1
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Zhang J, Fan M, Tang J, Lin X, Liu G, Wen C, Xu X. Possibility and challenge of plant-derived ferritin cages encapsulated polyphenols in the precise nutrition field. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133579. [PMID: 38964678 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
Polyphenols have attracted extensive attention due to their rich functional activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor. However, the low solubility and poor stability limit their bioavailability and functional activities. Plant-derived ferritin cages have a unique hollow cage structure that can embed polyphenols to improve their unfavorable properties. Therefore, it is essential to adequately elaborate and summarize plant-derived ferritin cages to maximize their potential benefits in nutritional interventions. This review focuses on the fundamental properties of plant-derived ferritin cages, including the preparation process, purification technology, identification methods, and structural and functional properties. The relevant research on ferritin cages in polyphenol delivery has been summarized, including the delivery of water/lipid soluble polyphenols, modification of ferritin cages, and the interaction between polyphenols and ferritin cages. The research progress, shortcomings and prospects of plant-derived ferritin cages in precise nutrition are introduced. In addition, the relevant research on ferritin in immune response and protein engineering is also discussed to provide the theoretical basis for applying plant-derived ferritin cages in many frontier fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jixian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China; Guangling College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
| | - Meidi Fan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Jialuo Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Xinying Lin
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Guoyan Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Chaoting Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China.
| | - Xin Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225127, China.
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2
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Yousefi A, Zheng Z, Zargarbashi S, Assadipapari M, Hickman GJ, Parmenter CD, Bueno-Alejo CJ, Sanderson G, Craske D, Xu L, Perry CC, Rahmani M, Ying C. Structural Flexibility and Disassembly Kinetics of Single Ferritin Molecules Using Optical Nanotweezers. ACS NANO 2024; 18:15617-15626. [PMID: 38850556 PMCID: PMC11191739 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Ferritin, a spherical protein shell assembled from 24 subunits, functions as an efficient iron storage and release system through its channels. Understanding how various chemicals affect the structural behavior of ferritin is crucial for unravelling the origins of iron-related diseases in living organisms including humans. In particular, the influence of chemicals on ferritin's dynamics and iron release is barely explored at the single-protein level. Here, by employing optical nanotweezers using double-nanohole (DNH) structures, we examined the effect of ascorbic acid (reducing reagent) and pH on individual ferritin's conformational dynamics. The dynamics of ferritin increased as the concentration of ascorbic acid approached saturation. At pH 2.0, ferritin exhibited significant structural fluctuations and eventually underwent a stepwise disassembly into fragments. This work demonstrated the disassembly pathway and kinetics of a single ferritin molecule in solution. We identified four critical fragments during its disassembly pathway, which are 22-mer, 12-mer, tetramer, and dimer subunits. Moreover, we present single-molecule evidence of the cooperative disassembly of ferritin. Interrogating ferritin's structural change in response to different chemicals holds importance for understanding their roles in iron metabolism, hence facilitating further development of medical treatments for its associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Yousefi
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Ze Zheng
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Saaman Zargarbashi
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Mahya Assadipapari
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Hickman
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Carlos J. Bueno-Alejo
- School
of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Sanderson
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Dominic Craske
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Lei Xu
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Carole C. Perry
- Interdisciplinary
Biomedical Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United Kingdom
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Cuifeng Ying
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118NS, United
Kingdom
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3
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Sha X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Chen R, Zhang H, Meng D, Chen H, Yang R. Dual Decoration of Ferritin Nanocages by Caffeic Acid and Betanin with Covalent and Noncovalent Approaches: Structure and Stability Analyses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:7464-7475. [PMID: 38527235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Ferritin is a cage-like protein with modifiable outer and inner surfaces. To functionalize ferritin with preferable carrier applications, caffeic acid was first covalently bound to the soybean ferritin outer surface to fabricate a caffeic acid-ferritin complex (CFRT) by alkali treatment (pH 9.0). A decreased content of free amino acid (0.34 μmol/mg) and increased polyphenol binding equivalent (63.76 nmol/mg) indicated the formation of CFRT (ferritin/caffeic acid, 1:80). Fluorescence and infrared spectra verified the binding of caffeic acids to the ferritin structure. DSC indicated that the covalent modification enhanced the thermal stability of CFRT. Besides, CFRT maintained the typically spherical shape of ferritin (12 nm) and a hydration radius of 7.58 nm. Moreover, the bioactive colorant betanin was encapsulated in CFRT to form betanin-loaded CFRT (CFRTB), with an encapsulation rate of 15.5% (w/w). The betanin stabilities in CFRTB were significantly improved after heat, light, and Fe3+ treatments, and its red color retention was enhanced relative to the free betanin. This study delves into the modifiable ferritin application as nanocarriers of dual molecules and gives guidelines for betanin as a food colorant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmei Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yidan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Runxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haotong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Demei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Hai Chen
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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4
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Hu J, Sha X, Li Y, Wu J, Ma J, Zhang Y, Yang R. Multifaceted Applications of Ferritin Nanocages in Delivering Metal Ions, Bioactive Compounds, and Enzymes: A Comprehensive Review. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:19903-19919. [PMID: 37955969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, a distinctive iron-storage protein, possesses a unique cage-like nanoscale structure that enables it to encapsulate and deliver a wide range of biomolecules. Recent advances prove that ferritin can serve as an efficient 8 nm diameter carrier for various bioinorganic nutrients, such as minerals, bioactive polyphenols, and enzymes. This review offers a comprehensive summary of ferritin's structural features from different sources and emphasizes its functions in iron supplementation, calcium delivery, single- and coencapsulation of polyphenols, and enzyme package. Additionally, the influence of innovative food processing technologies, including manothermosonication, pulsed electric field, and atmospheric cold plasma, on the structure and function of ferritin are examined. Furthermore, the limitations and prospects of ferritin in food and nutritional applications are discussed. The exploration of ferritin as a multifunctional protein with the capacity to load various biomolecules is crucial to fully harnessing its potential in food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Xinmei Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jincan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Junrui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Nutrition and Health (Beijing Technology and Business University), Ministry of Education, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
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5
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Yousefi A, Ying C, Parmenter CD, Assadipapari M, Sanderson G, Zheng Z, Xu L, Zargarbashi S, Hickman GJ, Cousins RB, Mellor CJ, Mayer M, Rahmani M. Optical Monitoring of In Situ Iron Loading into Single, Native Ferritin Proteins. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:3251-3258. [PMID: 37053043 PMCID: PMC10141409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a protein that stores and releases iron to prevent diseases associated with iron dysregulation in plants, animals, and bacteria. The conversion between iron-loaded holo-ferritin and empty apo-ferritin is an important process for iron regulation. To date, studies of ferritin have used either ensemble measurements to quantify the characteristics of a large number of proteins or single-molecule approaches to interrogate labeled or modified proteins. Here we demonstrate the first real-time study of the dynamics of iron ion loading and biomineralization within a single, unlabeled ferritin protein. Using optical nanotweezers, we trapped single apo- and holo-ferritins indefinitely, distinguished one from the other, and monitored their structural dynamics in real time. The study presented here deepens the understanding of the iron uptake mechanism of ferritin proteins, which may lead to new therapeutics for iron-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Yousefi
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118 NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Cuifeng Ying
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118 NS, United
Kingdom
- Email
for C.Y.:
| | | | - Mahya Assadipapari
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118 NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Sanderson
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118 NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Ze Zheng
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118 NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Lei Xu
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118 NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Saaman Zargarbashi
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118 NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Hickman
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG11 8NS, United
Kingdom
| | - Richard B. Cousins
- Nanoscale
and Microscale Research Centre, University
of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Mellor
- School
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United
Kingdom
| | - Michael Mayer
- Adolphe
Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mohsen Rahmani
- Advanced
Optics and Photonics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Nottingham NG118 NS, United
Kingdom
- Email for M.R.:
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6
