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Komisar V, Novak AC. Effect of Handrail Height and Age on Trunk and Shoulder Kinematics Following Perturbation-Evoked Grasping Reactions During Gait. HUMAN FACTORS 2023; 65:200-211. [PMID: 33945338 PMCID: PMC9969491 DOI: 10.1177/00187208211013631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the effect of handrail height and age on trunk and shoulder kinematics, and concomitant handrail forces, on balance recovery reactions during gait. BACKGROUND Falls are the leading cause of unintentional injury in adults in North America. Handrails can significantly enhance balance recovery and help individuals to avoid falls, provided that their design allows users across the lifespan to reach and grasp the rail after balance loss, and control their trunk by applying hand-contact forces to the rail. However, the effect of handrail height and age on trunk and shoulder kinematics when recovering from perturbations during gait is unknown. METHOD Fourteen younger and 13 older adults experienced balance loss (sudden platform translations) while walking beside a height-adjustable handrail. Handrail height was varied from 30 to 44 inches (76 to 112 cm). Trunk and shoulder kinematics were measured via 3D motion capture; applied handrail forces were collected from load cells mounted to the rail. RESULTS As handrail height increased (up to 42 inches/107 cm), peak trunk angular displacement and velocity generally decreased, while shoulder elevation angles during reaching and peak handrail forces did not differ significantly between 36 and 42 inches (91 and 107 cm). Age was associated with reduced peak trunk angular displacements, but did not affect applied handrail forces. CONCLUSION Higher handrails (up to 42 inches) may be advantageous for trunk control when recovering from destabilizations during gait. APPLICATION Our results can inform building codes, workplace safety standards, and accessibility standards, for safer handrail design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicki Komisar
- University of British Columbia, Kelowna, Canada
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network,
ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Alison C. Novak
- Toronto Rehabilitation Institute – University Health Network,
ON, Canada
- University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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Brunfeldt AT, Dromerick AW, Bregman BS, Lum PS. A trade-off between kinematic and dynamic control of bimanual reaching in virtual reality. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1279-1288. [PMID: 35389759 PMCID: PMC9054258 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00461.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bimanual coordination is an essential component of human movement. Cooperative bimanual reaching tasks are widely used to assess the optimal control of goal-directed reaching. However, little is known about the neuromuscular mechanisms governing these tasks. Twelve healthy, right-handed participants performed a bimanual reaching task in a three-dimensional virtual reality environment. They controlled a shared cursor, located at the midpoint between the hands, and reached targets located at 80% of full arm extension. Following a baseline of normal reaches, we placed a wrist weight on one arm and measured the change in coordination. Relative contribution (RC) was computed as the displacement of the right hand divided by the sum of displacements of both hands. We used surface electromyography placed over the anterior deltoid and biceps brachii to compute muscle contribution (MC) from root mean squared muscle activity data. We found RC was no different than 50% during baseline, indicating participants reached equal displacements when no weights were applied. Participants systematically altered limb coordination in response to altered limb dynamics. RC increased by 0.91% and MC decreased by 5.3% relative to baseline when the weight was applied to the left arm; RC decreased by 0.94% and MC increased by 6.3% when the weight was applied to the right arm. Participants adopted an optimal control strategy that attempted to minimize both kinematic and muscular asymmetries between limbs. What emerged was a trade-off between these two parameters, and we propose this trade-off as a potential neuromuscular mechanism of cooperative bimanual reaching.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first to propose a trade-off between kinematic and dynamic control parameters governing goal-directed reaching. We propose a straightforward tool to assess this trade-off without the need for computational modeling. The technologies and techniques developed in this study are discussed in the context of upper extremity rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander T Brunfeldt
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC
| | - Alexander W Dromerick
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- MedStar National Rehabilitation Network, Washington, DC
| | - Barbara S Bregman
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC
- MedStar National Rehabilitation Network, Washington, DC
| | - Peter S Lum
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Catholic University of America, Washington, DC
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Wittenberg GF, Tian J, Kortzorg N, Wyers L, Van Halewyck F, Boisgontier MP, Levin O, Swinnen SP, Jonkers I. Normal aging affects unconstrained three-dimensional reaching against gravity with reduced vertical precision and increased co-contraction: a pilot study. Exp Brain Res 2022; 240:1029-1044. [PMID: 35171307 PMCID: PMC9985825 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06280-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reaching for an object in space forms the basis for many activities of daily living and is important in rehabilitation after stroke and in other neurological and orthopedic conditions. It has been the object of motor control and neuroscience research for over a century, but studies often constrain movement to eliminate the effect of gravity or reduce the degrees of freedom. In some studies, aging has been shown to reduce target accuracy, with a mechanism suggested to be impaired corrective movements. We sought to explore how such changes in accuracy relate to changes in finger, shoulder and elbow movements during performance of reaching movements with the normal effects of gravity, unconstrained hand movement, and stable target locations. Three-dimensional kinematic data and electromyography were collected in 14 young (25 ± 6 years) and 10 older adults (68 ± 3 years) during second-long reaches to 3 targets aligned vertically in front of the participants. Older adults took longer to initiate a movement than the young adults and were more variable and inaccurate in their initial and final movements. Target height had greater effect on trajectory curvature variability in older than young adults, with angle variability relative to target position being greater in older adults around the time of peak speed. There were significant age-related differences in use of the multiple degrees of freedom of the upper extremity, with less variability in shoulder abduction in the older group. Muscle activation patterns were similar, except for a higher biceps-triceps co-contraction and tonic levels of some proximal muscle activation. These results show an age-related deficit in the motor planning and online correction of reaching movements against a predictable force (i.e., gravity) when it is not compensated by mechanical support.
