1
|
Liu Y, Han D, Parwani AV, Li Z. Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Breast Pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2023; 147:1003-1013. [PMID: 36800539 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2022-0457-ra] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Increasing implementation of whole slide imaging together with digital workflow and advances in computing capacity enable the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in pathology, including breast pathology. Breast pathologists often face a significant workload, with diagnosis complexity, tedious repetitive tasks, and semiquantitative evaluation of biomarkers. Recent advances in developing AI algorithms have provided promising approaches to meet the demand in breast pathology. OBJECTIVE.— To provide an updated review of AI in breast pathology. We examined the success and challenges of current and potential AI applications in diagnosing and grading breast carcinomas and other pathologic changes, detecting lymph node metastasis, quantifying breast cancer biomarkers, predicting prognosis and therapy response, and predicting potential molecular changes. DATA SOURCES.— We obtained data and information by searching and reviewing literature on AI in breast pathology from PubMed and based our own experience. CONCLUSIONS.— With the increasing application in breast pathology, AI not only assists in pathology diagnosis to improve accuracy and reduce pathologists' workload, but also provides new information in predicting prognosis and therapy response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Liu
- From the Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (Liu, Han)
| | - Dandan Han
- From the Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (Liu, Han)
| | - Anil V Parwani
- The Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus (Parwani, Li)
| | - Zaibo Li
- From the Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China (Liu, Han)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abele N, Tiemann K, Krech T, Wellmann A, Schaaf C, Länger F, Peters A, Donner A, Keil F, Daifalla K, Mackens M, Mamilos A, Minin E, Krümmelbein M, Krause L, Stark M, Zapf A, Päpper M, Hartmann A, Lang T. Noninferiority of Artificial Intelligence-Assisted Analysis of Ki-67 and Estrogen/Progesterone Receptor in Breast Cancer Routine Diagnostics. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100033. [PMID: 36931740 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2022.100033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Image analysis assistance with artificial intelligence (AI) has become one of the great promises over recent years in pathology, with many scientific studies being published each year. Nonetheless, and perhaps surprisingly, only few image AI systems are already in routine clinical use. A major reason for this is the missing validation of the robustness of many AI systems: beyond a narrow context, the large variability in digital images due to differences in preanalytical laboratory procedures, staining procedures, and scanners can be challenging for the subsequent image analysis. Resulting faulty AI analysis may bias the pathologist and contribute to incorrect diagnoses and, therefore, may lead to inappropriate therapy or prognosis. In this study, a pretrained AI assistance tool for the quantification of Ki-67, estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR) in breast cancer was evaluated within a realistic study set representative of clinical routine on a total of 204 slides (72 Ki-67, 66 ER, and 66 PR slides). This represents the cohort with the largest image variance for AI tool evaluation to date, including 3 staining systems, 5 whole-slide scanners, and 1 microscope camera. These routine cases were collected without manual preselection and analyzed by 10 participant pathologists from 8 sites. Agreement rates for individual pathologists were found to be 87.6% for Ki-67 and 89.4% for ER/PR, respectively, between scoring with and without the assistance of the AI tool regarding clinical categories. Individual AI analysis results were confirmed by the majority of pathologists in 95.8% of Ki-67 cases and 93.2% of ER/PR cases. The statistical analysis provides evidence for high interobserver variance between pathologists (Krippendorff's α, 0.69) in conventional immunohistochemical quantification. Pathologist agreement increased slightly when using AI support (Krippendorff α, 0.72). Agreement rates of pathologist scores with and without AI assistance provide evidence for the reliability of immunohistochemical scoring with the support of the investigated AI tool under a large number of environmental variables that influence the quality of the diagnosed tissue images.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Abele
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut für Pathologie, Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | - Till Krech
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | | | - Christian Schaaf
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Klinikum rechts der Isar of the TU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florian Länger
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anja Peters
- Institut für Pathologie, Städtisches Klinikum Lüneburg gGmbH, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Donner
- Zentrum für Pathologie, Zytologie und Molekularpathologie Neuss, Neuss, Germany
| | - Felix Keil
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Mamilos
- Institute of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Evgeny Minin
- Institute of Pathology, Clinical Center Osnabrueck, Osnabrueck, Germany
| | | | - Linda Krause
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Maria Stark
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonia Zapf
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Epidemiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Arndt Hartmann
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Institut für Pathologie, Erlangen, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Mueller S, Grote I, Bartels S, Kandt L, Christgen H, Lehmann U, Gluz O, Graeser M, Kates R, Harbeck N, Kreipe H, Christgen M. p53 Expression in Luminal Breast Cancer Correlates With TP53 Mutation and Primary Endocrine Resistance. Mod Pathol 2023; 36:100100. [PMID: 36788081 DOI: 10.1016/j.modpat.2023.100100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
TP53 mutation is associated with primary endocrine resistance in luminal breast cancer (BC). Nuclear accumulation of p53, as determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC), is a surrogate marker for TP53 mutation. The immunohistochemical p53 index that defines a p53-positive status is not well established. This study determined the optimal p53 index cutoff to identify luminal BCs harboring TP53 mutations. In total, 364 luminal BCs from the West German Study Group ADAPT trial (NCT01779206) were analyzed for TP53 mutations by next-generation sequencing and for p53 expression by IHC (DO-7 antibody). P53 indices were determined by automated image analysis. All tumors were from patients treated with short-term preoperative endocrine therapy (pET; tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitor) before tumor resection. IHC evaluation included needle biopsies before therapy (baseline) and resections specimens after therapy (post-pET). Optimal p53 index cutoffs were defined with Youden statistics. TP53 mutations were detected in 16.3% of BC cases. The median p53 indices were significantly higher in TP53-mutated BCs compared to BCs harboring wild-type TP53 (baseline: 47.0% vs 6.4%, P < .001; post-pET: 50.1% vs 1.1%, P < .001). Short-term pET decreased p53 indices in BCs harboring wild-type TP53 (P < .001) but not in TP53-mutated BCs (P = .102). For baseline biopsies, the optimal p53 index cutoff was ≥34.6% (specificity 0.92, sensitivity 0.63, Youden index 0.54, accuracy: 0.87). For post-pET specimens, the optimal cutoff was ≥25.3% (specificity 0.95, sensitivity 0.65, Youden index 0.60, accuracy: 0.90). Using these cutoffs to define the p53 status, p53-positive BCs were >2-fold more common in pET nonresponders compared to pET responders (baseline: 37/162, 22.8% vs 18/162, 11.1%, P = .007; post-pET: 36/179, 20.1% vs 16/179, 8.9%, P = .004). In summary, IHC for p53 identifies TP53-mutated luminal BCs with high specificity and accuracy. Optimal cutoffs are ≥35% and ≥25% for treatment-naïve and endocrine-pretreated patients, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Mueller
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Isabel Grote
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Bartels
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonie Kandt
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oleg Gluz
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany; Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany; Women's Clinic and Breast Center, University Clinics Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Graeser
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany; Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany; Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ron Kates
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany; Department of OB&GYN and CCC Munich, Breast Center, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Kreipe
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kreipe H, Harbeck N, Christgen M. Clinical validity and clinical utility of Ki67 in early breast cancer. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2022; 14:17588359221122725. [PMID: 36105888 PMCID: PMC9465566 DOI: 10.1177/17588359221122725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ki67 represents an immunohistochemical nuclear localized marker that is widely
used in surgical pathology. Nuclear immunoreactivity for Ki67 indicates that
cells are cycling and are in G1- to S-phase. The percentage of Ki67-positive
tumor cells (Ki67 index) therefore provides an estimate of the growth fraction
in tumor specimens. In breast cancer (BC), tumor cell proliferation rate is one
of the most relevant prognostic markers and Ki67 is consequently helpful in
prognostication similar to histological grading and mRNA profiling-based BC risk
stratification. In BCs treated with short-term preoperative endocrine therapy,
Ki67 dynamics enable distinguishing between endocrine sensitive and resistant
tumors. Despite its nearly universal use in pathology laboratories worldwide, no
internationally accepted consensus has yet been achieved for some methodological
details related to Ki67 immunohistochemistry (IHC). Controversial issues refer
to choice of IHC antibody clones, scoring methods, inter-laboratory
reproducibility, and the potential value of computer-assisted imaging analysis
and/or artificial intelligence for Ki67 assessment. Prospective clinical trials
focusing on BC treatment have proven that Ki67, as determined by standardized
central pathology assessment, is of clinical validity. Clinical utility has been
demonstrated in huge observational studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans Kreipe
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neubergstraße 1, Hannover 30625, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- Brustzentrum der Universität München (LMU) Frauenklinik Maistrasse-Innenstadt und Klinikum Großhadern, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nitz UA, Gluz O, Kümmel S, Christgen M, Braun M, Aktas B, Lüdtke-Heckenkamp K, Forstbauer H, Grischke EM, Schumacher C, Darsow M, Krauss K, Nuding B, Thill M, Potenberg J, Uleer C, Warm M, Fischer HH, Malter W, Hauptmann M, Kates RE, Gräser M, Würstlein R, Shak S, Baehner F, Kreipe HH, Harbeck N. Endocrine Therapy Response and 21-Gene Expression Assay for Therapy Guidance in HR+/HER2- Early Breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2022; 40:2557-2567. [PMID: 35404683 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.02759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To our knowledge, WSG-ADAPT-HR+/HER2- (NCT01779206; n = 5,625 registered) is the first trial combining the 21-gene expression assay (recurrence score [RS]) and response to 3-week preoperative endocrine therapy (ET) to guide systemic therapy in early breast cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS Baseline and postendocrine Ki67 (Ki67post) were evaluated centrally. In the endocrine trial, all patients received exclusively ET: patients with pathologic regional lymph node status (pN) 0-1 (ie, 0-3 involved lymph nodes) entered control arm if RS ≤ 11 and experimental arm if RS12-25 with ET response (Ki67post ≤ 10%). All other patients (including N0-1 RS12-25 without ET response) received dose-dense chemotherapy (CT) followed by ET in the CT trial. Primary end point of the endocrine trial was noninferiority of 5-year invasive disease-free survival (5y-iDFS) in experimental (v control) arm; secondary end points included distant DFS, overall survival, and translational research. RESULTS Intention-to-treat population comprised 2,290 patients (n = 1,422 experimental v n = 868 control): 26.3% versus 34.6% premenopausal and 27.4% versus 24.0% pN1. One-sided 95% lower confidence limit of the 5y-iDFS difference was -3.3%, establishing prespecified noninferiority (P = .05). 5y-iDFS was 92.6% (95% CI, 90.8 to 94.0) in experimental versus 93.9% (95% CI, 91.8 to 95.4) in control arm; 5-year distant DFS was 95.6% versus 96.3%, and 5-year overall survival 97.3% versus 98.0%, respectively. Differences were similar in age and nodal subgroups. In N0-1 RS12-25, outcome of ET responders (ET alone) was comparable with that of ET nonresponders (CT) for age > 50 years and superior for age ≤ 50 years. ET response was more likely with aromatase inhibitors (mostly postmenopausal) than with tamoxifen (mostly premenopausal): 78.1% versus 41.1% (P < .001). ET response was 78.8% in RS0-11, 62.2% in RS12-25, and 32.7% in RS > 25 (n = 4,203, P < .001). CONCLUSION WSG-ADAPT-HR+/HER2- demonstrates that guiding systemic treatment by both RS and ET response is feasible in clinical routine and spares CT in pre- and postmenopausal patients with ≤ 3 involved lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike A Nitz
