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Sharma K, Parihar A, Sharma SK, Nebhinani N, Mudakavi IB. Nomophobia and its impact on mindfulness and self-efficacy among nurses: An analytical cross-sectional study in the institution of national importance, Western India. JOURNAL OF EDUCATION AND HEALTH PROMOTION 2024; 13:184. [PMID: 39268430 PMCID: PMC11392256 DOI: 10.4103/jehp.jehp_1057_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interaction between people and advanced information and communication technologies results in behavioral addictions, one of them is nomophobia. In a health care setting, nurses constitute a significant proportion of healthcare workers. Therefore, discovering the level of nomophobia and its impact on constructs such as mindfulness and self-efficacy is very important as this might affect the psychological and physical well-being of nurses, which can impact the quality of patient care. The study aimed to assess the level of nomophobia and its relationship with mindfulness and self-efficacy of nurses. METHODS AND MATERIAL An analytical cross-sectional study was carried out in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 420 nurses were selected using a convenience sampling technique. Self-structured questionnaire was used to assess socio-demographic characteristics and mobile phone use. Standardized questionnaires were administered in pen and paper format for measuring nomophobia, mindfulness, and self-efficacy. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20.0 was used. Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient and Chi-square test were employed to analyze the data. RESULTS The majority of nurses (99.5%) had nomophobia. About half of them (53.3%) had a moderate level of nomophobia. Nearly half of nurses had high level of mindfulness (52.6%) and self-efficacy (53.3%) respectively. Further, nomophobia was found to be negatively correlated with mindfulness (r = -0.289) and self-efficacy (r = -0.278). CONCLUSION Nomophobia poses a risk to the mindfulness and self-efficacy of nurses. Continuing education should focus on awareness programs emphasizing good practices in the use of current technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aashish Parihar
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing, AIIMS, Jodhpur, India
| | - Suresh K Sharma
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, College of Nursing, AIIMS, Jodhpur, India
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Rajguru AJ, Mishra AK, Bhargava R, Sarkar S, Balhara YPS. Exploring risk factors and determinants: A scoping review of factors associated with nomophobia. Indian J Psychiatry 2024; 66:591-602. [PMID: 39257506 PMCID: PMC11382750 DOI: 10.4103/indianjpsychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_244_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nomophobia or no-mobile-phone phobia, defined as the fear of being unable to use or being unreachable via one's mobile phone. The pervasive concern has varied bio-psychosocial and clinical implications in an individual's life. Nomophobia is currently in an exploratory phase. Methods A scoping review was conducted to systematically map the relevant evidence and literature on nomophobia. The review of scholarly literature spanning from January 2010 to May 2023 employed a narrative synthesis methodology to succinctly encapsulate the research findings. Additionally, it encompassed a meticulous examination and visual representation of studies, detailing both the frequency of investigation into specific variables and the instances in which said variables exhibited a statistically significant association with nomophobia. Results A thorough examination of 92 studies revealed a total of 133 variables spanning demographic, lifestyle-related, academic, smartphone-related, psychosocial, and clinical domains. Notably, 42.86% of these variables have only been investigated in a single research study, underscoring the imperative for replication to enhance the generalizability, validity, and applicability of research findings. Moreover, the review identifies Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) by Yildirim and Correia as the most widely used tool for measuring the severity of nomophobia. Conclusion There is a crucial need for homogeneity and consistency in reporting nomophobia scores and establishing corresponding gradations indicative of functional ramifications or clinical severity of nomophobia. The findings elucidate significant research gaps in existing literature on nomophobia, hold implications for further synthesis of data, and contribute to a comprehensive understanding of nomophobia; ensuring superior diagnostic accuracy and precision, and facilitating successful delivery of targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha J Rajguru
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Ashwani K Mishra
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rachna Bhargava
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Siddharth Sarkar
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yatan Pal Singh Balhara
- National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Luo J, Bei DL, Gong J, Wang MC. Classification of nomophobia among Chinese college students: Evidence from latent profile and ROC analysis. J Behav Addict 2024; 13:482-494. [PMID: 38662450 PMCID: PMC11220797 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2024.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Nomophobia (NMP) is a contemporary digital ailment referring to the improper utilization of smartphones which can have significant impacts on the physical and mental health of college students. However, as a result of unclear cutoff points, the proportion of people with NMP may be exaggerated. This study therefore aimed to determine the critical value of NMP and assess the extent to which Chinese college students are impacted by NMP using the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q). Methods Latent profile analysis (LPA) and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) were combined to determine the critical value based on NMP-Q scores using a large sample of 3,998 college students (Mage = 20.58; SD = 1.87). Results Based on latent profile (i.e., at-risk NMP group), ROC revealed an optimal cut-off point of 73 (Sensitivity = 0.965, Specificity = 0.970, Accuracy = 0.968, AUC = 99.60%, Youden's index = 0.935), and the percentage of NMP students being 28.04%, with 1,121 participants identified as positive cases (probable cases). Positive cases were found to exhibit more severe depression and anxiety symptoms, with a higher proportion of females were observed in the positive group (N = 829; 73.95%). Conclusions These findings provide evidence that the proportion of NMP individuals may have been overestimated in the past. Furthermore, this study helps to validate the NMP-Q as a valid tool to identify NMP in college-aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Dong-Li Bei
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jie Gong
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng-Cheng Wang
- Department of Psychology, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China
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Altınel B, Uyaroğlu AK, Ergin E. The effect of social appearance anxiety and loneliness on nomophobia levels of young adults. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2024; 50:27-32. [PMID: 38789230 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nomophobia can be defined as a disorder in which people fear being away from their smartphone. Studies on the determinants of nomophobia in young adults seem to be limited. AIM This study aims to determine the levels of nomophobia, social appearance anxiety and loneliness in young adults and to examine the effects of social appearance anxiety and the level of social and emotional loneliness on nomophobia levels. DESIGN This is a descriptive and correlational study. Data were collected from 687 young adults. Data were collected using the Information Form, the Nomophobia Scale, the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, and the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults. Descriptive and multiple linear regression statistics were used. RESULTS The mean Nomophobia Scale score of the participants was 73.76 ± 27.46, which points to moderate nomophobia levels. The findings revealed those with a high level of social appearance anxiety have higher nomophobia levels. It was revealed that social appearance anxiety, social and emotional loneliness explain 8 % (Adjusted R2 = 0.082) of the variance in the nomophobia. CONCLUSION A sample of 687 participants showed that young adults were relatively moderately nomophobic. In this study, social appearance anxiety, social and emotional loneliness was determined as predictor of nomophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Büşra Altınel
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey.
