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Jeyachandran DS, Pusam Y. Tuberculosis vaccine - A timely analysis of the drawbacks for the development of novel vaccines. Indian J Tuberc 2024; 71:453-459. [PMID: 39278679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2024]
Abstract
The BCG vaccine, Bacille Calmette Guerin, holds the distinction of being the most widely administered vaccine. Remarkably, a century has passed since its discovery; however, puzzlingly, questions persist regarding the effectiveness of the immune response it triggers. After years of diligent observation, it has been deduced that BCG imparts immunity primarily to a specific age group, namely children. This prompts a significant query: the rationale behind BCG's limited efficacy against TB in particular age groups and populations remains elusive. Beyond vaccinations, drug therapy has emerged as an alternative route for TB prevention. Nonetheless, this approach faces challenges in the contemporary landscape, marked by the emergence of new instances of MDR-TB and XDR-TB, compounded by the financial burden of treatment. It's noteworthy that BCG remains the sole WHO-approved vaccine for TB. This comprehensive review delves into several aspects, encompassing the immune response during infection, the shortcomings of BCG in conferring immunity, and the various factors contributing to its limitations. Within this discourse, we explore potential explanations for the observed deficiencies of the BCG vaccine and consider how these insights could catalyze the development of future vaccines. The current landscape of novel vaccine development for TB is illuminated, including a spotlight on the latest vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dr Sivakamavalli Jeyachandran
- Lab in Biotechnology and Biosignal Transduction, Department of Orthodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai, 77, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Yashika Pusam
- PG & Research Department of Biotechnology & Microbiology, National College Autonomous, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, India.
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2
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Justiz-Vaillant A, Gopaul D, Soodeen S, Unakal C, Thompson R, Pooransingh S, Arozarena-Fundora R, Asin-Milan O, Akpaka PE. Advancements in Immunology and Microbiology Research: A Comprehensive Exploration of Key Areas. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1672. [PMID: 39203514 PMCID: PMC11357253 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunology and microbiology research has witnessed remarkable growth and innovation globally, playing a pivotal role in advancing our understanding of immune mechanisms, disease pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions. This manuscript presents a comprehensive exploration of the key areas in immunology research, spanning from the utilisation of bacterial proteins as antibody reagents to the intricate realms of clinical immunology and disease management. The utilisation of bacterial immunoglobulin-binding proteins (IBPs), including protein A (SpA), protein G (SpG), and protein L (SpL), has revolutionised serological diagnostics, showing promise in early disease detection and precision medicine. Microbiological studies have shed light on antimicrobial resistance patterns, particularly the emergence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), guiding antimicrobial stewardship programmes and informing therapeutic strategies. Clinical immunology research has elucidated the molecular pathways underlying immune-mediated disorders, resulting in tailored management strategies for conditions such as severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus (NPSLE), etc. Additionally, significant efforts in vaccine development against tuberculosis and HIV are highlighted, underscoring the ongoing global pursuit of effective preventive measures against these infectious diseases. In summary, immunology and microbiology research have provided significant contributions to global healthcare, fostering collaboration, innovation, and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Justiz-Vaillant
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 00000, Trinidad and Tobago; (S.S.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (S.P.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Darren Gopaul
- Port of Spain General Hospital, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 00000, Trinidad and Tobago;
| | - Sachin Soodeen
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 00000, Trinidad and Tobago; (S.S.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (S.P.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Chandrashekhar Unakal
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 00000, Trinidad and Tobago; (S.S.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (S.P.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Reinand Thompson
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 00000, Trinidad and Tobago; (S.S.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (S.P.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Shalini Pooransingh
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 00000, Trinidad and Tobago; (S.S.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (S.P.); (P.E.A.)
| | - Rodolfo Arozarena-Fundora
- Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champs Fleurs 00000, Trinidad and Tobago;
- Department of Clinical and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine 00000, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | - Patrick Eberechi Akpaka
- Department of Para-Clinical Sciences, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, St. Augustine 00000, Trinidad and Tobago; (S.S.); (C.U.); (R.T.); (S.P.); (P.E.A.)
