Chiu K, Chen B, Liu CH. Sarcodia suae modulates the immunity and disease resistance of white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei against Vibrio alginolyticus via the purine metabolism and phenylalanine metabolism. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:766-777. [PMID: 35810966 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Red seaweeds have several biofunctional properties, including immunomodulatory, antitumor, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. In this study, we examined the effects of diets containing Sarcodia suae on the immune response, immune-related gene expressions, and disease resistance against Vibrio alginolyticus in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In addition, 1H NMR metabolomics was applied to analyze the metabolites extracted from shrimp fed with S. suae and their functions in regulating immunity. A diet containing only fish meal was used as the control diet (S0), and three diets containing different concentrations of S. suae powder, 2.5% (S2.5), 5% (S5), and 7.5% (S7.5) were used as experimental diets. Shrimp were fed diets for 20 days. Compared to the control group (S0), results showed that (1) shrimp fed diets supplemented with 5-7.5% of S. suae powder significantly increased anti-V. alginolyticus activity; (2) phagocytic activity (PA) increased in all shrimp fed with S. suae, but total haemocyte count (THC) only increased in S7.5 group; and (3) the expression of glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in haemocyte were significantly higher in S7.5 groups. Results from the 1H NMR analysis revealed that 19 heapatopancreatic metabolites were matched and identified among groups. Based on the KEGG enrichment analysis, the up-regulated metabolites in the shrimp fed S5 and S7.5 diets were primarily due to the metabolism of purine and phenylalanine and their respective pathways. Results from these trials reveal that diets containing S. suae can increase immune response, thereby increasing shrimp resistance to V. alginolyticus. The purine and phenylalanine metabolic pathways may be considered as the relevant pathways for optimizing immunomodulatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Hui Kuo
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Rolissa Ballantyne
- Department of Tropical Agriculture and International Cooperation, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Lin Huang
- Pingtung County Ping Rong High School, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Shanwu Ding
- Department of Chemistry, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chang Hong
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yung Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Cheng Wu
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Yan Xu
- Tungkang Biotechnology Research Center, Fisheries Research Institute, Taiwan
| | - Kuohsun Chiu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Aquaculture, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Bonien Chen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, College of Hydrosphere, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, 91201, Taiwan.
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12
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Tran NT, Liang H, Zhang M, Bakky MAH, Zhang Y, Li S. Role of Cellular Receptors in the Innate Immune System of Crustaceans in Response to White Spot Syndrome Virus. Viruses 2022; 14:v14040743. [PMID: 35458473 PMCID: PMC9028835 DOI: 10.3390/v14040743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity is the only defense system for resistance against infections in crustaceans. In crustaceans, white spot diseases caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) are a serious viral disease with high accumulative mortality after infection. Attachment and entry into cells have been known to be two initial and important steps in viral infection. However, systematic information about the mechanisms related to WSSV infection in crustaceans is still limited. Previous studies have reported that cellular receptors are important in the innate immune system and are responsible for the recognition of foreign microorganisms and in the stimulation of the immune responses during infections. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the functions of cellular receptors, including Toll, C-type lectin, scavenger receptor, β-integrin, polymeric immunoglobulin receptor, laminin receptor, globular C1q receptor, lipopolysaccharide-and β-1,3-glucan-binding protein, chitin-binding protein, Ras-associated binding, and Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule in the innate immune defense of crustaceans, especially shrimp and crabs, in response to WSSV infection. The results of this study provide information on the interaction between viruses and hosts during infections, which is important in the development of preventative strategies and antiviral targets in cultured aquatic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Huifen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Md. Akibul Hasan Bakky
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (N.T.T.); (H.L.); (M.Z.); (M.A.H.B.); (Y.Z.)
