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Vitharana S, Stillahn JM, Katayama DS, Henry CS, Manning MC. Application of Formulation Principles to Stability Issues Encountered During Processing, Manufacturing, and Storage of Drug Substance and Drug Product Protein Therapeutics. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2724-2751. [PMID: 37572779 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The field of formulation and stabilization of protein therapeutics has become rather extensive. However, most of the focus has been on stabilization of the final drug product. Yet, proteins experience stress and degradation through the manufacturing process, starting with fermentaition. This review describes how formulation principles can be applied to stabilize biopharmaceutical proteins during bioprocessing and manufacturing, considering each unit operation involved in prepration of the drug substance. In addition, the impact of the container on stabilty is discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO 80534, USA; Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA.
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Wang H, Ke B, Wang W, Guo J, Ying W, Ma S, Jiang H. A novel method for the component identification of human blood products: Mass spectrometric analysis of human fibrinogen digested after SDS-PAGE in-gel digestion. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1226:123718. [PMID: 37327516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Human fibrinogen, as a blood product of special origin, is relatively simple to prepare and purify. Therefore, completely isolating and removing the relevant impurity proteins is difficult. Further, which impurity protein components are present is not clear. In this study, human fibrinogen products from seven enterprises were collected from the market, and the presence of impurity proteins was confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Subsequently, the major 12 impurity proteins were identified and screened by in-gel enzymolysis mass spectrometry, and 7 major impurity proteins with different peptide coverage were identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, in agreement with the mass spectrometry results. The seven major impurity proteins included fibronectin, plasminogen, F-XIII, F-VIII, complement factor H, cystatin-A, and α-2-macroglobulin. The final test results were in the range of undetectable to 50.94 µg/mL, with correspondingly low levels of impurity proteins between different companies and a manageable risk. Moreover, we found that these impurity proteins existed in the form of polymers, which might also be an important cause of adverse reactions. This study established a protein identification technique applicable to fibrinogen products, which provided new ideas for studying the protein composition of blood products. In addition, it provided a new means of testing for companies to monitor the flow of proteomic fractions and improve the purification yield and product quality. It laid the foundation for reducing the risk of clinical adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Wang
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Binbin Ke
- Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenxi Wang
- Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jianghong Guo
- Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wang Ying
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China; National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China.
| | - Hong Jiang
- Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Wu L, Mantas A, Gustafsson S, Manukyan L, Mihranyan A. Aggregate Removal Nanofiltration of Human Serum Albumin Solution Using Nanocellulose-Based Filter Paper. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8070209. [PMID: 32668723 PMCID: PMC7400174 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8070209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is dedicated to the rapid removal of protein aggregates and viruses from plasma-derived human serum albumin (HSA) product to reduce the risk of viral contamination and increase biosafety. A two-step filtration approach was implemented to first remove HSA aggregates and then achieve high model virus clearance using a nanocellulose-based filter paper of different thicknesses, i.e., 11 μm (prefilter) and 22 μm (virus filter) at pH 7.4 and room temperature. The pore size distribution of these filters was characterized by nitrogen gas sorption analysis. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) and size-exclusion high performance liquid chromatography (SE-HPLC) were performed to analyze the presence of HSA aggregates in process intermediates. The virus filter showed high clearance of a small-size model virus, i.e., log10 reduction value (LRV) > 5, when operated at 3 and 5 bar, but a distinct decrease in LRV was detected at 1 bar, i.e., LRV 2.65–3.75. The throughput of HSA was also dependent on applied transmembrane pressure as was seen by Vmax values of 110 ± 2.5 L m−2 and 63.6 ± 5.8 L m−2 at 3 bar and 5 bar, respectively. Protein loss was low, i.e., recovery > 90%. A distribution of pore sizes between 40 nm and 60 nm, which was present in the prefilter and absent in the virus filter, played a crucial part in removing the HSA aggregates and minimizing the risk of virus filter fouling. The presented results enable the application of virus removal nanofiltration of HSA in bioprocessing as an alternative to virus inactivation methods based, e.g., on heat treatment.