- Eric Williams Medical Sciences Complex, North Central Regional Health Authority, Champs Fleurs 00000, Trinidad and Tobago;
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Ari MM, Beig M, Sholeh M, Khoshmirsafa M. The BCG vaccine, advantages, and disadvantages of introducing new generation vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Clin Exp Vaccine Res 2024; 13:184-201. [PMID: 39144128 PMCID: PMC11319110 DOI: 10.7774/cevr.2024.13.3.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is consistently ranked among the deadliest diseases worldwide, causing millions of deaths annually. Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the causative agent for this infection. Different antibiotics and vaccines have been discussed as potential treatments and prevention. Currently, there is only one licensed vaccine against TB, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Despite its protective efficacy against TB in children, BCG has failed to protect adults against pulmonary TB, lacks therapeutic value, and can cause complications in immunocompromised individuals. In this review, BCG, the most widely administered vaccine, is discussed, and the newest vaccines available in medicine are discussed. Based on the restrictions that prevent optimal BCG efficacy and the vaccines that are now being tested in various clinical studies, some criteria need to be considered in designing future vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzie Mahdizade Ari
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Beig
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sholeh
- Department of Bacteriology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Khoshmirsafa
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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4
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Mubarak AS, Ameen ZS, Hassan AS, Ozsahin DU. Enhancing tuberculosis vaccine development: a deconvolution neural network approach for multi-epitope prediction. Sci Rep 2024; 14:10375. [PMID: 38710737 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59291-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) poses a significant threat to human life, and current BCG vaccinations only provide sporadic protection, therefore there is a need for developing efficient vaccines. Numerous immunoinformatic methods have been utilized previously, here for the first time a deep learning framework based on Deconvolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) and Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (DCNN-BiLSTM) was used to predict Mtb Multiepitope vaccine (MtbMEV) subunits against six Mtb H37Rv proteins. The trained model was used to design MEV within a few minutes against TB better than other machine learning models with 99.5% accuracy. The MEV has good antigenicity, and physiochemical properties, and is thermostable, soluble, and hydrophilic. The vaccine's BLAST search ruled out the possibility of autoimmune reactions. The secondary structure analysis revealed 87% coil, 10% beta, and 2% alpha helix, while the tertiary structure was highly upgraded after refinement. Molecular docking with TLR3 and TLR4 receptors showed good binding, indicating high immune reactions. Immune response simulation confirmed the generation of innate and adaptive responses. In-silico cloning revealed the vaccine is highly expressed in E. coli. The results can be further experimentally verified using various analyses to establish a candidate vaccine for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Auwalu Saleh Mubarak
- Operational Research Centre in Healthcare, Near East University, TRNC Mersin 10, Nicosia, 99138, Turkey
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Aliko Dangote University of Science and Technology, Wudil, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Zubaida Said Ameen
- Operational Research Centre in Healthcare, Near East University, TRNC Mersin 10, Nicosia, 99138, Turkey
- Department of Biochemistry, Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Abdurrahman Shuaibu Hassan
- Department of Electrical Electronics and Automation Systems Engineering, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda.
| | - Dilber Uzun Ozsahin
- Operational Research Centre in Healthcare, Near East University, TRNC Mersin 10, Nicosia, 99138, Turkey.
- Department of Medical Diagnostic Imaging, College of Health Science, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
- Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE.
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Karbalaei M, Mosavat A, Soleimanpour S, Farsiani H, Ghazvini K, Amini AA, Sankian M, Rezaee SA. Production and Evaluation of Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1 Immunogenicity as an Fc Fusion Recombinant Multi-Stage Vaccine Candidate Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:127. [PMID: 38575759 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
An urgent need is to introduce an effective vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection. In the present study, a multi-stage M.tb immunodominant Fcγ1 fusion protein (Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1) was designed and produced, and the immunogenicity of purified protein was evaluated. This recombinant fusion protein was produced in the Pichia pastoris expression system. The HiTrap-rPA column affinity chromatography purified and confirmed the fusion protein using ELISA and Western blotting methods. The co-localisation assay was used to confirm its proper folding and function. IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, and TGF-β expression in C57BL/6 mice then evaluated the immunogenicity of the construct in the presence and absence of BCG. After expression optimisation, medium-scale production and the Western blotting test confirmed suitable production of Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1. The co-localisation results on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) showed that Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1 properly folded and bound to hFcγRI. This strong co-localisation with its receptor can confirm inducing proper Th1 responses. The in vivo immunisation assay showed no difference in the expression of IL-4 but a substantial increase in the expression of IFN-γ and IL-12 (P ≤ 0.02) and a moderate increase in TGF-β (P = 0.05). In vivo immunisation assay revealed that Th1-inducing pathways have been stimulated, as IFN-γ and IL-12 strongly, and TGF-β expression moderately increased in Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1 group and Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1+BCG. Furthermore, the production of IFN-γ from splenocytes in the Ag85B:HspX:hFcγ1 group was enormously higher than in other treatments. Therefore, this Fc fusion protein can make a selective multi-stage delivery system for inducing appropriate Th1 responses and is used as a subunit vaccine alone or in combination with others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Karbalaei
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Jiroft University of Medical Sciences, Jiroft, Iran
| | - Arman Mosavat
- Blood Borne Infections Research Center, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Razavi Khorasan, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saman Soleimanpour
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hadi Farsiani
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Ali Amini
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases Division, Faculty of Medicine, Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Azadi-Square, Medical Campus, Mashhad, 9177948564, Iran.