| | - Arzu Koçak Uyaroğlu
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Selcuk University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Emine Ergin
- Department of Midwifery, Hamidiye Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Jahrami H, Fekih Romdhane F, Pandi-Perumal SR, BaHammam AS, Vitiello MV. Global research evidence on nomophobia during 2008-2022: a bibliometric analysis and review. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2024; 29:889-904. [PMID: 37846044 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2023.2268888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Nomophobia, often known as a 21st-century disorder, is a recent condition that has received considerable attention, with numerous studies conducted to better understand it since it was first introduced in 2008. To better understand the present research status and prospects to assist practitioners, policymakers, and funding agencies in protecting the population from nomophobia-related harm, a bibliometric study of nomophobia-related publications was conducted. We used Scopus and dimensions.ai to perform a search between 2008 and 2022. The HistCite, R software, and VOSviewer were used to analyze the data and extract relevant keywords indexed in medical databases using mesh heading phrases. Between January 2008 and April 2022, 1,781 papers, 30 datasets, two grants, six patents, four clinical trials, and five policy documents were identified. The bulk of the articles included in this review were published after 2017 with the majority written in English. Most of the research focuses on determining the prevalence of nomophobia in various populational groups, such as students, clinical samples, and the general adult population. Several studies examined the possible association between nomophobia symptoms and other psychiatric or physical health issues, such as changes in sleep, learning and attention, academic performance, coping strategies, etc. The current body of research knowledge of nomophobia in the main includes epidemiologic and diagnostic effort that has provided mixed results regarding its assessment and prevalence rates, and appreciable data on its treatment and prevention are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
- Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Feten Fekih Romdhane
- Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, Tunis, Tunisia, Razi Hospital, rue des orangers, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Seithikurippu R Pandi-Perumal
- Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India
| | - Ahmed S BaHammam
- Department of Medicine, University Sleep Disorders Center and Pulmonary Service, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Michael V Vitiello
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Wang Y, Lu Y, Tian X, Liu Y, Ma W. The relationship between mobile phone addiction and time management disposition among Chinese college students:A cross-lagged panel model. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25060. [PMID: 38314296 PMCID: PMC10837617 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous research has identified a negative association between mobile phone addiction and time management disposition among college students; however, the direction of this relationship remains divergent. This study utilized a cross-lagged panel model to elucidate the directionality of the relationship between mobile phone addiction and time management disposition. A total of 466 college students completed two measures at seven-month intervals. The findings revealed a prevalence of mobile phone addiction at 10.94 % and 13.73 % in the two surveys. Notably, both mobile phone addiction and time management disposition demonstrated stability over time. Furthermore, a discernible negative bidirectional relationship was observed between the two. The present findings underscore the importance of timely intervention for college students facing challenges in mobile phone usage and time management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yake Wang
- School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sanis Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Yao Lu
- Faculty of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Tian
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- School of Preschool Education, Sichuan Preschool Education College, Mianyang, China
| | - Wenhua Ma
- School of Preschool Education, Sichuan Preschool Education College, Mianyang, China
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Ceobanu CM, Marian AL, Apostolache R. Glimpse on 21st century new phobias; a predictive model of nomophobia. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1252099. [PMID: 38259779 PMCID: PMC10802701 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1252099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to examine the explanatory power of a predictive model of nomophobia consisting of rumination, fear of missing out (FoMO), mindfulness and non-pathological compulsions. The research involved a cross-sectional design exploring the prevalence of nomophobia in a Romanian university students' cohort. The quantitative methodology was used to collect and analyse the data obtained from all the respondents. Researchers adapted and pretested the questionnaire NMP-Q, before distributing it to 194 university students. SPSS (V. 20) and Hayes's PROCESS tool were used to analyse the data. The findings demonstrated that the above-mentioned psychological variables have a direct and significant relationship with nomophobia. Specifically, within the multidimensional mechanism that explains nomophobia, fear of missing out (FoMO), non-pathological compulsions, and rumination, included in the predictive model in this order, played the most important role, as together cover 34% of nomophobia variance. Furthermore, the fear of missing out has the highest explanatory contribution to nomophobia. The current study gives a better understanding of the dynamics of nomophobia in young people by focusing on psychological factors that play an important role in this phenomenon.
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Safaria T, Saputra NE, Arini DP. Data on the model of loneliness and smartphone use intensity as a mediator of self-control, emotion regulation, and spiritual meaningfulness in nomophobia. Data Brief 2023; 50:109479. [PMID: 37636133 PMCID: PMC10448255 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2023.109479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The study was conducted in three locations: Yogyakarta, Palembang, and Jambi. A total of 355 psychology students from three different universities were recruited using purposive sampling. Among the participants, there were 313 females (88.03%) and 42 males (11.83%). The participants completed several questionnaires in the Indonesian version, including the nomophobia NMP-Q scale (Yildirim & Correia, 2015), the R-UCLA Loneliness Scale (Russell et al., 1980), the self-control scale (Tangney, Baumeister & Boone, 2004), the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer, 2004), and the Spiritual Meaningfulness scale developed based on the theory of Pargament (2007). Before commencing the analysis, the research team ensured the accuracy and reliability of the collected data sets. Participants who did not fully complete the questionnaire were removed from the sample. Ethical clearance for this study was obtained from the research ethics committee, and the researchers obtained permission from the respective university administrations for data collection. Prior to participation, all individuals agreed to take part in the study, provided voluntary informed consent, and were assured of the confidentiality and anonymity of their responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Triantoro Safaria
- Ahmad Dahlan University, Jambi University, Charitas Musi Catholic University, Indonesia
| | - Nofrans Eka Saputra
- Ahmad Dahlan University, Jambi University, Charitas Musi Catholic University, Indonesia
| | - Diana Putri Arini
- Ahmad Dahlan University, Jambi University, Charitas Musi Catholic University, Indonesia
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Naser AY, Alwafi H, Itani R, Alzayani S, Qadus S, Al-Rousan R, Abdelwahab GM, Dahmash E, AlQatawneh A, Khojah HMJ, Kautsar AP, Alabbasi R, Alsahaf N, Qutub R, Alrawashdeh HM, Abukhalaf AHI, Bahlol M. Nomophobia among university students in five Arab countries in the Middle East: prevalence and risk factors. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:541. [PMID: 37496010 PMCID: PMC10369834 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excessive use of mobile phones leading to development of symptoms suggestive of dependence syndrome with teenagers are far more likely to become dependent on mobile phones as compared to adults. COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on the mental health of several groups in society, especially university students. This study aimed to explore the prevalence of mobile phone dependence among university students and its associated factors. METHODS Between September 2021 and January 2022, a cross-sectional study was conducted at universities in Jordan, Lebanon, Egypt, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia utilizing an online and paper-based self-administered questionnaire. We employed a previously developed questionnaire by Aggarwal et al. RESULTS: A total of 5,720 university students were involved in this study (Egypt = 2813, Saudi Arabia = 1509, Jordan = 766, Lebanon = 432, and Bahrain = 200). The mean estimated daily time spent on using mobile phone was 186.4 (94.4) minutes. The highest mobile dependence score was observed for the university students from Egypt and the lowest mobile dependence score was observed for the university students from Lebanon. The most common dependence criteria across the study sample was impaired control (55.6%) and the least common one was harmful use (25.1%). Females and those reported having anxiety problem or using a treatment for anxiety were at higher risk of developing mobile phone dependence by 15% and 75%, respectively. CONCLUSION Mobile phone dependence is common among university students in Arab countries in the Middle East region. Future studies exploring useful interventions to decrease mobile phone dependence are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdallah Y Naser
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Hassan Alwafi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rania Itani
- Pharmacy Practice Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beirut Arab University, Riad El Solh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Salman Alzayani
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Sami Qadus
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Rabaa Al-Rousan
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Ghada Mohammad Abdelwahab
- Department of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isra University, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eman Dahmash
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Faculty of Health, Science, Social Care and Education, Kingston University, London, UK
| | - Ahmad AlQatawneh
- ACDIMA Center for Bioequivalence and Pharmaceutical Studies, Department of Clinical Research, Amman, Jordan
| | - Hani M J Khojah
- Department of Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Madinah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Angga Prawira Kautsar
- Unit of Global Health, Department of Health Sciences, University of Groningen/University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
- Center of Excellence in Higher Education for Pharmaceutical Care Innovation, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Renan Alabbasi