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-754-86502485; Fax: +86-754-86503473
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13
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Li X, Li S, Yu Y, Zhang X, Xiang J, Li F. The immune function of a NLR like gene, LvNLRPL1, in the Pacific whiteleg shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 128:104311. [PMID: 34752843 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
NOD-like receptors (NLRs) are a kind of pattern recognition receptors, which are vital for detection of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and then trigger downstream immune responses in vertebrates. Although many NLR like genes have been identified in invertebrates in recent years, knowledge about their immune functions is still very limited. In the present study, a NLR like gene, designated as LvNLRPL1, was identified in Litopenaeus vannamei. It was widely expressed in multiple tissues and responsive to the infection of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Knockdown of LvNLRPL1 could accelerate the proliferation of Vibrio in hepatopancreas and increase the mortality rate of shrimp after Vibrio infection. Meanwhile, knockdown of LvNLRPL1 also up-regulated the expression of Caspase 2, 3 and 5 in hemocytes, which caused apoptosis of more hemocytes. These results indicated that LvNLRPL1 played important immune functions in shrimp during Vibrio infection through regulating the apoptosis of hemocytes in shrimp. To our knowledge, this is the first time to reveal the immune function of a NLR like gene in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaojun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; The Innovation of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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14
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Deng H, Xian D, Lian T, He M, Li J, Xu X, Guo Z, He J, Weng S. A Dicer2 from Scylla paramamosain activates JAK/STAT signaling pathway to restrain mud crab reovirus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104267. [PMID: 34626689 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A Dicer2 gene from Scylla paramamosain, named SpDicer2, was cloned and characterized. The full length of SpDicer2 mRNA contains a 121 bp 5'untranslated region (UTR), an open reading frame (ORF) of 4518 bp and a 3' UTR of 850 bp. The SpDicer2 protein contains seven characteristic Dicer domains and showed 34%-65% identity and 54%-79% similarity to other Dicer protein domains, respectively. The mRNA of SpDicer2 was high expressed in hemocytes, intestine and gill and low expressed in the eyestalk and muscle. Moreover, expression of SpDicer2 was significantly responsive to challenges by mud crab reovirus (MCRV), Poly(I:C), LPS, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. SpDicer2 was dispersedly presented in the cytoplasm except for a small amount in the nucleus. SpDicer2 could activate SpSTAT to translocate from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and significantly increase the transcription activity of the wsv069 promoter, suggesting that SpDicer2 activated the JAK/STAT pathway. Furthermore, silencing of SpDicer2 in vivo increased the mortality of MCRV infected mud crab and the viral load in tissues and down-regulated the expression of multiple components of Toll, IMD and JAK-STAT pathways and almost all the examined immune effector genes. These results suggested that SpDicer2 could play an important role in defense against MCRV via activating the JAK/STAT signaling pathways in mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 519000, Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Danrong Xian
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Taixin Lian
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Mingyu He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 519000, Zhuhai, PR China
| | - Zhixun Guo
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute (CAFS), Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 519000, Zhuhai, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol / School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 519000, Zhuhai, PR China.
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15
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Molting Alters the Microbiome, Immune Response, and Digestive Enzyme Activity in Mud Crab ( Scylla paramamosain). mSystems 2021; 6:e0091721. [PMID: 34636669 PMCID: PMC8510556 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00917-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Molting is a crucial lifelong process in the growth, development, and reproduction of crustaceans. In mud crab (Scylla paramamosain), new exoskeleton, gills, and appendages are formed after a molting, which contributes to a 40 to 90% increase in body weight. However, little is currently known about the associations between molting and the dynamic changes of microbiota and physiological characteristics in mud crabs. In this study, the effects of molting on changes of the microbiome, immune response, and digestive enzyme activities in mud crabs were investigated. The results showed dynamic changes in the abundances and community compositions of crab-associated microbiota harboring the gills, subcuticular epidermis, hepatopancreas, midgut, and hemolymph during molting. Renewed microbiota was observed in the gills and midgut of crabs at the postmolt stages, which seems to be related to the formation of a new exoskeleton after the molting. A significant positive correlation between the expression of two antimicrobial peptide (AMP) genes (SpALF5 and SpCrustin) and the relative abundance of two predominant microorganisms (Halomonas and Shewanella) in hemolymph was observed in the whole molt cycle, suggesting that AMPs play a role in modulating hemolymph microbiota. Furthermore, digestive enzymes might play a vital role in the changes of microbiota harboring the hepatopancreas and midgut, which provide suitable conditions for restoring and reconstructing host-microbiome homeostasis during molting. In conclusion, this study confirms that molting affects host-associated microbiota and further sheds light on the effects on the immune response and the digestive systems as well. IMPORTANCE Molting is crucial for crustaceans. In mud crab, its exoskeleton is renewed periodically during molting, and this process is an ideal model to study the effects of host development on its microbiota. Here, multiple approaches were used to investigate the changes in microbial taxa, immune response, and digestive enzyme activity with respect to molting in mud crab. The results found that a renewed microbiota was generated in the gills and midgut of crab after a molt. A significant positive correlation between changes in the relative abundances of microbes (such as Halomonas and Shewanella) and the expression of AMP genes (SpALF5 and SpCrustin) was observed in the hemolymph of crabs during the whole molt cycle, suggesting the modulation of hemolymph microbes by AMPs. Furthermore, the digestive enzymes were found to participate in the regulation of microbiota in hepatopancreas and midgut, consequently providing a suitable condition for the restoration and reconstruction of host-microbiome homeostasis during the molting. This study confirms that molting affects the microbial communities and concomitantly influences the immune and digestive systems in mud crabs. This is also the first time the homeostasis of the host and microbiome, and the associations between molting and physiological characteristics in crustaceans, have been revealed.