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Hoseinpour R, Hasani A, Baradaran B, Abdolalizadeh J, Salehi R, Hasani A, Nabizadeh E, Yekani M, Hasani R, Kafil HS, Azizian K, Memar MY. Tuberculosis vaccine developments and efficient delivery systems: A comprehensive appraisal. Heliyon 2024; 10:e26193. [PMID: 38404880 PMCID: PMC10884459 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e26193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the widespread use of the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) continues to be a global burden. Vaccination has been proposed to prevent and treat tuberculosis (TB) infection, and several of them are in different phases of clinical trials. Though vaccine production is in progress but requires more attention. There are several TB vaccines in the trial phase, most of which are based on a combination of proteins/adjuvants or recombinant viral vectors used for selected MTB antigens. In this review, we attempted to discuss different types of TB vaccines based on the vaccine composition, the immune responses generated, and their clinical trial phases. Furthermore, we have briefly overviewed the effective delivery systems used for the TB vaccine and their effectiveness in different vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasoul Hoseinpour
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Laboratory sciences and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research, and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Edris Nabizadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Yekani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Andongma BT, Huang Y, Chen F, Tang Q, Yang M, Chou SH, Li X, He J. In silico design of a promiscuous chimeric multi-epitope vaccine against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:991-1004. [PMID: 36733703 PMCID: PMC9883148 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a global health threat, killing approximately 1.5 million people each year. The eradication of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the main causative agent of TB, is increasingly challenging due to the emergence of extensive drug-resistant strains. Vaccination is considered an effective way to protect the host from pathogens, but the only clinically approved TB vaccine, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), has limited protection in adults. Multi-epitope vaccines have been found to enhance immunity to diseases by selectively combining epitopes from several candidate proteins. This study aimed to design a multi-epitope vaccine against TB using an immuno-informatics approach. Through functional enrichment, we identified eight proteins secreted by M. tuberculosis that are either required for pathogenesis, secreted into extracellular space, or both. We then analyzed the epitopes of these proteins and selected 16 helper T lymphocyte epitopes with interferon-γ inducing activity, 15 cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes, and 10 linear B-cell epitopes, and conjugated them with adjuvant and Pan HLA DR-binding epitope (PADRE) using appropriate linkers. Moreover, we predicted the tertiary structure of this vaccine, its potential interaction with Toll-Like Receptor-4 (TLR4), and the immune response it might elicit. The results showed that this vaccine had a strong affinity for TLR4, which could significantly stimulate CD4+ and CD8+ cells to secrete immune factors and B lymphocytes to secrete immunoglobulins, so as to obtain good humoral and cellular immunity. Overall, this multi-epitope protein was predicted to be stable, safe, highly antigenic, and highly immunogenic, which has the potential to serve as a global vaccine against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binda T. Andongma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Yazheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Qing Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Shan-Ho Chou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China
| | - Xinfeng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China,CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, PR China,Correspondence to: The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China.
| | - Jin He
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology & Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China,Correspondence to: The State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, No. 1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, PR China.