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alsahaf
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Razan Qutub
- Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Amer Hamad Issa Abukhalaf
- Florida Institute for Built Environment Resilience, M.E. Rinker, Sr. School of Construction Management, College of design construction and planning, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Mohamed Bahlol
- Specialty of Pharmaceutical Management and Economics, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Clinical Pharmacy, Egyptian Russian University, Cairo, Egypt
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Jahrami H. The Relationship between Nomophobia, Insomnia, Chronotype, Phone in Proximity, Screen Time, and Sleep Duration in Adults: A Mobile Phone App-Assisted Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:1503. [PMID: 37239789 PMCID: PMC10217893 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Earlier studies that have investigated the association between nomophobia and insomnia revealed that a strong relationship exists between both variables. This study aimed to explore possible associations between these variables and their impact on physical and mental health outcomes using a cross-sectional study design and mobile phone apps to collect data. Using a survey approach, data were collected from 444 participants (52% female, mean age 34 ± 12) using the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ) and three Android mobile phone apps. The Plees Tracker, screen time, and pedometer apps aided in collecting data on sleep duration, time spent on screen per day, and how close the phone was to the person. A statistically significant association was noted between nomophobia and insomnia, nomophobia and the eveningness chronotype, and nomophobia and screen time. The eveningness chronotype was also associated with an increased screen time use. The results show that NMP-Q, ISI, and screen time increase according to the chronotype. No statistically significant differences were noted in daily steps or sleep duration according to chronotype. The findings suggest that interventions targeting nomophobia may be beneficial in addressing insomnia among adults, particularly those with an evening chronotype. Future studies should consider exploring the causal relationship between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Jahrami
- Government Hospitals, Manama P.O. Box 12, Bahrain;
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama P.O. Box 26671, Bahrain
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11
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Jahrami H, Saif Z, Trabelsi K, Bragazzi NL, Vitiello MV. Internal consistency and structural validity of the nomophobia questionnaire (NMP-Q) and its translations: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15464. [PMID: 37128316 PMCID: PMC10148102 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A psychological condition known as NOMOPHOBIA causes individuals to fear losing ability to use or reach their mobile phones. The NMP-Q (nomophobia questionnaire) is a commonly used survey for assessing symptoms related to nomophobia. Materials and methods We performed a meta-analysis using reliability generalization (RG) on the NMP-Q. Thirteen studies involving 15,929 participants have reported original reliability estimates of the NMP-Q determined through a comprehensive and methodical examination of the available literature. Results For the total scores, the pooled internal consistency reliability was 0.93 [0.91; 0.95] and for the subscales it ranged from 0.83 to 0.91. Specifically, 0.91 [0.88; 0.93], 0.84 [0.80; 0.88], 0.83 [0.78; 0.88, and 0.83 [0.80; 0.85] for the subscales. Subscale 1 = not being able to communicate; subscale 2 = losing connectedness; subscale 3 = not being able to access information; and subscale 4 = giving up convenience", respectively. All reported effect sizes are Cronbach's alphas. Structural validity supported a solution of four-factors. Conclusions NMP-Q has an excellent internal consistency. Structural validity of four factors appears to be vigorous in fitting NMP-Q items. Our recommendation is to require future studies using NMP-Q to provide a reliability estimate based on their own data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Jahrami
- Government Hospitals, Manama, Bahrain
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
- Research Laboratory: Education, Motricity, Sport and Health, EM2S, LR19JS01, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Nicola L. Bragazzi
- Laboratory for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, Departments and Statistics, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael V. Vitiello
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences at the University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, United States
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Al-Mamun F, Mamun MA, Prodhan MS, Muktarul M, Griffiths MD, Muhit M, Sikder MT. Nomophobia among university students: Prevalence, correlates, and the mediating role of smartphone use between Facebook addiction and nomophobia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14284. [PMID: 36942222 PMCID: PMC10023918 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Nomophobia ('no mobile phone phobia') has been growing issue worldwide in recent years and has been associated with a number of psychological and behavioral health-related problems. However, few studies have examined nomophobia in Bangladesh. Therefore, the severity and correlates of nomophobia, and the mediating role of smartphone use between Facebook addiction and nomophobia was investigated. A cross-sectional study utilizing 585 university students was conducted employing a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using a survey in March 2022. The survey comprised questions related to socio-demographics, behavioral health, academic performance, nomophobia, smartphone addiction, Facebook addiction, insomnia, and depression. The mean score of nomophobia was 88.55 out of 140 (±21.71). The prevalence was 9.4% for mild nomophobia, 56.1% for moderate nomophobia, and 34.5% for severe nomophobia. First-year students had higher levels of nomophobia than other years. Significant predictors for nomophobia included daily duration of smartphone time, psychoactive substance use, and being in a relationship. Nomophobia was significantly associated with smartphone addiction, Facebook addiction, insomnia, and depression. Moreover, smartphone addiction significantly mediated the relationship between Facebook addiction and nomophobia. Strategies that help reduce daily smartphone time, and reduce psychoactive substance use might help reduce nomophobia prevalence among university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firoj Al-Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author. CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh.
| | - Mohammed A. Mamun
- CHINTA Research Bangladesh, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Muktarul
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, 50 Shakespeare Street, Nottingham, NG1 4FQ, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammad Muhit
- Department of Public Health, University of South Asia, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Tajuddin Sikder
- Department of Public Health and Informatics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
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Vagka E, Gnardellis C, Lagiou A, Notara V. Nomophobia and Self-Esteem: A Cross Sectional Study in Greek University Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2929. [PMID: 36833624 PMCID: PMC9957397 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nomophobia is a relatively new term describing someone's fear, discomfort, or anxiety when his/her smartphone is not available. It is reported that low self-esteem may contribute to an individual's tendency for nomophobia. The aim of this particular study was to investigate the association between nomophobia and self-esteem among Greek university students. The study sample consisted of 1060 male and female university students aged 18 to 25 years, participating on a voluntary basis with an online anonymous questionnaire. Data were collected through "Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q)" and "Rosenberg's self-esteem scale (RSES)". All participants exhibited some level of nomophobia, with the moderate level prevailing (59.6%). Regarding self-esteem categories, 18.7% of the participants showed low self-esteem, while the rest showed normal/high levels. Students with low self-esteem were twice as likely to exhibit a higher level of nomophobia compared to those with normal/high (adj Cum OR = 1.99, p value < 0.001). Additionally, women and students having fathers without a university education had a higher risk of exhibiting a greater level of nomophobia (adj Cum OR = 1.56 and 1.44, respectively, p values ≤ 0.008). It was observed that low self-esteem and nomophobia are closely connected. Further investigation into this particular issue is needed to explore potential causality between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissavet Vagka
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Charalambos Gnardellis
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture, University of Patras, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece
| | - Areti Lagiou
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece
| | - Venetia Notara
- Laboratory of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, 11521 Athens, Greece
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James RJE, Dixon G, Dragomir MG, Thirlwell E, Hitcham L. Understanding the construction of 'behavior' in smartphone addiction: A scoping review. Addict Behav 2023; 137:107503. [PMID: 36228362 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
It has been claimed that smartphone usage constitutes a behavioral addiction, characterised by compulsive, excessive use of one's phone and psychological withdrawal or distress when the phone is absent. However, there is uncertainty about key phenomenological and conceptual details of smartphone addiction. One of the central problems has been understanding the processes that link smartphone usage, and addiction. The question this paper aims to answer is straightforward: based on measures utilised in the literature, what does 'behavior' mean in the context of smartphone addiction? A scoping review of the smartphone addiction literature was undertaken. This identified 1305 studies collecting smartphone addiction data. Just under half (49.89%) of all published smartphone addiction papers did not report the collection of any smartphone specific behaviors. Those that did tended to focus on a small cluster of self-reported behaviors capturing volume of overall use: hours spent using a smartphone per day, number of pickups, duration of smartphone ownership, and types of app used. Approximately 10% of papers used logged behavioral data on phones. Although the theoretical literature places increasing focus on context and patterns of use, measurements of behavior tend to focus on broad, volumetric measures. The number of studies reporting behavior has decreased over time, suggesting smartphone addiction is becoming increasingly trait-like. Both major phone operating systems have proprietary apps that collected behavioral data by default, and research in the field should take advantage of these capabilities when measuring smartphone usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J E James
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham. University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.