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Affiliation(s)
- George F Wittenberg
- Maryland Exercise & Robotics Center of Excellence, Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Laboratory for Research on Arm Function and Therapy, Departments of Neurology, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, and Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Older Americans Independence Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 811 Kaufmann Medical Building, 3471 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213-3232, USA.
| | - Jing Tian
- Maryland Exercise & Robotics Center of Excellence, Geriatrics Research Educational and Clinical Center, Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Laboratory for Research on Arm Function and Therapy, Departments of Neurology, Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Science, and Medicine, Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Older Americans Independence Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nick Kortzorg
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lore Wyers
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Florian Van Halewyck
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
- Bruyere Research Institute, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Oron Levin
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilse Jonkers
- Human Movement Biomechanics Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Mira RM, Molinari Tosatti L, Sacco M, Scano A. Detailed characterization of physiological EMG activations and directional tuning of upper-limb and trunk muscles in point-to-point reaching movements. Curr Res Physiol 2021; 4:60-72. [PMID: 34746827 PMCID: PMC8562137 DOI: 10.1016/j.crphys.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several studies have investigated upper-limb motion in a variety of scenarios including motor control, physiology, rehabilitation and industry. Such applications assess people’s kinematics and muscular performances, focusing on typical movements that simulate daily-life tasks. However, often only a limited interpretation of the EMG patterns is provided. In fact, rarely the assessments separate phasic (movement-related) and tonic (postural) EMG components, as well as the EMG in the acceleration and deceleration phases. With this paper, we provide a comprehensive and detailed characterization of the activity of upper-limb and trunk muscles in healthy people point-to-point upper limb movements. Our analysis includes in-depth muscle activation magnitude assessment, separation of phasic (movement-related) and tonic (postural) EMG activations, directional tuning, distinction between activations in the acceleration and deceleration phases. Results from our study highlight a predominant postural activity with respect to movement related muscular activity. The analysis based on the acceleration phase sheds light on finer motor control strategies, highlighting the role of each muscle in the acceleration and deceleration phase. The results of this study are applicable to several research fields, including physiology, rehabilitation, design of robots and assistive solutions, exoskeletons. Upper-limb motion is assessed with kinematics and EMG in many scenarios: motor control, physiology, rehabilitation, industry Separation of phasic (movement-related) and tonic (postural) EMG, and of acceleration and deceleration phases Comprehensive and detailed characterization of the EMG of upper-limb and trunk muscles in point-to-point upper limb movements EMG magnitude assessment, phasic and tonic EMG activations, directional tuning, acceleration and deceleration phases
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mihai Mira
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 23900, Lecco, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Molinari Tosatti
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 23900, Lecco, Italy
| | - Marco Sacco
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 23900, Lecco, Italy
| | - Alessandro Scano
- Institute of Intelligent Industrial Technologies and Systems for Advanced Manufacturing (STIIMA), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 23900, Lecco, Italy
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Perturbation of cortical activity elicits regional and age-dependent effects on unconstrained reaching behavior: a pilot study. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:3585-3600. [PMID: 34591126 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06228-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Contributions from premotor and supplementary motor areas to reaching behavior in aging humans are not well understood. The objective of these experiments was to examine effects of perturbations to specific cortical areas on the control of unconstrained reaches against gravity by younger and older adults. Double-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was applied to scalp locations targeting primary motor cortex (M1), dorsal premotor area (PMA), supplementary motor area (SMA), or dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC). Stimulation was intended to perturb ongoing activity in the targeted cortical region before or after a visual cue to initiate moderately paced reaches to one of three vertical target locations. Regional effects were observed in movement amplitude both early and late in the reach. Perturbation of PMA increased reach distance before the time of peak velocity to a greater extent than all other regions. Reaches showed greater deviation from a straight-line path around the time of peak velocity and greater overall curvature with perturbation of PMA and M1 relative to SMA and DLPFC. The perturbation increased positional variability of the reach path at the time of peak velocity and the time elapsing after peak velocity. Although perturbations had stronger effects on reaches by younger subjects, this group exhibited less reach path variability at the time of peak velocity and required less time to adjust the movement trajectory thereafter. These findings support the role of PMA in visually guided reaching and suggest an age-related change in sensorimotor processing, possibly due to a loss of cortical inhibitory control.
