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Oliveira N, Keating CJ, Chiu CY, Stavres J. Increased hip flexion gait as an exercise modality for individuals with obesity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:2157-2165. [PMID: 37221340 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05227-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise is a critical element for the management of body weight and improvement of quality of life of individuals with obesity. Due to its convenience and accessibility, running is a commonly used exercise modality to meet exercise guidelines. However, the weight-bearing component during high impacts of this exercise modality might limit the participation in exercise and reduce the effectiveness of running-based exercise interventions in individuals with obesity. The hip flexion feedback system (HFFS) assists participants in meeting specific exercise intensities by giving the participant specific increased hip flexion targets while walking on a treadmill. The resulting activity involves walking with increased hip flexion which removes the high impacts of running. The purpose of this study was to compare physiological and biomechanical parameters during an HFFS session and an independent treadmill walking/running session (IND). METHODS Heart rate, oxygen consumption (VO2), heart rate error, and tibia peak positive accelerations (PPA) were investigated for each condition at 40% and 60% of heart rate reserve exercise intensities. RESULTS VO2 was higher for IND despite no differences in heart rate. Tibia PPAs were reduced during the HFFS session. Heart rate error was reduced for HFFS during non-steady state exercise. CONCLUSION While demanding lower energy consumption compared to running, HFFS exercise results in lower tibia PPAs and more accurate monitoring of exercise intensity. HFFS might be a valid exercise alternative for individuals with obesity or individuals that require low-impact forces at the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Oliveira
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5142, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406-0001, USA.
| | - Christopher J Keating
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5142, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406-0001, USA
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Chuang-Yuan Chiu
- Sports Engineering Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Jon Stavres
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, University of Southern Mississippi, 118 College Drive #5142, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406-0001, USA
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Kim J, McSweeney SC, Hollander K, Horstman T, Wearing SC. Adolescents running in conventional running shoes have lower vertical instantaneous loading rates but greater asymmetry than running barefoot or in partial-minimal shoes. J Sports Sci 2023; 41:774-787. [PMID: 37571975 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2240174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Footwear may moderate the transiently heightened asymmetry in lower limb loading associated with peak growth in adolescence during running. This repeated-measures study compared the magnitude and symmetry of peak vertical ground reaction force and instantaneous loading rates (VILRs) in adolescents during barefoot and shod running. Ten adolescents (age, 10.6 ± 1.7 years) ran at self-selected speed (1.7 ± 0.3 m/s) on an instrumented treadmill under three counter-balanced conditions; barefoot and shod with partial-minimal and conventional running shoes. All participants were within one year of their estimated peak height velocity based on sex-specific regression equations. Foot-strike patterns, peak vertical ground reaction force and VILRs were recorded during 20 seconds of steady-state running. Symmetry of ground reaction forces was assessed using the symmetry index. Repeated-measures ANOVAs were used to compare conditions (α=.05). Adolescents used a rearfoot foot-strike pattern during barefoot and shod running. Use of conventional shoes resulted in a lower VILR (P < .05, dz = 0.9), but higher VILR asymmetry (P < .05) than running barefoot (dz = 1.5) or in partial-minimal shoes (dz = 1.6). Conventional running shoes result in a lower VILR than running unshod or in partial-minimal shoes but may have the unintended consequence of increasing VILR asymmetry. The findings may have implications for performance, musculoskeletal development and injury in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Kim
- Complete Rehab Allied Health Clinic, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Simon C McSweeney
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Karsten Hollander
- Institute of Exercise Science & Sports Medicine, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Horstman
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopaedics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Scott C Wearing
- Conservative and Rehabilitative Orthopaedics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
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Benson LC, Räisänen AM, Clermont CA, Ferber R. Is This the Real Life, or Is This Just Laboratory? A Scoping Review of IMU-Based Running Gait Analysis. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22051722. [PMID: 35270869 PMCID: PMC8915128 DOI: 10.3390/s22051722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inertial measurement units (IMUs) can be used to monitor running biomechanics in real-world settings, but IMUs are often used within a laboratory. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe how IMUs are used to record running biomechanics in both laboratory and real-world conditions. We included peer-reviewed journal articles that used IMUs to assess gait quality during running. We extracted data on running conditions (indoor/outdoor, surface, speed, and distance), device type and location, metrics, participants, and purpose and study design. A total of 231 studies were included. Most (72%) studies were conducted indoors; and in 67% of all studies, the analyzed distance was only one step or stride or <200 m. The most common device type and location combination was a triaxial accelerometer on the shank (18% of device and location combinations). The most common analyzed metric was vertical/axial magnitude, which was reported in 64% of all studies. Most studies (56%) included recreational runners. For the past 20 years, studies using IMUs to record running biomechanics have mainly been conducted indoors, on a treadmill, at prescribed speeds, and over small distances. We suggest that future studies should move out of the lab to less controlled and more real-world environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C. Benson
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Tonal Strength Institute, Tonal, San Francisco, CA 94107, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - Anu M. Räisänen
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Department of Physical Therapy Education, College of Health Sciences—Northwest, Western University of Health Sciences, Lebanon, OR 97355, USA
| | - Christian A. Clermont
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Sport Product Testing, Canadian Sport Institute Calgary, Calgary, AB T3B 6B7, Canada
| | - Reed Ferber
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada; (A.M.R.); (C.A.C.); (R.F.)