| | - Grace Dixon
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham. University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Maria-Gabriela Dragomir
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham. University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Edie Thirlwell
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham. University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Hitcham
- School of Psychology, University of Nottingham. University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
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Tuco KG, Castro-Diaz SD, Soriano-Moreno DR, Benites-Zapata VA. Prevalence of Nomophobia in University Students: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthc Inform Res 2023; 29:40-53. [PMID: 36792100 PMCID: PMC9932304 DOI: 10.4258/hir.2023.29.1.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of nomophobia in university students. METHODS A systematic search was conducted of the following databases: Web of Science/ Core Collection, Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Ovid/ MEDLINE until March 2021. Cross-sectional studies reporting the prevalence of nomophobia in undergraduate or postgraduate university students that assessed nomophobia with the 20-item Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) tool were included. Study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment were performed in duplicate. A meta-analysis of proportions was performed using a random-effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using sensitivity analysis according to the risk of bias, and subgrouping by country, sex, and major. RESULTS We included 28 cross-sectional studies with a total of 11,300 participants from eight countries, of which 23 were included in the meta-analysis. The prevalence of mild nomophobia was 24% (95% confidence interval [CI], 20%-28%; I2 = 95.3%), that of moderate nomophobia was 56% (95% CI, 53%-60%; I2 = 91.2%), and that of severe nomophobia was 17% (95% CI, 15%-20%; I2 = 91.7%). Regarding countries, Indonesia had the highest prevalence of severe nomophobia (71%) and Germany had the lowest (3%). The prevalence was similar according to sex and major. CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of moderate and severe nomophobia in university students. Interventions are needed to prevent and treat this problem in educational institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly G. Tuco
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima,
Peru
| | - Sharong D. Castro-Diaz
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima,
Peru
| | - David R. Soriano-Moreno
- Clinical and Epidemiological Research Unit, School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima,
Peru
| | - Vicente A. Benites-Zapata
- Research Unit for the Generation and Synthesis of Health Evidence, Research Vice-rectorate, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, Lima,
Peru
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Achangwa C, Ryu HS, Lee JK, Jang JD. Adverse Effects of Smartphone Addiction among University Students in South Korea: A Systematic Review. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 11:14. [PMID: 36611474 PMCID: PMC9818487 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11010014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Globally there has been an exponential increase in the penetration of smartphones among the youth population and smartphones have become indispensable in the daily lives of university students in South Korea. Several studies have associated the problematic use of smartphones or addiction with different adverse outcomes. The goal of this study was to collate empirical evidence and provides an overall synthesis of the literature about the adverse effects of smartphone addiction on university students in South Korea. METHOD We carried out a systematic review of the published literature between August and October 2022 on the adverse effects of smartphone addiction on university students in South Korea, published between 2012 and 2022 in Pubmed/Medline, PsycInfo, Embase, Biomed-Central, Web of Science, Directory of Open Access Journals, Elsevier's collection, Wiley Online Library, SpringerLink, Sage Journal's collection and Cochrane Library. RESULTS Thirty-four articles published between 2012 and 2022 were included in the synthesis of this review. Eight studies explored the association between smartphone addiction and the psychological and mental health of university students in Korea. Smartphone addiction was associated with physical health leading to sleep disorders and musculoskeletal and neurological problems. Academic performance, procrastination, impulsivity, self-esteem, reduced social interaction, solitude, and suicide were also negatively associated with smartphone addiction. CONCLUSIONS Our study adds to the literature regarding the adverse effects of smartphone addiction on university students in Korea and provides more information for addiction prevention and health promotion activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Achangwa
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, The Graduate School, Konyang University 709 Ho, Myeongkok Medical Building 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Sik Ryu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, 685 Gasuwon-Dong Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kwang Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Konyang University Hospital, 685 Gasuwon-Dong Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Dong Jang
- Department of Public Health and Welfare, The Graduate School, Konyang University 709 Ho, Myeongkok Medical Building 158, Gwanjeodong-ro, Seo-gu, Daejeon 35365, Republic of Korea
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Hussien RM. The association between nomophobia and loneliness among the general population in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. MIDDLE EAST CURRENT PSYCHIATRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43045-022-00235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Nomophobia progresses through phases (initiation, affirmation, need, and dependency), similarly to addiction, and manifests in a variety of ways, including socially, physiologically, and physically. The objective of the study is to examine the association between nomophobia and feelings of loneliness among a sample of the general population from the KSA. Data were gathered between 5 March and 5 April 2022 using a descriptive, cross-sectional survey design. Five hundred twenty-six participants make up the sample for this study. The information is gathered using a sociodemographic data sheet, Internet usage profiles, a nomophobia questionnaire, and the Loneliness Scale.
Results
The majority of people in the study sample use the Internet for between 4 and 9 h, most immediately in the morning, on waking, for gaming, and for social communication. For nomophobia levels among the study population, the highest percentage is for a moderate level of nomophobia, with the highest means being for factor 1 (unable to communicate), followed by factor 4 (giving up convenience). They also have a moderate level of loneliness.
Conclusions
The multivariate analysis shows that the total loneliness score is strongly and positively correlated with the total nomophobia score and its four factors and the duration of daily mobile Internet use. There are also negative correlations with age and education level. Additionally, the overall nomophobia score has an inverse relationship with income level and age, but a high relationship with the frequency of daily mobile Internet use. The study suggests that there is a need for psychoeducation for a variety of sociodemographic groups to raise awareness about the psychological repercussions of nomophobia, practices that will help to reduce the time spent online for arbitrary reasons, to discover new and entertaining ways of communicating with each other.