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16
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Zhai B, Li X, Lin C, Yan P, Zhao Q, Li E. Proteomic analysis of hemocyte reveals the immune regulatory mechanisms after the injection of corticosteroid-releasing hormone in mud crab Scylla Paramamosain. J Proteomics 2021; 242:104238. [PMID: 33930554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroid-releasing hormone (CRH) is a crucial neuroendocrine-immune factor regulating the immune response of Scylla paramamosain. To understand the regulatory mechanisms of CRH in S. paramamosain, the hemolymph of S. paramamosain with injection of CRH (1.5 ng/crab) at 24 h were chosen to perform proteomic analysis in this study. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) method was used to validate the accuracy of proteomic data at 24 h after CRH injection. The proteomic data showed that 255 DEPs were identified, in which 231 and 24 were up- or down-regulated, respectively. Besides, the results of enriched pathways showed that the DEPs were involved in signaling pathways, cellular immunity, humoral immunity and the response of immune related processes. These results revealed that CRH promoted the activation of signal transduction, regulated immune systems and antioxidation, and enhanced the immune related processes (such as protein synthesis, protein transport, carbohydrate mobilization and energy redistribution). These findings will benefit to foster the understanding on the effects of glucocorticoids on neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) networks of crustacean, and supply a substantial material and foundation for further researching of the NEI response. SIGNIFICANCE: Corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) is a 41-amino acid neuropeptide and has been preliminarily studied in aquatic animals. CRH can regulate many important physiological activities comprising protein synthesis, energy metabolism, growth, breeding and behavior in fish, which play an important roles in neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) regulatory network of fish. The neuroendocrine system of crustacean has a primary research, that inspired by fish NEI network. Despite the research on the neuroendocrine system in crustacean has rapidly increased in recent years, our understanding of the regulation between neuroendocrine system and immune system in crustacean is still limited. The research on the strategy of NEI network in crustaceans becomes a significant issue. In the present study, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) technology approach were applied to examine the NEI network of Scylla Paramamosain. control group and treatment group (CRH: 1.5 ng/crab) were settled for the iTRAQ experiment, and sampled at 24 h after CRH injection. The study aimed to gain knowledge on the immune response in Scylla Paramamosain after CRH injection and identify related differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) of the crab. The results of this study provide a preliminary resource for analysis the immune mechanism for crustaceans. In general, our work represents the first report of the utilization of the iTRAQ proteomics method for the study of NEI regulatory network in Scylla Paramamosain after CRH injection. We identified a number of DEPs involved in diverse pathways including immune signaling pathways, cellular immunity, humoral immunity, immune related process. These results demonstrated a very complex network involving immune and multiple related metabolic pathways in hemocytes of Scylla Paramamosain and will be of great value in understanding the crab neuroendocrine-immune immune mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Cheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Peiyu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
| | - Erchao Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Hydrobiology and Biotechnology of Hainan Province, Hainan Aquaculture Breeding Engineering Research Center, College of Marine Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China.