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Srivastava AK, Scalcione LJ, Arosio P, Bou‐Abdallah F. Hyperthermostable recombinant human heteropolymer ferritin derived from a novel plasmid design. Protein Sci 2023; 32:e4543. [PMID: 36519270 PMCID: PMC9798250 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian ferritins are predominantly heteropolymeric species consisting of 2 structurally similar, but functionally and genetically distinct subunit types, called H (Heavy) and L (Light). The two subunits co-assemble in different H and L ratios to form 24-mer shell-like protein nanocages where thousands of iron atoms can be mineralized inside a hollow cavity. Here, we use differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to study ferritin stability and understand how various combinations of H and L subunits confer aspects of protein structure-function relationships. Using a recently engineered plasmid design that enables the synthesis of complex ferritin nanostructures with specific H to L subunit ratios, we show that homopolymer L and heteropolymer L-rich ferritins have a remarkable hyperthermostability (Tm = 115 ± 1°C) compared to their H-ferritin homologues (Tm = 93 ± 1°C). Our data reveal a significant linear correlation between protein thermal stability and the number of L subunits present on the ferritin shell. A strong and unexpected iron-induced protein thermal destabilization effect (ΔTm up to 20°C) is observed. To our knowledge, this is the first report of recombinant human homo- and hetero-polymer ferritins that exhibit surprisingly high dissociation temperatures, the highest among all known ferritin species, including many known hyperthermophilic proteins and enzymes. This extreme thermostability of our L and L-rich ferritins may have great potential for biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Molecular & Translational MedicineUniversity of BresciaBresciaItaly
| | - Fadi Bou‐Abdallah
- Department of ChemistryState University of New YorkPotsdamNew YorkUSA
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7
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Yang R, Ma J, Hu J, Sun H, Han Y, Meng D, Wang Z, Cheng L. Formation of ferritin-agaro oligosaccharide-epigallocatechin gallate nanoparticle induced by CHAPS and partitioned by the ferritin shell with enhanced delivery efficiency. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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8
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Chen S, Liu Y, Zhu L, Meng D, Zhang L, Wang Q, Hu J, Wang D, Wang Z, Zhou Z, Song H, Yang R. Chaotrope-Controlled Fabrication of Ferritin-Salvianolic Acid B- Epigallocatechin Gallate Three-Layer Nanoparticle by the Flexibility of Ferritin Channels. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:12314-12322. [PMID: 34612625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Phytoferritin has a natural cagelike architecture for carrying bioactive molecules, and it is uniquely suited to function as a carrier due to its multiple interfaces and channels. In this study, a novel approach was proposed to prepare ferritin-salvianolic acid B-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) three-layer nanoparticles (FSE) through the steric hindrance of ferritin channels. Urea (30 mM) could expand the ferritin channel size evidenced by the improved iron release rate vo and promote the EGCG penetration into the ferritin cavity without disassembly of the ferritin cage. The encapsulation ratio of EGCG was 16.0 ± 0.14% (w/w). Salvianolic acid B attached to the outer interface of ferritin through weak bonds with a binding constant of (2.91 ± 0.04) × 105 M-1. The FSE maintained a spherical structure with a diameter of 12 nm. Moreover, when subjected to heat (40-70 °C) there was a significant increase in the stability of EGCG in the FSE due to the binding of salvianolic acid B. Through this interesting approach, two molecules are simultaneously attached and encapsulated in ferritin in a multilayer form under moderate conditions, which is conducive to the protection of unstable molecules for potential encapsulation and delivery utilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Demei Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic, China National Light Industry, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Desheng Wang
- Tianjin Goubuli Food Company, Limited, Tianjin 300380, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanlu Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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9
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Ficiarà E, Munir Z, Boschi S, Caligiuri ME, Guiot C. Alteration of Iron Concentration in Alzheimer's Disease as a Possible Diagnostic Biomarker Unveiling Ferroptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4479. [PMID: 33923052 PMCID: PMC8123284 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of all organs, including the brain, requires iron. It is present in different forms in biological fluids, and alterations in its distribution can induce oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. However, the clinical parameters normally used for monitoring iron concentration in biological fluids (i.e., serum and cerebrospinal fluid) can hardly detect the quantity of circulating iron, while indirect measurements, e.g., magnetic resonance imaging, require further validation. This review summarizes the mechanisms involved in brain iron metabolism, homeostasis, and iron imbalance caused by alterations detectable by standard and non-standard indicators of iron status. These indicators for iron transport, storage, and metabolism can help to understand which biomarkers can better detect iron imbalances responsible for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Ficiarà
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Zunaira Munir
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Silvia Boschi
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
| | - Maria Eugenia Caligiuri
- Neuroscience Research Center, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy;
| | - Caterina Guiot
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Turin, 10124 Turin, Italy; (Z.M.); (S.B.); (C.G.)
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10
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Yang R, Tian J, Liu Y, Zhu L, Sun J, Meng D, Wang Z, Wang C, Zhou Z, Chen L. Interaction mechanism of ferritin protein with chlorogenic acid and iron ion: The structure, iron redox, and polymerization evaluation. Food Chem 2021; 349:129144. [PMID: 33540218 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Ferritin is an iron-containing protein and functions in the maintenance of iron balance in organisms. Currently the interaction among ferritin, ion iron, and food bioactive compounds is still unclear. In this study, the mechanism underlying the interaction of ferritin, ion iron, and chlorogenic acid was investigated, as well as the effect of chlorogenic acid on the physicochemical properties of ferritin. The results showed that chlorogenic acid could interact with Fe(III) to form chlorogenic acid-Fe(III) complexes, which then bonded with ferritin via hydrogen bonds in the ferritin-chlorogenic acid-Fe(III) complexes. The chlorogenic acid showed a high efficiency in Fe(II) chelation and hydroxyl radical (•OH) capture, and could promote iron oxidation and iron release induced by ferritin. Chlorogenic acid could also effectively reduce the polymerization extent of ferritin induced by Fe(III) and Fe(II). This study elucidates the interactions of multiple components in foodstuffs by using a protein-metal-polyphenol model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Jixuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Demei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chengtao Wang
- Beijing Engineering and Technology Research Center of Food Additives, Beijing Technology & Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Lingyun Chen
- Department of Agricultural, Food & Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton AB, T6G 2P5, Canada.
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11
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Cryo-EM structures and functional characterization of homo- and heteropolymers of human ferritin variants. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20666. [PMID: 33244127 PMCID: PMC7692541 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of abnormal brain iron metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases is still insufficiently understood. Here, we investigate the molecular basis of the neurodegenerative disease hereditary ferritinopathy (HF), in which dysregulation of brain iron homeostasis is the primary cause of neurodegeneration. We mutagenized ferritin’s three-fold pores (3FPs), i.e. the main entry route for iron, to investigate ferritin’s iron management when iron must traverse the protein shell through the disrupted four-fold pores (4FPs) generated by mutations in the ferritin light chain (FtL) gene in HF. We assessed the structure and properties of ferritins using cryo-electron microscopy and a range of functional analyses in vitro. Loss of 3FP function did not alter ferritin structure but led to a decrease in protein solubility and iron storage. Abnormal 4FPs acted as alternate routes for iron entry and exit in the absence of functional 3FPs, further reducing ferritin iron-storage capacity. Importantly, even a small number of MtFtL subunits significantly compromises ferritin solubility and function, providing a rationale for the presence of ferritin aggregates in cell types expressing different levels of FtLs in patients with HF. These findings led us to discuss whether modifying pores could be used as a pharmacological target in HF.
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12
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Golan MP, Piłsyk S, Muszewska A, Wawrzyniak A. Ferritins in Chordata: Potential evolutionary trajectory marked by discrete selective pressures: History and reclassification of ferritins in chordates and geological events' influence on their evolution and radiation. Bioessays 2020; 43:e2000207. [PMID: 33226145 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins (FTs) are iron storage proteins that are involved in managing iron-oxygen balance. In our work, we present a hypothesis on the putative effect of geological changes that have affected the evolution and radiation of ferritin proteins. Based on sequence analysis and phylogeny reconstruction, we hypothesize that two significant factors have been involved in the evolution of ferritin proteins: fluctuations of atmospheric oxygen concentrations, altering redox potential, and changing availability of water rich in bioavailable ferric ions. Fish, ancient amphibians, reptiles, and placental mammals developed the broadest repertoire of singular FTs, attributable to embryonic growth in aquatic environments containing low oxygen levels and abundant forms of soluble iron. In contrast, oviparous land vertebrates, like reptiles and birds, that have developed in high oxygen levels and limited levels of environmental Fe2+ exhibit a lower diversity of singular FTs, but display a broad repertoire of subfamilies, particularly notable in early reptiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej P Golan
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sebastian Piłsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Anna Muszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agata Wawrzyniak
- Morphological Sciences Department, College for Medical Sciences of University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
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13
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Zhang C, Zhang X, Zhao G. Ferritin Nanocage: A Versatile Nanocarrier Utilized in the Field of Food, Nutrition, and Medicine. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091894. [PMID: 32971961 PMCID: PMC7557750 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Compared with other nanocarriers such as liposomes, mesoporous silica, and cyclodextrin, ferritin as a typical protein nanocage has received considerable attention in the field of food, nutrition, and medicine owing to its inherent cavity size, excellent water solubility, and biocompatibility. Additionally, ferritin nanocage also serves as a versatile bio-template for the synthesis of a variety of nanoparticles. Recently, scientists have explored the ferritin nanocage structure for encapsulation and delivery of guest molecules such as nutrients, bioactive molecules, anticancer drugs, and mineral metal ions by taking advantage of its unique reversible disassembly and reassembly property and biomineralization. In this review, we mainly focus on the preparation and structure of ferritin-based nanocarriers, and regulation of their self-assembly. Moreover, the recent advances of their applications in food nutrient delivery and medical diagnostics are highlighted. Finally, the main challenges and future development in ferritin-directed nanoparticles’ synthesis and multifunctional applications are discussed.