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Nurmala I, Nadhiroh SR, Pramukti I, Tyas LW, Zari AP, Griffiths MD, Lin CY. Reliability and validity study of the Indonesian Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS) among college students. Heliyon 2022; 8:e10403. [PMID: 36090230 PMCID: PMC9449775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective Smartphone addiction, smartphone dependence, and compulsive smartphone use all describe similar phenomena that can cause problems in everyday daily life in many countries worldwide. Most scholars agree that it is the applications on smartphones that individuals have problems with rather than the smartphone itself. For this reason, smartphone application-based addiction is an issue of concern and one instrument has been specifically developed to assess this risk, namely, the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS). Although the SABAS has been translated into a number of languages, it has not been translated or validated into Indonesian. Methods The SABAS was translated into Bahasa Indonesian utilizing a cross-cultural method to ensure its linguistic validity. The linguistic validity of the Indonesian SABAS was ensured using international standard translation guidelines. Moreover, reliability and validity testing of the translated Indonesian SABAS were carried out using Cronbach's α, McDonald's ω, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and correlations with psychometric scales assessing psychological distress and nomophobia. Results Using a sample of 458 participants (mean age = 22.46 years), reliability tests showed that the Indonesian SABAS was acceptable (Cronbach α = 0.74; McDonald's ω = 0.79). Construct validity of the Indonesian SABAS was supported by satisfactory CFA fit indices; concurrent validity supported by good correlations with psychological distress (r = 0.50) and nomophobia (r = 0.61). Conclusions The Indonesian version of SABAS is valid and reliable to be used for assessing the risk of smartphone application-based addiction in college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira Nurmala
- Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Siti Rahayu Nadhiroh
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Iqbal Pramukti
- Department of Community Health Nursing, Faculty of Nursing, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia
| | - Laila Wahyuning Tyas
- Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Afina Puspita Zari
- Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
| | - Chung-Ying Lin
- Department of Epidemiology Population Biostatistics and Health Promotion Behavioral Sciences, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Indonesia
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Biostatistics Consulting Center, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
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Using nomophobia severity to predict illegal smartphone use while driving. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2022.100190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Polat F, Delibaş L, Bilir İ. The relationship between nomophobia level and worry severity in future healthcare professional candidates. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:339-347. [PMID: 33821485 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This descriptive study was conducted to determine the relationship between nomophobia level and anxiety severity among university students. DESIGN AND METHODS The study was completed with a total of 745 students. A descriptive questionnaire and the nomophobia questionnaire and measure of worry severity. Descriptive statistics, correlation analyses were used. FINDING It was found positive correlation was determined between the nomophobia level and severity of anxiety. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS İndividuals with nomophobia should be given the necessary assistance before the current situation worsens. Information about the correct use of the smartphone should be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filiz Polat
- Department of Midwife, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Faculty of Health Sciences, Osmaniye, Turkey
| | - Leyla Delibaş
- Department of Dialysis, Hasan Kalyoncu University Vocational School, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Bilir
- Department of First and Emergency Aid, Hasan Kalyoncu University Vocational School, Gaziantep, Turkey
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Notara V, Vagka E, Gnardellis C, Lagiou A. The Emerging Phenomenon of Nomophobia in Young Adults: A Systematic Review Study. ADDICTION & HEALTH 2021; 13:120-136. [PMID: 34703533 PMCID: PMC8519611 DOI: 10.22122/ahj.v13i2.309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Background Nomophobia (No MObile PHone PhoBIA) refers to the worry or fear that individuals experience when they are without their mobile phone or they are unable to use it. The term was first coined in 2008 and it is considered a modern type of phobia. The aim of the present study was to retrieve and review the most relevant literature on the prevalence of nomophobia and its relationship with psychosocial and physical health among young adults. Methods A systematic literature review was conducted according the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for original papers on the phenomenon of nomophobia in young adults using the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) as the main measuring instrument. The literature was focused on the 3 main topics of prevalence and level of nomophobia, nomophobia and psychosocial effects, and nomophobia and physical health in young adults. Findings The initial literature corpus consisted of 370 articles of which 40 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in detail. Nomophobia was observed among 15.2%-99.7% of the participants. Research findings indicated increased psychological, emotional, social, and physical side effects due to excessive smartphone use. Conclusion The excessive use of the smartphone is an emerging threat for social, mental, and physical health. There is an increased need for further research in this regard as it is evolving into an epidemic outbreak and concerns directly the field of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venetia Notara
- Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Elissavet Vagka
- Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Charalampos Gnardellis
- Department of Animal Production, Fisheries ans Aquaculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Areti Lagiou
- Department of Public and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
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Longitudinal Relationships between Nomophobia, Addictive Use of Social Media, and Insomnia in Adolescents. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:healthcare9091201. [PMID: 34574975 PMCID: PMC8471181 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9091201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Temporal relationships between nomophobia (anxiety related to ‘no mobile phone phobia’), addictive use of social media, and insomnia are understudied. The present study aimed to use a longitudinal design to investigate temporal relationships between nomophobia, addictive use of social media, and insomnia among Iranian adolescents; (2) Methods: A total of 1098 adolescents (600 males; 54.6%; age range = 13 to 19) were recruited from 40 randomly selected classes in Qazvin, Iran. They completed baseline assessments. The same cohort was invited to complete three follow-up assessments one month apart. Among the 1098 adolescents, 812 (400 males; 49.3%; age range = 13 to 18) completed the baseline and three follow-up assessments. In each assessment, the participants completed three questionnaires, including the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS), and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI); (3) Results: Multilevel linear mixed-effects regression analyses showed that participants demonstrated increased insomnia longitudinally over 3 months (B = 0.12 and 0.19; p = 0.003 and <0.001). Insomnia was associated with nomophobia (B = 0.20; p < 0.001) and addictive use of social media (B = 0.49; p < 0.001). Nomophobia and addictive use of social media interacted with time in associations with insomnia as demonstrated by significant interaction terms (B = 0.05; p < 0.001 for nomophobia; B = 0.13; p < 0.001 for addictive use of social media); (4) Conclusions: Both nomophobia and addictive use of social media are potential risk factors for adolescent insomnia. The temporal relationship between the three factors suggests that parents, policymakers, and healthcare providers may target reducing nomophobia and addictive use of social media to improve adolescents’ sleep.
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Fryman S, Romine W. Measuring smartphone dependency and exploration of consequences and comorbidities. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2021.100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Prodanova J, Kocarev L. Is job performance conditioned by work-from-home demands and resources? TECHNOLOGY IN SOCIETY 2021; 66:101672. [PMID: 34840365 PMCID: PMC8604346 DOI: 10.1016/j.techsoc.2021.101672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Substantial research has been dedicated to describing remote work, yet the understanding of working from home since the Covid-19 pandemic remains rather limited. While recognising the necessity for exploring employees' perceptions and interaction with technology as the ultimate requirement for a functional work-from-home, this study observes the factors that would determine job performance. Thus, adhering to the Job Demands-Resources theory, we argue that employees' ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) anxiety and smartphone addiction can inhibit their work progress by provoking interruptions in the course and reducing the efficacy, further affecting performance. PLS-SEM (Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modelling) was employed to analyse the data collected by 363 employees working from home due to Covid-19 restrictive measures. The results reveal that employees' reluctance and apprehensiveness related to the use of ICT and their dependency on smartphone usage act as distractions that impact the efficient achievement of work goals. The ensued findings valuably contribute to the relevant body of knowledge, while the implications offer helpful strategies for improving work-from-home. Finally, companies must simplify the transition to the home office, providing employees with job management and tools to ensure uninterrupted and productive working processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Prodanova
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Macedonia
- Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Universidad de Burgos, Spain
| | - Ljupco Kocarev
- Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Macedonia
- Faculty of Computer Science and Engineering, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Macedonia
- University of California, San Diego, USA
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Marletta G, Trani S, Rotolo G, Di Monte MC, Sarli L, Artioli G, La Torre P, Pedrazzi G. Nomophobia in healthcare: an observational study between nurses and students. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2021; 92:e2021031. [PMID: 34328137 PMCID: PMC8383234 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v92is2.11505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The abuse of technical devices can be considered a form of addiction that is defined in current literature as Nomophobia. The phenomenon appears to be quite widespread among nurses and nursing students, and nomophobic behaviours of professionals can lead to a reduction in the quality of the care provided. The aim of this study is to investigate the situation in a University and in a hospital in northern Italy and evaluate the levels of nomophobia among nurses and students. METHODS An observational study was conducted with a questionnaire using a sample of nursing students and nurses. Both of the studies had the common goal of investigating the levels of nomophobia and evaluate the comparison between the two groups. RESULTS In general, neither nurses nor students seem to demonstrate nomophobia's critical levels. The comparison of the daily use of the smartphone between nurses and students shows that the frequent use of students is balanced by the nurses' daily trend line that progressively decreases. Both nurses and students affirm to use their smartphones at work with a certain frequency although, especially among the students, it is usually for appropriate and justified reasons. CONCLUSIONS It is necessary to consider the development of an educational project that regulates the use of smartphones, explaining the meaning of nomophobia, right from the first year of the University experience so as to correctly address the students' (and future professionals') behaviours to make them aware of the misuse of mobile phones, especially in the clinical setting that can easily cause distractions and consequently irreversible errors.