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Smith CR, Hetherington A, Silfies SP, Stewart JC. Scaling of Joint Motion and Muscle Activation for 3-Dimensional Control of Reach Extent. J Mot Behav 2021; 54:222-236. [PMID: 34251986 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1941737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the scaling of upper arm kinematics, joint motion, and muscle activation for three-dimensional (3D) reaches to targets of increasing distance. Fifteen participants completed 108 total reaches to targets placed 7, 14, and 21 cm across midline. Peak velocity, acceleration, and time to peak velocity scaled to both target and movement distance. Shoulder and elbow excursion scaled to target distance and were highly coordinated. Anterior deltoid activation scaled to both target and movement distance in the early and late phases of reach control. Biceps and triceps activation scaled to movement distance primarily in the late phase. Scaling of these outcome variables provides a model for understanding the control of reach distance in a 3D environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles R Smith
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Austin Hetherington
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Sheri P Silfies
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Jill C Stewart
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
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7
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Feleke AG, Bi L, Fei W. EMG-Based 3D Hand Motor Intention Prediction for Information Transfer from Human to Robot. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21041316. [PMID: 33673141 PMCID: PMC7918055 DOI: 10.3390/s21041316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Three-dimensional (3-D) hand position is one of the kinematic parameters that can be inferred from Electromyography (EMG) signals. The inferred parameter is used as a communication channel in human–robot collaboration applications. Although its application from the perspective of rehabilitation and assistive technologies are widely studied, there are few papers on its application involving healthy subjects such as intelligent manufacturing and skill transfer. In this regard, for tasks associated with complex hand trajectories without the consideration of the degree of freedom (DOF), the prediction of 3-D hand position from EMG signal alone has not been addressed. (2) Objective: The primary aim of this study is to propose a model to predict human motor intention that can be used as information from human to robot. Therefore, the prediction of a 3-D hand position directly from the EMG signal for complex trajectories of hand movement, without the direct consideration of joint movements, is studied. In addition, the effects of slow and fast motions on the accuracy of the prediction model are analyzed. (3) Methods: This study used the EMG signal that is collected from the upper limb of healthy subjects, and the position signal of the hand while the subjects manipulate complex trajectories. We considered and analyzed two types of tasks with complex trajectories, each with quick and slow motions. A recurrent fuzzy neural network (RFNN) model was constructed to predict the 3-D position of the hand from the features of EMG signals alone. We used the Pearson correlation coefficient (CC) and normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) as performance metrics. (4) Results: We found that 3-D hand positions of the complex movement can be predicted with the mean performance of CC = 0.85 and NRMSE = 0.105. The 3-D hand position can be predicted well within a future time of 250 ms, from the EMG signal alone. Even though tasks performed under quick motion had a better prediction performance; the statistical difference in the accuracy of prediction between quick and slow motion was insignificant. Concerning the prediction model, we found that RFNN has a good performance in decoding for the time-varying system. (5) Conclusions: In this paper, irrespective of the speed of the motion, the 3-D hand position is predicted from the EMG signal alone. The proposed approach can be used in human–robot collaboration applications to enhance the natural interaction between a human and a robot.
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8
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Dounskaia N, Shimansky Y, Ganter BK, Vidt ME. A simple joint control pattern dominates performance of unconstrained arm movements of daily living tasks. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235813. [PMID: 32658898 PMCID: PMC7357763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A trailing joint control pattern, during which a single joint is rotated actively and the mechanical effect of this motion is used to move the other joints, was previously observed during simplified, laboratory-based tasks. We examined whether this simple pattern also underlies control of complex, unconstrained arm movements of daily activities. Six tasks were analyzed. Using kinematic data, we estimated motion of 7 degrees of freedom (DOF) of the shoulder, elbow, and wrist, and the contribution of muscle and passive interaction and gravitational torques to net torque at each joint. Despite task variety, the hand was transported predominantly by shoulder and elbow flexion/extension, although shoulder external/internal rotation also contributed in some tasks. The other DOF were used to orient the hand in space. The trailing pattern represented by production of net torque by passive torques at the shoulder or elbow or both was observed during the biggest portion of each movement. Net torque generation by muscle torque at both joints simultaneously was mainly limited to movement initiation toward the targets and movement termination when returning to the initial position, and associated with needing to overcome gravity. The results support the interpretation of previous studies that prevalence of the trailing pattern is a feature of skillful, coordinated movements. The simplicity of the trailing pattern is promising for quantification of dyscoordination caused by motor disorders and formulation of straightforward instructions to facilitate rehabilitation and motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Dounskaia
- Arizona State University, Kinesiology Program, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yury Shimansky
- Arizona State University, Kinesiology Program, Phoenix, AZ, United States of America
| | | | - Meghan E. Vidt
- Biomedical Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
- Penn State College of Medicine, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hershey, PA, United States of America
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Graham M, Socha JJ. Going the distance: The biomechanics of gap-crossing behaviors. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART A, ECOLOGICAL AND INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 333:60-73. [PMID: 31111626 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The discontinuity of the canopy habitat is one of the principle differences between the terrestrial and arboreal environments. An animal's ability to cross gaps-to move from one support to another across an empty space-is influenced by both the physical structure of the gap and the animal's locomotor capabilities. In this review, we discuss the range of behaviors animals use to cross gaps. Focusing on the biomechanics of these behaviors, we suggest broad categorizations that facilitate comparisons between taxa. We also discuss the importance of gap distance in determining crossing behavior, and suggest several mechanical characteristics that may influence behavior choice, including the degree to which a behavior is dynamic, and whether or not the behavior is airborne. Overall, gap crossing is an important aspect of arboreal locomotion that deserves further in-depth attention, particularly given the ubiquity of gaps in the arboreal habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mal Graham
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
| | - John J Socha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia
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10
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A review on EMG-based motor intention prediction of continuous human upper limb motion for human-robot collaboration. Biomed Signal Process Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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A survey of human shoulder functional kinematic representations. Med Biol Eng Comput 2018; 57:339-367. [PMID: 30367391 PMCID: PMC6347660 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-018-1903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this survey, we review the field of human shoulder functional kinematic representations. The central question of this review is to evaluate whether the current approaches in shoulder kinematics can meet the high-reliability computational challenge. This challenge is posed by applications such as robot-assisted rehabilitation. Currently, the role of kinematic representations in such applications has been mostly overlooked. Therefore, we have systematically searched and summarised the existing literature on shoulder kinematics. The shoulder is an important functional joint, and its large range of motion (ROM) poses several mathematical and practical challenges. Frequently, in kinematic analysis, the role of the shoulder articulation is approximated to a ball-and-socket joint. Following the high-reliability computational challenge, our review challenges this inappropriate use of reductionism. Therefore, we propose that this challenge could be met by kinematic representations, that are redundant, that use an active interpretation and that emphasise on functional understanding.