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14
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Szulc DA, Lee XA, Cheng HYM, Cheng HLM. Bright Ferritin-a Reporter Gene Platform for On-Demand, Longitudinal Cell Tracking on MRI. iScience 2020; 23:101350. [PMID: 32707432 PMCID: PMC7381694 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A major unresolved challenge in cell-based regenerative medicine is the absence of non-invasive technologies for tracking cell fate in deep tissue and with high spatial resolution over an extended interval. MRI is highly suited for this task, but current methods fail to provide longitudinal monitoring or high sensitivity, or both. In this study, we fill this technological gap with the first discovery and demonstration of in vivo cellular production of endogenous bright contrast via an MRI genetic reporter system that forms manganese-ferritin nanoparticles. We demonstrate this technology in human embryonic kidney cells genetically modified to stably overexpress ferritin and show that, in the presence of manganese, these cells produce far greater contrast than conventional ferritin overexpression with iron or manganese-permeable cells. In living mice, diffusely implanted bright-ferritin cells produce the highest and most sustained contrast in skeletal muscle. The bright-ferritin platform has potential for on-demand, longitudinal, and sensitive cell tracking in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Szulc
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, RS407, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Xavier A Lee
- Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hai-Ying Mary Cheng
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON L5L 1C6, Canada
| | - Hai-Ling Margaret Cheng
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, RS407, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada; Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Translational Biology & Engineering Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada; The Edward S. Rogers Sr. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G4, Canada.
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15
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McNally JR, Mehlenbacher MR, Luscieti S, Smith GL, Reutovich AA, Maura P, Arosio P, Bou-Abdallah F. Mutant L-chain ferritins that cause neuroferritinopathy alter ferritin functionality and iron permeability. Metallomics 2020; 11:1635-1647. [PMID: 31513212 DOI: 10.1039/c9mt00154a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the iron storage and detoxification protein ferritin is composed of two functionally and genetically distinct subunit types, H (heavy) and L (light). The two subunits co-assemble in various ratios, with a tissue specific distribution, to form shell-like protein structures of 24 subunits within which a mineralized iron core is stored. The H-subunits possess ferroxidase centers that catalyze the rapid oxidation of ferrous ions, whereas the L-subunit does not have such centers and is believed to play an important role in electron transfer reactions that occur during the uptake and release of iron. Pathogenic mutations on the L-chain lead to neuroferritinopathy, a neurodegenerative disease characterized by abnormal accumulation of ferritin inclusion bodies and iron in the central nervous system. Here, we have characterized the thermal stability, iron loading capacity, iron uptake, and iron release properties of ferritin heteropolymers carrying the three pathogenic L-ferritin mutants (L154fs, L167fs, and L148fs, which for simplicity we named Ln1, Ln2 and Ln3, respectively), and a non-pathogenic variant (L135P) bearing a single substitution on the 3-fold axes of L-subunits. The UV-Vis data show a similar iron loading capacity (ranging between 1800 to 2400 Fe(iii)/shell) for all ferritin samples examined in this study, with Ln2 holding the least amount of iron (i.e. 1800 Fe(iii)/shell). The three pathogenic L-ferritin mutants revealed higher rates of iron oxidation and iron release, suggesting that a few mutated L-chains on the heteropolymer have a significant effect on iron permeability through the ferritin shell. DSC thermograms showed a strong destabilization effect, the severity of which depends on the location of the frameshift mutations (i.e. wt heteropolymer ferritin ≅ homopolymer H-chain > L135P > Ln2 > Ln1 > Ln3). Variant L135P had only minor effects on the protein functionality and stability, suggesting that local melting of the 3-fold axes in this variant may not be responsible for neuroferritinopathy-like disorders. The data support the hypothesis that hereditary neuroferritinopathies are due to alterations of ferritin functionality and lower physical stability which correlate with the frameshifts introduced at the C-terminal sequence and explain the dominant transmission of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R McNally
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York, Potsdam, New York 13676, USA.
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16
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Meng D, Shi L, Zhu L, Wang Q, Liu J, Kong Y, Hou M, Yang R, Zhou Z. Coencapsulation and Stability Evaluation of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Bioactive Compounds in a Cagelike Phytoferritin. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:3238-3249. [PMID: 32059106 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enrichment of multiple bioactive components with different characters into one food substrate simultaneously is a challenge. In this study, the hydrophilic epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and the hydrophobic quercetin were simultaneously enriched in the cavity of phytoferritin from red bean seed deprived of iron (apoRBF), a cagelike protein. The interactions of apoRBF with EGCG and quercetin were evaluated by UV/visible absorption, fluorescence, and circular dichroism technologies. By combination of the reversible assembly and urea induced approaches, both EGCG and quercetin were successfully coencapsulated in apoRBF to fabricate four kinds of apoRBF-EGCG-quercetin nanocomplexes FEQ (FEQ1, FEQ2, FEQ3, and FEQ4) with good solubility in aqueous solution. All FEQ samples maintained the typically spherical morphology of ferritin cage with a diameter around 12 nm. Among the four FEQ samples, the FEQ1 prepared by involving a pH 2.0/6.7 transition scheme was more effective in encapsulating EGCG and quercetin molecules than that by the urea induced method. Furthermore, all FEQs facilitated the stability of EGCG and quercetin molecules relative to free ones, and simultaneous coencapsulation of EGCG and quercetin could significantly improve the quercetin stability as compared with that of the free one and quercetin-loaded ferritin (p < 0.05), respectively. This work provides a new scheme to design and fabricate the ferritin based carrier for encapsulation of multiple bioactive components, and it is beneficial for the intensification of multifunction in one food substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demei Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Lina Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Qiaoe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cosmetic (Beijing Technology and Business University), China National Light Industry, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Yu Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Muxin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
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17
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Liu Y, Yang R, Liu J, Meng D, Zhou Z, Zhang Y, Blanchard C. Fabrication, structure, and function evaluation of the ferritin based nano-carrier for food bioactive compounds. Food Chem 2019; 299:125097. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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18
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Transglutaminase induced oligochitosan glycosylation of ferritin as a novel nanocarrier for food bioactive molecules. Food Hydrocoll 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2019.03.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Giessen TW, Orlando BJ, Verdegaal AA, Chambers MG, Gardener J, Bell DC, Birrane G, Liao M, Silver PA. Large protein organelles form a new iron sequestration system with high storage capacity. eLife 2019; 8:46070. [PMID: 31282860 PMCID: PMC6668986 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron storage proteins are essential for cellular iron homeostasis and redox balance. Ferritin proteins are the major storage units for bioavailable forms of iron. Some organisms lack ferritins, and it is not known how they store iron. Encapsulins, a class of protein-based organelles, have recently been implicated in microbial iron and redox metabolism. Here, we report the structural and mechanistic characterization of a 42 nm two-component encapsulin-based iron storage compartment from Quasibacillus thermotolerans. Using cryo-electron microscopy and x-ray crystallography, we reveal the assembly principles of a thermostable T = 4 shell topology and its catalytic ferroxidase cargo and show interactions underlying cargo-shell co-assembly. This compartment has an exceptionally large iron storage capacity storing over 23,000 iron atoms. Our results reveal a new approach for survival in diverse habitats with limited or fluctuating iron availability via an iron storage system able to store 10 to 20 times more iron than ferritin. People often think of the cell as the basic unit of life. Despite this, individual cells are also subdivided into many compartments, called ‘organelles’ because they act like the internal organs of the cell. For example, organelles can break down nutrients, store information in the form of DNA, or help remove waste. Even bacterial cells, despite being smaller and simpler than most other cell types, contain organelle-like structures. These are tiny compartments, termed protein organelles, which are enclosed by ‘shells’ made from self-assembling proteins within the cell. Cells need iron to carry out the chemical reactions necessary for life. Iron is therefore an essential nutrient, but it can also be toxic if not stored properly inside the cell. Cells often solve this problem by locking iron away inside small, specialised protein cages called ferritins until it can be used. Most organisms, from humans to bacteria, have ferritins, but some do not, and the way these organisms store iron remains largely unknown. The bacterium Quasibacillus thermotolerans is an example of an organism that lacks ferritins. However, it does contain a recently discovered type of protein organelle, called an encapsulin. Giessen et al. wanted to find out more about the structure of this protein organelle, and to determine if it helped these bacteria store iron. Q. thermotolerans’ encapsulin turned out to be the largest of its kind discovered to date. Detailed imaging experiments, using a combination of electron microscopy and X-ray- based techniques, revealed that the protein shell of the encapsulin had an overall structure resembling chain mail and contained multiple pores. These pores were negatively charged, meaning that they could efficiently attract iron (which has a positive charge) and funnel it into the interior of the compartment. The compartment itself was able to store at least 20 times more iron than ferritins, making this encapsulin one of the most efficient methods of iron storage in any cell. These findings will help us better understand how bacteria that lack ferritins cope with the problem of iron storage. In the future, encapsulins could also be used as a target for new therapies to fight bacterial infections, or even as the building blocks for microscopic chemical reactors or ‘storage facilities’ in industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias W Giessen
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Benjamin J Orlando
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Andrew A Verdegaal
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, United States
| | - Melissa G Chambers
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jules Gardener
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - David C Bell
