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Jing Y, Gan M, Xie Z, Ma J, Chen L, Zhang S, Zhao Y, Niu L, Wang Y, Zhu L, Shen L. Characteristics of microRNAs in Skeletal Muscle of Intrauterine Growth-Restricted Pigs. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1372. [PMID: 37510277 PMCID: PMC10379088 DOI: 10.3390/genes14071372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
microRNAs are a class of small RNAs that have been extensively studied, which are involved in many biological processes and disease occurrence. The incidence of intrauterine growth restriction is higher in mammals, especially multiparous mammals. In this study, we found that the weight of the longissimus dorsi of intrauterine growth-restricted pigs was significantly lower than that of normal pigs. Then, intrauterine growth-restricted pig longissimus dorsi were used to characterize miRNA expression profiles by RNA sequencing. A total of 333 miRNAs were identified, of which 26 were differentially expressed. Functional enrichment analysis showed that these differentially expressed miRNAs regulate the expression of their target genes (such as PIK3R1, CCND2, AKT3, and MAP3K7), and these target genes play an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of skeletal muscle through signaling pathways such as the PI3K-Akt, MAPK, and FoxO signaling pathways. Furthermore, miRNA-451 was significantly upregulated in IUGR pig skeletal muscle. Overexpression of miR-451 in C2C12 cells significantly promoted the expression of Mb, Myod, Myog, Myh1, and Myh7, suggesting that miR-451 may be involved in the regulation of the myoblastic differentiation of C2C12 cells. Our results reveal the role of miRNA-451 in regulating myogenic differentiation of skeletal muscle in pigs with intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Jing
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Mailin Gan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhongwei Xie
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianfeng Ma
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shunhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Li Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Linyuan Shen
- Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Multi-Omics, College of Animal and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resource Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Expression profiles of miR-196, miR-132, miR-146a, and miR-134 in human colorectal cancer tissues in accordance with their clinical significance : Comparison regarding KRAS mutation. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2021; 133:1162-1170. [PMID: 34463887 DOI: 10.1007/s00508-021-01933-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the most widespread malignancies in the world. MicroRNA (miRNA) has been identified as an important modulator of the biological processes of the cells. This group of noncoding RNAs also has a pivotal function in the growth and development of human cancers, including CRC. Among these miRNAs, miR-196, miR-132, miR-146a, and miR-134 have fundamental impacts on the regulation of cancers. The current study aimed to investigate the involvement of these miRNAs in CRC patients. METHODS In this study, 50 pairs of tumor and tumor margin samples of CRC patients were investigated to assess the expression levels of miR-196, miR-132, miR-146a, and miR-134 in this cancer. For this purpose, firstly, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was applied. Also, KRAS mutation and clinicopathological characteristics of the CRC patients were analyzed in the study groups. RESULTS The findings demonstrated the overexpression of miR-196 (P-value = 0.0045) and miR-146a (P-value = 0.0033) in tumor tissues compared to controls. Conversely, the expression levels of miR-132 (P-value = 0.00032) and miR-134 (P-value < 0.0001) were downregulated in tumor tissues. Also, miR-146a was the only miRNA with significant expression change in the case of the KRAS gene mutation. Interestingly, the expression ratio of these miRNAs was significantly associated with some of the clinicopathological features of the patients, such as lymph node and distant metastases. CONCLUSION Our data demonstrated that these miRNAs appear to be promising novel biomarkers for early diagnosis of CRC and may pave the way for the future establishment of novel therapeutic options for CRC.
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Ali A, Murani E, Hadlich F, Liu X, Wimmers K, Ponsuksili S. In Utero Fetal Weight in Pigs Is Regulated by microRNAs and Their Target Genes. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081264. [PMID: 34440438 PMCID: PMC8393551 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired skeletal muscle growth in utero can result in reduced birth weight and poor carcass quality in pigs. Recently, we showed the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) and their target genes in prenatal skeletal muscle development and pathogenesis of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). In this study, we performed an integrative miRNA-mRNA transcriptomic analysis in longissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) of pig fetuses at 63 days post conception (dpc) to identify miRNAs and genes correlated to fetal weight. We found 13 miRNAs in LDM significantly correlated to fetal weight, including miR-140, miR-186, miR-101, miR-15, miR-24, miR-29, miR-449, miR-27, miR-142, miR-99, miR-181, miR-199, and miR-210. The expression of these miRNAs decreased with an increase in fetal weight. We also identified 1315 genes significantly correlated to fetal weight at 63 dpc, of which 135 genes were negatively correlated as well as identified as potential targets of the above-listed 13 miRNAs. These miRNAs and their target genes enriched pathways and biological processes important for fetal growth, development, and metabolism. These results indicate that the transcriptomic profile of skeletal muscle can be used to predict fetal weight, and miRNAs correlated to fetal weight can serve as potential biomarkers of prenatal fetal health and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ali
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.A.); (E.M.); (F.H.); (X.L.); (K.W.)