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Breast Center Niederrhein, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Oleg Gluz
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Breast Center Niederrhein, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,University Clinics Cologne, Women's Clinic and Breast Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sherko Kümmel
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Breast Unit, Kliniken Essen-Mitte, Essen, Germany.,Clinic for Gynecology with Breast Center, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Michael Braun
- Department of Gynecology, Breast Center, Red Cross Hospital Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bahriye Aktas
- University Clinics Essen, Women's Clinic, Essen, Germany.,University Clinics Leipzig, Women's Clinic, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Maren Darsow
- Luisenhospital Duesseldorf, Practice for Senologic Oncology, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Katja Krauss
- University Clinics Aachen, Women's Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Benno Nuding
- Ev. Hospital Bergisch Gladbach, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Marc Thill
- Markus Hospital, Breast Center, Frankfurt, Germany
| | | | | | - Mathias Warm
- City Hospital Holweide, Breast Center, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Wolfram Malter
- University Clinics Cologne, Women's Clinic and Breast Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Hauptmann
- Institute of Biostatistics and Registry Research, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane, Neuruppin, Germany.,Faculty of Health Sciences, Joint Faculty of the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus - Senftenberg, the Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and the University of Potsdam, Neuruppin, Germany
| | | | - Monika Gräser
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Breast Center Niederrhein, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Rachel Würstlein
- Breast Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and CCC Munich, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Hans H Kreipe
- Medical School Hannover, Institute for Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Breast Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and CCC Munich, LMU University Hospital, Munich, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grote I, Bartels S, Christgen H, Radner M, Gronewold M, Kandt L, Raap M, Lehmann U, Gluz O, Graeser M, Kuemmel S, Nitz U, Harbeck N, Kreipe H, Christgen M. ERBB2 mutation is associated with sustained tumor cell proliferation after short-term preoperative endocrine therapy in early lobular breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2022; 35:1804-1811. [PMID: 35842479 PMCID: PMC9708567 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-022-01130-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Invasive lobular breast cancer (ILC) is a special breast cancer (BC) subtype and is mostly hormone receptor (HR)-positive and ERBB2 non-amplified. Endocrine therapy restrains tumor proliferation and is the mainstay of lobular BC treatment. Mutation of ERBB2 has been associated with recurrent ILC. However, it is unknown whether ERBB2 mutation impacts on the otherwise exquisite responsiveness of early ILC to endocrine therapy. We have recently profiled n = 622 HR-positive early BCs from the ADAPT trial for mutations in candidate genes involved in endocrine resistance, including ERBB2. All patients were treated with short-term preoperative endocrine therapy (pET, tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors) before tumor resection. Tumor proliferation after endocrine therapy (post-pET Ki67 index) was determined prospectively by standardized central pathology assessment supported by computer-assisted image analysis. Sustained or suppressed proliferation were defined as post-pET Ki67 ≥10% or <10%. Here, we report a subgroup analysis pertaining to ILCs in this cohort. ILCs accounted for 179/622 (28.8%) cases. ILCs were enriched in mutations in CDH1 (124/179, 69.3%, P < 0.0001) and ERBB2 (14/179, 7.8%, P < 0.0001), but showed fewer mutations in TP53 (7/179, 3.9%, P = 0.0048) and GATA3 (11/179, 6.1%, P < 0.0001). Considering all BCs irrespective of subtypes, ERBB2 mutation was not associated with proliferation. In ILCs, however, ERBB2 mutations were 3.5-fold more common in cases with sustained post-pET proliferation compared to cases with suppressed post-pET proliferation (10/75, 13.3% versus 4/104, 3.8%, P = 0.0248). Moreover, ERBB2 mutation was associated with high Oncotype DX recurrence scores (P = 0.0087). In summary, our findings support that ERBB2 mutation influences endocrine responsiveness in early lobular BC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Grote
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Bartels
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Henriette Christgen
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martin Radner
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Malte Gronewold
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonie Kandt
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mieke Raap
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oleg Gluz
- grid.476830.eWest German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,University Clinics Cologne, Women’s Clinic and Breast Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Monika Graeser
- grid.476830.eWest German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,grid.13648.380000 0001 2180 3484University Medical Center Hamburg, Department of Gynecology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sherko Kuemmel
- grid.476830.eWest German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,Clinics Essen-Mitte, Breast Unit, Essen, Germany ,grid.6363.00000 0001 2218 4662Charité, Women’s Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Nitz
- grid.476830.eWest German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- grid.476830.eWest German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany ,grid.5252.00000 0004 1936 973XLMU University Hospital, Breast Center, Department OB&GYN and CCC Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Kreipe
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Grote I, Bartels S, Kandt L, Bollmann L, Christgen H, Gronewold M, Raap M, Lehmann U, Gluz O, Nitz U, Kuemmel S, Zu Eulenburg C, Braun M, Aktas B, Grischke EM, Schumacher C, Luedtke-Heckenkamp K, Kates R, Wuerstlein R, Graeser M, Harbeck N, Christgen M, Kreipe H. TP53 mutations are associated with primary endocrine resistance in luminal early breast cancer. Cancer Med 2021; 10:8581-8594. [PMID: 34779146 PMCID: PMC8633262 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Whereas the genomic landscape of endocrine‐resistant breast cancer has been intensely characterized in previously treated cases with local or distant recurrence, comparably little is known about genomic alterations conveying primary non‐responsiveness to endocrine treatment in luminal early breast cancer. Methods In this study, 622 estrogen receptor‐expressing breast cancer cases treated with short‐term preoperative endocrine therapy (pET) from the WSG‐ADAPT trial (NCT01779206) were analyzed for genetic alterations associated with impaired endocrine proliferative response (EPR) to 3‐week pET with tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors. EPR was categorized as optimal (post‐pET Ki67 <10%) versus slightly, moderately, and severely impaired (post‐pET Ki67 10%–19%, 20%–34%, and ≥35%, respectively). Recently described gene mutations frequently found in previously treated advanced breast cancer were analyzed (ARID1A, BRAF, ERBB2, ESR1, GATA3, HRAS, KRAS, NRAS, PIK3CA, and TP53) by next‐generation sequencing. Amplifications of CCND1, FGFR1, ERBB2, and PAK1 were determined by digital PCR or fluorescence in situ hybridization. Results ERBB2 amplification (p = 0.0015) and mutations of TP53 (p < 0.0001) were significantly associated with impaired EPR. Impaired EPR in TP53‐mutated breast cancer cases was independent from the Oncotype DX Recurrence Score group and was seen both with tamoxifen‐ and aromatase inhibitor‐based pET (p = 0.0005 each). Conclusion We conclude that impaired EPR to pET is suitable to identify cases with primary endocrine resistance in early luminal breast cancer and that TP53‐mutated luminal cancers might not be sufficiently treated by endocrine therapy alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Grote
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephan Bartels
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leonie Kandt
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Bollmann
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Malte Gronewold
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mieke Raap
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Lehmann
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Oleg Gluz
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,University Clinics Cologne, Women's Clinic and Breast Center, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ulrike Nitz
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Sherko Kuemmel
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Clinics Essen-Mitte, Breast Unit, Essen, Germany.,Charité, Women's Clinic, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Bahriye Aktas
- University Clinics Essen, Women's Clinic, Essen, Germany.,University Clinics Leipzig, Women's Clinic, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Ronald Kates
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany
| | - Rachel Wuerstlein
- Department OB&GYN and CCC Munich, LMU University Hospital, Breast Center, Munich, Germany
| | - Monika Graeser
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Ev. Bethesda Hospital, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Department of Gynecology, University Medical Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nadia Harbeck
- West German Study Group, Moenchengladbach, Germany.,Department OB&GYN and CCC Munich, LMU University Hospital, Breast Center, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Hans Kreipe
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Pathology, Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Machine-Learning-Based Evaluation of Intratumoral Heterogeneity and Tumor-Stroma Interface for Clinical Guidance. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:1724-1731. [PMID: 33895120 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Assessment of intratumoral heterogeneity and tumor-host interaction within the tumor microenvironment is becoming increasingly important for innovative cancer therapy decisions because of the unique information it can generate about the state of the disease. However, its assessment and quantification are limited by ambiguous definitions of the tumor-host interface and by human cognitive capacity in current pathology practice. Advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence have opened the field of digital pathology to novel tissue image analytics and feature extraction for generation of high-capacity computational disease management models. A particular benefit is expected from machine-learning applications that can perform extraction and quantification of subvisual features of both intratumoral heterogeneity and tumor microenvironment aspects. These methods generate information about cancer cell subpopulation heterogeneity, potential tumor-host interactions, and tissue microarchitecture, derived from morphologically resolved content using both explicit and implicit features. Several studies have achieved promising diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive artificial intelligence models that often outperform current clinical and pathology criteria. However, further effort is needed for clinical adoption of such methods through development of standardizable high-capacity workflows and proper validation studies.