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Collins KC, Kennedy NC, Clark A, Pomeroy VM. Kinematic Components of the Reach-to-Target Movement After Stroke for Focused Rehabilitation Interventions: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Neurol 2018; 9:472. [PMID: 29988530 PMCID: PMC6026634 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Better upper limb recovery after stroke could be achieved through tailoring rehabilitation interventions directly at movement deficits. Aim: To identify potential; targets for therapy by synthesizing findings of differences in kinematics and muscle activity between stroke survivors and healthy adults performing reach-to-target tasks. Methods: A systematic review with identification of studies, data extraction, and potential risk of bias was completed independently by two reviewers. Online databases were searched from their inception to November 2017 to find studies of reach-to-target in people-with-stroke and healthy adults. Potential risk-of-bias was assessed using the Down's and Black Tool. Synthesis was undertaken via: (a) meta-analysis of kinematic characteristics utilizing the standardized mean difference (SMD) [95% confidence intervals]; and (b), narrative synthesis of muscle activation. Results: Forty-six studies met the review criteria but 14 had insufficient data for extraction. Consequently, 32 studies were included in the meta-analysis. Potential risk-of-bias was low for one study, unclear for 30, and high for one. Reach-to-target was investigated with 618 people-with-stroke and 429 healthy adults. The meta-analysis found, in all areas of workspace, that people-with-stroke had: greater movement times (seconds) e.g., SMD 2.57 [0.89, 4.25]; lower peak velocity (millimeters/second) e.g., SMD -1.76 [-2.29, -1.24]; greater trunk displacement (millimeters) e.g. SMD 1.42 [0.90, 1.93]; a more curved reach-path-ratio e.g., SMD 0.77 [0.32, 1.22] and reduced movement smoothness e.g., SMD 0.92 [0.32, 1.52]. In the ipsilateral and contralateral workspace, people-with-stroke exhibited: larger errors in target accuracy e.g., SMD 0.70 [0.39, 1.01]. In contralateral workspace, stroke survivors had: reduced elbow extension and shoulder flexion (degrees) e.g., elbow extension SMD -1.10 [-1.62, -0.58] and reduced shoulder flexion SMD -1.91 [-1.96, -0.42]. Narrative synthesis of muscle activation found that people-with-stroke, compared with healthy adults, exhibited: delayed muscle activation; reduced coherence between muscle pairs; and use of a greater percentage of muscle power. Conclusions: This first-ever meta-analysis of the kinematic differences between people with stroke and healthy adults performing reach-to-target found statistically significant differences for 21 of the 26 comparisons. The differences identified and values provided are potential foci for tailored rehabilitation interventions to improve upper limb recovery after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn C. Collins
- Faculty of Human Science and Public Health, School of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, United Kingdom
| | - Niamh C. Kennedy
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Allan Clark
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Valerie M. Pomeroy
- Acquired Brain Injury Rehabilitation Alliance, School of Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
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Borbély BJ, Szolgay P. Real-time inverse kinematics for the upper limb: a model-based algorithm using segment orientations. Biomed Eng Online 2017; 16:21. [PMID: 28095857 PMCID: PMC5240469 DOI: 10.1186/s12938-016-0291-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Model based analysis of human upper limb movements has key importance in understanding the motor control processes of our nervous system. Various simulation software packages have been developed over the years to perform model based analysis. These packages provide computationally intensive-and therefore off-line-solutions to calculate the anatomical joint angles from motion captured raw measurement data (also referred as inverse kinematics). In addition, recent developments in inertial motion sensing technology show that it may replace large, immobile and expensive optical systems with small, mobile and cheaper solutions in cases when a laboratory-free measurement setup is needed. The objective of the presented work is to extend the workflow of measurement and analysis of human arm movements with an algorithm that allows accurate and real-time estimation of anatomical joint angles for a widely used OpenSim upper limb kinematic model when inertial sensors are used for movement recording. METHODS The internal structure of the selected upper limb model is analyzed and used as the underlying platform for the development of the proposed algorithm. Based on this structure, a prototype marker set is constructed that facilitates the reconstruction of model-based joint angles using orientation data directly available from inertial measurement systems. The mathematical formulation of the reconstruction algorithm is presented along with the validation of the algorithm on various platforms, including embedded environments. RESULTS Execution performance tables of the proposed algorithm show significant improvement on all tested platforms. Compared to OpenSim's Inverse Kinematics tool 50-15,000x speedup is achieved while maintaining numerical accuracy. CONCLUSIONS The proposed algorithm is capable of real-time reconstruction of standardized anatomical joint angles even in embedded environments, establishing a new way for complex applications to take advantage of accurate and fast model-based inverse kinematics calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bence J Borbély
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter Street 50/a, Budapest, 1083, Hungary.
