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Huang Y, Sun Y, Huang Q, Lv X, Pu J, Zhu W, Lu S, Jin D, Liu L, Shi Z, Yang J, Xu J. The Threat of Potentially Pathogenic Bacteria in the Feces of Bats. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0180222. [PMID: 36287057 PMCID: PMC9769573 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01802-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats have attracted global attention because of their zoonotic association with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Previous and ongoing studies have predominantly focused on bat-borne viruses; however, the prevalence or abundance of bat-borne pathogenic bacteria and their potential public health significance have largely been neglected. For the first time, this study used both metataxonomics (16S rRNA marker gene sequencing) and culturomics (traditional culture methods) to systematically evaluate the potential public health significance of bat fecal pathogenic bacteria. To this end, fecal samples were obtained from five bat species across different locations in China, and their microbiota composition was analyzed. The results revealed that the bat microbiome was most commonly dominated by Proteobacteria, while the strictly anaerobic phylum Bacteroidetes occupied 35.3% of the relative abundance in Rousettus spp. and 36.3% in Hipposideros spp., but less than 2.7% in the other three bat species (Taphozous spp., Rhinolophus spp., and Myotis spp.). We detected 480 species-level phylotypes (SLPs) with PacBio sequencing, including 89 known species, 330 potentially new species, and 61 potentially higher taxa. In addition, a total of 325 species were identified by culturomics, and these were classified into 242 named species and 83 potentially novel species. Of note, 32 of the 89 (36.0%) known species revealed by PacBio sequencing were found to be pathogenic bacteria, and 69 of the 242 (28.5%) known species isolated by culturomics were harmful to people, animals, or plants. Additionally, nearly 40 potential novel species which may be potential bacterial pathogens were identified. IMPORTANCE Bats are one of the most diverse and widely distributed groups of mammals living in close proximity to humans. In recent years, bat-borne viruses and the viral zoonotic diseases associated with bats have been studied in great detail. However, the prevalence and abundance of pathogenic bacteria in bats have been largely ignored. This study used high-throughput sequencing techniques (metataxonomics) in combination with traditional culture methods (culturomics) to analyze the bacterial flora in bat feces from different species of bats in China, revealing that bats are natural hosts of pathogenic bacteria and carry many unknown bacteria. The results of this study can be used as guidance for future investigations of bacterial pathogens in bats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yamin Sun
- Research Institute of Public Health, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Research Center for Functional Genomics and Biochip, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianni Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianglian Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ji Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengli Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Research Institute of Public Health, Nankai University, Tianjin, People’s Republic of China
- Research Units of Discovery of Unknown Bacteria and Function, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Becker E, Correia-Carreira G, Projahn M, Käsbohrer A. Modeling the Impact of Management Changes on the Infection Dynamics of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli in the Broiler Production. Microorganisms 2022; 10:981. [PMID: 35630424 PMCID: PMC9144090 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10050981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Livestock animals, especially poultry, are a known reservoir for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (E. coli). They may enter the pen either via positive day-old chicks or via the environment. We developed a mathematical model to illustrate the entry and dissemination of resistant bacteria in a broiler pen during one fattening period in order to investigate the effectiveness of intervention measures on this infection process. Different management measures, such as varying amounts of litter, a slow-growing breed or lower stocking densities, were tested for their effects on broiler colonization. We also calculated the impact of products that may influence the microbiota in the chicks' digestive tract, such as pre- or probiotics, feed supplements or competitive exclusion products. Our model outcomes show that a contaminated pen or positive chicks at the beginning of the fattening period can infect the entire flock. Increasing the amount of litter and decreasing the stocking density were shown to be effective in our model. Differences in the route of entry were found: if the chicks are already positive, the litter quantity must be increased to at least six times the standard of 1000 g/m2, whereas, if the pen is contaminated on the first day, three times the litter quantity is sufficient. A reduced stocking density of 20 kg/m2 had a significant effect on the incidence of infection only in a previously contaminated pen. Combinations of two or three measures were effective in both scenarios; similarly, feed additives may be beneficial in reducing the growth rate of ESBL-producing E. coli. This model is a valuable tool for evaluating interventions to reduce the transmission and spread of resistant bacteria in broiler houses. However, data are still needed to optimize the model, such as growth rates or survival data of ESBL-producing E. coli in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Becker
- MINT VR-Labs, Berliner Hochschule für Technik, 13353 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy/LPG, Pharmaceutical Biology, Universität Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Guido Correia-Carreira
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (G.C.-C.); (M.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Michaela Projahn
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (G.C.-C.); (M.P.); (A.K.)