- Cumming School of Medicine, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
- Running Injury Clinic, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Wei RXY, Chan ZYS, Zhang JHW, Shum GL, Chen CY, Cheung RTH. Difference in the running biomechanics between preschoolers and adults. Braz J Phys Ther 2020; 25:162-167. [PMID: 32507484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High vertical loading rate is associated with a variety of running-related musculoskeletal injuries. There is evidence supporting that non-rearfoot footstrike pattern, greater cadence, and shorter stride length may reduce the vertical loading rate. These features appear to be common among preschoolers, who seem to experience lower running injury incidence, leading to a debate whether adults should accordingly modify their running form. OBJECTIVE This study sought to compare the running biomechanics between preschoolers and adults. METHODS Ten preschoolers (4.2±1.6 years) and ten adults (35.1±9.5 years) were recruited and ran overground with their usual shoes at a self-selected speed. Vertical average (VALR) and vertical instantaneous loading rate (VILR) were calculated based on the kinetic data. Footstrike pattern and spatiotemporal parameters were collected using a motion capture system. RESULTS There was no difference in normalized VALR (p=0.48), VILR (p=0.48), running speed (p=0.85), and footstrike pattern (p=0.29) between the two groups. Preschoolers demonstrated greater cadence (p<0.001) and shorter normalized stride length (p=0.01). CONCLUSION By comparing the kinetic and kinematic parameters between children and adults, our findings do not support the notion that adults should modify their running biomechanics according to the running characteristics in preschoolers for a lower injury risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel X Y Wei
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zoe Y S Chan
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Janet H W Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary L Shum
- School of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Derriford, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Chao-Ying Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Roy T H Cheung
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Australia
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Tirosh O, Orland G, Eliakim A, Nemet D, Steinberg N. Attenuation of Lower Body Acceleration in Overweight and Healthy-Weight Children During Running. J Appl Biomech 2020; 36:33-38. [PMID: 31914421 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2019-0138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify differences in ground impact shock attenuation between overweight and healthy-weight children during running. Twenty overweight children aged 8.4 (1.1) years and 12 healthy-weight children aged 10.7 (1.3) years ran on a treadmill (120% of baseline speed) while wearing 2 inertial sensors located on their distal tibia and lower back (L3). Peak acceleration attenuation coefficient at foot contact and transfer function of the acceleration were calculated. Peak positive acceleration values were not significantly different between the overweight children and healthy-weight children (3.98 [1.17] g and 3.71 [0.84] g, respectively, P = .49). Children with healthy weight demonstrated significant greater attenuation as evident by greater peak acceleration attenuation coefficient (35.4 [19.3] and 11.9 [27.3], respectively, P < .05) and lower transfer function of the acceleration values (-3.8 [1.9] and -1.2 [1.5], respectively, P < .05). Despite the nonsignificant differences between groups in tibia acceleration at foot-ground impact that was found in the current study, the shock absorption of overweight children was reduced compared with their healthy-weight counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guy Orland
- Wingate Academic College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
| | | | | | - Nili Steinberg
- Wingate Academic College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences
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Sayer TA, Hinman RS, Paterson KL, Bennell KL, Hall M, Allison K, Bryant AL. Running-related muscle activation patterns and tibial acceleration across puberty. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2019; 50:102381. [PMID: 31835135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2019.102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether differences exist in tibial acceleration transients and electromyography (EMG) variables during running across female pubertal development. Sixty-four girls classified as pre- (n = 19), early/mid- (n = 22) and late/post-pubertal development (n = 23) ran in a laboratory whilst EMG data were recorded from quadriceps, hamstring and calf muscle groups, and acceleration transients from a triaxial accelerometer. The late/post-pubertal girls exhibited delayed vastus lateralis onset (mean difference (MD) = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.008, 0.34 ms)) compared to pre-pubertal girls, lower vastus lateralis pre-activation (MD = 7.02, 95% CI = 12.63, 1.42%) compared to early/mid-pubertal girls, and longer time to peak (TTP) anterior/posterior (A/P) tibial acceleration compared to pre-pubertal girls (MD = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.006, 0.03 s). By contrast, late/post-pubertal girls demonstrated earlier semitendinosus onset compared to both early/mid- (MD = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.005 ms) and pre-pubertal girls (MD = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.04, 0.007 ms). No other between-group differences were found for peak A/P, vertical and TTP vertical tibial acceleration (p > 0.05). Subsequently, regression analysis revealed that EMG variables accounted for approximately 34% (R2 = 0.34) of the variance in TTP A/P tibial acceleration. These findings highlight that neuromuscular recruitment patterns and kinetics differ across female pubertal development while running and should be further explored in the context of adolescent female musculoskeletal injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Sayer