Collapse
|
9
|
Cai L, Yan K, Bu H, Yue M, Dong P, Wang X, Li L, Tian K, Shen H, Zhang J, Shang J, Niu S, Han D, Ren C, Huang J, Han X, Yao J, Liu Y. Improving Ki67 assessment concordance by the use of an artificial intelligence-empowered microscope: a multi-institutional ring study. Histopathology 2021; 79:544-555. [PMID: 33840132 DOI: 10.1111/his.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The nuclear proliferation biomarker Ki67 plays potential prognostic and predictive roles in breast cancer treatment. However, the lack of interpathologist consistency in Ki67 assessment limits the clinical use of Ki67. The aim of this article was to report a solution utilising an artificial intelligence (AI)-empowered microscope to improve Ki67 scoring concordance. METHODS AND RESULTS We developed an AI-empowered microscope in which the conventional microscope was equipped with AI algorithms, and AI results were provided to pathologists in real time through augmented reality. We recruited 30 pathologists with various experience levels from five institutes to assess the Ki67 labelling index on 100 Ki67-stained slides from invasive breast cancer patients. In the first round, pathologists conducted visual assessment on a conventional microscope; in the second round, they were assisted with reference cards; and in the third round, they were assisted with an AI-empowered microscope. Experienced pathologists had better reproducibility and accuracy [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) = 0.864, mean error = 8.25%] than inexperienced pathologists (ICC = 0.807, mean error = 11.0%) in visual assessment. Moreover, with reference cards, inexperienced pathologists (ICC = 0.836, mean error = 10.7%) and experienced pathologists (ICC = 0.875, mean error = 7.56%) improved their reproducibility and accuracy. Finally, both experienced pathologists (ICC = 0.937, mean error = 4.36%) and inexperienced pathologists (ICC = 0.923, mean error = 4.71%) improved the reproducibility and accuracy significantly with the AI-empowered microscope. CONCLUSION The AI-empowered microscope allows seamless integration of the AI solution into the clinical workflow, and helps pathologists to obtain higher consistency and accuracy for Ki67 assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Cai
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kezhou Yan
- AI Lab, Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, West China Centre of Medical Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Meng Yue
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Pei Dong
- AI Lab, Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xinran Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lina Li
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Kuan Tian
- AI Lab, Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Jun Zhang
- AI Lab, Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiuyan Shang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shuyao Niu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Dandan Han
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chen Ren
- Department of Pathology, Shenzhou Hospital of Hebei Province, Shenzhou, Hebei, China
| | | | - Xiao Han
- AI Lab, Tencent, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Yueping Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kim HD, Kim JH, Ryu YM, Kim D, Lee S, Shin J, Hong SM, Kim KH, Jung D, Song G, Hwang DW, Lee JH, Song KB, Ryoo BY, Jeong JH, Kim KP, Kim SY, Yoo C. Spatial Distribution and Prognostic Implications of Tumor-Infiltrating FoxP3- CD4+ T Cells in Biliary Tract Cancer. Cancer Res Treat 2021; 53:162-171. [PMID: 32878426 PMCID: PMC7812013 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2020.704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The clinical implications of tumor-infiltrating T cell subsets and their spatial distribution in biliary tract cancer (BTC) patients treated with gemcitabine plus cisplatin were investigated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 52 BTC patients treated with palliative gemcitabine plus cisplatin were included. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry was performed on tumor tissues, and immune infiltrates were separately analyzed for the stroma, tumor margin, and tumor core. RESULTS The density of CD8+ T cells, FoxP3- CD4+ helper T cells, and FoxP3+ CD4+ regulatory T cells was significantly higher in the tumor margin than in the stroma and tumor core. The density of LAG3- or TIM3-expressing CD8+ T cell and FoxP3- CD4+ helper T cell infiltrates was also higher in the tumor margin. In extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, there was a higher density of T cell subsets in the tumor core and regulatory T cells in all regions. A high density of FoxP3- CD4+ helper T cells in the tumor margin showed a trend toward better progression-free survival (PFS) (p=0.092) and significantly better overall survival (OS) (p=0.012). In multivariate analyses, a high density of FoxP3- CD4+ helper T cells in the tumor margin was independently associated with favorable PFS and OS. CONCLUSION The tumor margin is the major site for the active infiltration of T cell subsets with higher levels of LAG3 and TIM3 expression in BTC. The density of tumor margin-infiltrating FoxP3- CD4+ helper T cells may be associated with clinical outcomes in BTC patients treated with gemcitabine plus cisplatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Don Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jwa Hoon Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Ryu
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Danbee Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jaehoon Shin
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Seung-Mo Hong
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Ki-Hun Kim
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Dong‐Hwan Jung
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Gi‐Won Song
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Dae Wook Hwang
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Lee
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Ki Byung Song
- Department of Surgery, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Korea
| | - Baek-Yeol Ryoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Ho Jeong
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-pyo Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Changhoon Yoo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Huang W, Nebiolo C, Esbona K, Hu R, Lloyd R. Ki67 index and mitotic count: Correlation and variables affecting the accuracy of the quantification in endocrine/neuroendocrine tumors. Ann Diagn Pathol 2020; 48:151586. [PMID: 32836178 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2020.151586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of Ki67 and mitosis is time consuming and subject to inter-observer variabilities. Limited studies explored the impact of those variables on the results and the correlation between mitotic count and Ki67 index in endocrine/neuroendocrine tumors, particularly so since the advent of PHH3 antibody and digital pathology. Using Ki67 and mitosis as examples, this study is intended to reveal variables affecting accurate quantification of biomarkers, and to explore the relationship of Ki67 index and mitotic count/index in endocrine/neuroendocrine tumors. Using both manual and pathologist supervised digital image analysis (PSDIA) methods, we examined the impact of post-analytical variables on the quantification of mitosis and Ki67 index and studied the correlation between them in 41 cases of endocrine/neuroendocrine tumors of variable histological grades/proliferating rates. We found that the selection of hotspots, field size and especially threshold affected the outcome of quantification of mitosis and Ki67 index; that mitotic count/index strongly (p < 0.05) correlated with Ki67 index only in the tumors with peak Ki67 index less than 30% and the correlation was more monotonic (positive, non-linear) than linear. In the hotspots of these tumors, the ratio of mitotic count to proliferating cells defined by Ki67 detection averaged 0.04. We also found that the PHH3 antibody could markedly increase the efficiency and accuracy of mitotic quantification. A consensus among pathologists is needed for the selection of hotspots, field size and threshold for quantification of mitosis and Ki67 index.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States of America.