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17
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Pudgerd A, Kruangkum T, Sritunyalucksana K, Vanichviriyakit R, Imsonpang S, Chotwiwatthanakun C. Immunopathogenesis of hematopoietic tissues in response to Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VP AHPND) infection in Macrobrachium rosenbergii. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 110:10-22. [PMID: 33383176 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In crustacean, hemocytes are known as crucial components of crustaceans' innate immunity against pathogens. Drastic hemocytes reduction during infectious disease is apparently related to disease severity and calls for a health status evaluation and aquaculture management. The molecular pathogenesis of hemocytes loss during bacterial infection was elucidated with VPAHPND challenged in M. rosenbergii. We report herein a correlation between hemocyte loss and the pathogenicity and aggressive immune response in hematopoietic tissues of moribund M. rosenbergii. In this study, adult freshwater prawn was administered an LC50 dose of VPAHPND; bacterial clearance ensued, and success was reached within 24 h. Hemocytes increased in survival, yet drastically decreased in moribund prawn. Pathological analysis of hematopoietic tissue of moribund prawn showed apparent abnormal signs, including the presence of bacteria, a small number of mitotic cells, cellular swelling, loosening of connective tissue, and karyorrhectic nuclei cells. A significant upregulation of a core apoptotic machinery gene, caspase-3, was detected in hematopoietic tissue of moribund shrimp, but not in those of Escherichia coli DH5α (non-pathogenic bacteria) and VPAHPND survival prawn. The highest level was found in the moribund group, which confirms the occurrence of apoptosis in this hematopoietic tissue. Further, our results suggest that hematopoietic tissue damage may arise from inflammation triggered by an aggressive immune response. Immune activation was indicated by the comparison of immune-related gene expression between controls, E. coli (DH5α)-infected (non-pathogenic), and VPAHPND-infected survival groups with moribund prawn. RT-PCR revealed a significant upregulation of all genes in hematopoietic tissues and hemocytes within 6-12 h and declined by 24 h. This evident related to the almost VPAHPND are clearance in survival and E. coli (DH5α) challenged group in contrast with drastic high expression was determined in moribund group. We conclude that a reduction of renewing circulating hemocytes in fatally VPAHPND-infected prawn was caused by an acute self-destructive immune response by hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Pudgerd
- Division of Anatomy, School of Medical Sciences, University of Phayao, Maeka, Muang, Phayao, 56000, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Thanapong Kruangkum
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Kallaya Sritunyalucksana
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Shrimp-pathogen interaction (SPI) Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), Yothi Office, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Rapeepun Vanichviriyakit
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Supapong Imsonpang
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Charoonroj Chotwiwatthanakun
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Centex Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI Rd., Bangkok, 10400, Thailand; Mahidol University, Nakhonsawan Campus, Nakhonsawan, 60130, Thailand.
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Ji S, Gong Q, Zhang W, Zheng J, Peng B, Yang M. Recombinant Vibrio parahaemolyticus ghosts protect zebrafish against infection by Vibrio species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:64-72. [PMID: 33038509 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic animals are frequently threated by bacterial pathogens. The most economic and efficient protection against bacterial infection are through vaccine immunization. The various serotypes of the pathogens, such as Vibrios, hurdle the development of the vaccines, especially polyvalent vaccines. Here, we demonstrate that recombinant bacterial ghost is a good candidate for multivalent vaccine. By expressing PhiX174 gene E alone or co-expressing the gene E with two genes encoding outer membrane proteins (VP1667 and VP2369) in V. parahaemolyticus, we generated the recombinant V. parahaemolyticus ghosts VPG and rVPGs respectively. Fish immunized with either VPG or rVPG showed increased survival against the infection by either V. parahaemolyticus or V. alginolyticus, with a better protective effect by immunization with rVPG. Our furthermore studies show that rVPG stimulates stronger innate immune responses by increasing the expression of tnfα, il1β, il6, il8 and il10 as well as that of c3b, lyz, and tlr5, the key players linking the innate and adaptive immune responses upon microbial stimulation. In summary, VPG and rVPG can protect zebrafish against the infection from at least two Vibrio species, suggesting its potential value for further aquaculture vaccines development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengle Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qiyang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Menghua Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Purification, characterization and biological functions of metalloprotein isolated from haemolymph of mud crab Scylla serrata (Forskal, 1775). Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:3901-3908. [PMID: 32889000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an enormous number of naturally occurring biological macromolecules has been reported worldwide due to its antibacterial and anticancerous potential. Among them, in this study, the copper containing respiratory protein namely haemocyanin (HC) was isolated from the haemolymph of mud crab Scylla serrata. The isolated metalloprotein HC was purified using Sepharose column by gel filtration chromatography. The purified HC was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and molecular weight of the protein was identified as 95 kDa. Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (FT-IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectral data revealed the presence of amino acid constituents. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis based mass ion search exposed that the purified protein was HC. HC exhibited an in vitro bacteriostatic effects against the bacterial pathogens and also elevated ROS levels in the treated samples. The half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration (IC50) of HC was found to be 80 μg/mL against lung cancer cells (A549). Our study collectively addressed the potential antibacterial and anti-cancerous activity of HC. The results obtained from this study suggest that HC can be used for therapeutical application in the near future.