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Responses of Humoral and Cellular Immune Mediators in BALB/c Mice to LipX (PE11) as Seed Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidates. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13111954. [DOI: 10.3390/genes13111954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A member of the pe/ppe gene family, lipX (pe11), is capable of directing persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis and avoiding host immune responses. Some studies have indicated that LipX (PE11) can detect humoral antibodies in tuberculosis patients. Hence, information on immune mediators’ responses to this protein is essential to understand its protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis infections. This study aimed to examine the response of immune mediators to pCDNA3.1-lipX expression in vivo. In the experiment, pCDNA3.1-lipX was injected into BALB/c strain male mice aged between 6 and 8 weeks, and they were compared to groups injected with pCDNA3.1 and without injection. The injection was carried out three times intramuscularly every two weeks. Blood was taken retro-orbitally and used for humoral response analysis by Western blotting against LipX-His protein. Simultaneously, the splenocytes were cultured and induced with LipX-His protein for cellular immunity analyses. Our study showed that the recombinant DNA of pCDNA3.1-lipX induced a humoral and cellular immune response, especially in IL-4, IL-12, and IFN-γ, which are the primary cellular responses to M. tuberculosis infections. However, additional studies, such as a challenge study, are needed to strengthen the argument that this plasmid construction is feasible as a tuberculosis seed vaccine candidate.
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Therapeutic Effect of Subunit Vaccine AEC/BC02 on Mycobacterium tuberculosis Post-Chemotherapy Relapse Using a Latent Infection Murine Model. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10050825. [PMID: 35632581 PMCID: PMC9145927 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10050825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is an infectious disease that presents a major threat to human health. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only licensed TB vaccine, is ineffective against latent TB infection, necessitating the development of further TB drugs or therapeutic vaccines. Herein, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of a novel subunit vaccine AEC/BC02 after chemotherapy in a spontaneous Mtb relapse model. Immunotherapy followed 4 weeks of treatment with isoniazid and rifapentine, and bacterial loads in organs, pathological changes, and adaptive immune characteristics were investigated. The results showed slowly increased bacterial loads in the spleen and lungs of mice inoculated with AEC/BC02 with significantly lower loads than those of the control groups. Pathological scores for the liver, spleen, and lungs decreased accordingly. Moreover, AEC/BC02 induced antigen-specific IFN-γ-secreting or IL-2-secreting cellular immune responses, which decreased with the number of immunizations and times. Obvious Ag85b- and EC-specific IgG were observed in mice following the treatment with AEC/BC02, indicating a significant Th1-biased response. Taken together, these data suggest that AEC/BC02 immunotherapy post-chemotherapy may shorten future TB treatment.
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Hoseinpur R, Hasani A, Baradaran B, Abdolalizadeh J, Amini Y, Salehi R, Samadi Kafil H, Azizian K, Memar MY, Gholizadeh P, Hasani A. Chitosan nanoparticles containing fusion protein (Hspx–PPE44–EsxV) and resiquimod adjuvant (HPERC) as a novel booster vaccine for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Biomater Appl 2022; 37:40-47. [DOI: 10.1177/08853282221079105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study attempted to explore the immunogenicity of chitosan nanoparticles containing fusion protein (Hspx–PPE44–EsxV; HPE) and resiquimod adjuvant (HPERC) in BALB/c mice. HPE was initially expressed in E. coli BL21 cells. HPE and resiquimod adjuvant were then encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles (HPERC). One group of mice were subcutaneously vaccinated on days 0, 14, and 28 with HPERC, and the other group was primed with bacilli Calmette-Guérin (BCG) on day 0 and then boosted with HPERC on days 14 and 28. Two weeks after the last injection, IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-17 in spleen cell culture supernatants, and IgG2a and IgG1 titers in sera were measured. HPERC size was 130.84 ± 12.08 nm ( n = 5). Zeta potential of HPERC was 29 ± 4 mv. The highest IFN-γ concentration was detected in BCG-primed mice that were boosted with HPERC. In addition, IL-17 production was significantly increased in all groups compared with that of control, except in those that received nanoparticle (NP), adjuvant (ADJ), NP/ADJ, and fusion protein (Hspx–PPE44–EsxV) (HPE). Comparison of IFN-γ and IL-4 concentration determined that Th1 was activated in BCG-primed and HPERC-boosted group in comparison to the other groups. No significant difference in concentration of IL-4 was observed between groups receiving HPERC and BCG-primed and HPERC-boosted group in comparison to group BCG. Concentrations of IgG2a and IgG1 also increased compared to the control group and the rate of IgG2a was higher compared to IgG1. Chitosan containing HPERC vaccine could induce a high level of specific cytokines in mice. The group of mice which first received BCG and then HPERC as booster vaccine could produce significant amounts of IFN-γ, IL-17, and IgG2a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasul Hoseinpur