| | - Christian Nebiolo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States of America
| | - Karla Esbona
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States of America
| | - Rong Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States of America
| | - Ricardo Lloyd
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin - Madison, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Serna G, Simonetti S, Fasani R, Pagliuca F, Guardia X, Gallego P, Jimenez J, Peg V, Saura C, Eppenberger-Castori S, Ramon Y Cajal S, Terracciano L, Nuciforo P. Sequential immunohistochemistry and virtual image reconstruction using a single slide for quantitative KI67 measurement in breast cancer. Breast 2020; 53:102-110. [PMID: 32707454 PMCID: PMC7375667 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Ki67 is a prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer (BC). However, manual scoring (MS) by visual assessment suffers from high inter-observer variability which limits its clinical use. Here, we developed a new digital image analysis (DIA) workflow, named KiQuant for automated scoring of Ki67 and investigated its equivalence with standard pathologist's assessment. Methods Sequential immunohistochemistry of Ki67 and cytokeratin, for precise tumor cell recognition, were performed in the same section of 5 tissue microarrays containing 329 tumor cores from different breast cancer subtypes. Slides were digitalized and subjected to DIA and MS for Ki67 assessment. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot were used to evaluate inter-observer reproducibility. The Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to determine the prognostic potential. Results KiQuant showed an excellent correlation with MS (ICC:0.905,95%CI:0.878–0.926) with satisfactory inter-run (ICC:0.917,95%CI:0.884–0.942) and inter-antibody reproducibilities (ICC:0.886,95%CI:0.820–0.929). The distance between KiQuant and MS increased with the magnitude of Ki67 measurement and positively correlated with analyzed tumor area and breast cancer subtype. Agreement rates between KiQuant and MS within the clinically relevant 14% and 30% cut-off points ranged from 33% to 44% with modest interobserver reproducibility below the 20% cut-off (0.606, 95%CI:0.467–0.727). High Ki67 by KiQuant correlated with worse outcome in all BC and in the luminal subtype (P = 0.028 and P = 0.043, respectively). For MS, the association with survival was significant only in 1 out of 3 observers. Conclusions KiQuant represents an easy and accurate methodology for Ki67 measurement providing a step toward utilizing Ki67 in the clinical setting. Automated Ki67 scoring workflow improved reproducibility. Sequential immunohistochemistry in the same section for precise cell recognition. Use of a tumor mask for automatic tumor region selection. Outperform pathologist-based Ki67 scoring in prognostic prediction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Garazi Serna
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Simonetti
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberta Fasani
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Pagliuca
- University of Naples Federico II, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Section, Naples, Italy
| | - Xavier Guardia
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paqui Gallego
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Jimenez
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicente Peg
- Department of Pathology, Vall D'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Saura
- Breast Cancer and Melanoma Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Nuciforo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Vall D'Hebron Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hacking SM, Sajjan S, Lee L, Ziemba Y, Angert M, Yang Y, Jin C, Chavarria H, Kataria N, Jain S, Nasim M. Potential Pitfalls in Diagnostic Digital Image Analysis: Experience with Ki-67 and PHH3 in Gastrointestinal Neuroendocrine Tumors. Pathol Res Pract 2020; 216:152753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.152753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
14
|
Croci GA, Hoster E, Beà S, Clot G, Enjuanes A, Scott DW, Cabeçadas J, Veloza L, Campo E, Clasen-Linde E, Goswami RS, Helgeland L, Pileri S, Rymkiewicz G, Reinke S, Dreyling M, Klapper W. Reproducibility of histologic prognostic parameters for mantle cell lymphoma: cytology, Ki67, p53 and SOX11. Virchows Arch 2020; 477:259-267. [PMID: 31975037 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-020-02750-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) shows a clinical aggressiveness that varies from patient to patient. Despite major advances in outcomes with current immunochemotherapy, the future development of therapies requires risk stratification to tailor therapy intensity. Within the group of reference pathologists for the ongoing trials of the European MCL Network, we performed a round robin test on a tissue microarray to evaluate the reproducibility in assessing the biomarkers of outcome in MCL. Cytological subtype, Ki67-index and expression of p53 and SOX11 were evaluated on 20 diagnostic tumour samples by eight participating labs independently. We demonstrate that the assessment of the proliferation index by counting the Ki67 positive cells as well as assessment of SOX11 and p53 expression status is reproducible between labs. For the most established prognostic biomarker, Ki67, the intra-class correlation coefficient was very good when assessed as a continuous parameter (0.87). The agreement was lower when the values were analysed in a dichotomized way applying the commonly used cutoff of 30% (kappa = 0.65, complete concordance of all labs in 13/20 (65%)). Cases with discrepant results between labs in the dichotomized analysis showed mean values close to the cutoff of 30%. Centralised scoring and digital image analysis revealed results in line with the scores from individual labs. All cases in our cohort were additionally assessed for gene expression signatures and of TP53 gene alterations. Given the good reproducibility when guidelines of assessment are applied, the biomarker studied in this inter-laboratory test presents potential candidates to be enhanced for risk-stratification in the future clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio A Croci
- Hematopathology Section, Institute of Pathology and Lymph Node Registry, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany. .,Pathology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy. .,UOC di Anatomia Patologica, IRCCS Fondazione Ca' Granda - Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Francesco Sforza, 35 - 20122, Milano, Italy.
| | - Eva Hoster
- Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry and Epidemiology (IBE), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sílvia Beà
- Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Guillem Clot
- Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Enjuanes
- Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - David W Scott
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancer, British Columbia Cancer, Vancouver, Canada
| | - José Cabeçadas
- Department of Pathology, Instituto Português de Oncologia de Lisboa Francisco Gentil, E.P.E, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luis Veloza
- Hematopathology Unit-Laboratory of Pathology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elias Campo
- Institute for Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain.,Hematopathology Unit-Laboratory of Pathology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Rashmi S Goswami
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Molecular Diagnostics, and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lars Helgeland
- Department of Pathology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stefano Pileri
- Division of Diagnostic Haematopathology, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Grzegorz Rymkiewicz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Diagnostics, Maria Sklodowska-Curie Institute-Oncology Centre, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sarah Reinke
- Hematopathology Section, Institute of Pathology and Lymph Node Registry, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Martin Dreyling
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Hematopathology Section, Institute of Pathology and Lymph Node Registry, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang YX, Wang YY, Yang CG, Bu H, Yang WT, Wang L, Xu WM, Zhao XL, Zhao WX, Li L, Song SL, Yang JL. An interobserver reproducibility analysis of size-set semiautomatic counting for Ki67 assessment in breast cancer. Breast 2019; 49:225-232. [PMID: 31911370 PMCID: PMC7375572 DOI: 10.1016/j.breast.2019.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The proliferation marker Ki67 has prognostic and predictive values in breast cancer, and the cutoff of the Ki67 label index (LI) is a key index for chemotherapy. However, poor interobserver consistency in Ki67 assessment has limited the clinical use of Ki67, especially in luminal cancers. Here, we reported a modified Ki67 assessment method, size-set semiautomatic counting (SSSAC) and investigated its interobserver reproducibility. Methods One hundred invasive breast cancer tissues were set immunostained for Ki67 in one laboratory, scanned as digital slides, and sent to 41 pathologists at the laboratories of 16 hospitals for Ki67 LI assessment using size-set semiautomatic counting (SSSAC), size-set visual assessment (SSVA) and size-set digital image analysis (SSDIA) with a specific image viewing software (Aperio Image Scope, Leica, Germany). The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plot were used to evaluate interobserver reproducibility. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to analyze the difference in the Ki67 values assessed by SSSAC and SSDIA. Results SSSAC demonstrated better interobserver reproducibility (ICC = 0.942) than SSVA (ICC = 0.802). The interobserver reproducibility was better in Ki67 homogeneously stained slides and centralized hot-spot slides than in scattered hot-spot slides. The Ki67 value assessed with SSSAC was obviously higher than that assessed with SSDIA (negative ranks (SSDIA < SSSAC): N = 80, sum of ranks = 4274.50; positive ranks (SSDIA > SSSAC): N = 17, sum of ranks = 478.50; Z = −6.837; P < 0.001). Conclusion SSSAC shows satisfactory interobserver reproducibility in the Ki67 assessment of breast cancer and may be a candidate standard method for Ki67 LI assessment in breast cancer and other malignancies. A modified method for Ki67 LI assessment based on digital image, size-set semiautomatic counting (SSSAC). Investigated the interobserver reproducibility of SSSAC for Ki67 LI assessment of 100 cases in 41 pathologists of 16 hospitals. SSSAC has better interobserver reproducibility than current visual assessment and was more accurate than DIA in Ki67 assessment. SSSAC is a better choice for Ki67 LI assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Xing Wang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, PR China.
| | - Yuan-Yuan Wang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, PR China.
| | - Cheng-Gang Yang
- Department of Pathology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, PR China.
| | - Hong Bu
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.
| | - Wen-Tao Yang
- Department of Pathology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, PR China.
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, PR China.
| | - Wen-Mang Xu
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, PR China.
| | - Xi-Long Zhao
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, PR China.
| | - Wen-Xing Zhao
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, PR China.
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Pathology, Yunnan Cancer Hospital, Kunming, Yunnan, 650032, PR China.
| | - Shu-Ling Song
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, PR China.