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States.,School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, United States
| | - Gabriel Birrane
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Maofu Liao
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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20
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Meng D, Zuo P, Song H, Yang R. Influence of Manothermosonication on the Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Ferritin as a Nanocarrier of Iron or Bioactive Compounds. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6633-6641. [PMID: 31099573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a multisubunit protein with a hollow interior interface and modifiable surfaces. In this study, the manothermosonication (MTS) technology was applied to apo-red bean seed ferritin (apoRBF) to produce the MTS-treated apoRBF (MTFS). MTS treatment (200 kPa, 50 °C, and 40 s) maintained the spherical morphology of apoRBF (12 nm), but reduced the content of α-helix structure and increased the content of random coil structure, and correspondingly decreased the ferritin stability. The MTS treatment also affected the ferritin's iron storage function by decreasing its iron oxidative deposition activity and increasing the iron release activity. Importantly, the disassembly and reassembly properties of the MTFS induced by pH changes were retained, which facilitated its usage in encapsulation of tea polyphenol-epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) into the ferritin by a relatively benign pH conversion routine (pH 3.0/6.8). In addition, the water solubility of the MTFS was increased, leading to the improved encapsulation efficiency of the EGCG molecules. This study will facilitate the ferritin modification and functionalization by MTS to design a protein variant to be used as new scaffold for iron and bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demei Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Peng Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai , China
| | - Huanlu Song
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Rui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
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21
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Meng D, Wang B, Zhen T, Zhang M, Yang R. Pulsed Electric Fields-Modified Ferritin Realizes Loading of Rutin by a Moderate pH Transition. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:12404-12411. [PMID: 30376329 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin shares a conserved 24-subunit spherical structure and a unique reversible self-assembly characteristic. In the present work, pulsed electric fields (PEF) technology was used to treat red bean seed ferritin deprived of iron (apoRBF) to fabricate a PEF-modified apoRBF (PEFF). Results indicated that PEF treatment at 20 kV/cm for 7.05 ms retained the spherical structure but decreased the α-helix/β-sheet contents of ferritin. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and UV-vis analyses proved that the thermal stability of the PEFF was decreased. Consequently, PEFF disassembled at pH 3.6 and reassembled when the pH was restored to 7.0, exhibiting a more moderate condition relevant to the traditional approach. Using the pH 3.6/7.0 transition routine, rutin molecules were successfully loaded within PEFF nanoparticle. The rutin-loaded PEFF showed a diameter of 12 nm with an encapsulation ratio of 13.7% (w/w). Moreover, PEFF played a role in protecting the encapsulated rutin molecules upon thermal treatment (20-70 °C). This work will be beneficial for extension of PEF application in protein modification and will improve ferritin functionalization as a carrier for food bioactive molecules by a moderate pH transition method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demei Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
| | - Baowei Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266109 , China
| | - Tianyuan Zhen
- College of Food Science and Engineering , Qingdao Agricultural University , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266109 , China
| | - Min Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , China
| | - Rui Yang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health , Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048 , China
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education , Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457 , China
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22
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Reductive Mobilization of Iron from Intact Ferritin: Mechanisms and Physiological Implication. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11040120. [PMID: 30400623 PMCID: PMC6315955 DOI: 10.3390/ph11040120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferritins are highly conserved supramolecular protein nanostructures composed of two different subunit types, H (heavy) and L (light). The two subunits co-assemble into a 24-subunit heteropolymer, with tissue specific distributions, to form shell-like protein structures within which thousands of iron atoms are stored as a soluble inorganic ferric iron core. In-vitro (or in cell free systems), the mechanisms of iron(II) oxidation and formation of the mineral core have been extensively investigated, although it is still unclear how iron is loaded into the protein in-vivo. In contrast, there is a wide spread belief that the major pathway of iron mobilization from ferritin involves a lysosomal proteolytic degradation of ferritin, and the dissolution of the iron mineral core. However, it is still unclear whether other auxiliary iron mobilization mechanisms, involving physiological reducing agents and/or cellular reductases, contribute to the release of iron from ferritin. In vitro iron mobilization from ferritin can be achieved using different reducing agents, capable of easily reducing the ferritin iron core, to produce soluble ferrous ions that are subsequently chelated by strong iron(II)-chelating agents. Here, we review our current understanding of iron mobilization from ferritin by various reducing agents, and report on recent results from our laboratory, in support of a mechanism that involves a one-electron transfer through the protein shell to the iron mineral core. The physiological significance of the iron reductive mobilization from ferritin by the non-enzymatic FMN/NAD(P)H system is also discussed.
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23
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Yang R, Tian J, Liu Y, Meng D, Blanchard CL, Zhou Z. One-step fabrication of phytoferritin-chitosan-epigallocatechin shell-core nanoparticles by thermal treatment. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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24
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Yang R, Liu Y, Blanchard C, Zhou Z. Channel directed rutin nano-encapsulation in phytoferritin induced by guanidine hydrochloride. Food Chem 2018; 240:935-939. [PMID: 28946364 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phytoferritin cage has a nano-sized cavity to encapsulate bioactive molecules. In this work, a novel approach is presented that guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) (2mM) can expand the channel of apo-soybean seed ferritin (apoSSF) and promote the encapsulation of rutin molecules in apoSSF at pH 7.0 without the disassembly of the protein cage. Upon removal of GuHCl from SSF, a rutin encapsulation ratio of 10.1% was obtained; and the prepared rutin-loaded ferritin nanoparticles were homogeneously distributed, showing a shell-like morphology with a size of 12nm. By virtue of this interesting method, core molecules can be encapsulated within the ferritin cage in a benign condition without extreme pH changes, which is beneficial for the stability and bioactivity of the pH-sensitive molecules in food encapsulation and delivery of functional molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Yuqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Chris Blanchard
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
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25
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Yang R, Tian J, Liu Y, Yang Z, Wu D, Zhou Z. Thermally Induced Encapsulation of Food Nutrients into Phytoferritin through the Flexible Channels without Additives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9950-9955. [PMID: 29037043 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The cavity of phytoferritin provides a nanospace to encapsulate and deliver food nutrient molecules. However, tranditional methods to prepare the ferritin-nutrient complexes must undergo acid/alkaline conditions or apply additives. In this work, we provide a novel guideline that thermal treatment at 60 °C can expand ferritin channels by uncoiling the surrounding α-helix. Upon reduction of the temperature to 20 °C, food nutrient rutin can be encapsulated in apo-soybean seed ferritin (apoSSF) at pH 7.0 through channels without disassembly of the protein cage and with no addition of additives. Results indicated that one apoSSF could encapsulate about 10.5 molecules of rutin, with an encapsulation ratio of 8.08% (w/w). In addition, the resulting rutin-loaded SSF complexes were monodispersed in a size of 12 nm in aqueous solution. This work provides a novel pathway for the encapsulation of food nutrient molecules into the nanocavity of ferritin under a neutral pH condition induced by thermal treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU) , Beijing 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Tian
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiying Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, People's Republic of China
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Johnson LE, Wilkinson T, Arosio P, Melman A, Bou-Abdallah F. Effect of chaotropes on the kinetics of iron release from ferritin by flavin nucleotides. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:3257-3262. [PMID: 28943300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ferritins are ubiquitous multi-subunit iron storage and detoxification proteins that play a critical role in iron homeostasis. Ferrous ions that enter the protein's shell through hydrophilic channels are rapidly oxidized at dinuclear centers on the H-subunit before transfer to the protein's cavity for storage. The mechanisms of iron loading have been extensively studied, but little is known about iron mobilization. Fe(III) reduction can occur via rapid reduction by suitable reducing agents followed by chelation of Fe(II) ions or via direct and slow Fe(III) chelation. Here, the iron release kinetics from ferritin by FMNH2 in the presence of various chaotropic agents are studied and their in-vivo physiological significance discussed. METHODS The iron release kinetics from horse and human ferritins by FMNH2 were monitored at 522nm where the Fe(II)-bipyridine complex absorbs. The experiments were performed in the presence of different concentrations of three chaotropic agents, urea, guanidine HCl, and triton. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Under our experimental conditions, iron reductive mobilization by the non-enzymatic FMN/NAD(P)H system is limited by the concentration of FMNH2 and is independent on the type or amount of chaotropes present. Diffusion of FMNH2 through the ferritin pores is an unlikely mechanism for ferritin iron reduction. An iron mobilization mechanism involving rapid electron transfer through the protein shell is discussed. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Caution must be exercised when interpreting the kinetics of iron mobilization from ferritin using the FMN/NAD(P)H system. The kinetics are highly dependent on the amount of dissolved oxygen and the concentration of reagents used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Johnson
- State University of New York at Potsdam, Department of Chemistry, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Tyler Wilkinson
- Clarkson University, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Artem Melman
- Clarkson University, Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Potsdam, NY, USA.