- Immunology Research Center (IRC)Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Immunology Research Center (IRC)Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center (IRC)Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jalal Abdolalizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yousef Amini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Roya Salehi
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Samadi Kafil
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Pourya Gholizadeh
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Drug Applied Research Center and Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Akbar Hasani
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Applied Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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11
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Buzitskaya Z, Stosman K, Khairullin B, Kassenov M, Nurpeisova A, Abylai Sansyzbay A, Shurygina AP, Aleksandrov A, Sivak K, Stukova M. A New Intranasal Influenza Vector-Based Vaccine TB/FLU-04L Against Tuberculosis: Preclinical Safety Studies. Drug Res (Stuttg) 2022; 72:255-258. [PMID: 35318622 DOI: 10.1055/a-1785-3936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant vector vaccine TB/FLU-04L for the prevention of tuberculosis was developed in RIBSP CS MES RK and SRII. The vaccine is based on the attenuated influenza strain Flu NS106/ESAT-6_Ag85A expressing mycobacterial antigens Esat-6 and Ag85A. This research aimed to conduct pre-clinical safety studies of the vaccine as one of the basic and mandatory stages in the development and introduction of immunobiological preparations. The studies were performed at the research centers of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Russian Federation.The experiment was conducted on ferrets, monkeys, and rabbits. The TB/FLU-04L vaccine was administered intranasally (7.5 lg TCID50/animal). The clinical signs, body weight, temperature, hematological parameters, and local irritant effects were monitored throughout the study. The results of the study demonstrated the safety of the TB/FLU-04L intranasal vector vaccine against tuberculosis since its administration in laboratory animals led to no adverse effects in any of the monitored parameters. No influenza A virus particles were isolated from samples of nasal washes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanna Buzitskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (SRII)
| | - Kira Stosman
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (SRII)
| | - Berik Khairullin
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeisky, Republic of Kazakhstan (RIBSP CS MES RK)
| | - Marhabat Kassenov
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeisky, Republic of Kazakhstan (RIBSP CS MES RK)
| | - Ainur Nurpeisova
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeisky, Republic of Kazakhstan (RIBSP CS MES RK)
| | - A Abylai Sansyzbay
- The Research Institute for Biological Safety Problems, Gvardeisky, Republic of Kazakhstan (RIBSP CS MES RK)
| | - Anna-Polina Shurygina
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (SRII)
| | - Andrey Aleksandrov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (SRII)
| | - Konstantin Sivak
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (SRII)
| | - Marina Stukova
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation (SRII)
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Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity due to a single infectious agent. Aerosol infection with Mtb can result in a range of responses from elimination, active, incipient, subclinical, and latent Mtb infections (LTBI), depending on the host's immune response and the dose and nature of infecting bacilli. Currently, BCG is the only vaccine approved to prevent TB. Although BCG confers protection against severe forms of childhood TB, its use in adults and those with comorbid conditions, such as HIV infection, is questionable. Novel vaccines, including recombinant BCG (rBCG), were developed to improve BCG's efficacy and use as an alternative to BCG in a vulnerable population. The first-generation rBCG vaccines had different Mtb antigens and were tested as a prime, prime-boost, or immunotherapeutic intervention. The novel vaccines target one or more of the following requirements, namely prevention of infection (POI), prevention of disease (POD), prevention of recurrence (POR), and therapeutic vaccines to treat a TB disease. Several vaccine candidates currently in development are classified into four primary categories: live attenuated whole-cell vaccine, inactivated whole-cell vaccine, adjuvanted protein subunit vaccine, and viral-vectored vaccine. Each vaccine's immunogenicity, safety, and efficacy are tested in preclinical animal models and further validated through various phases of clinical trials. This chapter summarizes the various TB vaccine candidates under different clinical trial stages and promises better protection against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radha Gopalaswamy
- Department of Bacteriology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Selvakumar Subbian
- The Public Health Research Institute Center at New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA.