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (G.C.-C.); (M.P.); (A.K.)
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Vienna, Austria
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3
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Becker E, Projahn M, Burow E, Käsbohrer A. Are There Effective Intervention Measures in Broiler Production against the ESBL/AmpC Producer Escherichia coli? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050608. [PMID: 34063430 PMCID: PMC8156222 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) and AmpC beta-lactamase (AmpC) producing Enterobacteriaceae occur frequently in livestock animals and the subsequent stages of the meat production chain and are therefore considered a risk for human health. Strict biosecurity measures and optimal farm management should reduce or even prevent poultry flock colonization at farm level. This review summarizes and evaluates published information on the effectiveness of specific intervention measures and farm management factors aiming to reduce the occurrence and spread of ESBL/AmpC producing or commensal or pathogenic E. coli in broiler chicken farms. In this systematic literature review, a total of 643 publications were analyzed, and 14 studies with significant outcome about the effectiveness of specific measures against E. coli and ESBL/AmpC producing E. coli in broiler chicken farms were found. Different feed additives seem to have an impact on the occurrence of those microorganisms. The measures ‘cleaning and disinfection’ and ‘competitive exclusion’ showed strong effects in prevention in some studies. In summary, some intervention measures showed potential to protect against or eliminate ESBL/AmpC-producing, commensal or pathogenic E. coli at farm level. Due to the high variability in the outcome of the studies, more specific, detailed investigations are needed to assess the potential of the individual intervention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyne Becker
- Department for Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (M.P.); (E.B.); (A.K.)
- Institute of Pharmacy/LPG, Pharmaceutical Biology, Universität Greifswald, 17489 Greifswald, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Michaela Projahn
- Department for Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (M.P.); (E.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Elke Burow
- Department for Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (M.P.); (E.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Annemarie Käsbohrer
- Department for Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, 12277 Berlin, Germany; (M.P.); (E.B.); (A.K.)
- Unit of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, 1210 Wien, Austria
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Sfaciotte RAP, Parussolo L, Melo FD, Wildemann P, Bordignon G, Israel ND, Leitzke M, Wosiacki SR, Salbego FZ, da Costa UM, Ferraz SM. Identification and Characterization of Multidrug-Resistant Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria from Healthy and Diseased Dogs and Cats Admitted to a Veterinary Hospital in Brazil. Microb Drug Resist 2020; 27:855-864. [PMID: 33185513 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2020.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to identify the main extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing bacteria and to detect the frequency of the major genes responsible to trigger this resistance in hospitalized animals. We collected 106 rectal swabs from cats (n = 25) and dogs (n = 81) to detect ESBL-producing isolates. ESBL-positive samples were submitted to the antimicrobial susceptibility test, and polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect TEM, SHV, and CTX-M genes from different groups. We observed that 44.34% of these samples (11 cats and 36 dogs) were positive for ESBL-producing bacteria. Thirteen animals (27.66%-seven cats and six dogs) were hospitalized for elective castration (healthy animals). Only a single animal was positive for ESBL-producing bacteria at hospital admission (the animal also showed an ESBL-positive isolate after leaving the hospital), whereas 11 were positive only at the hospital discharge. Of the 73 ESBL-producing isolates, 13 were isolated from cats (8 sick and 7 healthy) and 60 from dogs (53 sick and 7 healthy). Escherichia coli was the major ESBL-producing bacterium isolated (53.42%), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (15.07%), Salmonella sp., and Proteus mirabilis (5.48% each one). Antimicrobial resistance profile of ESBL-producing isolates showed that 67 isolates (91.78%) were resistant to 3 or more antibiotic classes, while 13 of them (17.81%-2 healthy cats and 11 sick dogs) were resistant to all tested antimicrobial classes. The blaTEM gene exhibited the highest frequency in ESBL-producing isolates, followed by the blaCTX-M group 8/25, blaCTX-M group 1 and blaCTX-M group 9 genes. These results are useful to assess the predominance of ESBL-producing isolates recovered from dogs and in cats in Brazil. Consequently, we draw attention to these animals, as they can act as reservoirs for these microorganisms, which are the major pathogens of nosocomial infections worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Antonio Pilegi Sfaciotte