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Cheng CH, Ma HL, Deng YQ, Feng J, Jie YK, Guo ZX. Effects of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection on physiological response, histopathology and transcriptome changes in the mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:197-204. [PMID: 32777460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) is an important economic species in China. Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection have caused a great economic loss in mud crab farming. The mechanism involved in the immune responses of mud crab to V. parahaemolyticus is unclear. In this study, the physiological and immune response to V. parahaemolyticus infection were investigated in S. paramamosain. The results showed that V. parahaemolyticus infection decreased total hemocyte counts, led to cytological damage, and caused high mortality. Transcriptome analysis showed that 1327 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 809 up-regulated and 518 down-regulated ones, were obtained after V. parahaemolyticus challenge. These DEGs were mainly involved in the immune response and infectious disease. Additionally, transcriptome analysis revealed that Toll, immune deficiency (IMD), and prophenoloxidase signalling pathways played essential roles in antibacterial immunity against V. parahaemolyticus infection in mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - Hong-Ling Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - Yi-Qin Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - Yu-Ken Jie
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - Zhi-Xun Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China.
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21
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Li B, Zhou YL, Gu WB, Wang LZ, Xu YP, Cheng YX, Chen DY, Li BW, Xiao Y, Dong WR, Shu MA. Identification and functional analysis of transforming growth factor-β type III receptor (TβR3) from Scylla paramamosain: The first evidence of TβR3 involved in development and innate immunity in invertebrates. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:41-52. [PMID: 32629101 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β type III receptor (TβR3), as a co-receptor of TGF-β superfamily, plays critical roles in development and growth as well as some disease pathogeneses by presenting ligands to other receptors in vertebrates. However, the identification and functional characterization of TβR3 had not been reported yet in invertebrates. In the present study, TβR3 was first identified and characterized in mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The obtained cDNA length of SpTβR3 was 2, 424 bp with a 1, 854 bp open reading frame, which encoded a putative peptide of 617 amino acids containing a typical transmembrane region and a Zona pellucida (ZP) domain. Real-time PCR results showed that SpTβR3 was predominantly expressed at early embryonic development stage and early postmolt stage, suggesting its participation in development and growth. We report, for the first time in invertebrates, the challenge of both Vibro alginolyticus and Poly (I:C) could alter the expression patterns of SpTβR3. Notably, the expression levels of SpIKK, two NF-κB members (SpRelish and SpDorsal), and five antimicrobial peptide genes (SpCrustin and SpALF1-4) were significantly suppressed when SpTβR3 was interfered in vivo. Secondly, the overexpression of SpTβR3 in vitro could activate NF-κB signaling through the dual-luciferase reporter assays. Furthermore, the bacterial clearance assay after SpTβR3 was silenced in vivo highlighted the potential of SpTβR3 in activating the innate immune responses. These results implied the involvement of SpTβR3 in the innate immune responses by regulating the NF-κB pathway. This study first indicated that TβR3 was present in invertebrate, and it participated in not only the development and growth but also the innate immunity of S. paramamosain. It also provided new insights into the origin or evolution of TGF-β receptors in crustacean species and even in invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi-Lian Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wen-Bin Gu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lan-Zhi Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ya-Ping Xu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yuan-Xin Cheng
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Da-Yong Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bing-Wu Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yi Xiao