| | - Ju-Lun Yang
- Department of Pathology, 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of PLA, Kunming, Yunnan, 650100, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang YH, Lai CR, Lien HC, Hsu CY. Good staining quality ensuring the reproducibility of Ki67 assessment. J Clin Pathol 2019; 73:413-417. [PMID: 31796636 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2019-206205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Although Ki67 labelling index (LI) is a prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer, its accuracy and reproducibility must be validated before its clinical application. We aimed to evaluate the agreement of Ki67 LI in clinical practice in Taiwan. METHODS We conducted a Ki67 immunohistochemistry (IHC) proficiency test. The participants performed the Ki67 IHC test and measured the Ki67 LI of 10 cases of breast cancer tissue on a microarray slide. The staining quality was centrally reviewed based on the Ki67 staining of the tonsil surface epithelium. RESULTS Ki67 staining and counting methods are diverse in Taiwan. The reproducibility of Ki67 LI was poor to good (intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.581, 95% CI 0.354 to 0.802). The reproducibility and agreement in the high staining quality group were significantly higher than those in the low staining quality group. The majority of the Ki67 LIs derived from the low staining quality group were underestimated. Different counting methods did not reveal significant differences when determining Ki67 LI with microarray sections. CONCLUSIONS We suggest using the surface epithelium of the tonsil as external control and achieving optimal staining results that consist of a high positive parabasal layer, a low positive intermediate layer and a negative superficial layer. Good Ki67 staining quality can minimise the staining variations among different laboratories, and it is essential for the reproducibility of Ki67 LI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yeh-Han Wang
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Taipei Institute of Pathology, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Public Health, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Ru Lai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Chun Lien
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yi Hsu
- College of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Ki-67 assessment in early breast cancer: SAKK28/12 validation study on the IBCSG VIII and IBCSG IX cohort. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13534. [PMID: 31537812 PMCID: PMC6753092 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49638-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The assessment of Ki-67 in early-stage breast cancer has become an important diagnostic tool in planning adjuvant therapy, particularly for the administration of additional chemotherapy to hormone-responsive patients. An accurate determination of the Ki-67 index is of the utmost importance; however, the reproducibility is currently unsatisfactory. In this study, we addressed the predictive/prognostic value of Ki-67 index assessed by using the most reproducible methods, which were identified in the pilot phase. Paraffin blocks obtained from patients with moderately differentiated, estrogen receptor (ER)-positive early-stage breast cancer in Switzerland, who were originally randomized to the treatment arms with and without chemotherapy in the IBCSG VIII-IX trials, were retrieved. Of these 344 randomized patients, we identified 158 patients (82 treated with and 76 treated without chemotherapy) for whom sufficient tumour tissue was available. The presence of Ki-67 was assessed visually by counting 2000 cells at the periphery (A) and estimating the number of positive cells in five different peripheral regions (C), which was determined to be the most reproducible method identified the pilot phase. The prognostic and predictive value was assessed by calculating the breast cancer-free interval (BCFI) and overall survival (OS) rate. Ki-67 was considered a numerical and categorical variable when different cut-off values were used (10%, 14%, 20% and 30%). An mRNA-based subtyping by using the MammaTyper kit with the application of a 20% Ki-67 immunohistochemistry (IHC) cut-off equivalent was also performed. 158 of 344 randomized patients could be included in the Ki-67 analysis. The mean Ki-67 values obtained by using the two methods differed (A: 21.32% and C: 16.07%). Ki-67 assessed by using method A with a cut-off of 10% was a predictive marker for OS, as the hazard ratio (>10% vs. <=10%) in patients with chemotherapy was 0.48 with a 95% confidence interval of [0.19–1.19]. Further, the HR of patients treated without chemotherapy was 3.72 with a 95% confidence interval of [1.16–11.96] (pinteraction=0.007). Higher Ki-67 index was not associated with outcome and using the 10% Ki-67 cut-off there was an opposite association for patients with and without chemotherapy. Ki-67 assessments with IHC significantly correlated with MammaTyper results (p=0.002). The exact counting method (A) performed via a light-microscope revealed the predictive value of Ki-67 assessment with a 10% cut-off value. Further analyses employing image analyses and/or mRNA-based-assessments in larger populations are warranted.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Since its first description at the Institute of Pathology in Kiel more than 34 years ago, the immunohistochemical proliferation marker Ki67 has been shown to be of prognostic significance in a huge number of retrospective and even some prospective trials on malignant tumours of various tissue derivation. Lack of standardization in the evaluation provides potential sources of variance in assessment. Tumour area to be assessed, minimum number of cells to be analyzed, tedious counting cell by cell or semiquantitative eyeballing, choice of immunohistochemical techniques represent nonstandardized issues that potentially lead to considerable assay heterogeneity. In addition, interpretation is not homogeneous, in particular with regard to thresholds between high and low proliferative activity. Due to these numerous potential methodological limitations, for a long time Ki67 was not generally accepted as a prognostic marker, in particular outside Germany and by nonpathologists. However, in recent years a shift has taken place. Despite the challenge that biological heterogeneity may be hidden by differences in assay performance, Ki67 now plays an important auxiliary role in grading of malignant neoplasms such as breast cancer, neuroendocrine tumours and malignant lymphomas. In this context it is applied in clinical diagnostics as well as in clinical trials for the purpose of stratification. Because of its widespread use, it is of utmost importance to raise awareness of the potential methodological limitations in order to use Ki67 in a meaningful way.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kreipe
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of topical methotrexate loaded gold nanoparticle in cutaneous inflammatory mouse model. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 17:276-286. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
20
|
Hofman P, Badoual C, Henderson F, Berland L, Hamila M, Long-Mira E, Lassalle S, Roussel H, Hofman V, Tartour E, Ilié M. Multiplexed Immunohistochemistry for Molecular and Immune Profiling in Lung Cancer-Just About Ready for Prime-Time? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11030283. [PMID: 30818873 PMCID: PMC6468415 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11030283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
As targeted molecular therapies and immuno-oncology have become pivotal in the management of patients with lung cancer, the essential requirement for high throughput analyses and clinical validation of biomarkers has become even more intense, with response rates maintained in the 20%–30% range. Moreover, the list of treatment alternatives, including combination therapies, is rapidly evolving. The molecular profiling and specific tumor-associated immune contexture may be predictive of response or resistance to these therapeutic strategies. Multiplexed immunohistochemistry is an effective and proficient approach to simultaneously identify specific proteins or molecular abnormalities, to determine the spatial distribution and activation state of immune cells, as well as the presence of immunoactive molecular expression. This method is highly advantageous for investigating immune evasion mechanisms and discovering potential biomarkers to assess mechanisms of action and to predict response to a given treatment. This review provides views on the current technological status and evidence for clinical applications of multiplexing and how it could be applied to optimize clinical management of patients with lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Nice Hospital University, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06000, France.
- Team 4, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), INSERM U1081/UMR CNRS 7284, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06107, France.
| | - Cécile Badoual
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Paris 75015, France.
- INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Fiona Henderson
- Department EMEA, Indica Labs, 2469 Corrales Rd Bldg. A-3 Corrales, NM 87048, USA.
| | - Léa Berland
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Nice Hospital University, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06000, France.
| | - Marame Hamila
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Nice Hospital University, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06000, France.
| | - Elodie Long-Mira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Nice Hospital University, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06000, France.
- Team 4, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), INSERM U1081/UMR CNRS 7284, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06107, France.
| | - Sandra Lassalle
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Nice Hospital University, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06000, France.
- Team 4, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), INSERM U1081/UMR CNRS 7284, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06107, France.
| | - Hélène Roussel
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, APHP, Paris 75015, France.
- INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Véronique Hofman
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Nice Hospital University, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06000, France.
- Team 4, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), INSERM U1081/UMR CNRS 7284, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06107, France.
| | - Eric Tartour
- INSERM U970, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Paris-Cité, Paris 75015, France.
- Department of Immunology, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris 75015, France.
| | - Marius Ilié
- Laboratory of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Hospital-Integrated Biobank (BB-0033-00025), Nice Hospital University, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06000, France.
- Team 4, Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging, Nice (IRCAN), INSERM U1081/UMR CNRS 7284, FHU OncoAge, Université Côte d'Azur, Nice 06107, France.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Practical approaches to automated digital image analysis of Ki-67 labeling index in 997 breast carcinomas and causes of discordance with visual assessment. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212309. [PMID: 30785924 PMCID: PMC6382355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ki-67 labeling index (LI) is an important prognostic factor in breast carcinoma. The Ki-67 LI is traditionally calculated via unaided microscopic estimation; however, inter-observer and intra-observer variability and low reproducibility are problems with this visual assessment (VA) method. For more accurate assessment and better reproducibility with Ki-67 LI, digital image analysis was introduced recently. We used both VA and automated digital image analysis (ADIA) (Ventana Virtuoso image management software) to estimate Ki-67 LI for 997 cases of breast carcinoma, and compared VA and ADIA results. VA and ADIA were highly correlated (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.982, and Spearman’s correlation coefficient 0.966, p<0.05). We retrospectively analyzed cases with a greater than 5% difference between VA and ADIA results. The cause of these differences was: (1) tumor heterogeneity (98 cases, 56.0%), (2) VA interpretation error (32 cases, 18.3%), (3) misidentification of tumor cells (26 cases, 14.9%), (4) poor immunostaining or slide quality (16 cases, 9.1%), and (5) Estimation of non-tumor cells (3 cases, 1.7%). There were more discrepancies between VA and ADIA results in the group with a VA value of 10–20% compared to groups with <10% and ≥20%. Although ADIA is more accurate than VA, there are some limitations. Therefore, ADIA findings require confirmation by a pathologist.