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Simplifying the Measurement of College Students' Career Planning: the Development of Career Student Planning Scale during the COVID-19 Pandemic. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS 2021; 2:e4. [PMID: 34192226 PMCID: PMC7847742 DOI: 10.1017/exp.2020.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We created a new, 8-item scale called "Career Student Planning Scale (CSPS)" for a valid and reliable measure regarding college students' career planning during a traumatic event, such as a pandemic. CSPS is conceptually similar to the career decision-making difficulty questionnaire (CDDQ) and the career decision self-efficacy (CDSE) scale. CSPS leans towards questions about college students' perceptions about career planning, rather than intuitions about career decision-making; it also inquires about how participants conceptualize about their career plans to be correct, rather than the more extreme idea about how their intuitions are correct: we developed this scale to capture the latter construct. We included the coronavirus anxiety scale (CAS), CDDQ, the general procrastination scale (GPS), and the CDSE short form (CDSE-SF) as covariates to ensure that CSPS has distinct effects on their career paths. Our findings indicate the CSPS has acceptable psychometric properties and demonstrates a valuable input to those measures.
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The Prevalence of Nomophobia by Population and by Research Tool: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Meta-Regression. PSYCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/psych3020019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: No systematic review or meta-analysis has yet been performed to examine the global prevalence of nomophobia by population, by instrument. Thus, this review was performed to estimate the prevalence of nomophobia by severity. Methods: American Psychological Association PsycINFO, Cochrane, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), EBSCOhost, EMBASE, MEDLINE, ProQuest Medical, ScienceDirect, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception of each respective database to second week of January 2021 were used. There was no language restriction. The random-effect meta-analysis model was used with the DerSimonian and Laird methodology was used for computation. Results: Twenty papers, involving 12,462 participants from ten countries, were evaluated for meta-analysis. The prevalence of moderate to severe nomophobia is 70.76% [95% CI 62.62%; 77.75%]. The prevalence of severe nomophobia is 20.81% [95% CI 15.45%; 27.43%]. University students appeared to be the highest group affected with a prevalence of severe nomophobia 25.46% [95% CI 18.49%; 33.98%]. Meta-regressions of severe nomophobia showed that age and sex were not a successful predictor of severe nomophobia β = −0.9732, p = 0.2672 and β = −0.9732, p = 0.4986. Conclusions: The prevalence of severe nomophobia is approximately 21% in the general adult population. University students appeared to be the most impacted by the disorder.
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Rodríguez-García AM, Marín-Marín JA, López-Núñez JA, Moreno-Guerrero AJ. Do Age and Educational Stage Influence No-Mobile-Phone Phobia? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094450. [PMID: 33922221 PMCID: PMC8122705 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Technological progress not only brings with it resources that improve and facilitate the day-to-day life of the people who make up society but also entails health risks, with the emergence of terms, such as nomophobia, which is considered an anxiety disorder produced by the fear that not having a mobile phone generates in a person. This research aims to identify the relationship and influence between levels of nomophobia and the age or educational stage of students. The research method is based on a correlational and predictive design of quantitative methodology. The instrument used is the NMP-Q questionnaire. The study population is students from different educational stages (obligatory secondary education, baccalaureate, vocational training and university). The results show that students over 12 years old present an average level of “nomophobia” (no-mobile-phone phobia), namely, not being able to communicate with the family where the highest levels are presented. We conclude that students over 12 years of age and of any educational stage present an average level of nomophobia, and it cannot be determined that either the educational stage or the age are determining factors in the presentation of this problem. This can occur at any age and at any level of the different educational stages, although there are risk indicators that we should bear in mind to avoid the appearance of nomophobia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José-Antonio Marín-Marín
- Department of Didactics and School Organization, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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Vezzoli M, Colombo A, Marano A, Zoccatelli G, Zogmaister C. Test for Mobile phone dependence: psychometric properties and confirmatory factor analysis. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe Test of Mobile Phone Dependence (TMD) is a questionnaire designed for appraising the main dimensions of problematic smartphone use in adolescence. This study evaluates the factor structure and psychometric properties of the TMD on a sample of 813 Italian middle and high school students. The original three-factor model (Abstinence, Lack of Control, and Tolerance) of the TMD was tested through a Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The results of the goodness of fit indices indicated a satisfactory solution. The overall TMD score showed a good level of internal consistency and good construct validity with the duration of use, age of possession of the first mobile phone, perceived self-efficacy, gender, and participants’ age. The relationship between TMD and Nomophobia was also explored. Overall, the results indicate that the TMD is a valid and reliable assessment tool in Italian culture. However, reliability issues emerged on the subfactor Lack of Control. This indicates that the scores on this subfactor should be treated with caution.
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Robayo-Pinzon O, Foxall GR, Montoya-Restrepo LA, Rojas-Berrio S. Does excessive use of smartphones and apps make us more impulsive? An approach from behavioural economics. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06104. [PMID: 33644439 PMCID: PMC7887400 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Problematic smartphone use has been associated with negative effects in work and school environments. This study proposes the application of a behavioural economics perspective to establish whether heavy smartphone users show a tendency to devalue the consequences of their behaviour in the long term. To address this proposition, the study sought to establish how an objective measurement of usage time of smartphones and apps might help to predict, firstly, participants' choice behaviour and, secondly, their perceived dependence levels. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH An objective measurement of the usage time of smartphones and apps was conducted over four weeks (N = 560 data points), and a computer-based intertemporal choice task and the Spanish version of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) were applied. The participants were twenty undergraduate college students. FINDINGS Although the usage time of devices and apps failed to predict the choice behaviour, a correlation was found between the total usage time of smartphones and WhatsApp and Facebook apps and users' dependence level. On the other hand, dependence had a positive effect on the average selection of the impulsive choice. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This paper proposes the application of a behavioural economics perspective to explore the relationship between objectively measured usage time of smartphone and apps, choice behaviours in an intertemporal task and users' perceived dependence levels. This allows us to consider an alternative to the traditional psychiatric approach in an environment of increasing access to and use of mobile digital platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Robayo-Pinzon
- School of Marketing and Branding, Institucion Universitaria Politecnico Grancolombiano, Bogota, Colombia
- School of Business Administration, Universidad del Rosario, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Gordon R. Foxall
- Cardiff Business School, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3EU, UK
- School of Management, Reykjavik University, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | | | - Sandra Rojas-Berrio
- Department of Economics, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Branch of Bogota, Carrera 45 No. 26-85 Edificio 311, Cuarto Piso Oficina 10B Bogota, Colombia