| | - Péter Szolgay
- Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University, Práter Street 50/a, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
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Park MH, Yu JH, Hong JH, Kim JS, Jung SW, Lee DY. Effect of core muscle thickness and static or dynamic balance on prone bridge exercise with sling by shoulder joint angle in healthy adults. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:945-50. [PMID: 27134390 PMCID: PMC4842471 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] To date, core muscle activity detected using ultrasonography during prone bridge exercises has not been reported. Here we investigated the effects of core muscle thickness and balance on sling exercise efficacy by shoulder joint angle in healthy individuals. [Subjects and Methods] Forty-three healthy university students were enrolled in this study. Ultrasonography thickness of external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis during sling workouts was investigated. Muscle thickness was measured on ultrasonography imaging before and after the experiment. Dynamic balance was tested using a functional reaching test. Static balance was tested using a Tetrax Interactive Balance System. [Results] Different muscle thicknesses were observed during the prone bridge exercise with the shoulder flexed at 60°, 90° or 120°. Shoulder flexion at 60° and 90° in the prone bridge exercise with a sling generated the greatest thickness of most transversus abdominis muscles. Shoulder flexion at 120° in the prone bridge exercise with a sling generated the greatest thickness of most external oblique muscles. [Conclusion] The results suggest that the prone bridge exercise with shoulder joint angle is an effective method of increasing global and local muscle strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Hwa Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sunmoon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Yu
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sunmoon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Heon Hong
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sunmoon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seop Kim
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sunmoon University, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Woo Jung
- Department of Physical Therapy, The Graduate School, Sahmyook University, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Yeop Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Sunmoon University, Republic of Korea
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Dounskaia N, Shimansky Y. Strategy of arm movement control is determined by minimization of neural effort for joint coordination. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1335-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ricci FPFM, Santiago PRP, Zampar AC, Pinola LN, Fonseca MDCR. Upper extremity coordination strategies depending on task demand during a basic daily activity. Gait Posture 2015; 42:472-8. [PMID: 26282047 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2015.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Injury conditions affecting the upper extremity may lead to severe functional impairment and an accurate evaluation is needed in order to select the most effective treatment in a rehabilitation program. This study focused on simultaneous electromyographic and kinematic analysis to assess movement patterns of upper extremity during a basic daily activity, considering different demands existing within the task. Twenty-five healthy subjects, average age 19.8 ys SD 1.7 ys, with no upper extremity impairment, were assessed by means of electromyography (EMG) and a 3D motion capture system while performing a task that required reach, transport and release. Integrated EMG (iEMG), timing of muscle onset and active range of motion (AROM) were calculated for each subject. Data were compared within each phase and between the three phases and a repeated measure ANOVA was used for statistical analysis. We found early activation of upper trapezius associated with high activity of serratus anterior for proximal stability while anterior deltoid and triceps brachii performed shoulder flexion and elbow extension, in Reach phase. In Transport phase there was early and higher activation of upper trapezius, higher muscle activity of almost all muscles and increased AROM of all joints. No change in flexion/extension wrist posture with increased forearm muscles activity were identified as the main control strategy to keep optimal grasping. Triceps brachii was found to act as an important synergist in shoulder abduction and extension in free load conditions. Such information can lead clinicians to more specific assessment and subsequent better intervention in upper extremity rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia Pessoni F M Ricci
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes, Av. 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Roberto Pereira Santiago
- Laboratory of Biomechanics and Motor Control, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes, Av. 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carolina Zampar
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes, Av. 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Lívia Nahas Pinola
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes, Av. 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marisa de Cássia Registro Fonseca
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation of the Locomotor Apparatus, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Bandeirantes, Av. 3900, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil.
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Lee JA, Hwang PW, Kim EJ. Upper extremity muscle activation during drinking from a glass in subjects with chronic stroke. J Phys Ther Sci 2015; 27:701-3. [PMID: 25931712 PMCID: PMC4395696 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.27.701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to compare the muscle activities of upper
extremities during a drinking task between the stroke-affected and less-affected sides.
[Subjects] Eight stroke patients (8 men; age 45.3 years; stroke duration 21.9 months)
participated in this study. [Methods] Electromyography (EMG) was used to measure nine
muscle activities of the upper extremity. The drinking task was divided into 5 phases.