Collapse
|
22
|
Rimm DL, Leung SCY, McShane LM, Bai Y, Bane AL, Bartlett JMS, Bayani J, Chang MC, Dean M, Denkert C, Enwere EK, Galderisi C, Gholap A, Hugh JC, Jadhav A, Kornaga EN, Laurinavicius A, Levenson R, Lima J, Miller K, Pantanowitz L, Piper T, Ruan J, Srinivasan M, Virk S, Wu Y, Yang H, Hayes DF, Nielsen TO, Dowsett M. An international multicenter study to evaluate reproducibility of automated scoring for assessment of Ki67 in breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2019; 32:59-69. [PMID: 30143750 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-018-0109-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear proliferation biomarker Ki67 has potential prognostic, predictive, and monitoring roles in breast cancer. Unacceptable between-laboratory variability has limited its clinical value. The International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group investigated whether Ki67 immunohistochemistry can be analytically validated and standardized across laboratories using automated machine-based scoring. Sets of pre-stained core-cut biopsy sections of 30 breast tumors were circulated to 14 laboratories for scanning and automated assessment of the average and maximum percentage of tumor cells positive for Ki67. Seven unique scanners and 10 software platforms were involved in this study. Pre-specified analyses included evaluation of reproducibility between all laboratories (primary) as well as among those using scanners from a single vendor (secondary). The primary reproducibility metric was intraclass correlation coefficient between laboratories, with success considered to be intraclass correlation coefficient >0.80. Intraclass correlation coefficient for automated average scores across 16 operators was 0.83 (95% credible interval: 0.73-0.91) and intraclass correlation coefficient for maximum scores across 10 operators was 0.63 (95% credible interval: 0.44-0.80). For the laboratories using scanners from a single vendor (8 score sets), intraclass correlation coefficient for average automated scores was 0.89 (95% credible interval: 0.81-0.96), which was similar to the intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.87 (95% credible interval: 0.81-0.93) achieved using these same slides in a prior visual-reading reproducibility study. Automated machine assessment of average Ki67 has the potential to achieve between-laboratory reproducibility similar to that for a rigorously standardized pathologist-based visual assessment of Ki67. The observed intraclass correlation coefficient was worse for maximum compared to average scoring methods, suggesting that maximum score methods may be suboptimal for consistent measurement of proliferation. Automated average scoring methods show promise for assessment of Ki67 scoring, but requires further standardization and subsequent clinical validation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David L Rimm
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Samuel C Y Leung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Lisa M McShane
- Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yalai Bai
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Anita L Bane
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - John M S Bartlett
- Transformative Pathology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Biomarkers & Companion Diagnostics Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jane Bayani
- Transformative Pathology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Martin C Chang
- Sinai Health System, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michelle Dean
- Translational Laboratories, Alberta Health Services, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carsten Denkert
- Institut für Pathologie and German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Charité Campus Mitte, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emeka K Enwere
- Translational Laboratories, Alberta Health Services, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | | | - Abhi Gholap
- Optra Technologies, NeoPro SEZ, Blue Ridge, Hinjewadi, India
| | - Judith C Hugh
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anagha Jadhav
- Optra Technologies, NeoPro SEZ, Blue Ridge, Hinjewadi, India
| | - Elizabeth N Kornaga
- Translational Laboratories, Alberta Health Services, Tom Baker Cancer Centre, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Arvydas Laurinavicius
- National Center of Pathology, Vilnius University Hospital Santara Clinics, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Richard Levenson
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Joema Lima
- Transformative Pathology, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Keith Miller
- Cancer Diagnostic Quality Assurance Services CIC, Poundbury Cancer Institute, Poundbury, DT, UK
| | - Liron Pantanowitz
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tammy Piper
- Biomarkers & Companion Diagnostics Group, Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jason Ruan
- Department of Medical Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Malini Srinivasan
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shakeel Virk
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Ying Wu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Juravinski Hospital and Cancer Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel F Hayes
- Breast Oncology Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Torsten O Nielsen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Allison KH. Ancillary Prognostic and Predictive Testing in Breast Cancer: Focus on Discordant, Unusual, and Borderline Results. Surg Pathol Clin 2018; 11:147-176. [PMID: 29413654 DOI: 10.1016/j.path.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ancillary testing in breast cancer has become standard of care to determine what therapies may be most effective for individual patients with breast cancer. Single-marker tests are required on all newly diagnosed and newly metastatic breast cancers. Markers of proliferation are also used, and include both single-marker tests like Ki67 as well as panel-based gene expression tests, which have made more recent contributions to prognostic and predictive testing in breast cancers. This review focuses on pathologist interpretation of these ancillary test results, with a focus on expected versus unexpected results and troubleshooting borderline, unusual, or discordant results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly H Allison
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Lane 235, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Homeyer A, Hammad S, Schwen LO, Dahmen U, Höfener H, Gao Y, Dooley S, Schenk A. Focused scores enable reliable discrimination of small differences in steatosis. Diagn Pathol 2018; 13:76. [PMID: 30231920 PMCID: PMC6146776 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-018-0753-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Automated image analysis enables quantitative measurement of steatosis in histological images. However, spatial heterogeneity of steatosis can make quantitative steatosis scores unreliable. To improve the reliability, we have developed novel scores that are “focused” on steatotic tissue areas. Methods Focused scores use concepts of tile-based hotspot analysis in order to compute statistics about steatotic tissue areas in an objective way. We evaluated focused scores on three data sets of images of rodent liver sections exhibiting different amounts of dietary-induced steatosis. The same evaluation was conducted with the standard steatosis score computed by most image analysis methods. Results The standard score reliably discriminated large differences in steatosis (intraclass correlation coefficient ICC = 0.86), but failed to discriminate small (ICC = 0.54) and very small (ICC = 0.14) differences. With an appropriate tile size, mean-based focused scores reliably discriminated large (ICC = 0.92), small (ICC = 0.86) and very small (ICC = 0.83) differences. Focused scores based on high percentiles showed promise in further improving the discrimination of very small differences (ICC = 0.93). Conclusions Focused scores enable reliable discrimination of small differences in steatosis in histological images. They are conceptually simple and straightforward to use in research studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Homeyer
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Am Fallturm 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany.
| | - Seddik Hammad
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | | | - Uta Dahmen
- Department of General, Visceral and Vascular Surgery, Jena University Hospital, Drackendorfer Str. 1, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Yan Gao
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Steven Dooley
- Section Molecular Hepatology, Department of Medicine II, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andrea Schenk
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Am Fallturm 1, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hsieh AMY, Polyakova O, Fu G, Chazen RS, MacMillan C, Witterick IJ, Ralhan R, Walfish PG. Programmed death-ligand 1 expression by digital image analysis advances thyroid cancer diagnosis among encapsulated follicular lesions. Oncotarget 2018; 9:19767-19782. [PMID: 29731981 PMCID: PMC5929424 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasms with papillary-like nuclear features (NIFTP) that distinguishes them from invasive malignant encapsulated follicular variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (EFVPTC) can prevent overtreatment of NIFTP patients. We and others have previously reported that programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a useful biomarker in thyroid tumors; however, all reports to date have relied on manual scoring that is time consuming as well as subject to individual bias. Consequently, we developed a digital image analysis (DIA) protocol for cytoplasmic and membranous stain quantitation (ThyApp) and evaluated three tumor sampling methods [Systemic Uniform Random Sampling, hotspot nucleus, and hotspot nucleus/3,3'-Diaminobenzidine (DAB)]. A patient cohort of 153 cases consisting of 48 NIFTP, 44 EFVPTC, 26 benign nodules and 35 encapsulated follicular lesions/neoplasms with lymphocytic thyroiditis (LT) was studied. ThyApp quantitation of PD-L1 expression revealed a significant difference between invasive EFVPTC and NIFTP; but none between NIFTP and benign nodules. ThyApp integrated with hotspot nucleus tumor sampling method demonstrated to be most clinically relevant, consumed least processing time, and eliminated interobserver variance. In conclusion, the fully automatic DIA algorithm developed using a histomorphological approach objectively quantitated PD-L1 expression in encapsulated thyroid neoplasms and outperformed manual scoring in reproducibility and higher efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne M-Y Hsieh
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Olena Polyakova
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Guodong Fu
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ronald S Chazen
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christina MacMillan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian J Witterick
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ranju Ralhan
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paul G Walfish
- Alex and Simona Shnaider Research Laboratory in Molecular Oncology, Sinai Health System, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Joseph and Mildred Sonshine Family Centre for Head and Neck Diseases, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sinai Health System, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Endocrine Division, Sinai Health System and University of Toronto Medical School, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Stålhammar G, Robertson S, Wedlund L, Lippert M, Rantalainen M, Bergh J, Hartman J. Digital image analysis of Ki67 in hot spots is superior to both manual Ki67 and mitotic counts in breast cancer. Histopathology 2018; 72:974-989. [DOI: 10.1111/his.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Stålhammar
- Department of Oncology and Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- St Erik Eye Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Stephanie Robertson
- Department of Oncology and Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology; Karolinska University Laboratory; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Lena Wedlund
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology; Karolinska University Laboratory; Stockholm Sweden
- Stockholm South General Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | | | - Mattias Rantalainen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergh
- Department of Oncology and Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Radiumhemmet; Karolinska Oncology; Karolinska University Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| | - Johan Hartman
- Department of Oncology and Pathology; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Clinical Pathology and Cytology; Karolinska University Laboratory; Stockholm Sweden