| | - Eduard Murani
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.A.); (E.M.); (F.H.); (X.L.); (K.W.)
| | - Frieder Hadlich
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.A.); (E.M.); (F.H.); (X.L.); (K.W.)
| | - Xuan Liu
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.A.); (E.M.); (F.H.); (X.L.); (K.W.)
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.A.); (E.M.); (F.H.); (X.L.); (K.W.)
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University Rostock, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany; (A.A.); (E.M.); (F.H.); (X.L.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-38208-68703; Fax: +49-38208-68702
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bta-miR-23a Regulates the Myogenic Differentiation of Fetal Bovine Skeletal Muscle-Derived Progenitor Cells by Targeting MDFIC Gene. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101232. [PMID: 33092227 PMCID: PMC7588927 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
miR-23a, a member of the miR-23a/24-2/27a cluster, has been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in many cellular activities. However, the mechanisms of how bta-miR-23a controls the myogenic differentiation (MD) of PDGFRα− bovine progenitor cells (bPCs) remain poorly understood. In the present work, bta-miR-23a expression was increased during the MD of PDGFRα− bPCs. Moreover, bta-miR-23a overexpression significantly promoted the MD of PDGFRα− bPCs. Luciferase reporter assays showed that the 3’-UTR region of MDFIC (MyoD family inhibitor domain containing) could be a promising target of bta-miR-23a, which resulted in its post-transcriptional down-regulation. Additionally, the knockdown of MDFIC by siRNA facilitated the MD of PDGFRα− bPCs, while the overexpression of MDFIC inhibited the activating effect of bta-miR-23a during MD. Of note, MDFIC might function through the interaction between MyoG transcription factor and MEF2C promoter. This study reveals that bta-miR-23a can promote the MD of PDGFRα− bPCs through post-transcriptional downregulation of MDFIC.
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Wang Z, Wang Z, Pang Y, Tong H, Yan Y, Li S, Li S. Fibronectin type III domain-containing 4 promotes the migration and differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle-derived satellite cells via focal adhesion kinase. Cell Adh Migr 2020; 14:153-164. [PMID: 32881638 PMCID: PMC7513858 DOI: 10.1080/19336918.2020.1810508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
FNDC4 is an anti-inflammatory factor that alters the activation state of macrophages; it is used to treat colitis in mice. However, its role in muscle formation and mechanism of function remains unknown. We found that FNDC4 promotes the bovine MDSCs migration and differentiation. Furthermore, we reported that it interacts with integrin β1 (ITGβ1). FAK, mediated by ITGβ1, regulates cell migration. Our results found FNDC4 to influence the expression of p-FAK, p-paxillin, and vinculin. Then, overexpressed or added FNDC4 protein could not influence migration and differentiation any more when the activated form of FAK was reduced. Therefore, we concluded that FNDC4 promotes the differentiation and migration of bovine MDSCs via the FAK, mediated by the ITGβ1 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Science College, North-east Agricultural University , Harbin, China
| | - Zhiqi Wang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Science College, North-east Agricultural University , Harbin, China
| | - Yusheng Pang
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Science College, North-east Agricultural University , Harbin, China
| | - Huili Tong
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Science College, North-east Agricultural University , Harbin, China
| | - Yunqin Yan
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Science College, North-east Agricultural University , Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Science College, North-east Agricultural University , Harbin, China
| | - Shufeng Li
- Laboratory of Cellular and Developmental Biology, Life Science College, North-east Agricultural University , Harbin, China
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Qiu Z, Wang L, Mao H, Xu F, Sun B, Lian X, Wang J, Kong F, Wang L, Chen Y. miR-370 inhibits the oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiac myocytes induced by hydrogen peroxide by targeting FOXO1. Exp Ther Med 2019; 18:3025-3031. [PMID: 31555385 PMCID: PMC6755418 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.7908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction, one of the main factors that threatens human health, leads to cardiac cell death. Myocardial cells suffer ischemia and hypoxia for a long period of time, which can lead to irreversible cell death or apoptosis and cardiac dysfunction. MicroRNAs (miRs) have been reported to play an important role in a wide range of biological processes in cardiac myocytes, which respond to inflammation and oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of miR-370 on oxidative stress and apoptosis of cardiac myocytes in ischemic H9C2 cells induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). H9C2 cells were cultured and treated with