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Jansen KU, Gruber WC, Simon R, Wassil J, Anderson AS. The impact of human vaccines on bacterial antimicrobial resistance. A review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2021; 19:4031-4062. [PMID: 34602924 PMCID: PMC8479502 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-021-01274-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
At present, the dramatic rise in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among important human bacterial pathogens is reaching a state of global crisis threatening a return to the pre-antibiotic era. AMR, already a significant burden on public health and economies, is anticipated to grow even more severe in the coming decades. Several licensed vaccines, targeting both bacterial (Haemophilus influenzae type b, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi) and viral (influenza virus, rotavirus) human pathogens, have already proven their anti-AMR benefits by reducing unwarranted antibiotic consumption and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and by promoting herd immunity. A number of new investigational vaccines, with a potential to reduce the spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, are also in various stages of clinical development. Nevertheless, vaccines as a tool to combat AMR remain underappreciated and unfortunately underutilized. Global mobilization of public health and industry resources is key to maximizing the use of licensed vaccines, and the development of new prophylactic vaccines could have a profound impact on reducing AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raphael Simon
- Pfizer Vaccine Research and Development, Pearl River, NY USA
| | - James Wassil
- Pfizer Patient and Health Impact, Collegeville, PA USA
- Present Address: Vaxcyte, 353 Hatch Drive, Foster City, CA 94404 USA
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Yi F, Hu J, Zhu X, Wang Y, Yu Q, Deng J, Huang X, Ma Y, Xie Y. Transcriptional Profiling of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Stimulated by Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE57 Identifies Characteristic Genes Associated With Type I Interferon Signaling. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:716809. [PMID: 34490145 PMCID: PMC8416891 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.716809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Proline-glutamic acid (PE)- and proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE)-containing proteins are exclusive to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), the leading cause of tuberculosis (TB). In this study, we performed global transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) on PPE57-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and control samples to quantitatively measure the expression level of key transcripts of interest. A total of 1367 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were observed in response to a 6 h exposure to PPE57, with 685 being up-regulated and 682 down-regulated. Immune-related gene functions and pathways associated with these genes were evaluated, revealing that the type I IFN signaling pathway was the most significantly enriched pathway in our RNA-seq dataset, with 14 DEGs identified therein including ISG15, MX2, IRF9, IFIT3, IFIT2, OAS3, IFIT1, IFI6, OAS2, OASL, RSAD2, OAS1, IRF7, and MX1. These PPE57-related transcriptomic profiles have implications for a better understanding of host global immune mechanisms underlying MTB infection outcomes. However, more studies regarding these DEGs and type I IFN signaling in this infectious context are necessary to more fully clarify the underlying mechanisms that arise in response to PPE57 during MTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Yi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiuju Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuedong Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Jeremiah K, Lyimo E, Ritz C, PrayGod G, Rutkowski KT, Korsholm KS, Ruhwald M, Tait D, Grewal HMS, Faurholt-Jepsen D. Prevalence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection as measured by the QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay and ESAT-6 free IGRA among adolescents in Mwanza, Tanzania. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252808. [PMID: 34097715 PMCID: PMC8183982 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is vastly higher than that of tuberculosis (TB) disease and this enormous reservoir of individuals with LTBI impacts the global TB control strategy. Adolescents are at greatest risk of TB infection and are thus an ideal target population for a potential effective TB vaccine to be added to the current BCG programme as it could reduce the number of latent infections and consequently the number of adults with TB disease. However, LTBI rates are often unknown for this population. This study aims to estimate the magnitude of LTBI and to determine if Tanzanian adolescents would be a good population for a prevention of TB infection trial. Methods This was a descriptive cross-sectional study that recruited 193 adolescents aged 12 and 16 years from government schools and directly from the community in Mwanza Region, Tanzania. Socio-demographic characteristics were collected for all enrolled participants. Blood was drawn and tested using QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT), and Early Secretory Antigenic Target-6–Free Interferon-gamma Release Assay (ESAT-6 free IGRA). Concordance between QFT-GIT and ESAT-6 free IGRA was evaluated using the McNemar’s test. Results Overall estimates of LTBI prevalence were 19.2% [95%CI, 14.1; 25.2] and 18.6% [95%CI, 13.6; 24.6] as measured by QFT-GIT IGRA and ESAT-6 free IGRA, respectively. The 16-year-old cohort had a