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Throuvala MA, Pontes HM, Tsaousis I, Griffiths MD, Rennoldson M, Kuss DJ. Exploring the Dimensions of Smartphone Distraction: Development, Validation, Measurement Invariance, and Latent Mean Differences of the Smartphone Distraction Scale (SDS). Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:642634. [PMID: 33762981 PMCID: PMC7982468 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.642634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Distraction is a functional emotion regulation strategy utilized to relieve emotional distress. Within the attention economy perspective, distraction is increasingly associated with digital technology use, performance impairments and interference with higher-order cognitive processes. Research on smartphone distraction and its association with problematic smartphone use is still scarce and there is no available psychometric assessment tool to assess this cognitive and emotive process parsimoniously. Method: The present study reports the development and evaluation of the psychometric properties of the Smartphone Distraction Scale (SDS) through exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, construct validity, gender invariance, and latent mean differences. The study was conducted in a sample of British university students (N = 1,001; M = 21.10 years, SD = 2.77). Results: The 16-item SDS was best conceptualized in a four-factor model solution comprising attention impulsiveness, online vigilance, emotion regulation, and multitasking. Construct validity was established using relevant psychosocial and mental health measures, with SDS scores being moderately associated with deficient self-regulation and problematic social media use. Gender measurement invariance was achieved at the configural, metric, and scalar levels, and latent mean differences indicated that females had significantly higher means than males across all four SDS latent factors. Discussion: The SDS presents with several strengths, including its theoretical grounding, relatively short length, and sound psychometric properties. The SDS enables the assessment of distraction, which appears to be one of the pathways to problematic smartphone use facilitating overuse and overreliance on smartphones for emotion regulation processes. The assessment of distraction in relation to problematic use in vulnerable populations may facilitate interventions that could encourage metacognition and benefit these groups by allowing sustained productivity in an increasingly disrupted work and social environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina A Throuvala
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Halley M Pontes
- Department of Organizational Psychology, Birkbeck, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ioannis Tsaousis
- Department of Psychology, University of Crete, Rethymnon, Greece
| | - Mark D Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mike Rennoldson
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - Daria J Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Luo J, Ren S, Li Y, Liu T. The Effect of College Students' Adaptability on Nomophobia: Based on Lasso Regression. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:641417. [PMID: 34777032 PMCID: PMC8585762 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.641417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Smartphones can improve our lives, but also consume our lives. It is known that problematic mobile phone use, such as nomophobia, can lead to some mental health problems. So far, psychological factors behind nomophobia were yet to be fully discovered. Previous studies showed that individuals' adaptability was closely related to nomophobia. However, adaptability was a complex construct that contains various components, and it was unclear whether these components contributed equally to nomophobia. This study investigated 678 college students by using Chinese versions of the nomophobia questionnaire, mobile phone addiction tendency scale, and freshmen adaptability scale. Lasso regression was used to further explore the key factors that could affect nomophobia. Model results showed that the value of λ+1se was [0.303, 0.423] at the minimum mean squared error in the training data. Emotional adaptability significantly predicted the fear of being unable to access information (β = -0.022, p < 0.001), losing convenience (β = -0.067, p < 0.001), and losing Internet connection (β = -0.003, p < 0.01) after λ+1se was included in the testing data, and the R 2 were 0.496, 0.483, and 0.493. Homesickness adaptability significantly predicted the fear of losing contact (β = -0.056, p < 0.05), and R 2 was 0.508. In addition, similar results were obtained by using datasets of mobile phone addiction and adaptability. Therefore, we concluded that the emotional adaptability has an important effect on nomophobia. Additionally, we also found that homesickness adaptability has an important role in predicting fear of losing contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, South Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Shixiu Ren
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Assessment for Basic Education Quality, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxin Li
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tour Liu
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of the Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Social Science Laboratory of Students' Mental Development and Learning, Tianjin, China
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Arpaci I, Gundogan S. Mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between mindfulness and nomophobia. BRITISH JOURNAL OF GUIDANCE & COUNSELLING 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/03069885.2020.1856330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Arpaci
- Department of Computer Education and Instructional Technology, Tokat Gaziosmanpasa University, Tokat, Turkey
| | - Selim Gundogan
- Department of Educational Sciences, Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University, Niğde, Turkey
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Lee S, McDonough IM, Mendoza JS, Brasfield MB, Enam T, Reynolds C, Pody BC. Cellphone addiction explains how cellphones impair learning for lecture materials. APPLIED COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/acp.3745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seungyeon Lee
- School of Social & Behavioral Sciences University of Arkansas at Monticello Monticello Arkansas 71656
| | - Ian M. McDonough
- Department of Psychology The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487
| | - Jessica S. Mendoza
- Department of Psychology The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487
| | | | - Tasnuva Enam
- Department of Psychology The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487
| | - Catherine Reynolds
- Department of Psychology The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487
| | - Benjamin C. Pody
- Department of Psychology The University of Alabama Tuscaloosa Alabama 35487
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Torpil B, Ünsal E, Yıldız E, Pekçetin S. Relationship between nomophobia and occupational performance among university students. Br J Occup Ther 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/0308022620950984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Nomophobia is a contemporary phobia that emerged in the digital age and is becoming increasingly common. University students are at higher risk for nomophobia. This study aims to develop an understanding of nomophobic university students’ problem areas in their daily occupations. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted with 181 university students between January and March 2020. The Nomophobia Questionnaire was used to determine the students’ level of nomophobia and they were separated into groups based on nomophobia severity. The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure was used to determine the students’ occupational performance and satisfaction in the occupations they identified as being most problematic for them. Canadian Occupational Performance Measure scores were compared between nomophobia severity groups. Results All students in the study had some degree of nomophobia (mild = 56, moderate = 95, severe = 30). Canadian Occupational Performance Measure performance and satisfaction scores were significantly lower in students with severe nomophobia compared to the mild/moderately nomophobic students ( p<.05). The occupations of greatest concern were in the areas of productivity (studying, 20.89%), self-care (sleeping, 9.87%), and leisure (doing sport, 8.23%). Conclusion This study demonstrated a relationship between nomophobia and occupational performance difficulties in university students. Occupational therapists should consider nomophobia when evaluating occupational performance difficulties in university students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berkan Torpil
- Occupational Therapy Department, Faculty of Gülhane Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Esra Ünsal
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ebru Yıldız
- Occupational Therapy Department, Faculty of Hamidiye Health Sciences, University of Health Sciences Turkey, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Serkan Pekçetin
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medipol University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Kaviani F, Robards B, Young KL, Koppel S. Nomophobia: Is the Fear of Being without a Smartphone Associated with Problematic Use? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176024. [PMID: 32824979 PMCID: PMC7504166 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mobile phones are changing behaviour, relationships, communication and the dynamics of physical environments. As such, reliance on the device for everyday activities has increased. Consequently, "nomophobia", defined as the fear of being without one's mobile phone, has emerged as a new phobia. The current study aimed to determine if nomophobia can increase the likelihood of problematic dependent, prohibited and dangerous mobile phone use. The sample comprised 2838 participants (males n = 1337 females n = 1501) recruited from various online platforms. The instrument used to measure nomophobia was the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q), while problematic mobile phone use was measured using the Problematic Mobile Phone Use Questionnaire (PMPUQ-R). The findings revealed a strong positive correlation between nomophobia and all three problematic use factors. In addition to nomophobia, regression models revealed younger age and more time spent on a mobile phone per day significantly increased problematic dependency, prohibited use and dangerous use. Males were more likely to engage in prohibited and dangerous use, while no significant gender differences were found in dependent use. These findings support the need for further research into the relationship between nomophobia and specific aspects of problematic mobile phone use, such as using a mobile phone while driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fareed Kaviani
- Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia
- Correspondence:
| | - Brady Robards
- School of Social Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia;
| | - Kristie L. Young
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia; (K.L.Y.); (S.K.)
| | - Sjaan Koppel
- Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Australia; (K.L.Y.); (S.K.)