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Zakariya SM, Furkan M, Zaman M, Chandel TI, Ali SM, Uversky VN, Khan RH. An in-vitro elucidation of inhibitory potential of carminic acid: Possible therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative diseases. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wälchli R, Vermeire PJ, Massant J, Arosio P. Accelerated Aggregation Studies of Monoclonal Antibodies: Considerations for Storage Stability. J Pharm Sci 2019; 109:595-602. [PMID: 31676272 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2019.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of mAbs is a crucial concern with respect to their safety and efficacy. Among the various properties of protein aggregates, it is emerging that their size can potentially impact their immunogenicity. Therefore, stability studies of antibody formulations should not only evaluate the rate of monomer loss but also determine the size distribution of the protein aggregates, which in turn depends on the aggregation mechanism. Here, we study the aggregation behavior of different formulations of 2 monoclonal immunoglobulins (IgGs) in the temperature range from 5°C to 50°C over 52 weeks of storage. We show that the aggregation kinetics of both antibodies follow non-Arrhenius behavior and that the aggregation mechanisms change between 40°C and 5°C, leading to different types of aggregates. Specifically, for a given monomer conversion, dimer formation dominates at low temperatures, while larger aggregates are formed at higher temperatures. We further show that the stability ranking of different molecules as well as of different formulations is drastically different at 40°C and 5°C while it correlates better between 30°C and 5°C. Our findings have implications for the level of information provided by accelerated aggregation studies with respect to protein stability under storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Wälchli
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Pieter-Jan Vermeire
- UCB Pharma, BioTech Sciences, Formulation Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jan Massant
- UCB Pharma, BioTech Sciences, Formulation Development, Chemin du Foriest, 1420 Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Paolo Arosio
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1-5/10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Arakawa T. Review on the Application of Mixed-mode Chromatography for Separation of Structure Isoforms. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2018; 20:56-60. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203718666171009111033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteins often generate structure isoforms naturally or artificially due to, for example, different glycosylation, disulfide scrambling, partial structure rearrangement, oligomer formation or chemical modification. The isoform formations are normally accompanied by alterations in charged state or hydrophobicity. Thus, isoforms can be fractionated by reverse-phase, hydrophobic interaction or ion exchange chromatography. We have applied mixed-mode chromatography for fractionation of isoforms for several model proteins and observed that cation exchange Capto MMC and anion exchange Capto adhere columns are effective in separating conformational isoforms and self-associated oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, A Division of KBI Biophama, 6042 Cornerstone Court West, San Diego, CA 92121, United States
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Virus Reduction of Human Plasma-Derived Biological Medicines. Jundishapur J Nat Pharm Prod 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/jjnpp.13943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Cartilage Acidic Protein 2 a hyperthermostable, high affinity calcium-binding protein. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:642-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Revised: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Frahm GE, Cameron BE, Smith JC, Johnston MJW. Generation of fatty acids from 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine/cardiolipin liposomes that stabilize recombinant human serum albumin. J Liposome Res 2013; 23:101-9. [PMID: 23294393 DOI: 10.3109/08982104.2012.747535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT At elevated temperatures, studies have shown that serum albumin undergoes irreversible changes to its secondary structure. Anionic fatty acids and/or anionic surfactants have been shown to stabilize human serum albumin (HSA) against thermal denaturation through bridging hydrophobic domains and cationic amino acids residues of the protein. OBJECTIVE As albumin can readily interact with a variety of liposomes, this study proposes that cardiolipin delivered via 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) liposomes can improve the thermal stability of recombinant HSA produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ScrHSA) in a similar manner to anionic fatty acids. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thermal stability and structure of ScrHSA in the absence and presence of DPPC/cardiolipin liposomes was assessed with U/V circular dichroism spectropolarimetry and protein thermal stability was confirmed with differential scanning calorimetry. RESULTS Although freshly prepared DPPC/cardiolipin liposomes did not improve the stability of ScrHSA, DPPC/cardiolipin liposomes incubated at room temperature for 7 d (7dRT) dramatically improved the thermal stability of the protein. Mass spectrometry analysis identified the presence of fatty acids in the 7dRT liposomes, not identified in freshly prepared liposomes, to which the improved stability was attributed. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The generation of fatty acids is attributed to either the chemical hydrolysis or oxidative cleavage of the unsaturated acyl chains of cardiolipin. By modulating the lipid composition through the introduction of lipids with higher acyl chain unsaturation, it may be possible to generate the stabilizing fatty acids in a more rapid manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Frahm
- Centre for Vaccine Evaluation, Biologics and Genetic Therapies Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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