higher LTBI prevalence (23.7% [95%CI, 16.1; 32.9]) as compared to 12-year-old cohort (14.6% [95%CI, 8.6; 22.7]) as measured by QFT-GIT IGRA. When measured by ESAT-6 Free IGRA, LTBI prevalence was 24.7% (95%CI, 16.9; 34.0) for the 16-year-old cohort and 12.5% (95%CI, 7.0; 20.3) among the 12-year-old cohort. According to both tests the prevalence of TB infection and the corresponding annual risk of tuberculosis infection (ARTI) and force of infection were high and increased with age. Of all enrolled participants, 97.4% had concordant results for QFT-GIT IGRA and ESAT-6 free IGRA (p = 0.65). Conclusions The prevalence of LTBI and the associated ARTI and force of infection among adolescents is high and increases with age in Mwanza Region. There was a high concordance between the QFT-GIT and the novel ESAT-6 free IGRA assays. These findings suggest Mwanza is a promising area to conduct novel TB vaccine research prevention of infection (POI) studies targeting adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kidola Jeremiah
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
- * E-mail:
| | - Eric Lyimo
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - George PrayGod
- Mwanza Research Centre, National Institute for Medical Research, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Kathryn Tucker Rutkowski
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI,), New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen Smith Korsholm
- Department of Infectious Immunology, Centre for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Vaccine Development, Centre for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Ruhwald
- Department of Infectious Immunology, Centre for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Vaccine Development, Centre for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut (SSI), Copenhagen, Denmark
- Foundation of Innovative New Diagnostics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dereck Tait
- International AIDS Vaccine Initiative (IAVI) NPC, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Harleen M. S. Grewal
- Department of Clinical Science, BIDS Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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Sundar S, Thangamani L, Piramanayagam S. Computational identification of significant immunogenic epitopes of the putative outer membrane proteins from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2021; 19:48. [PMID: 33779881 PMCID: PMC8006519 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-021-00148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Novel vaccines are required to effectively combat the epidemic spread of tuberculosis. Using in silico approaches, this study focuses on prediction of potential B cell and T cell binding immunogenic epitopes for 30 putative outer membrane proteins of Mtb. Among these, certain immunodominant epitopes of Rv0172, Rv0295c, Rv1006, Rv2264c, and Rv2525c were found, which are capable of binding B-cell and a maximum number of MHC alleles. The selected immunodominant epitopes were screened for their allergenic and antigenic properties, their percentage identity against the human proteome and their structural properties. Further, the binding efficacy of the immunodominant epitopes of Rv0295c and Rv1006 with HLA-DRB1*04:01 was analyzed using molecular docking and molecular dynamics studies. Hence, the in silico-derived immunogenic peptides (epitopes) could potentially be used for the design of subunit vaccines against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobana Sundar
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India.
| | - Lokesh Thangamani
- Computational Biology Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
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Systematic Evaluation of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Proteins for Antigenic Properties Identifies Rv1485 and Rv1705c as Potential Protective Subunit Vaccine Candidates. Infect Immun 2021; 89:IAI.00585-20. [PMID: 33318140 PMCID: PMC8097267 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00585-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of efficacious vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection is a limiting factor in the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of death from an infectious agent. Improvement or replacement of the BCG vaccine with one that reliably protects all age groups is urgent. The lack of efficacious vaccines against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection is a limiting factor in the prevention and control of tuberculosis (TB), the leading cause of death from an infectious agent. Improvement or replacement of the BCG vaccine with one that reliably protects all age groups is urgent. Concerns exist that antigens currently being evaluated are too homogeneous. To identify new protective antigens, we screened 1,781 proteins from a high-throughput proteome-wide protein purification study for antigenic activity. Forty-nine antigens (34 previously unreported) induced antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ) release from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from 4,452 TB and suspected TB patients and 167 healthy donors. Three (Rv1485, Rv1705c, and Rv1802) of the 20 antigens evaluated in a BALB/c mouse challenge model showed protective efficacy, reducing lung CFU counts by 66.2%, 75.8%, and 60%, respectively. Evaluation of IgG2a/IgG1 ratios and cytokine release indicated that Rv1485 and Rv1705c induce a protective Th1 immune response. Epitope analysis of PE/PPE protein Rv1705c, the strongest candidate, identified a dominant epitope in its extreme N-terminal domain accounting for 90% of its immune response. Systematic preclinical assessment of antigens Rv1485 and Rv1705c is warranted.