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, CEDIMA, Centro de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinária, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil
| | - Leandro Parussolo
- Departamento Acadêmico de Linguagem, Tecnologia, Educação e Ciência (DALTEC), Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Danielle Melo
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, CEDIMA, Centro de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinária, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil
| | - Paula Wildemann
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, CEDIMA, Centro de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinária, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil
| | - Giseli Bordignon
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, CEDIMA, Centro de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinária, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil
| | - Naiara Dognani Israel
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, CEDIMA, Centro de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinária, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil
| | - Marta Leitzke
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, CEDIMA, Centro de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinária, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil
| | - Sheila Rezler Wosiacki
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Umuarama, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Zanini Salbego
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, CEDIMA, Centro de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinária, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil
| | - Ubirajara Maciel da Costa
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, CEDIMA, Centro de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinária, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria Ferraz
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, CEDIMA, Centro de Diagnóstico Microbiológico Animal, Centro de Ciências Agroveterinária, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Lages, Brazil
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In Vitro Susceptibility and Florfenicol Resistance in Citrobacter Isolates and Whole-Genome Analysis of Multidrug-Resistant Citrobacter freundii. Int J Genomics 2019; 2019:7191935. [PMID: 31828082 PMCID: PMC6885840 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7191935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Citrobacter is an opportunistic pathogen causing infections in animals, and the published data for its resistance to florfenicol are scarce. In this study, we investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility and molecular characteristics of florfenicol resistance genes among Citrobacter isolates from animal and relevant environmental samples and conducted a comparative analysis of a multidrug-resistant Citrobacter freundii strain isolated from a rabbit. Among 20 Citrobacter strains isolated from animal samples, resistance was most commonly observed to ampicillin (100%), tetracycline (75%), streptomycin (65%), florfenicol (60%), chloramphenicol (60%), and aztreonam (50%), while all the strains found in environmental samples were resistant to few antibiotics. The florfenicol resistance gene floR was detected in 12 isolates (48%, 12/25) from animal samples, and all of the floR-positive isolates were resistant to florfenicol with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ≥256 μg/mL. Sequencing and comparative analysis of the plasmids from a multidrug-resistant C. freundii isolate named R47 showed that the floR-containing region in the plasmid pR47-54 was a truncated transposon-like structure and could be found on both plasmids and chromosomes of bacteria of either animal or human origin. Furthermore, a range of antimicrobial and metal resistance genes associated with mobile genetic elements could be identified in pR47-54 and the other plasmid pR47-309 of C. freundii R47. These results provide in-depth views into the phenotypic and molecular characteristics of Citrobacter isolates recovered from animal and relevant environmental samples, as well as highlight the role horizontal gene transfer plays in the dissemination of plasmid-encoded resistance genes.