[Results] Analysis of the EMG data showed that the percentage of maximum voluntary
isometric contraction (%MVIC) across all phases of drinking differed between the affected
and less-affected sides. Participants used relatively higher levels of %MVIC in the
anterior deltoid, flexor muscles, brachioradialis, and infraspinatus on the stoke-affected
side. [Conclusion] The difference in muscle activation across all phases of the drinking
movement allowed us to determine how upper extremity muscle activation may influence
drinking performance on the stroke-affected and less-affected sides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Ah Lee
- Department of Motor and Cognitive Rehabilitation, Korea National Rehabilitation Research Institute, Republic of Korea
| | - Pil Woo Hwang
- Department of Motor and Cognitive Rehabilitation, Korea National Rehabilitation Research Institute, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Kim
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Korea National Rehabilitation Hospital, Republic of Korea
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Massie CL, Kantak SS, Narayanan P, Wittenberg GF. Timing of motor cortical stimulation during planar robotic training differentially impacts neuroplasticity in older adults. Clin Neurophysiol 2014; 126:1024-32. [PMID: 25283712 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to determine how stimulation timing applied during reaching influenced neuroplasticity related to practice. Older adult participants were studied to increase relevance for stroke rehabilitation and aging. METHODS Sixteen participants completed 3 sessions of a reaching intervention with 480 planar robotic movement trials. Sub-threshold, single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulations (TMS) were delivered during the late reaction time (LRT) period, when muscle activity exceeded a threshold (EMG-triggered), or randomly. Assessments included motor evoked potentials (MEP), amplitude, and direction of supra-threshold TMS-evoked movements and were calculated as change scores from baseline. RESULTS The direction of TMS-evoked movements significantly changed after reaching practice (p<0.05), but was not significantly different between conditions. Movement amplitude changes were significantly different between conditions (p<0.05), with significant increases following the LRT and random conditions. MEP for elbow extensors and flexors, and the shoulder muscle that opposed the practice movement were significantly different between conditions with positive changes following LRT, negative changes following EMG-triggered, and no changes following the random condition. Motor performance including movement time and peak velocity significantly improved following the training but did not differ between conditions. CONCLUSIONS The responsiveness of the motor cortex to stimulation was affected positively by stimulation during the late motor response period and negatively during the early movement period, when stimulation was combined with robotic reach practice. SIGNIFICANCE The sensitivity of the activated motor cortex to additional stimulation is highly dynamic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Massie
- Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences Department, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Shailesh S Kantak
- Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA; Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences Department, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Priya Narayanan
- Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Maryland Exercise and Robotics Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - George F Wittenberg
- Geriatrics Research, Education & Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Maryland Exercise and Robotics Center of Excellence, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences Department, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Avila MA, Camargo PR, Ribeiro IL, Zamunér AR, Salvini TF. Three-dimensional scapular motion during arm elevation is altered in women with fibromyalgia. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2014; 29:815-21. [PMID: 24923738 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The core feature of fibromyalgia is pain, which may play a role in various mechanisms that might lead to alterations in shoulder kinematics. Alterations in muscle activity and presence of tender points in the shoulder girdle have already been described in this population; however there is lack of evidence on three-dimensional scapular motion in women with fibromyalgia. METHODS Forty women with fibromyalgia and 25 healthy women (control group) matched in terms of age, weight and height, took part in this study. Three-dimensional scapular kinematics of the dominant arm were collected during elevation and lowering of the arm in the sagittal and scapular planes. Pain was evaluated by the Visual Analogue Scale and the Numerical Pain Rating Scale. Group comparisons were performed with one-way ANOVA for pain and two-way ANOVA for the kinematic variables (scapular internal/external rotation, upward/downward rotation and anterior/posterior tilt), with group and humeral elevation angle as categorical factors. Significance level was set at P<0.05. FINDINGS Fibromyalgia women presented higher pain scores (P<0.001) than the control group. Fibromyalgia women also presented greater scapular upward rotation (P<0.001, both planes) and greater scapular posterior tilt (P<0.001, both planes) than the control group. INTERPRETATION Women with fibromyalgia present greater scapular upward rotation and posterior tilt in the resting position and during arm elevation and lowering of the arm in sagittal and scapular planes. These alterations may be a compensatory mechanism to reduce pain during arm movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Arias Avila
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Paula Rezende Camargo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ivana Leão Ribeiro
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Tania Fátima Salvini
- Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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Dounskaia N, Wang W. A preferred pattern of joint coordination during arm movements with redundant degrees of freedom. J Neurophysiol 2014; 112:1040-53. [PMID: 24872537 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00082.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Redundancy of degrees of freedom (DOFs) during natural human movements is a central problem of motor control research. This study tests a novel interpretation that during arm movements, the DOF redundancy is used to support a preferred, simplified joint control pattern that consists of rotating either the shoulder or elbow actively and the other (trailing) joint predominantly passively by interaction and gravitational torques. We previously revealed the preference for this control pattern during nonredundant horizontal arm movements. Here, we studied whether this preference persists during movements with redundant DOFs and the redundancy is used to enlarge the range of directions in which this control pattern can be utilized. A free-stroke drawing task was performed that involved production of series of horizontal center-out strokes in randomly selected directions. Two conditions were used, with the arm's joints unconstrained (U) and constrained (C) to the horizontal plane. In both conditions, directional preferences were revealed and the simplified control pattern was used in the preferred and not in nonpreferred directions. The directional preferences were weaker and the range of preferred directions was wider in the U condition, with higher percentage of strokes performed with the simplified control pattern. This advantage was related to the usage of additional DOFs. We discuss that the simplified pattern may represent a feedforward control strategy that reduces the challenge of joint coordination caused by signal-dependent noise during movement execution. The results suggest a possibility that the simplified pattern is used during the majority of natural, seemingly complex arm movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wanyue Wang
- Kinesiology Program, Arizona State University, Phoenix, Arizona
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21
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Silva CC, Silva A, Sousa A, Pinheiro AR, Bourlinova C, Silva A, Salazar A, Borges C, Crasto C, Correia MV, Vilas-Boas JP, Santos R. Co-activation of upper limb muscles during reaching in post-stroke subjects: an analysis of the contralesional and ipsilesional limbs. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2014; 24:731-8. [PMID: 24882699 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the change in antagonist co-activation ratio of upper-limb muscle pairs, during the reaching movement, of both ipsilesional and contralesional limbs of post-stroke subjects. Nine healthy and nine post-stroke subjects were instructed to reach and grasp a target, placed in the sagittal and scapular planes of movement. Surface EMG was recorded from postural control and movement related muscles. Reaching movement was divided in two sub-phases, according to proximal postural control versus movement control demands, during which antagonist co-activation ratios were calculated for the muscle pairs LD/PM, PD/AD, TRIlat/BB and TRIlat/BR. Post-stroke's ipsilesional limb presented lower co-activation in muscles with an important role in postural control (LD/PM), comparing to the healthy subjects during the first sub-phase, when the movement was performed in the sagittal plane (p<0.05). Conversely, the post-stroke's contralesional limb showed in general an increased co-activation ratio in muscles related to movement control, comparing to the healthy subjects. Our findings demonstrate that, in post-stroke subjects, the reaching movement performed with the ipsilesional upper limb seems to show co-activation impairments in muscle pairs associated to postural control, whereas the contralesional upper limb seems to have signs of impairment of muscle pairs related to movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia C Silva
- Centro de Estudos do Movimento e Actividade Humana (CEMAH), ESTSP-IPP, V. N. Gaia, Portugal.
| | - Augusta Silva
- Centro de Estudos do Movimento e Actividade Humana (CEMAH), ESTSP-IPP, V. N. Gaia, Portugal
| | - Andreia Sousa
- Centro de Estudos do Movimento e Actividade Humana (CEMAH), ESTSP-IPP, V. N. Gaia, Portugal
| | - Ana Rita Pinheiro
- Centro de Estudos do Movimento e Actividade Humana (CEMAH), ESTSP-IPP, V. N. Gaia, Portugal
| | - Catarina Bourlinova
- Escola de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Silva
- INESC-TEC and Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - António Salazar
- INESC-TEC and Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carla Borges
- INESC-TEC and Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Crasto
- Centro de Estudos do Movimento e Actividade Humana (CEMAH), ESTSP-IPP, V. N. Gaia, Portugal
| | | | - João Paulo Vilas-Boas
- CIFI2D, Faculty of Sport, and Porto Biomechanics Laboratory, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rubim Santos
- Centro de Estudos do Movimento e Actividade Humana (CEMAH), ESTSP-IPP, V. N. Gaia, Portugal
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Asmussen MJ, Przysucha EP, Dounskaia N. Intersegmental dynamics shape joint coordination during catching in typically developing children but not in children with developmental coordination disorder. J Neurophysiol 2014; 111:1417-28. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00672.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors shaping joint coordination during multijoint movements were studied using a one-handed ball-catching task. Typically developing (TD) boys between 9 and 12 yr of age, at which catching becomes consistently successful, and boys with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) of the same age participated in the study. The arm was initially stretched down. Catching was performed by flexing the shoulder and elbow and extending the wrist in the parasagittal plane. Catching success rate was substantially lower in children with DCD. Amplitudes and directions of joint motions were similar in both groups. Group differences were found in shoulder and elbow coordination patterns. TD children performed the movement predominantly by actively accelerating into flexion, one joint at a time—first the elbow and then the shoulder—and allowing passive interaction torque (IT) to accelerate the other joint into extension. Children with DCD tended to accelerate both joints into flexion simultaneously, suppressing IT. The results suggest that the TD joint coordination was shaped by the tendency to minimize active control of IT despite the complexity of the emergent joint kinematics. The inefficient control of IT in children with DCD points to deficiency of the internal model of intersegmental dynamics. Together, the findings advocate that joint coordination throughout a multijoint movement is a by-product of the control strategy that benefits from movement dynamics by actively accelerating a single joint and using IT for rotation of the other joint. Reduction of control-dependent noise is discussed as a possible advantage of this control strategy.