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wei-Ren Dong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Miao-An Shu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Yang Q, Sun Z, Zhou Y, Tran NT, Zhang X, Lin Q, Zhou C, Zhang Y, Li S. SpATF2 participates in maintaining the homeostasis of hemolymph microbiota by regulating dual oxidase expression in mud crab. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 104:252-261. [PMID: 32497727 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Activating transcription factors 2 (ATF2) is a transcription factor of the members of ATF/CREB family that is phosphorylated and activated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in responding to the stimulation of stimuli. In present study, SpATF2 from mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) was identified and studied. The open reading frame of SpATF2 with 2136 bp in length encodes a protein with 711 amino acids. The SpATF2 protein includes the putative zinc finger domain in the N-terminus and bZIP type DNA-binding domain in the C-terminal. Tissue distribution of SpATF2 transcripts showed that SpATF2 was ubiquitously expressed in all examined tissues of the untreated mud crabs, with the highest expression levels in muscle and hepatopancreas. The transcriptional level of SpATF2 was up-regulated in the hemocytes after Vibrio parahemolyticus or WSSV infection. Reporter gene assays indicated that SpATF2 could activate the expression of dual oxidase (SpDuox1) in S. paramamosain. The RNA interference (RNAi) of SpATF2 significantly decreased the expression of SpDuox1, and consequently reduced reactive oxygen species production thereby significantly increased the bacterial load in the hemolymph of mud crabs. Similarly, significant reduction in bacterial clearance of hemolymph was observed after the V. parahemolyticus infection in SpATF2 knockdown mud crabs. This study showed that SpATF2 played a vital role in maintaining homeostasis of the hemolymph microbiota through regulating the expression of dual oxidase of mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhua Yang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Zaiqiao Sun
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yanlian Zhou
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Xusheng Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Qi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Chen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Cultivation and High-value Utilization of Marine Organisms, Fisheries Research Institute of Fujian, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Deng H, Hu L, Li J, Yan W, Song E, Kuang M, Liu S, He J, Weng S. The NF-κB family member dorsal plays a role in immune response against Gram-positive bacterial infection in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103581. [PMID: 31862295 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The NF-κB family is a set of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that play central roles in various biological events. Dorsal is an invertebrate NF-κB family member that is essential for the regulation of immune responses. In the current study, the Dorsal gene from Scylla paramamosain (SpDorsal) was identified, which showed high homology to other crustacean Dorsal proteins. Expression of SpDorsal was highest in hemocytes and could be significantly changed after immune stimulations. In expression vector-transfected S2 cells, SpDorsal was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and could be efficiently translocated into the nucleus upon immune stimulations with the Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and poly (I:C), but not the Gram-negative bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus. As a transcription factor, SpDorsal could activate the promoter of S. paramamosain Hyastatin (SpHyastatin) in vitro, while S. paramamosain Cactus (SpCactus), a homolog of IκB, could interact with SpDorsal to prevent its nuclear translocation and inhibit its transcription factor activity. Silencing of SpDorsal in vivo using RNAi strategy significantly increased the mortality of crabs infected with S. aureus but not that with V. parahaemolyticus. These indicated that the SpDorsal signaling pathway could be mainly implicated in immune responses against Gram-positive bacterial infection in S. paramamosain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengwei Deng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Lei Hu
- College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agriculture University, 510642, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jingjing Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Wenyan Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Enhui Song
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 519000, Zhuhai, PR China; State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingqing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), 519000, Zhuhai, PR China.
| | - Shaoping Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China.