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6
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Riley LW. Differentiating Epidemic from Endemic or Sporadic Infectious Disease Occurrence. Microbiol Spectr 2019; 7:10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0007-2019. [PMID: 31325286 PMCID: PMC10957193 DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.ame-0007-2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One important scope of work of epidemiology is the investigation of infectious diseases that cluster in time and place. Clusters of infectious disease may represent outbreaks or epidemics in which the cases share in common a point source exposure or an infectious agent in a chain of transmission pathways. Investigations of outbreaks of an illness can facilitate identification of a source, risk, or cause of the illness. However, most infectious disease episodes occur not as part of any apparent outbreaks but as sporadic infections. Multiple sporadic infections that occur steadily in time and place are referred to as endemic disease. How does one investigate sources and risk factors for sporadic or endemic infections? As part of the Microbiology Spectrum Curated Collection: Advances in Molecular Epidemiology of Infectious Diseases, this review discusses limitations of traditional approaches and advantages of molecular epidemiology approaches to investigate sporadic and endemic infections. Using specific examples, the discussions show that most sporadic infections are actually part of unrecognized outbreaks and that what appears to be endemic disease occurrence is actually comprised of multiple small outbreaks. These molecular epidemiologic investigations have unmasked modes of transmission of infectious agents not known to cause outbreaks. They have also raised questions about the traditional ways to measure incidence and assess sources of drug-resistant infections in community settings. The discoveries made by the application of molecular microbiology methods in epidemiologic investigations have led to creation of new public health intervention strategies that have not been previously considered. *This article is part of a curated collection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee W Riley
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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7
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Characterization of Antimicrobial Resistance in Serratia spp. and Citrobacter spp. Isolates from Companion Animals in Japan: Nosocomial Dissemination of Extended-Spectrum Cephalosporin-Resistant Citrobacter freundii. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7030064. [PMID: 30823419 PMCID: PMC6462910 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7030064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In many countries including Japan, the status of emerging antimicrobial resistance among Serratia spp. and Citrobacter spp. in companion animals remains unknown because these genera are rarely isolated from animals. In this study, 30 Serratia spp. and 23 Citrobacter spp. isolates from companion animals underwent susceptibility testing for 10 antimicrobials. Phenotypic and genetic approaches were used to identify the mechanisms of extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC). Subsequently, ESC-resistant Citrobacter spp. strains underwent multilocus sequence typing and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). A significantly higher rate (34.8%) of ESC resistance was observed in Citrobacter spp. isolates than in Serratia spp. isolates (0%). ESC resistance was detected in five C. freundii strains, two C. portucalensis strains, and one C. koseri strain. All of the ESC-resistant Citrobacter spp. strains harbored CMY-type and/or DHA-type AmpC β-lactamases. Three C. freundii strains harbored the CTX-M-3-type extended-spectrum β-lactamases. Notably, the three blaCTX-3-producing and two blaCMY-117-bearing C. freundii strains (obtained from different patients in one hospital) had the same sequence type (ST156 and ST18, respectively) and similar PFGE profiles. We believe that ESC-resistant Citrobacter spp. are important nosocomial pathogens in veterinary medicine. Therefore, infection control in animal hospitals is essential to prevent dissemination of these resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- D I Rendle
- Rainbow Equine Hospital, Malton, North Yorkshire, UK
| | - S W Page
- Advanced Veterinary Therapeutics, Newtown, Australia
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9
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Acinetobacter pittii from Companion Animals Coharboring blaOXA-58, the tet(39) Region, and Other Resistance Genes on a Single Plasmid. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 62:AAC.01993-17. [PMID: 29109166 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01993-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Liu H, Zhao Z, Xue Y, Ding K, Xue Q. Fatal cases of Citrobacter freundii septicemia and encephalitis in sheep. J Vet Diagn Invest 2017; 30:245-248. [PMID: 29105585 DOI: 10.1177/1040638717731090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrobacter freundii is considered a ubiquitous organism and an opportunistic pathogen. Reports of C. freundii-associated disease in mammals have been very limited. We report an outbreak of C. freundii septicemia and encephalitis in sheep, with a high mortality rate; 13 adult sheep were found dead over a 6-d period on a farm in central China that housed ~1,370 sheep. Three animals were autopsied and showed septicemia, congestion of meningeal vessels, and pleural effusion. C. freundii was isolated in abundance in pure culture from 19 of 21 organs. All 3 C. freundii isolates had similar antimicrobial resistance phenotypes for 10 of the 11 agents tested, and were sensitive to 8 of the 11 agents. We reproduced C. freundii infection in sheep experimentally by oral or subcutaneous inoculation routes, and recovered the challenge organism from all of the experimentally infected sheep. Intramuscular injection of enrofloxacin protected sheep against an otherwise fatal challenge. Our results suggest that C. freundii played a major role in this disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huisheng Liu
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology (Liu, Zhao, Y Xue, Q Xue), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health of Henan Province (Ding), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Zhanqin Zhao
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology (Liu, Zhao, Y Xue, Q Xue), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health of Henan Province (Ding), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Yun Xue
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology (Liu, Zhao, Y Xue, Q Xue), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health of Henan Province (Ding), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology (Liu, Zhao, Y Xue, Q Xue), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health of Henan Province (Ding), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
| | - Qiao Xue
- Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Technology (Liu, Zhao, Y Xue, Q Xue), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Public Health of Henan Province (Ding), Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China
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11
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Pomba C, Rantala M, Greko C, Baptiste KE, Catry B, van Duijkeren E, Mateus A, Moreno MA, Pyörälä S, Ružauskas M, Sanders P, Teale C, Threlfall EJ, Kunsagi Z, Torren-Edo J, Jukes H, Törneke K. Public health risk of antimicrobial resistance transfer from companion animals. J Antimicrob Chemother 2017; 72:957-968. [PMID: 27999066 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkw481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobials are important tools for the therapy of infectious bacterial diseases in companion animals. Loss of efficacy of antimicrobial substances can seriously compromise animal health and welfare. A need for the development of new antimicrobials for the therapy of multiresistant infections, particularly those caused by Gram-negative bacteria, has been acknowledged in human medicine and a future corresponding need in veterinary medicine is expected. A unique aspect related to antimicrobial resistance and risk of resistance transfer in companion animals is their close contact with humans. This creates opportunities for interspecies transmission of resistant bacteria. Yet, the current knowledge of this field is limited and no risk assessment is performed when approving new veterinary antimicrobials. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the use and indications for antimicrobials in companion animals, drug-resistant bacteria of concern among companion animals, risk factors for colonization of companion animals with resistant bacteria and transmission of antimicrobial resistance (bacteria and/or resistance determinants) between animals and humans. The major antimicrobial resistance microbiological hazards originating from companion animals that directly or indirectly may cause adverse health effects in humans are MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, VRE, ESBL- or carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and Gram-negative bacteria. In the face of the previously recognized microbiological hazards, a risk assessment tool could be applied in applications for marketing authorization for medicinal products for companion animals. This would allow the approval of new veterinary medicinal antimicrobials for which risk levels are estimated as acceptable for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constança Pomba
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Merja Rantala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Mateus
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Miguel A Moreno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Satu Pyörälä
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Modestas Ružauskas
- Veterinary Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Pascal Sanders
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Fougères, France
| | | | | | | | - Jordi Torren-Edo
- European Medicines Agency, London, UK.,Facultat de Veterinària, UAB, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Helen Jukes
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Addlestone, UK
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12