- Stockholm South General Hospital; Stockholm Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tay TKY, Thike AA, Pathmanathan N, Jara-Lazaro AR, Iqbal J, Sng ASH, Ye HS, Lim JCT, Koh VCY, Tan JSY, Yeong JPS, Chow ZL, Li HH, Cheng CL, Tan PH. Using computer assisted image analysis to determine the optimal Ki67 threshold for predicting outcome of invasive breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:11619-11630. [PMID: 29545924 PMCID: PMC5837769 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ki67 positivity in invasive breast cancers has an inverse correlation with survival outcomes and serves as an immunohistochemical surrogate for molecular subtyping of breast cancer, particularly ER positive breast cancer. The optimal threshold of Ki67 in both settings, however, remains elusive. We use computer assisted image analysis (CAIA) to determine the optimal threshold for Ki67 in predicting survival outcomes and differentiating luminal B from luminal A breast cancers. Methods Quantitative scoring of Ki67 on tissue microarray (TMA) sections of 440 invasive breast cancers was performed using Aperio ePathology ImmunoHistochemistry Nuclear Image Analysis algorithm, with TMA slides digitally scanned via Aperio ScanScope XT System. Results On multivariate analysis, tumours with Ki67 ≥14% had an increased likelihood of recurrence (HR 1.941, p=0.021) and shorter overall survival (HR 2.201, p=0.016). Similar findings were observed in the subset of 343 ER positive breast cancers (HR 2.409, p=0.012 and HR 2.787, p=0.012 respectively). The value of Ki67 associated with ER+HER2-PR<20% tumours (Luminal B subtype) was found to be <17%. Conclusion Using CAIA, we found optimal thresholds for Ki67 that predict a poorer prognosis and an association with the Luminal B subtype of breast cancer. Further investigation and validation of these thresholds are recommended.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aye Aye Thike
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Nirmala Pathmanathan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Current affiliation: Westmead Breast Cancer Institute, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Ana Richelia Jara-Lazaro
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.,Current affiliation: Q Solutions - Central Laboratories, Singapore Science Park One, Singapore
| | - Jabed Iqbal
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Heng Seow Ye
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | | | - Jane Sie Yong Tan
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Zi Long Chow
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hui Hua Li
- Division of Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Chee Leong Cheng
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Puay Hoon Tan
- Division of Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Koopman T, Buikema HJ, Hollema H, de Bock GH, van der Vegt B. Digital image analysis of Ki67 proliferation index in breast cancer using virtual dual staining on whole tissue sections: clinical validation and inter-platform agreement. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2018; 169:33-42. [PMID: 29349710 PMCID: PMC5882622 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-018-4669-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The Ki67 proliferation index is a prognostic and predictive marker in breast cancer. Manual scoring is prone to inter- and intra-observer variability. The aims of this study were to clinically validate digital image analysis (DIA) of Ki67 using virtual dual staining (VDS) on whole tissue sections and to assess inter-platform agreement between two independent DIA platforms. Methods Serial whole tissue sections of 154 consecutive invasive breast carcinomas were stained for Ki67 and cytokeratin 8/18 with immunohistochemistry in a clinical setting. Ki67 proliferation index was determined using two independent DIA platforms, implementing VDS to identify tumor tissue. Manual Ki67 score was determined using a standardized manual counting protocol. Inter-observer agreement between manual and DIA scores and inter-platform agreement between both DIA platforms were determined and calculated using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Correlations and agreement were assessed with scatterplots and Bland–Altman plots. Results Spearman’s correlation coefficients were 0.94 (p < 0.001) for inter-observer agreement between manual counting and platform A, 0.93 (p < 0.001) between manual counting and platform B, and 0.96 (p < 0.001) for inter-platform agreement. Scatterplots and Bland–Altman plots revealed no skewness within specific data ranges. In the few cases with ≥ 10% difference between manual counting and DIA, results by both platforms were similar. Conclusions DIA using VDS is an accurate method to determine the Ki67 proliferation index in breast cancer, as an alternative to manual scoring of whole sections in clinical practice. Inter-platform agreement between two different DIA platforms was excellent, suggesting vendor-independent clinical implementability. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s10549-018-4669-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timco Koopman
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk J Buikema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Hollema
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Geertruida H de Bock
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert van der Vegt
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30001, 9700 RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Markers of clinical utility in the differential diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer. Mod Pathol 2018; 31:S143-155. [PMID: 29297492 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2017.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Molecular diagnostics is a rapidly evolving area of surgical pathology, that is gradually beginning to transform our diagnostical procedures for a variety of tumors. Next to molecular prognostication that has begun to complement our histological diagnosis in breast cancer, additional testing to detect targets and to predict therapy response has become common practice in breast and lung cancer. Prostate cancer is a bit slower in this respect, as it is still largely diagnosed and classified on morphological grounds. Our diagnostic immunohistochemical armamentarium of basal cell markers and positive markers of malignancy now allows to clarify the majority of lesions, if applied to the appropriate morphological context (and step sections). Prognostic immunohistochemistry remains a problematic and erratic yet tempting research field that provides information on tumor relevance of proteins, but little hard data to integrate into our diagnostic workflow. Main reasons are various issues of standardization that hamper the reproducibility of cut-off values to delineate risk categories. Molecular testing of DNA-methylation or transcript profiling may be much better standardized and this review discusses a couple of commercially available tests: The ConfirmDX test measures DNA-methylation to estimate the likelihood of cancer detection on a repeat biopsy and may help to reduce unnecessary biopsies. The tests Prolaris, OncotypeDX Prostate, and Decipher all are transcript tests that have shown to provide prognostic data independent of clinico-pathological parameters and that may aid in therapy planning. However, further validation and more comparative studies will be needed to clarify the many open questions concerning sampling bias and tumor heterogeneity.
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang L, Liu Z, Fisher KW, Ren F, Lv J, Davidson DD, Baldridge LA, Du X, Cheng L. Prognostic value of programmed death ligand 1, p53, and Ki-67 in patients with advanced-stage colorectal cancer. Hum Pathol 2018; 71:20-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
31
|
Focke CM, Bürger H, van Diest PJ, Finsterbusch K, Gläser D, Korsching E, Decker T. Interlaboratory variability of Ki67 staining in breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 2017; 84:219-227. [PMID: 28829990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2017.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postanalytic issues of Ki67 assessment in breast cancers like counting method standardisation and interrater bias have been subject of various studies, but little is known about analytic variability of Ki67 staining between pathology labs. Our aim was to study interlaboratory variability of Ki67 staining in breast cancer using tissue microarrays (TMAs) and central assessment to minimise preanalytic and postanalytic influences. METHODS Thirty European pathology labs stained serial slides of a TMA set of breast cancer tissues with Ki67 according to their routine in-house protocol. The Ki67-labelling index (Ki67-LI) of 70 matched samples was centrally assessed by one observer who counted all cancer cells per sample. We then tested for differences between the labs in Ki67-LI medians by analysing variance on ranks and in proportions of tumours classified as luminal A after dichotomising oestrogen receptor-positive cancers into cancers showing low (<14%, luminal A) and high (≥14%, luminal B HER2 negative) Ki67-LI using Cochran's Q. RESULTS Substantial differences between the 30 labs were indicated for median Ki67-LI (0.65%-33.0%, p < 0.0001) and proportion of cancers classified as luminal A (17%-57%, p < 0.0001). The differences remained significant when labs using the same antibody (MIB-1, SP6, or 30-9) were analysed separately or labs without prior participation in external quality assurance programs were excluded (p < 0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION Substantial variability in Ki67 staining of breast cancer tissue was found between 30 routine pathology labs. Clinical use of the Ki67-LI for therapeutic decisions should be considered only fully aware of lab-specific reference values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Focke
- Department of Pathology, Dietrich Bonhoeffer Medical Centre, Allendestrasse 30, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany; Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Horst Bürger
- Institute of Pathology Paderborn/Höxter, Breast Center Paderborn, Husener Str. 46 a, 33098 Paderborn, Germany
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kai Finsterbusch
- Department of Pathology, Dietrich Bonhoeffer Medical Centre, Allendestrasse 30, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Doreen Gläser
- Department of Pathology, Dietrich Bonhoeffer Medical Centre, Allendestrasse 30, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Eberhard Korsching
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Münster, Niels-Stensen-Straße 14, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thomas Decker
- Department of Pathology, Dietrich Bonhoeffer Medical Centre, Allendestrasse 30, 17033 Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Christgen M, Länger F, Kreipe H. [Histological grading of breast cancer]. DER PATHOLOGE 2017; 37:328-36. [PMID: 27363708 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-016-0182-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
From a historical perspective, histological grading was the earliest cell-based method for assessing tumor biology and the prognosis of breast cancer. This review article provides detailed and practical instructions for grading of breast cancer in routine diagnostics. Furthermore, the increasing relevance of precise histological grading in the era of molecular pathology is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Christgen
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland.
| | - F Länger
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - H Kreipe
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Quality assurance trials for Ki67 assessment in pathology. Virchows Arch 2017; 471:501-508. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-017-2142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
34
|
St Gallen 2015 subtyping of luminal breast cancers: impact of different Ki67-based proliferation assessment methods. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2016; 159:257-63. [PMID: 27558625 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-016-3950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ki67 has been proposed as prognostic proliferation marker in luminal breast cancer (BC), but little is known on the influence of Ki67 assessment methods on subtyping into luminal A- and B-like tumors. Our aim was to study the influence of different Ki67-labeling index (Ki67-LI) assessment methods on the proportion of BCs classified as luminal A-like. 280 early BCs were subtyped according to the St Gallen 2015 definitions into 71 % luminal (HER2 negative), 6 % luminal B-like (HER2 positive), 13 % triple negative, 1 % HER2 positive (nonluminal), and 9 % special type. Digitized whole slides were counted manually on the screen. We used nine defined counting methods to assess the Ki67-LI (including the International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group recommendations), and compared the resulting medians and the proportions of cancers classified as luminal A-like according to the formerly used cut-off <20 %. Methods assessing hot spots and tumor periphery resulted in significantly higher Ki67-LI medians than those measuring an average proliferation (27.45 % vs 16.96 %, p < 0.0001). Substantially lower median Ki67-LI were found when assessing 1020 compared to counting 100, 200, 300 cells (17.65 vs 33 %, vs 28 %, vs 24.33 %, respectively; p < 0.0001), or 510 cells (20.59 %, p = 0.019). Applying a standard Ki67-LI cut-off <20 % to define low proliferation for all methods, the proportion of luminal A-like cancers varied between 13 and 44 %. The proportion of BCs classified as luminal A-like is highly influenced by the Ki67-LI assessment method. As a consequence, the selection of a specific Ki67-LI assessment method may have a direct effect on the proportion of patients considered having low-risk disease and thus influence therapeutic decision making. This calls for a standardized assessment method.