- Centre for Health Exercise & Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Rana S Hinman
- Centre for Health Exercise & Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kade L Paterson
- Centre for Health Exercise & Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim L Bennell
- Centre for Health Exercise & Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle Hall
- Centre for Health Exercise & Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kim Allison
- Centre for Health Exercise & Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Adam L Bryant
- Centre for Health Exercise & Sports Medicine, Department of Physiotherapy, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Tirosh O, Steinberg N, Nemet D, Eliakim A, Orland G. Visual feedback gait re-training in overweight children can reduce excessive tibial acceleration during walking and running: An experimental intervention study. Gait Posture 2019; 68:101-105. [PMID: 30469103 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Being overweight may increase the risk for developing stress fracture, as overweight adults and children were reported to have greater pressure peaks and rates under the heel during walking when compared with their normal-weight counterparts. Biofeedback gait retraining was shown to reduce ground impact magnitude in adults but not yet in children. RESEARCH QUESTION The study examined whether overweight children have greater tibia peak positive acceleration (PPA) at ground impact during fast walking and running compared to healthy weight children, and whether visual feedback gait retraining program can be used to reduce PPA in overweight children. METHODS Twenty five overweight and 12 healthy weight children participated in the study. Overweight children were randomly assigned into either feedback group or control no-feedback group of 8 sessions training program over 2-weeks. Tibia PPA at ground impact output from a wearable inertial sensor attached to the tibia was the feedback displayed on a monitor placed in front of the treadmill during walking and running. RESULTS Compared to healthy weight children, overweight participants showed significant greater PPA values in running (p < 0.05), but not in fast walking. Feedback group significantly reduced PPA by 16% (p < 0.01), and these changes persisted at the 1-month follow-up. SIGNIFICANCE Tibia PPA may be used in evaluating overweight children as a risk assessment to potential injuries due to high ground impact during running. Gait retraining using real-time feedback of tibia PPA may be useful in rehabilitation programs to reduce ground impact in overweight children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Tirosh
- School of Health Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia.
| | - Nili Steinberg
- The Wingate College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Israel
| | - Dan Nemet
- Child Health and Sport Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Alon Eliakim
- Child Health and Sport Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
| | - Guy Orland
- The Wingate College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at the Wingate Institute, Israel
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Gait Pattern, Impact to the Skeleton and Postural Balance in Overweight and Obese Children: A Review. Sports (Basel) 2018; 6:sports6030075. [PMID: 30065150 PMCID: PMC6162717 DOI: 10.3390/sports6030075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The article reviews the biomechanical factors that may cause overweight/obese children to reduce their level of physical activity, while increasing their risk of overuse injuries and exercise-related pain. Recommendations would be to screen those children for any gait or postural impairments before they join any exercise program, and to provide them with specific gait treatments and/or physical exercise programs, in order to decrease their risk for future musculoskeletal injuries and pain.
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Hernández-Belmonte A, Bastida-Castillo A, Gómez-Carmona CD, Pino-Ortega J. Validity and reliability of an inertial device (WIMU PROTM) to quantify physical activity level through steps measurement. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2018; 59:587-592. [PMID: 29589407 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.18.08059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, there is an increase in the application of accelerometers to quantify physical activity level through daily steps, and therefore, it is required that the devices are valid and reliable. The current study tested the validity of the WIMU PROTM inertial device in steps detection and the inter-device reliability for steps measurement. METHODS Ten endurance-trained men volunteered to participate in this study (height: 1.78±0.05 m; body mass: 72.96±4.2 kg). Twelve trials of 40.32 m at different speeds (four trials at each speed) were performed: 1) walking (<5 km/h); 2) jogging (5-10 km/h) and running (10-15 km/h). The video analysis was used as criterion to assess validity, while, two WIMU PROTM inertial devices were compared to assess between-unit reliability. RESULTS A near-perfect validity between video analysis and WIMU PROTM (ICC=0.999; bias=0.03) and a very good reliability between WIMU PROTM devices (bias=-0.01; CV=0.02%) was found. The highest values were found at walking (ICC=0.999) and the lowest values were found at running (ICC=0.995). CONCLUSIONS WIMU PROTM is a reliable and valid device to quantify physical activity level through steps measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Carlos D Gómez-Carmona
- Physical Activity and Sport Department, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain - .,Optimization of Training and Sport Performance Research Group (GOERD), University of Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - José Pino-Ortega
- Physical Activity and Sport Department, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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