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Burton EN, Cohn LA, Reinero CN, Rindt H, Moore SG, Ericsson AC. Characterization of the urinary microbiome in healthy dogs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177783. [PMID: 28545071 PMCID: PMC5435306 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The urinary bladder in healthy dogs has dogmatically been considered free of bacteria. This study used culture independent techniques to characterize the healthy canine urinary microbiota. Urine samples collected by antepubic cystocentesis from dogs without urinary infection were used for DNA extraction. Genital tract and rectal samples were collected simultaneously from the same dogs. The V4 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA bacterial gene was amplified and compared against Greengenes database for OTU assignment and relative abundance for urine, genital, and rectal samples. After excluding 4 dogs with cultivable bacteria, samples from 10 male (M; 1 intact) and 10 female (F) spayed dogs remained. All samples provided adequate genetic material for analysis. Four taxa (Pseudomonas sp., Acinetobacter sp., Sphingobium sp. and Bradyrhizobiaceae) dominated the urinary microbiota in all dogs of both sexes. These taxa were also detected in the genital swabs of both sexes, while the rectal microbiota differed substantially from the other sample sites. Principal component (PC) analysis of PC1 through PC3 showed overlap of urinary and genital microbiota and a clear separation of rectal swabs from the other sample sites along PC1, which explained 44.94% variation. Surprisingly, the urinary microbiota (mean # OTU 92.6 F, 90.2 M) was significantly richer than the genital (67.8 F, 66.6 M) or rectal microbiota (68.3 F, 71.2 M) (p < 0.0001), with no difference between sexes at any sample site. The canine urinary bladder is not a sterile environment and possesses its own unique and diverse microbiota compared to the rectal and genital microbiota. There was no difference between the sexes at any microbiota sample site (urine, genital, and rectal). The predominant bacterial genus for either sex in the urine and genital tracts was Pseudomonas sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N. Burton
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Leah A. Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carol N. Reinero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hans Rindt
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Stephen G. Moore
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Aaron C. Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- University of Missouri Metagenomics Center (MUMC), Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
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Labro MT, Bryskier JM. Antibacterial resistance: an emerging ‘zoonosis’? Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:1441-61. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.976611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Windahl U, Holst BS, Nyman A, Grönlund U, Bengtsson B. Characterisation of bacterial growth and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns in canine urinary tract infections. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:217. [PMID: 25249356 PMCID: PMC4180317 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bacterial urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common reason for antimicrobial therapy in dogs. A reported increase in multi-drug resistance in canine bacterial pathogens, including resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) is of concern as antimicrobial resistance complicates therapy in dogs. In addition, it is a possible public health concern. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relative prevalence of pathogens in urine samples from dogs with urinary tract infection sampled at referral hospitals, clinics and mixed veterinary practices and to investigate if this was influenced by sample material or by contamination of the culture. The second objective was to assess the susceptibility patterns to clinically relevant antimicrobials and to investigate if this was influenced by whether the samples originated from smaller clinics or from referral hospitals and to perform active screening for the presence of Enterobacteriaceae resistant to ESC. Results Escherichia coli was the most frequently isolated pathogen (68%) followed by staphylococci (11%). E. coli isolates were found significantly more often in pure culture than in contaminated samples. Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus aureus isolates were significantly more prevalent in pre-incubated samples compared to samples submitted as non-incubated media. Susceptibility to the majority of the tested first-line antimicrobials was common. Multiresistance was rare, and these isolates were all susceptible to at least one relevant antimicrobial. Isolates in samples from small animal clinics or mixed veterinary practices were less likely to be susceptible compared to isolates originating from referral animal hospitals. ESC-resistant Enterobacteriacae isolates were found in one per cent of the positive cultures. Bacteria with transferable ESC resistance were confirmed in one dog. The gene demonstrated was blaCMY2. Conclusions Choice of sample material might influence the possibility of detecting Staphylococcus pseudintermedius and Staphylococcus aureus isolates in clinical cases of UTI in dogs. Based on the study results, use of first-line antimicrobials is a rational empirical antimicrobial therapy for the studied dog population. E. coli was the most prevalent pathogen, but prevalence of infection with ESC resistant Enterobacteriaceae including E. coli was low, as such isolates were found in only one per cent of the positive cultures.