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Kong T, Lin S, Gong Y, Tran NT, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Ma H, Li S. Sp-CBL inhibits white spot syndrome virus replication by enhancing apoptosis in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:103580. [PMID: 31901557 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, casitas B-lineage lymphoma (CBL) family proteins, a RING-type E3 ubiquitin ligase, are involved in many signal transduction pathways. However, the functions of CBL in invertebrates are not well elucidated. In this study, Sp-CBL containing CBL-N, CBL-2, CBL-3 and RING domains was identified in mud crab Scylla paramamosain. Sp-CBL was widely expressed in all tissues tested and found to be significantly up-regulated in the hemocytes of mud crab challenged by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). The RNA interference of Sp-CBL increased the copy number of WSSV and declined the apoptosis rate of hemocytes. In addition, Sp-CBL could affect the activities of caspase 3 and the mitochondrial membrane potential. Taken together, the results of this study revealed that Sp-CBL could restrict WSSV proliferation through enhancing the apoptosis of the hemocytes, which would provide a novel insight into the anti-viral response in the innate immunity system of mud crab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shanmeng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yi Gong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Huaiping Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Hongyu Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Deng Y, Cheng C, Feng J, Liu S, Ma H, Chen X, Chen H, Guo Z. Rapid environmental change shapes pond water microbial community structure and function, affecting mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) survivability. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:2229-2241. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10328-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Tran NT, Kong T, Zhang M, Li S. Pattern recognition receptors and their roles on the innate immune system of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103469. [PMID: 31430487 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of defense protecting the hosts against invading pathogens. Mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) is widely distributed in China and Indo-west Pacific countries, which develops a very complicated innate immune system against pathogen invasions. Innate immunity involves the humoral and cellular responses that are linked to the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). PRRs initially recognize the infection and trigger the activation of signaling cascades, leading to transcriptional regulation of inflammatory mediators that function in pathogenic control and clearance. In mud crab S. paramamosain, the Toll/Toll-like receptors, lipopolysaccharide and β-1,3-glucan binding proteins, C-type lectins, scavenger receptors, and down syndrome cell adhesion molecules have been identified as receptor families responsible for the recognition of bacteria, fungi, and viruses, and are important components in the innate immune system. In this review, we summarize the literature on the current knowledge and the roles of PRRs in the immune defenses of mud crab, which in an effort to provide much information for further researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Tongtong Kong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Marine Biology Institute, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; STU-UMT Joint Shellfish Research Laboratory, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Chen F, Wang K. Characterization of the innate immunity in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:436-448. [PMID: 31362092 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mud crabs, Scylla paramamosain, are one of the most economical and nutritious crab species in China and South Asia. Inconsistent with the high development of commercial mud crab aquaculture, effective immunological methods to prevent frequently-occurring diseases have not yet been developed. Thus, high mortalities often occur throughout the different developmental stages of this species resulting in large economic losses. In recent years, numerous attempts have been made to use various advanced biological technologies to understand the innate immunity of S. paramamosain as well as to characterize specific immune components. This review summarizes these research advances regarding cellular and humoral responses of the mud crab during pathogen infection, highlighting hemocytes and gills defense, pattern recognition, immune-related signaling pathways (Toll, IMD, JAK/STAT, and prophenoloxidase (proPO) cascades), immune effectors (antimicrobial peptides), production of reactive oxygen species and the antioxidant system. Diseases affecting the development of mud crab aquaculture and potential disease control strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Kejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean & Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; State-Province Joint Engineering Laboratory of Marine Bioproducts and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China; Fujian Collaborative Innovation Center for Exploitation and Utilization of Marine Biological Resources, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China.
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28
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Wu CQ, Zhang T, Zhang W, Shi M, Tu F, Yu A, Li M, Yang M. Two DsbA Proteins Are Important for Vibrio parahaemolyticus Pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1103. [PMID: 31156607 PMCID: PMC6531988 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens maintain disulfide bonds for protein stability and functions that are required for pathogenesis. Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative pathogen that causes food-borne gastroenteritis and is also an important opportunistic pathogen of aquatic animals. Two genes encoding the disulfide bond formation protein A, DsbA, are predicted to be encoded in the V. parahaemolyticus genome. DsbA plays an important role in Vibrio cholerae virulence but its role in V. parahaemolyticus is largely unknown. In this study, the activities and functions of the two V. parahaemolyticus DsbA proteins were characterized. The DsbAs affected virulence factor expression at the post-translational level. The protein levels of adhesion factor VpadF (VP1767) and the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) were significantly reduced in the dsbA deletion mutants. V. parahaemolyticus lacking dsbA also showed reduced attachment to Caco-2 cells, decreased β-hemolytic activity, and less toxicity to both zebrafish and HeLa cells. Our findings demonstrate that DsbAs contribute to V. parahaemolyticus pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Qin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Animal Science, Wenzhou Vocational College of Science and Technology, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenwen Zhang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Mengting Shi
- College of Life Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Tu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Manman Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Menghua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, College of Animal Science and Technology, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, China
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