Collapse
|
35
|
Focke CM, Decker T, van Diest PJ. Intratumoral heterogeneity of Ki67 expression in early breast cancers exceeds variability between individual tumours. Histopathology 2016; 69:849-861. [PMID: 27270560 DOI: 10.1111/his.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Regional differences in proliferative activity are commonly seen within breast cancers, but little is known on the extent of intratumoral heterogeneity of Ki67 expression. Our aim was to study the intratumoral heterogeneity of Ki67 expression in early breast cancers and its association with clinicopathological features, such as oestrogen receptor (ER) status, grade and histological subtype. METHODS AND RESULTS The Ki67-labelling index (Ki67-LI) was assessed in hot, cold and intermediate spots of 233 invasive breast cancers by counting a total of 1020 cells, according to a protocol of the International Ki67 in Breast Cancer Working Group. Differences between the spots per tumour were analysed further for clinicopathological subgroups defined by ER status, grade and histological subtype. All clinicopathological subgroups showed significant differences in Ki67-LI between hot, intermediate and cold spots (P < 0.0001). The coefficient of variance (CV) between the spots was higher in ER-positive than in ER-negative cancers (72.6 versus 49.2%, P < 0.0001), and was highest in grade 3 (96.12%), grade 1 (87.27%) and invasive lobular tumours (83.59%) and lowest in medullary (26.48%) cancers. Nested analysis of variance indicated that in both ER-positive and ER-negative cancers, variance in Ki67-LI within tumours contributed more to the total variance (56% for ER-positive, 60% for ER-negative cancers) than the variance between tumours. CONCLUSION Intratumoral heterogeneity in Ki67-LI is a ubiquitous phenomenon across various pathological subgroups of breast cancer that may impact assessment of Ki67 levels for clinical decision-making, and sheds new light on recommended cut-offs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia M Focke
- Department of Pathology, Dietrich Bonhoeffer Medical Centre, Neubrandenburg, Germany. .,Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Thomas Decker
- Department of Pathology, Dietrich Bonhoeffer Medical Centre, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Digital image analysis outperforms manual biomarker assessment in breast cancer. Mod Pathol 2016; 29:318-29. [PMID: 26916072 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2016.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the spectrum of breast cancers, categorization according to the four gene expression-based subtypes 'Luminal A,' 'Luminal B,' 'HER2-enriched,' and 'Basal-like' is the method of choice for prognostic and predictive value. As gene expression assays are not yet universally available, routine immunohistochemical stains act as surrogate markers for these subtypes. Thus, congruence of surrogate markers and gene expression tests is of utmost importance. In this study, 3 cohorts of primary breast cancer specimens (total n=436) with up to 28 years of survival data were scored for Ki67, ER, PR, and HER2 status manually and by digital image analysis (DIA). The results were then compared for sensitivity and specificity for the Luminal B subtype, concordance to PAM50 assays in subtype classification and prognostic power. The DIA system used was the Visiopharm Integrator System. DIA outperformed manual scoring in terms of sensitivity and specificity for the Luminal B subtype, widely considered the most challenging distinction in surrogate subclassification, and produced slightly better concordance and Cohen's κ agreement with PAM50 gene expression assays. Manual biomarker scores and DIA essentially matched each other for Cox regression hazard ratios for all-cause mortality. When the Nottingham combined histologic grade (Elston-Ellis) was used as a prognostic surrogate, stronger Spearman's rank-order correlations were produced by DIA. Prognostic value of Ki67 scores in terms of likelihood ratio χ(2) (LR χ(2)) was higher for DIA that also added significantly more prognostic information to the manual scores (LR-Δχ(2)). In conclusion, the system for DIA evaluated here was in most aspects a superior alternative to manual biomarker scoring. It also has the potential to reduce time consumption for pathologists, as many of the steps in the workflow are either automatic or feasible to manage without pathological expertise.
Collapse
|
37
|
Laurinavicius A, Plancoulaine B, Rasmusson A, Besusparis J, Augulis R, Meskauskas R, Herlin P, Laurinaviciene A, Abdelhadi Muftah AA, Miligy I, Aleskandarany M, Rakha EA, Green AR, Ellis IO. Bimodality of intratumor Ki67 expression is an independent prognostic factor of overall survival in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2016; 468:493-502. [PMID: 26818835 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-016-1907-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative activity, assessed by Ki67 immunohistochemistry (IHC), is an established prognostic and predictive biomarker of breast cancer (BC). However, it remains under-utilized due to lack of standardized robust measurement methodologies and significant intratumor heterogeneity of expression. A recently proposed methodology for IHC biomarker assessment in whole slide images (WSI), based on systematic subsampling of tissue information extracted by digital image analysis (DIA) into hexagonal tiling arrays, enables computation of a comprehensive set of Ki67 indicators, including intratumor variability. In this study, the tiling methodology was applied to assess Ki67 expression in WSI of 152 surgically removed Ki67-stained (on full-face sections) BC specimens and to test which, if any, Ki67 indicators can predict overall survival (OS). Visual Ki67 IHC estimates and conventional clinico-pathologic parameters were also included in the study. Analysis revealed linearly independent intrinsic factors of the Ki67 IHC variance: proliferation (level of expression), disordered texture (entropy), tumor size and Nottingham Prognostic Index, bimodality, and correlation. All visual and DIA-generated indicators of the level of Ki67 expression provided significant cutoff values as single predictors of OS. However, only bimodality indicators (Ashman's D, in particular) were independent predictors of OS in the context of hormone receptor and HER2 status. From this, we conclude that spatial heterogeneity of proliferative tumor activity, measured by DIA of Ki67 IHC expression and analyzed by the hexagonal tiling approach, can serve as an independent prognostic indicator of OS in BC patients that outperforms the prognostic power of the level of proliferative activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arvydas Laurinavicius
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania. .,National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Benoit Plancoulaine
- PathImage/BioTICLA, Inserm (UMR 1199), University Caen Normandy, Cancer Center F. Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Allan Rasmusson
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Justinas Besusparis
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Renaldas Augulis
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Raimundas Meskauskas
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulette Herlin
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aida Laurinaviciene
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.,National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, LT-08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Abir A Abdelhadi Muftah
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Islam Miligy
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Mohammed Aleskandarany
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad A Rakha
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Histopathology, Nottingham City Hospital University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew R Green
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Ian O Ellis
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.,Histopathology, Nottingham City Hospital University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Plancoulaine B, Laurinaviciene A, Herlin P, Besusparis J, Meskauskas R, Baltrusaityte I, Iqbal Y, Laurinavicius A. A methodology for comprehensive breast cancer Ki67 labeling index with intra-tumor heterogeneity appraisal based on hexagonal tiling of digital image analysis data. Virchows Arch 2015; 467:10.1007/s00428-015-1865-x. [PMID: 26481244 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-015-1865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Digital image analysis (DIA) enables higher accuracy, reproducibility, and capacity to enumerate cell populations by immunohistochemistry; however, the most unique benefits may be obtained by evaluating the spatial distribution and intra-tissue variance of markers. The proliferative activity of breast cancer tissue, estimated by the Ki67 labeling index (Ki67 LI), is a prognostic and predictive biomarker requiring robust measurement methodologies. We performed DIA on whole-slide images (WSI) of 302 surgically removed Ki67-stained breast cancer specimens; the tumour classifier algorithm was used to automatically detect tumour tissue but was not trained to distinguish between invasive and non-invasive carcinoma cells. The WSI DIA-generated data were subsampled by hexagonal tiling (HexT). Distribution and texture parameters were compared to conventional WSI DIA and pathology report data. Factor analysis of the data set, including total numbers of tumor cells, the Ki67 LI and Ki67 distribution, and texture indicators, extracted 4 factors, identified as entropy, proliferation, bimodality, and cellularity. The factor scores were further utilized in cluster analysis, outlining subcategories of heterogeneous tumors with predominant entropy, bimodality, or both at different levels of proliferative activity. The methodology also allowed the visualization of Ki67 LI heterogeneity in tumors and the automated detection and quantitative evaluation of Ki67 hotspots, based on the upper quintile of the HexT data, conceptualized as the "Pareto hotspot". We conclude that systematic subsampling of DIA-generated data into HexT enables comprehensive Ki67 LI analysis that reflects aspects of intra-tumor heterogeneity and may serve as a methodology to improve digital immunohistochemistry in general.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Aida Laurinaviciene
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Paulette Herlin
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Justinas Besusparis
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Raimundas Meskauskas
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Indra Baltrusaityte
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Yasir Iqbal
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Arvydas Laurinavicius
- Department of Pathology, Forensic Medicine and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Vilnius University, Vilnius, Lithuania.
- National Center of Pathology, Affiliate of Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics, P. Baublio 5, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| |
Collapse
|