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Hering J, Hille K, Frömke C, von Münchhausen C, Hartmann M, Schneider B, Friese A, Roesler U, Merle R, Kreienbrock L. Prevalence and potential risk factors for the occurrence of cefotaxime resistant Escherichia coli in German fattening pig farms—A cross-sectional study. Prev Vet Med 2014; 116:129-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Rubin JE, Pitout JD. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase, carbapenemase and AmpC producing Enterobacteriaceae in companion animals. Vet Microbiol 2014; 170:10-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Janatova M, Albrechtova K, Petrzelkova KJ, Dolejska M, Papousek I, Masarikova M, Cizek A, Todd A, Shutt K, Kalousova B, Profousova-Psenkova I, Modry D, Literak I. Antimicrobial-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from humans and wildlife in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Area, Central African Republic. Vet Microbiol 2014; 171:422-31. [PMID: 24636162 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a worldwide concern of public health. Unfortunately, resistant bacteria are spreading to all ecosystems, including the strictly protected ones. We investigated antimicrobial resistance in gastrointestinal Enterobacteriaceae of wild mammals and people living within Dzangha-Sangha Protected Areas, Central African Republic, with an emphasis on extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes. We compare resistance genes found in microbiota of humans, gorillas habituated and unhabituated to humans and other wildlife. In gorillas, we additionally investigate the presence of ESBL resistant isolates after treatment by ceftiofur. We found a considerable prevalence of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae isolates with ESBL and PMQR genes in humans (10% and 31%, respectively). Among wildlife the most significant findings were CTX-M-15-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae in a habituated gorilla and a multiresistant Escherichia coli isolate with gene qepA in an unhabituated gorilla. Other isolates from wildlife were mostly represented by qnrB-harboring Citrobacter spp. The relatedness of resistant E. coli was investigated in a PFGE-based dendrogram; isolates from gorillas showed less than 80% similarity to each other and less than 80% similarity to human isolates. No ESBL-producing isolates were found in animals treated by ceftiofur. Although we did not detect any bacterial clone common to wildlife and humans, we detected an intersection in the spectrum of resistance genes found in humans and gorillas, represented by blaCTX-M-15 and qepA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Janatova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Albrechtova
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Klara Judita Petrzelkova
- Institute of Vertebrate Biology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Kvetna 8, 60365 Brno, Czech Republic; Liberec Zoo, Masarykova 1347/31, 46001 Liberec, Czech Republic; Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Monika Dolejska
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Papousek
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Masarikova
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Cizek
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Anguelique Todd
- WWF, Dzanga Sangha Protected Areas, Bangui, Central African Republic
| | - Kathryn Shutt
- Department of Anthropology, Durham University, Dawson Building, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Bara Kalousova
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ilona Profousova-Psenkova
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Modry
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, v.v.i., Branisovska 31, 37005 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic; Department of Pathology and Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Literak
- Department of Biology and Wildlife Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences Brno, Palackeho 1-3, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic
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Guenther S, Bethe A, Fruth A, Semmler T, Ulrich RG, Wieler LH, Ewers C. Frequent combination of antimicrobial multiresistance and extraintestinal pathogenicity in Escherichia coli isolates from urban rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Berlin, Germany. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23189197 PMCID: PMC3506595 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban rats present a global public health concern as they are considered a reservoir and vector of zoonotic pathogens, including Escherichia coli. In view of the increasing emergence of antimicrobial resistant E. coli strains and the on-going discussion about environmental reservoirs, we intended to analyse whether urban rats might be a potential source of putatively zoonotic E. coli combining resistance and virulence. For that, we took fecal samples from 87 brown rats (Rattus norvegicus) and tested at least three E. coli colonies from each animal. Thirty two of these E. coli strains were pre-selected from a total of 211 non-duplicate isolates based on their phenotypic resistance to at least three antimicrobial classes, thus fulfilling the definition of multiresistance. As determined by multilocus sequence typing (MLST), these 32 strains belonged to 24 different sequence types (STs), indicating a high phylogenetic diversity. We identified STs, which frequently occur among extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC), such as STs 95, 131, 70, 428, and 127. Also, the detection of a number of typical virulence genes confirmed that the rats tested carried ExPEC-like strains. In particular, the finding of an Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strain which belongs to a highly virulent, so far mainly human- and avian-restricted ExPEC lineage (ST95), which expresses a serogroup linked with invasive strains (O18:NM:K1), and finally, which produces an ESBL-type frequently identified among human strains (CTX-M-9), pointed towards the important role, urban rats might play in the transmission of multiresistant and virulent E. coli strains. Indeed, using a chicken infection model, this strain showed a high in vivo pathogenicity. Imagining the high numbers of urban rats living worldwide, the way to the transmission of putatively zoonotic, multiresistant, and virulent strains might not be far ahead. The unforeseeable consequences of such an emerging public health threat need careful consideration in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Guenther
- Freie Universität Berlin, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Berlin, Germany.