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Salazar AJ, Silva AS, Silva C, Borges CM, Correia MV, Santos RS, Vilas-Boas JP. Low-cost wearable data acquisition for stroke rehabilitation: a proof-of-concept study on accelerometry for functional task assessment. Top Stroke Rehabil 2014; 21:12-22. [PMID: 24521836 DOI: 10.1310/tsr2101-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An increasingly aging society and consequently rising number of patients with poststroke-related neurological dysfunctions are forcing the rehabilitation field to adapt to ever-growing demands. Although clinical reasoning within rehabilitation is dependent on patient movement performance analysis, current strategies for monitoring rehabilitation progress are based on subjective time-consuming assessment scales, not often applied. Therefore, a need exists for efficient nonsubjective monitoring methods. Wearable monitoring devices are rapidly becoming a recognized option in rehabilitation for quantitative measures. Developments in sensors, embedded technology, and smart textile are driving rehabilitation to adopt an objective, seamless, efficient, and cost-effective delivery system. This study aims to assist physiotherapists' clinical reasoning process through the incorporation of accelerometers as part of an electronic data acquisition system. METHODS A simple, low-cost, wearable device for poststroke rehabilitation progress monitoring was developed based on commercially available inertial sensors. Accelerometry data acquisition was performed for 4 first-time poststroke patients during a reach-press-return task. RESULTS Preliminary studies revealed acceleration profiles of stroke patients through which it is possible to quantitatively assess the functional movement, identify compensatory strategies, and help define proper movement. CONCLUSION An inertial data acquisition system was designed and developed as a low-cost option for monitoring rehabilitation. The device seeks to ease the data-gathering process by physiotherapists to complement current practices with accelerometry profiles and aid the development of quantifiable methodologies and protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Salazar
- INESC Technology and Science (INESC TEC), Porto, Portugal Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana S Silva
- INESC Technology and Science (INESC TEC), Porto, Portugal Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Claudia Silva
- Centro de Estudos do Movimento e Actividade Humana (CEMAH), ESTSP-IPP, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Carla M Borges
- Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Miguel V Correia
- INESC Technology and Science (INESC TEC), Porto, Portugal Faculdade de Engenharia, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rubim S Santos
- Centro de Estudos do Movimento e Actividade Humana (CEMAH), ESTSP-IPP, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Joao P Vilas-Boas
- Biomechanics Laboratory (LABIOMEP), Faculdade de Desporto, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Ambike S, Schmiedeler JP. The leading joint hypothesis for spatial reaching arm motions. Exp Brain Res 2012; 224:591-603. [PMID: 23229774 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The leading joint hypothesis (LJH), developed for planar arm reaching, proposes that the interaction torques experienced by the proximal joint are low compared to the corresponding muscle torques. The human central nervous system could potentially ignore these interaction torques at the proximal (leading) joint with little effect on the wrist trajectory, simplifying joint-level control. This paper investigates the extension of the LJH to spatial reaching. In spatial motion, a number of terms in the governing equation (Euler's angular momentum balance) that vanish for planar movements are non-trivial, so their contributions to the joint torque must be classified as net, interaction or muscle torque. This paper applies definitions from the literature to these torque components to establish a general classification for all terms in Euler's equation. This classification is equally applicable to planar and spatial motion. Additionally, a rationale for excluding gravity torques from the torque analysis is provided. Subjects performed point-to-point reaching movements between targets whose locations ensured that the wrist paths lay in various portions of the arm's spatial workspace. Movement kinematics were recorded using electromagnetic sensors located on the subject's arm segments and thorax. The arm was modeled as a three-link kinematic chain with idealized spherical and revolute joints at the shoulder and elbow. Joint torque components were computed using inverse dynamics. Most movements were 'shoulder-led' in that the interaction torque impulse was significantly lower than the muscle torque impulse for the shoulder, but not the elbow. For the few elbow-led movements, the interaction impulse at the elbow was low, while that at the shoulder was high, and these typically involved large elbow and small shoulder displacements. These results support the LJH and extend it to spatial reaching motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Ambike
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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Coordinate transformation between shoulder kinematic descriptions in the Holzbaur et al. model and ISB sequence. J Biomech 2012; 45:2715-8. [PMID: 22944345 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2012.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Holzbaur et al. (2005) proposed a comprehensive 3-D biomechanical upper extremity model. Since then, this model has been adopted by many other studies for kinetic and kinematic analysis of the shoulder joint. Because of the 3-D anatomical structure, three angles are necessary to define or describe shoulder kinematics. In the Holzbaur et al. model, the three angles are shoulder elevation, elevation angle, and shoulder rotation. The computational implementation of the elevation angle degree of freedom is considered in a different way than described in the recommendation of the International Society of Biomechanics (ISB). This paper presents an analysis of the transformation between the coordinates of the shoulder kinematic defined in the Holzbaur et al. upper extremity model and those defined by the ISB. The results of this study could be used for comparing the coordinates between the different descriptions of the shoulder kinematics.
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Vandenberghe A, Bosmans L, De Schutter J, Swinnen S, Jonkers I. Quantifying individual muscle contribution to three-dimensional reaching tasks. Gait Posture 2012; 35:579-84. [PMID: 22410130 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the individual muscle contribution to arm motion to better understand the complex muscular coordination underlying three-dimensional (3D) reaching tasks of the upper limb (UL). The individual contributions of biceps, triceps, deltoid anterior, medius, posterior and pectoralis major to the control of specific degrees of freedom (DOFs) were examined: using a scaled musculoskeletal model, the muscle excitations that reproduce the kinematics were calculated using computed muscle control and a forward simulation was generated. During consequent perturbation analyses, the muscle excitation of selected muscles was instantaneously increased and the resulting effect on the specific DOF was studied to quantify the muscle contribution. The calculated muscle contributions were compared to the responses elicited during electrical stimulation experiments. Innovative in our findings is that muscle action during reaching clearly depended on the reaching trajectory in 3D space. For the majority of the muscles, the magnitude of muscle action changed and even reversed when reaching to different heights and widths. Furthermore, muscle effects on non spanned joints were reported. Using a musculoskeletal model and forward simulation techniques, we demonstrate individual position-dependent muscle contributions to 3D joint kinematics of the UL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Vandenberghe
- Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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Bibliography Current World Literature. CURRENT ORTHOPAEDIC PRACTICE 2012. [DOI: 10.1097/bco.0b013e3182434f58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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