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Gonçalves S, Dias P, Correia AP. Nomophobia and lifestyle: Smartphone use and its relationship to psychopathologies. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chbr.2020.100025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Throuvala MA, Griffiths MD, Rennoldson M, Kuss DJ. Mind over Matter: Testing the Efficacy of an Online Randomized Controlled Trial to Reduce Distraction from Smartphone Use. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4842. [PMID: 32635650 PMCID: PMC7369880 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests a growing call for the prevention of excessive smartphone and social media use and the ensuing distraction that arises affecting academic achievement and productivity. A ten-day online randomized controlled trial with the use of smartphone apps, engaging participants in mindfulness exercises, self-monitoring and mood tracking, was implemented amongst UK university students (n = 143). Participants were asked to complete online pre- and post-intervention assessments. Results indicated high effect sizes in reduction of smartphone distraction and improvement scores on a number of self-reported secondary psychological outcomes. The intervention was not effective in reducing habitual behaviours, nomophobia, or time spent on social media. Mediation analyses demonstrated that: (i) emotional self-awareness but not mindful attention mediated the relationship between intervention effects and smartphone distraction, and (ii) online vigilance mediated the relationship between smartphone distraction and problematic social media use. The present study provides preliminary evidence of the efficacy of an intervention for decreased smartphone distraction and highlights psychological processes involved in this emergent phenomenon in the smartphone literature. Online interventions may serve as complementary strategies to reduce distraction levels and promote insight into online engagement. More research is required to elucidate the mechanisms of digital distraction and assess its implications in problematic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina A. Throuvala
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (M.D.G.); (D.J.K.)
| | - Mark D. Griffiths
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (M.D.G.); (D.J.K.)
| | - Mike Rennoldson
- Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK;
| | - Daria J. Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit, Psychology Department, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4FQ, UK; (M.D.G.); (D.J.K.)
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Gurbuz IB, Ozkan G. What is Your Level of Nomophobia? An Investigation of Prevalence and Level of Nomophobia Among Young People in Turkey. Community Ment Health J 2020; 56:814-822. [PMID: 31902048 DOI: 10.1007/s10597-019-00541-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This research was conducted to measure the nomophobia levels of young people. The sample of the study consisted of 400 young people living in rural districts of Bursa province in Turkey. The results show that 8.5% of the youth was severely nomophobic, 71.5% were moderate and 20.0% were mildly nomophobic. There was no statistically significant difference between gender and working status and nomophobia level but statistically significant differences were encountered between age and educational status. As young people's age increased, the levels of nomophobia they suffer decreased. They asserted a higher level of nomophobia during high school years. Despite a slight decrease in university years, students' nomophobia levels were higher than the graduates and working youth. When the sub-dimensions of the scale were examined, the 'avoidance' and 'conflict' factors were above the NoSmartPhone Scale (NSPS) mean score, but the interwind identity and attachment factors were below the mean score.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ismail Bulent Gurbuz
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Gulay Ozkan
- Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, 16059, Bursa, Turkey
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Psychometric Properties of the Italian Version of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS). Int J Ment Health Addict 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11469-020-00222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe aim of the present study was to test the psychometric properties of the Italian version of the Smartphone Application-Based Addiction Scale (SABAS; Csibi et al., International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 16, 393–403, 2018), a short and easy to use six-item tool for screening the risk of addiction to smartphone-based applications. A further goal was to explore the impact on smartphone addiction of several variables related to smartphone use habits, perceived quality of life, and sociability measures. The data were collected online from 205 Italian-speaking volunteers (128 males and 77 females aged 18 to 99 years). The psychometric instruments included in the study were the SABAS and the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q). Psychometric testing showed that the six items included in the SABAS comprised a unidimensional factor with good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha = .890). Therefore, the SABAS appears to be a reliable instrument to assess the risk of addiction to smartphone apps. Moreover, longer daily time spent using the smartphone was found to be positively correlated with the total SABAS and NMP-Q scores, while perceived quality of life and self-reported sociability were found to be negatively correlated with such scores.
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Rodríguez-García AM, Moreno-Guerrero AJ, López Belmonte J. Nomophobia: An Individual's Growing Fear of Being without a Smartphone-A Systematic Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E580. [PMID: 31963208 PMCID: PMC7013598 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review examines the current literature focused on nomophobia (objectives, methodological design, main variables, sample details, and measurement methods) in the Scopus and Web of Science databases. To this end, we conducted a systematic literature review in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines. The initial sample consisted of 142 articles, of which 42 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in detail. The findings show that the current research is in an exploratory phase, with a greater predominance of descriptive, nonexperimental, and cross-sectional studies that explore the prevalence of nomophobia mainly in adolescents and university students. The most widely used measurement instrument is the Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP-Q) proposed by Yildrim and Correia. In addition, the research suggests that nomophobia negatively affects personality, self-esteem, anxiety, stress, academic performance, and other physical and mental health problems. We are therefore faced with a health problem, which negatively affects a person, causing psychological problems and physical and behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jesús López Belmonte
- Department of Didactics and School Organization, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain; (A.-M.R.-G.); (A.-J.M.-G.)
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Determining Symptomatic Factors of Nomophobia in Peruvian Students from the National University of Engineering. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9091814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of cell phones has increased worldwide in the past few decades, particularly in children and adolescents. Using these electronic devices provides personal benefits. Communicating through cell phones was a very important factor in the socioeconomic progress of developed countries. However, it is beyond doubt that its indiscriminate use can bring up certain psychiatric disorders or cause some disorder in a person, within the phobic group of anxiety disorders called nomophobia; basically associated with anxiety, nervousness, discomfort, and distress when contact with the smartphone is lost, mainly in the youngest users. This research proposal aims to identify symptoms that have not yet been detected by unceasing cell phone use, considering that in Peru there are few studies of human health engineering and the physical mental health. For that reason, we sought to identify the symptomatic factors of nomophobia presented by students at the National University of Engineering and its interference with their academic life. To accomplish this study, we designed a questionnaire according to our reality with the use of focus groups techniques when the test was taken in class. Three symptomatic factors of nomophobia were identified: feelings of anxiety, compulsive smartphone use, and feelings of anxiety and panic. The study included a representative sample of 461 students in different years of study engineering (21% women, 79% men, over 17 years of age). Finally, given the widespread adoption of smartphones and their integration into educational environments, the results of this study can help educators understand students’ inclination to use their smartphones at all times.
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Association of excessive smartphone use with psychological well-being among university students in Chiang Mai, Thailand. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210294. [PMID: 30615675 PMCID: PMC6322718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite the pervasive use of smartphones among university students, there is still a dearth of research examining the association between smartphone use and psychological well-being among this population. The current study addresses this research gap by investigating the relationship between smartphone use and psychological well-being among university students in Thailand. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted from January to March 2018 among university students aged 18–24 years from the largest university in Chiang Mai, Thailand. The primary outcome was psychological well-being, and was assessed using the Flourishing Scale. Smartphone use, the primary independent variable, was measured by five items which had been adapted from the eight-item Young Diagnostic Questionnaire for Internet Addiction. All scores above the median value were defined as being indicative of excessive smartphone use. Results Out of the 800 respondents, 405 (50.6%) were women. In all, 366 (45.8%) students were categorized as being excessive users of smartphones. Students with excessive use of smartphones had lower scores the psychological well-being than those who did not use smartphone excessively (B = -1.60; P < 0.001). Female students had scores for psychological well-being that were, on average, 1.24 points higher than the scores of male students (P < 0.001). Conclusion This study provides some of the first insights into the negative association between excessive smartphone use and the psychological well-being of university students. Strategies designed to promote healthy smartphone use could positively impact the psychological well-being of students.
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