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- State University of New York at Potsdam, Department of Chemistry, Potsdam, NY, USA.
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27
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Williams SM, Chandran AV, Prakash S, Vijayan M, Chatterji D. A Mutation Directs the Structural Switch of DNA Binding Proteins under Starvation to a Ferritin-like Protein Cage. Structure 2017; 25:1449-1454.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Wang Q, Zhang C, Liu L, Li Z, Guo F, Li X, Luo J, Zhao D, Liu Y, Su Z. High hydrostatic pressure encapsulation of doxorubicin in ferritin nanocages with enhanced efficiency. J Biotechnol 2017; 254:34-42. [PMID: 28591619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human ferritin (HFn) nanocaging is becoming an appealing platform for anticancer drugs delivery. However, protein aggregation always occurs during the encapsulation process, resulting in low production efficiency. A new approach using high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) was explored in this study to overcome the problem of loading doxorubicin (DOX) in HFn. At the pressure of 500MPa and pH 5.5, DOX molecules were found to be encapsulated into HFn. Meanwhile, combining it with an additive of 20mM arginine completely inhibited precipitation and aggregation, resulting in highly monodispersed nanoparticles with almost 100% protein recovery. Furthermore, stepwise decompression and incubation of the complex in atmospheric pressure at pH 7.4 for another period could further increase the DOX encapsulation ratio. The HFn-DOX nanoparticles (NPs) showed similar morphology and structural features to the hollow cage and no notable drug leakage occurred for HFn-DOX NPs when stored at 4°C and pH 7.4 for two weeks. HFn-DOX NPs prepared through HHP also showed significant cytotoxicity in vitro and higher antitumor bioactivity in vivo than naked DOX. Moreover, This HHP encapsulation strategy could economize on DOX that was greatly wasted during the conventional preparation process simply through a desalting column. These results indicated that HHP could offer a feasible approach with high efficiency for the production of HFn-DOX NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Liping Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China; Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China
| | - Zenglan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fangxia Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiunan Li
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Jian Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Dawei Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China
| | - Yongdong Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Zhiguo Su
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.1 Beierjie Street, Zhongguancun, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, PR China; Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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29
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Yang R, Liu Y, Meng D, Chen Z, Blanchard CL, Zhou Z. Urea-Driven Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) Permeation into the Ferritin Cage, an Innovative Method for Fabrication of Protein-Polyphenol Co-assemblies. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1410-1419. [PMID: 28158944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The 8 nm diameter cavity endows the ferritin cage with a natural space to encapsulate food components. In this work, urea was explored as a novel medium to facilitate the formation of ferritin-polyphenol co-assemblies. Results indicated that urea (20 mM) could expand the 4-fold channel size of apo-red bean ferritin (apoRBF) with an increased initial iron release rate υ0 (0.22 ± 0.02 μM min-1) and decreased α-helix content (5.6%). Moreover, urea (20 mM) could facilitate the permeation of EGCG into the apoRBF without destroying the ferritin structure and thus form ferritin-EGCG co-assemblies (FECs) with an encapsulation ratio and loading capacity of 17.6 and 2.1% (w/w), respectively. TEM exhibited that FECs maintained a spherical morphology with a 12 nm diameter in size. Fluorescence analysis showed that urea intervention could improve the binding constant K [(1.22 ± 0.8) × 104 M-1] of EGCG to apoRBF. Furthermore, the EGCG thermal stability was significantly improved (20-60 °C) compared with free EGCG. Additionally, this urea-involved method was applicable for chlorogenic acid and anthocyanin encapsulation by the apoRBF cage. Thus, urea shows potential as a novel potential medium to encapsulate and stabilize bioactive polyphenols for food usage based on the ferritin protein cage structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Food Safety & Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yuqian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Demei Meng
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Zhiyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Christopher L Blanchard
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains , Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Ministry of Education, School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology , Tianjin 300457, China
- Tianjin Food Safety & Low Carbon Manufacturing Collaborative Innovation Center , Tianjin 300457, China
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30
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Theil EC, Tosha T, Behera RK. Solving Biology's Iron Chemistry Problem with Ferritin Protein Nanocages. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:784-91. [PMID: 27136423 DOI: 10.1021/ar500469e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins reversibly synthesize iron-oxy(ferrihydrite) biominerals inside large, hollow protein nanocages (10-12 nm, ∼480 000 g/mol); the iron biominerals are metabolic iron concentrates for iron protein biosyntheses. Protein cages of 12- or 24-folded ferritin subunits (4-α-helix polypeptide bundles) self-assemble, experimentally. Ferritin biomineral structures differ among animals and plants or bacteria. The basic ferritin mineral structure is ferrihydrite (Fe2O3·H2O) with either low phosphate in the highly ordered animal ferritin biominerals, Fe/PO4 ∼ 8:1, or Fe/PO4 ∼ 1:1 in the more amorphous ferritin biominerals of plants and bacteria. While different ferritin environments, plant bacterial-like plastid organelles and animal cytoplasm, might explain ferritin biomineral differences, investigation is required. Currently, the physiological significance of plant-specific and animal-specific ferritin iron minerals is unknown. The iron content of ferritin in living tissues ranges from zero in "apoferritin" to as high as ∼4500 iron atoms. Ferritin biomineralization begins with the reaction of Fe(2+) with O2 at ferritin enzyme (Fe(2+)/O oxidoreductase) sites. The product of ferritin enzyme activity, diferric oxy complexes, is also the precursor of ferritin biomineral. Concentrations of Fe(3+) equivalent to 2.0 × 10(-1) M are maintained in ferritin solutions, contrasting with the Fe(3+) Ks ∼ 10(-18) M. Iron ions move into, through, and out of ferritin protein cages in structural subdomains containing conserved amino acids. Cage subdomains include (1) ion channels for Fe(2+) entry/exit, (2) enzyme (oxidoreductase) site for coupling Fe(2+) and O yielding diferric oxy biomineral precursors, and (3) ferric oxy nucleation channels, where diferric oxy products from up to three enzyme sites interact while moving toward the central, biomineral growth cavity (12 nm diameter) where ferric oxy species, now 48-mers, grow in ferric oxy biomineral. High ferritin protein cage symmetry (3-fold and 4-fold axes) and amino acid conservation coincide with function, shown by amino acid substitution effects. 3-Fold symmetry axes control Fe(2+) entry (enzyme catalysis of Fe(2+)/O2 oxidoreduction) and Fe(2+) exit (reductive ferritin mineral dissolution); 3-fold symmetry axes influence Fe(2+)exit from dissolved mineral; bacterial ferritins diverge slightly in Fe/O2 reaction mechanisms and intracage paths of iron-oxy complexes. Biosynthesis rates of ferritin protein change with Fe(2+) and O2 concentrations, dependent on DNA-binding, and heme binding protein, Bach 1. Increased cellular O2 indirectly stabilizes ferritin DNA/Bach 1 interactions. Heme, Fe-protoporphyrin IX, decreases ferritin DNA-Bach 1 binding, causing increased ferritin mRNA biosynthesis (transcription). Direct Fe(2+) binding to ferritin mRNA decreases binding of an inhibitory protein, IRP, causing increased ferritin mRNA translation (protein biosynthesis). Newly synthesized ferritin protein consumes Fe(2+) in biomineral, decreasing Fe(2)(+) and creating a regulatory feedback loop. Ferritin without iron is "apoferritin". Iron removal from ferritin, experimentally, uses biological reductants, for example, NADH + FMN, or chemical reductants, for example, thioglycolic acid, with Fe(2+) chelators; physiological mechanism(s) are murky. Clear, however, is the necessity of ferritin for terrestrial life by conferring oxidant protection (plants, animals, and bacteria), virulence (bacteria), and embryonic survival (mammals). Future studies of ferritin structure/function and Fe(2+)/O2 chemistry will lead to new ferritin uses in medicine, nutrition, and nanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Theil
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, United States
- Department of Structural
and Molecular Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7313, United States
| | - Takehiko Tosha
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, United States
- Department of Structural
and Molecular Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7313, United States
| | - Rabindra K. Behera
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, United States