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Ewers C, Bethe A, Semmler T, Guenther S, Wieler LH. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from livestock and companion animals, and their putative impact on public health: a global perspective. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:646-55. [PMID: 22519858 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 464] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The possible zoonotic spread of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria is controversial. This review discusses global molecular epidemiological data combining both analyses of the chromosomal background, using multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and analyses of plasmid (episomal) extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)/AmpC genes in Escherichia coli present in humans and animals. For consideration of major epidemiological differences, animals were separated into livestock and companion animals. MLST revealed the existence of ESBL-producing isolates thoughout the E. coli population, with no obvious association with any ancestral EcoR group. A similar distribution of major ESBL/AmpC types was apparent only in human isolates, regardless of their geographical origin from Europe, Asia, or the Americas, whereas in animals this varied extensively between animal groups and across different geographical areas. In contrast to the diversity of episomal ESBL/AmpC types, isolates from human and animals mainly shared identical sequence types (STs), suggesting transmission or parallel micro-evolution. In conclusion, the opinion that animal ESBL-producing E. coli is a major source of human infections is oversimplified, and neglects a highly complex scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ewers
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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Wieler LH, Ewers C, Guenther S, Walther B, Lübke-Becker A. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS) and extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in companion animals: nosocomial infections as one reason for the rising prevalence of these potential zoonotic pathogens in clinical samples. Int J Med Microbiol 2011; 301:635-41. [PMID: 22000738 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing change in the relationship between humans and companion animals is hallmarked by the increasing intensive care provided to companion animals in veterinary medicine, resulting in growing numbers of high-risk animal patients. The emergence of nosocomial infections in small animal clinics is one of the major drawbacks of this development, especially in terms of multidrug-resistance and potentially zoonotic pathogens. This mini-review therefore addresses recent findings regarding the increasing prevalence of multi-resistant bacterial pathogens like methicillin-resistant staphylococci (MRS), including Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (MRSP) as well as extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae in companion animals. Along with the steady increase of nosocomial infection rates in veterinary clinics, particular attention has recently been drawn to the genetic background of multi-resistant strains, resulting in the identification of certain genetic lineages which frequently appear in both, human and animal samples. These sequence types (ST), included ST254, ST8 and ST22 in terms of MRSA and ST131, ST405 and ST648 for ESBL-producing E. coli. The interspecies distribution of these STs resulted in the assumption that certain extended-host spectrum genotypes (EHSG) might exist both for MRS and ESBL-producing E. coli. These initial findings underline the necessity to investigate the major molecular or functional driving forces facilitating interspecies transferability of such EHSG strains. Due to the zoonotic potential of these multi-resistant bacteria, another aspect of the changing social role of companion animals needs to be addressed: the close contact of pets with their owners, resulting in presumptive new transmission and infection routes. We therefore envision retaliatory actions like initial surveillance and monitoring programs not only in livestock, but also particularly in companion animals. Interdisciplinary approaches including human and veterinary experts should be implemented to develop reliable investigation procedures with respect to the current reality of animal owners and their pets. Additionally, consequent basic hygienic measures, prudent use of antimicrobials in companion animals and efforts regarding implementation of antibiotic stewardships should be fostered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lothar H Wieler
- Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universität Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
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