different concentrations of H2O2 solution. Then, cells were transfected with miR-370 mimic or negative control (NC) mimic, small interfering (si)-RNA-Forkhead box O1 (FOXO1) and NC siRNA. A Cell Counting Kit-8 and flow cytometry assay were conducted to detect cell viability and cell apoptosis. The expression of oxidative stress associated factors were detected by ELISA. The levels of miR-370 and FOXO1 were examined using western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. A luciferase reporter gene assay was performed to verify whether FOXO1 was a target gene of miR-370. The results revealed that miR-370 expression was downregulated and FOXO1 expression was increased in H9C2 cells induced by H2O2. Additionally, FOXO1 was proven to be a target of miR-370. The ELISA and flow cytometry assay revealed that miR-370 overexpression and FOXO1 silencing reversed H2O2-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. The results indicated that miR-370 could inhibit the oxidative stress and apoptosis of H9C2 cells induced by H2O2 by targeting FOXO1. Therefore, miR-370 may be a new therapeutic target for ischemic heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanjun Qiu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Affiliated Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Huaiyu Mao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The Second People's Hospital of Dongying, Dongying, Shandong 257335, P.R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Affiliated Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Yidu Center Hospital of Weifang, Weifang, Shandong 262500, P.R. China
| | - Xinbao Lian
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shandong 250014, P.R. China
| | - Jiali Wang
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Affiliated Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Feng Kong
- Department of Central Laboratory, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Lina Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, P.R. China
| | - Yuguo Chen
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Chest Pain Center, Affiliated Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Clinical Research Center for Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Institute of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine of Shandong Province, Key Laboratory of Cardiopulmonary-Cerebral Resuscitation Research of Shandong Province, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China.,The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese Ministry of Health and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences; The State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine; Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Liu X, Tong Z, Chen K, Hu X, Jin H, Hou M. The Role of miRNA-132 against Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Heart Failure. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3452748. [PMID: 29682535 PMCID: PMC5845498 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3452748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of microRNA-132 of heart failure and provide theoretical guidance for clinical treatment of heart failure (HF). METHODS Peripheral blood was collected from HF patients. RT-qPCR was used to determine microRNA-132 expression. Mouse models of heart failure were established. Color Doppler ultrasound was utilized to measure the changes of cardiac function. HE and Masson staining were applied to observe pathological changes of the myocardium. After H9C2 cells were transfected with microRNA-132, MTT assay was employed to detect the stability of H9C2 cells. ELISA was used to measure the levels of oxidative stress factors. Western blot assay and RT-qPCR were utilized to determine the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, TGF-β1, and smad3. RESULTS MicroRNA-132 expression was downregulated in HF patients' blood. After establishing mouse models of HF, cardiac function obviously decreased. HE staining revealed the obvious edema and hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes. Masson staining demonstrated that cardiomyocytes were markedly fibrotic. After microRNA-132 transfection and H9C2 cell apoptosis induced by H2O2, antioxidant stress and antiapoptotic ability of the H9C2 cells obviously increased. TGF-β1 and smad3 expression remarkably diminished. CONCLUSION Overexpression of microRNA-132 dramatically increased the antioxidant stress and antiapoptotic ability of H9C2 cells and decreased the expression of TGF-β1 and smad3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Liu
- General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Zhou Tong
- General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Keyan Chen
- China Medical University, No. 77 Puhe Road, Shenyang North New Area, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110122, China
| | - Xiaofang Hu
- General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Hongxu Jin
- General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
| | - Mingxiao Hou
- General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, No. 83 Wenhua Road, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110016, China
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