- Department of Structural
and Molecular Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7313, United States
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31
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Maxi- and mini-ferritins: minerals and protein nanocages. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 52:29-47. [PMID: 21877262 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-21230-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Ferritins synthesize ferric oxide biominerals and are central to all life for concentrating iron and protection against oxidative stress from the ferrous and oxidant chemistry. The ferritin protein nanocages and biomineral synthesis are discussed in terms of wide biological distribution of the maxi-ferritins (24 subunit ± heme) and mini-ferritins (Dps) (12 subunit), conservations of the iron/oxygen catalytic sites in the protein cages, mineral formation (step i. Fe(II) entry and binding, step ii. O(2) or H(2)O(2) binding and formation of transition intermediates, step iii. release of differric oxo mineral precursors from active sites, step iv. nucleation and mineralization) properties of the minerals, and protein control of mineral dissolution and release of Fe(II). Pores in ferritin protein cages control iron entry for mineralization and iron exit after mineral dissolution. The relationship between phosphate or the presence of catalytically inactive subunits (animal L subunits) and ferritin iron mineral disorder is developed based on new information about contributions of ferritin protein cage structure to nucleation in protein cage subunit channels that exit close enough to those of other subunits and exiting mineral nuclei to facilitate bulk mineral formation. How and where protons move in and out of the protein during mineral synthesis and dissolution, how ferritin cage assembly with 12 or 24 subunits is encoded in the widely divergent ferritin amino acid sequences, and what is the role of the protein in synthesis of the bulk mineral are all described as problems requiring new approaches in future investigations of ferritin biominerals.
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32
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Yang R, Gao Y, Zhou Z, Strappe P, Blanchard C. Fabrication and characterization of ferritin–chitosan–lutein shell–core nanocomposites and lutein stability and release evaluation in vitro. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04058f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The nano-sized ferritin and chitosan provide a platform for fabricating shell–core system to encapsulate lutein, exhibiting improved stability and prolonged release of lutein in simulated gastrointestinal tract digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Yunjing Gao
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Padraig Strappe
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- Charles Sturt University
- Wagga Wagga
- Australia
| | - Chris Blanchard
- ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Functional Grains
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- Charles Sturt University
- Wagga Wagga
- Australia
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33
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Masuda T. Soybean Ferritin Forms an Iron-Containing Oligomer in Tofu Even after Heat Treatment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8890-5. [PMID: 26390371 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin, a multimeric iron storage protein distributed in almost all living kingdoms, has been highlighted recently as a nutritional iron source in plant-derived foodstuffs, because ferritin iron is suggested to have high bioavailability. In soybean seeds, ferritin contributes largely to the net iron contents. Here, the oligomeric states and iron contents of soybean ferritin during food processing (especially tofu gel formation) were analyzed. Ferritin was purified from tofu gel as an iron-containing oligomer (approximately 1000 Fe atoms per oligomer), which was composed of two types of subunits similar to the native soybean seed ferritin. Circular dichroism spectra also showed no differences in α-helical structure between native soybean ferritin and tofu ferritin. The present data demonstrate that ferritin was stable during the heat treatment (boiling procedure) in food processing, although partial denaturation was observed at temperatures higher than 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taro Masuda
- Laboratory of Food Quality Design and Development, Division of Agronomy and Horticultural Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University , Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
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34
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Yang R, Zhou Z, Sun G, Gao Y, Xu J. Ferritin, a novel vehicle for iron supplementation and food nutritional factors encapsulation. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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35
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Jutz G, van Rijn P, Santos Miranda B, Böker A. Ferritin: a versatile building block for bionanotechnology. Chem Rev 2015; 115:1653-701. [PMID: 25683244 DOI: 10.1021/cr400011b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Günther Jutz
- DWI - Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien e.V., Lehrstuhl für Makromolekulare Materialien und Oberflächen, RWTH Aachen University , Forckenbeckstrasse 50, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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36
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Yang R, Zhou Z, Sun G, Gao Y, Xu J, Strappe P, Blanchard C, Cheng Y, Ding X. Synthesis of homogeneous protein-stabilized rutin nanodispersions by reversible assembly of soybean (Glycine max) seed ferritin. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra03542b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have studied the soybean seed ferritin stabilized rutin nanodispersions with improved water-solubility, thermal stability, and UV radiation stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Zhongkai Zhou
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Guoyu Sun
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Yunjing Gao
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Jingjing Xu
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Padraig Strappe
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- Charles Sturt University
- Wagga Wagga
- Australia
- ARC Functional Grains Centre
| | - Chris Blanchard
- School of Biomedical Sciences
- Charles Sturt University
- Wagga Wagga
- Australia
- ARC Functional Grains Centre
| | - Yao Cheng
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- School of Food Engineering and Biotechnology
- Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety
- Ministry of Education
- Tianjin University of Science and Technology
- Tianjin 300457
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37
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Nakajima H, Kondo M, Nakane T, Abe S, Nakao T, Watanabe Y, Ueno T. Construction of an enterobactin analogue with symmetrically arranged monomer subunits of ferritin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16609-12. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06904a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The symmetric arrangement of ferritin subunits served as a versatile foundation to produce a symmetric coordination space with designed ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nakajima
- Division of Molecular Materials Science
- Graduate School of Science
- Osaka City University
- Osaka
- Japan
| | - Mio Kondo
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | - Taiki Nakane
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Midori-ku
- Japan
| | - Satoshi Abe
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Midori-ku
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakao
- Department of Chemistry
- Graduate School of Science
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya
- Japan
| | | | - Takafumi Ueno
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Midori-ku
- Japan
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38
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Biology of ferritin in mammals: an update on iron storage, oxidative damage and neurodegeneration. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1787-802. [PMID: 25119494 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an abundant transition metal that is essential for life, being associated with many enzyme and oxygen carrier proteins involved in a variety of fundamental cellular processes. At the same time, the metal is potentially toxic due to its capacity to engage in the catalytic production of noxious reactive oxygen species. The control of iron availability in the cells is largely dependent on ferritins, ubiquitous proteins with storage and detoxification capacity. In mammals, cytosolic ferritins are composed of two types of subunits, the H and the L chain, assembled to form a 24-mer spherical cage. Ferritin is present also in mitochondria, in the form of a complex with 24 identical chains. Even though the proteins have been known for a long time, their study is a very active and interesting field yet. In this review, we will focus our attention to mammalian cytosolic and mitochondrial ferritins, describing the most recent advancement regarding their storage and antioxidant function, the effects of their genetic mutations in human pathology, and also the possible involvement in non-iron-related activities. We will also discuss recent evidence connecting ferritins and the toxicity of iron in a set of neurodegenerative disorder characterized by focal cerebral siderosis.
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39
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Singh N, Haldar S, Tripathi AK, Horback K, Wong J, Sharma D, Beserra A, Suda S, Anbalagan C, Dev S, Mukhopadhyay CK, Singh A. Brain iron homeostasis: from molecular mechanisms to clinical significance and therapeutic opportunities. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:1324-63. [PMID: 23815406 PMCID: PMC3935772 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Iron has emerged as a significant cause of neurotoxicity in several neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD), and others. In some cases, the underlying cause of iron mis-metabolism is known, while in others, our understanding is, at best, incomplete. Recent evidence implicating key proteins involved in the pathogenesis of AD, PD, and sCJD in cellular iron metabolism suggests that imbalance of brain iron homeostasis associated with these disorders is a direct consequence of disease pathogenesis. A complete understanding of the molecular events leading to this phenotype is lacking partly because of the complex regulation of iron homeostasis within the brain. Since systemic organs and the brain share several iron regulatory mechanisms and iron-modulating proteins, dysfunction of a specific pathway or selective absence of iron-modulating protein(s) in systemic organs has provided important insights into the maintenance of iron homeostasis within the brain. Here, we review recent information on the regulation of iron uptake and utilization in systemic organs and within the complex environment of the brain, with particular emphasis on the underlying mechanisms leading to brain iron mis-metabolism in specific neurodegenerative conditions. Mouse models that have been instrumental in understanding systemic and brain disorders associated with iron mis-metabolism are also described, followed by current therapeutic strategies which are aimed at restoring brain iron homeostasis in different neurodegenerative conditions. We conclude by highlighting important gaps in our understanding of brain iron metabolism and mis-metabolism, particularly in the context of neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neena Singh
- 1 Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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40
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Laghaei R, Kowallis W, Evans DG, Coalson RD. Calculation of Iron Transport through Human H-chain Ferritin. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:7442-53. [DOI: 10.1021/jp500198u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Laghaei
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - William Kowallis
- Department
of Chemistry, Carlow University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Deborah G. Evans
- The
Nanoscience and Microsystems Program and the Department of Chemistry
and Chemical Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131-0001, United States
| | - Rob D. Coalson
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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41
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Segond D, Abi Khalil E, Buisson C, Daou N, Kallassy M, Lereclus D, Arosio P, Bou-Abdallah F, Nielsen Le Roux C. Iron acquisition in Bacillus cereus: the roles of IlsA and bacillibactin in exogenous ferritin iron mobilization. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1003935. [PMID: 24550730 PMCID: PMC3923779 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In host-pathogen interactions, the struggle for iron may have major consequences on the outcome of the disease. To overcome the low solubility and bio-availability of iron, bacteria have evolved multiple systems to acquire iron from various sources such as heme, hemoglobin and ferritin. The molecular basis of iron acquisition from heme and hemoglobin have been extensively studied; however, very little is known about iron acquisition from host ferritin, a 24-mer nanocage protein able to store thousands of iron atoms within its cavity. In the human opportunistic pathogen Bacillus cereus, a surface protein named IlsA (Iron-regulated leucine rich surface protein type A) binds heme, hemoglobin and ferritin in vitro and is involved in virulence. Here, we demonstrate that IlsA acts as a ferritin receptor causing ferritin aggregation on the bacterial surface. Isothermal titration calorimetry data indicate that IlsA binds several types of ferritins through direct interaction with the shell subunits. UV-vis kinetic data show a significant enhancement of iron release from ferritin in the presence of IlsA indicating for the first time that a bacterial protein might alter the stability of the ferritin iron core. Disruption of the siderophore bacillibactin production drastically reduces the ability of B. cereus to utilize ferritin for growth and results in attenuated bacterial virulence in insects. We propose a new model of iron acquisition in B. cereus that involves the binding of IlsA to host ferritin followed by siderophore assisted iron uptake. Our results highlight a possible interplay between a surface protein and a siderophore and provide new insights into host adaptation of B. cereus and general bacterial pathogenesis. Iron homeostasis is important for all living organisms; too much iron confers cell toxicity, and too little iron results in reduced cell fitness. While crucial for many cellular processes in both man and pathogens, a battle for this essential nutrient erupts during infection between the host and the invading bacteria. Iron is principally stored in ferritin, a large molecule able to bind several thousand iron ions. Although host ferritins represent a mine of iron for pathogens, studies of the mechanisms involved in its acquisition by bacteria are scarce. In the human opportunistic pathogen Bacillus cereus, the surface protein IlsA is able to bind several host iron sources in vitro. In this study, we show that IlsA acts as a ferritin receptor and enhances iron release from the ferritin through direct interaction with each ferritin subunit. Moreover, we demonstrate that the siderophore bacillibactin, a small secreted iron chelator, is essential for ferritin iron acquisition and takes part in B. cereus virulence. We propose a new iron acquisition model that provides new insights into bacterial host adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Segond
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, La Minière, Guyancourt, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Elise Abi Khalil
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, La Minière, Guyancourt, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy en Josas, France
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Saint-Joseph University, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Christophe Buisson
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, La Minière, Guyancourt, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Nadine Daou
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, La Minière, Guyancourt, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy en Josas, France
- Department of Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Mireille Kallassy
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Saint-Joseph University, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Didier Lereclus
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, La Minière, Guyancourt, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fadi Bou-Abdallah
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Potsdam, Potsdam, New York, United States of America
| | - Christina Nielsen Le Roux
- INRA, UMR 1319 Micalis, La Minière, Guyancourt, France
- AgroParisTech, UMR Micalis, Jouy en Josas, France
- * E-mail:
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42
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Sana B, Johnson E, Le Magueres P, Criswell A, Cascio D, Lim S. The role of nonconserved residues of Archaeoglobus fulgidus ferritin on its unique structure and biophysical properties. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32663-32672. [PMID: 24030827 PMCID: PMC3820901 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.491191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Archaeoglobus fulgidus ferritin (AfFtn) is the only tetracosameric ferritin known to form a tetrahedral cage, a structure that remains unique in structural biology. As a result of the tetrahedral (2-3) symmetry, four openings (∼45 Å in diameter) are formed in the cage. This open tetrahedral assembly contradicts the paradigm of a typical ferritin cage: a closed assembly having octahedral (4-3-2) symmetry. To investigate the molecular mechanism affecting this atypical assembly, amino acid residues Lys-150 and Arg-151 were replaced by alanine. The data presented here shed light on the role that these residues play in shaping the unique structural features and biophysical properties of the AfFtn. The x-ray crystal structure of the K150A/R151A mutant, solved at 2.1 Å resolution, indicates that replacement of these key residues flips a "symmetry switch." The engineered molecule no longer assembles with tetrahedral symmetry but forms a typical closed octahedral ferritin cage. Small angle x-ray scattering reveals that the overall shape and size of AfFtn and AfFtn-AA in solution are consistent with those observed in their respective crystal structures. Iron binding and release kinetics of the AfFtn and AfFtn-AA were investigated to assess the contribution of cage openings to the kinetics of iron oxidation, mineralization, or reductive iron release. Identical iron binding kinetics for AfFtn and AfFtn-AA suggest that Fe(2+) ions do not utilize the triangular pores for access to the catalytic site. In contrast, relatively slow reductive iron release was observed for the closed AfFtn-AA, demonstrating involvement of the large pores in the pathway for iron release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barindra Sana
- From the School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Division of Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457
| | - Eric Johnson
- the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125
| | | | | | - Duilio Cascio
- UCLA-Department of Energy, Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, Los Angeles, California 90095-1570.
| | - Sierin Lim
- From the School of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Division of Bioengineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457,.
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43
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Linder MC. Mobilization of stored iron in mammals: a review. Nutrients 2013; 5:4022-50. [PMID: 24152745 PMCID: PMC3820057 DOI: 10.3390/nu5104022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
From the nutritional standpoint, several aspects of the biochemistry and physiology of iron are unique. In stark contrast to most other elements, most of the iron in mammals is in the blood attached to red blood cell hemoglobin and transporting oxygen to cells for oxidative phosphorylation and other purposes. Controlled and uncontrolled blood loss thus has a major impact on iron availability. Also, in contrast to most other nutrients, iron is poorly absorbed and poorly excreted. Moreover, amounts absorbed (~1 mg/day in adults) are much less than the total iron (~20 mg/day) cycling into and out of hemoglobin, involving bone marrow erythropoiesis and reticuloendothelial cell degradation of aged red cells. In the face of uncertainties in iron bioavailability, the mammalian organism has evolved a complex system to retain and store iron not immediately in use, and to make that iron available when and where it is needed. Iron is stored innocuously in the large hollow protein, ferritin, particularly in cells of the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Our current understanding of the molecular, cellular and physiological mechanisms by which this stored iron in ferritin is mobilized and distributed-within the cell or to other organs-is the subject of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Linder
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, CA 92834-6866, USA.
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44
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Melman G, Bou-Abdallah F, Vane E, Maura P, Arosio P, Melman A. Iron release from ferritin by flavin nucleotides. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4669-74. [PMID: 23726988 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extensive in-vitro studies have focused on elucidating the mechanism of iron uptake and mineral core formation in ferritin. However, despite a plethora of studies attempting to characterize iron release under different experimental conditions, the in-vivo mobilization of iron from ferritin remains poorly understood. Several iron-reductive mobilization pathways have been proposed including, among others, flavin mononucleotides, ascorbate, glutathione, dithionite, and polyphenols. Here, we investigate the kinetics of iron release from ferritin by reduced flavin nucleotide, FMNH2, and discuss the physiological significance of this process in-vivo. METHODS Iron release from horse spleen ferritin and recombinant human heteropolymer ferritin was followed by the change in optical density of the Fe(II)-bipyridine complex using a Cary 50 Bio UV-Vis spectrophotometer. Oxygen consumption curves were followed on a MI 730 Clark oxygen microelectrode. RESULTS The reductive mobilization of iron from ferritin by the nonenzymatic FMN/NAD(P)H system is extremely slow in the presence of oxygen and might involve superoxide radicals, but not FMNH2. Under anaerobic conditions, a very rapid phase of iron mobilization by FMNH2 was observed. CONCLUSIONS Under normoxic conditions, FMNH2 alone might not be a physiologically significant contributor to iron release from ferritin. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE There is no consensus on which iron release pathway is predominantly responsible for iron mobilization from ferritin under cellular conditions. While reduced flavin mononucleotide (FMNH2) is one likely candidate for in-vivo ferritin iron removal, its significance is confounded by the rapid oxidation of the latter by molecular oxygen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galina Melman
- Department of Chemistry & Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA.
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45
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Wahlgren WY, Omran H, von Stetten D, Royant A, van der Post S, Katona G. Structural characterization of bacterioferritin from Blastochloris viridis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46992. [PMID: 23056552 PMCID: PMC3467274 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron storage and elimination of toxic ferrous iron are the responsibility of bacterioferritins in bacterial species. Bacterioferritins are capable of oxidizing iron using molecular oxygen and import iron ions into the large central cavity of the protein, where they are stored in a mineralized form. We isolated, crystallized bacterioferritin from the microaerophilic/anaerobic, purple non-sulfur bacterium Blastochloris viridis and determined its amino acid sequence and X-ray structure. The structure and sequence revealed similarity to other purple bacterial species with substantial differences in the pore regions. Static 3- and 4-fold pores do not allow the passage of iron ions even though structural dynamics may assist the iron gating. On the other hand the B-pore is open to water and larger ions in its native state. In order to study the mechanism of iron import, multiple soaking experiments were performed. Upon Fe(II) and urea treatment the ferroxidase site undergoes reorganization as seen in bacterioferritin from Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When soaking with Fe(II) only, a closely bound small molecular ligand is observed close to Fe1 and the coordination of Glu94 to Fe2 changes from bidentate to monodentate. DFT calculations indicate that the bound ligand is most likely a water or a hydroxide molecule representing a product complex. On the other hand the different soaking treatments did not modify the conformation of other pore regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixiao Y. Wahlgren
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Hadil Omran
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Antoine Royant
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble, France
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CNRS CEA Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Gergely Katona
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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46
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Ji X, Huang L, Lin Q, Huang H. Characteristics and kinetics of iron release from the ferritin under the EGCG reduction. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 146:134-40. [PMID: 21984405 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-011-9225-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of iron release from ferritin in vivo is still unclear even though it represents a key step of the metabolism of iron in vivo. Here, both interaction intensity and binding stability between epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) from tea and liver ferritin of Dasyatis akajei (DALF) were investigated using UV-visible, fluorescence and circular dichroism (CD) spectrometry, respectively. The results indicated that EGCG could reduce the iron within the ferritin shell directly in the absence of chemical reducers such as Na(2)S(2)O(4), but this process was strictly pH-dependent, and the rate of iron release is faster at low pH than at high pH. The kinetic study of iron release showed that this process fitted the law of zero order reaction, which differed from that of first order reaction by various chemical reducers such as Vitamin C. In addition, Both fluorescence and CD spectrometry were further used to study the reduction mechanism of iron release in vitro, showing that there was a slight conformation change of the ferritin shell during EGCG reduction because of a complex formation of DALF-EGCG. It appears that chemical reducers with large molecular sizes reduce the iron across the protein shell by the way of an electron transfer pathway (ETP). A novel pathway for iron release from DALF with EGCG reduction is suggested to explain for a reductive route of iron metabolism by biological reducers in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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47
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Sana B, Poh CL, Lim S. A manganese–ferritin nanocomposite as an ultrasensitive T2contrast agent. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:862-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15189d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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48
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Khare G, Gupta V, Nangpal P, Gupta RK, Sauter NK, Tyagi AK. Ferritin structure from Mycobacterium tuberculosis: comparative study with homologues identifies extended C-terminus involved in ferroxidase activity. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18570. [PMID: 21494619 PMCID: PMC3072985 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferritins are recognized as key players in the iron storage and detoxification processes. Iron acquisition in the case of pathogenic bacteria has long been established as an important virulence mechanism. Here, we report a 3.0 Å crystal structure of a ferritin, annotated as Bacterioferritin B (BfrB), from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative agent of tuberculosis that continues to be one of the world's deadliest diseases. Similar to the other members of ferritin family, the Mtb BfrB subunit exhibits the characteristic fold of a four-helical bundle that possesses the ferroxidase catalytic centre. We compare the structure of Mtb BfrB with representatives of the ferritin family belonging to the archaea, eubacteria and eukarya. Unlike most other ferritins, Mtb BfrB has an extended C-terminus. To dissect the role of this extended C-terminus, truncated Mtb BfrB was purified and biochemical studies implicate this region in ferroxidase activity and iron release in addition to providing stability to the protein. Functionally important regions in a protein of known 3D-structure can be determined by estimating the degree of conservation of the amino-acid sites with its close homologues. Based on the comparative studies, we identify the slowly evolving conserved sites as well as the rapidly evolving variable sites and analyze their role in relation to structure and function of Mtb BfrB. Further, electrostatic computations demonstrate that although the electrostatic environment of catalytic residues is preserved within the family, extensive variability is exhibited by residues defining the channels and pores, in all likelihood keeping up with the diverse functions executed by these ferritins in varied environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Khare
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Vibha Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Prachi Nangpal
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh K. Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
| | - Nicholas K. Sauter
- Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Anil K. Tyagi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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49
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Theil EC. Ferritin protein nanocages use ion channels, catalytic sites, and nucleation channels to manage iron/oxygen chemistry. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2011; 15:304-11. [PMID: 21296609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The ferritin superfamily is composed of ancient, nanocage proteins with an internal cavity, 60% of total volume, that reversibly synthesize solid minerals of hydrated ferric oxide; the minerals are iron concentrates for cell nutrition as well as antioxidants due to ferrous and oxygen consumption during mineralization. The cages have multiple iron entry/exit channels, oxidoreductase enzyme sites, and, in eukaryotes, Fe(III)O nucleation channels with clustered exits that extend protein activity to include facilitated mineral growth. Ferritin protein cage differences include size, amino acid sequence, and location of the active sites, oxidant substrate and crystallinity of the iron mineral. Genetic regulation depends on iron and oxygen signals, which in animals includes direct ferrous signaling to RNA to release and to ubiquitin-ligases to degrade the protein repressors. Ferritin biosynthesis forms, with DNA, mRNA and the protein product, a feedback loop where the genetic signals are also protein substrates. The ferritin protein nanocages, which are required for normal iron homeostasis and are finding current use in the delivery of nanodrugs, novel nanomaterials, and nanocatalysts, are likely contributors to survival and success during the transition from anaerobic to aerobic life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Theil
- CHORI Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King, Jr. Way, Oakland, CA 94609, USA.
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50
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Non-reductive iron release from horse spleen ferritin using desferoxamine chelation. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:202-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2010.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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