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Benedictus L, Steinbach S, Holder T, Bakker D, Vrettou C, Morrison WI, Vordermeier M, Connelley T. Hydrophobic Mycobacterial Antigens Elicit Polyfunctional T Cells in Mycobacterium bovis Immunized Cattle: Association With Protection Against Challenge? Front Immunol 2020; 11:588180. [PMID: 33281817 PMCID: PMC7688591 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a chronic disease of cattle with a detrimental impact on food quality and production. Research on bTB vaccines has predominantly been focused on proteinaceous antigens. However, mycobacteria have a thick and intricate lipid outer layer and lipids as well as lipopeptides are important for immune-evasion and virulence. In humans, lipid extracts of M. tuberculosis have been shown to elicit immune responses effective against M. tuberculosis in vitro. Chloroform-methanol extraction (CME) was applied to M. bovis BCG to obtain a hydrophobic antigen extract (CMEbcg) containing lipids and lipopeptides. CMEbcg stimulated IFN-γ+IL-2+ and IL-17A+IL-22+ polyfunctional T cells and elicited T cell responses with a Th1 and Th17 cytokine release profile in both M. bovis BCG vaccinated and M. bovis challenged calves. Lipopeptides were shown to be the immunodominant antigens in CMEbcg, stimulating CD4 T cells via MHC class II. CMEbcg expanded T cells killed CMEbcg loaded monocytes and the CMEbcg-specific CD3 T cell proliferative response following M. bovis BCG vaccination was the best predictor for reduced pathology following challenge with M. bovis. Although the high predictive value of CMEbcg-specific immune responses does not confirm a causal relationship with protection against M. bovis challenge, when taking into account the in vitro antimycobacterial phenotype of CMEbcg-specific T cells (e.g. Th1/Th17 cytokine profile), it is indicative that CMEbcg-specific immune responses could play a functional role in immunity against M. bovis. Based on these findings we conclude that lipopeptides of M. bovis are potential novel subunit vaccine candidates and that further studies into the functional characterization of lipopeptide-specific immune responses together with their role in protection against bovine tuberculosis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindert Benedictus
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Sabine Steinbach
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Holder
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Independent Researcher and Technical Consultant, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Christina Vrettou
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - W Ivan Morrison
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Connelley
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, United Kingdom
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Li Z, Zheng C, Terreni M, Tanzi L, Sollogoub M, Zhang Y. Novel Vaccine Candidates against Tuberculosis. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5095-5118. [DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666181126112124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ranking above AIDS, Tuberculosis (TB) is the ninth leading cause of death affecting and
killing many individuals every year. Drugs’ efficacy is limited by a series of problems such as Multi-
Drug Resistance (MDR) and Extensively-Drug Resistance (XDR). Meanwhile, the only licensed vaccine
BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guérin) existing for over 90 years is not effective enough. Consequently,
it is essential to develop novel vaccines for TB prevention and immunotherapy. This paper
provides an overall review of the TB prevalence, immune system response against TB and recent
progress of TB vaccine research and development. Several vaccines in clinical trials are described as
well as LAM-based candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Li
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Changping Zheng
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marco Terreni
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Lisa Tanzi
- Drug Sciences Department, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Matthieu Sollogoub
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yongmin Zhang
- Sorbonne Universite, CNRS, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moleculaire (UMR 8232), 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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In Silico Design of Multi-Epitope ESAT-6:Ag85b:Fcγ2a Fusion Protein as a Novel Candidate for Tuberculosis Vaccine. ARCHIVES OF CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/archcid.90449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), which is the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), is among the most important infectious bacteria with high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Bacilli Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine has been discovered for about a century, and it is considered as a major vaccine for humans. However, some factors, such as its attenuated nature and its inefficacy against the latent form of the disease, have led to the use of alternative vaccines. Multi-epitope subunit vaccines are new-generation vaccines that are being developed in clinical trial phases. For the production of a subunit vaccine, the selection of immunodominant antigens and targeted delivery systems to antigen presenting cells (APCs) are considered as basic parameters. In the present study, we designed the novel multi-epitope ESAT-6:Ag85B:Fcγ2a, which was evaluated completely by various online tools as an optimum vaccine against TB. The early secreted antigenic target of 6 kDa (ESAT-6) and antigen 85B (Ag85B) are two immunodominant antigens, and Fcγ2a is a targeted delivery system. This vaccine candidate can be used for future preclinical studies.
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21
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4-Substituted picolinohydrazonamides as a new class of potential antitubercular agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112106. [PMID: 32061963 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The series of new 4-substituted picolinohydrazonamides were synthesized (6-25) and evaluated for tuberculostatic activity. Compounds having a hydrophilic cyclic amine such as morpholine and pyrrolidine at the end of the thiosemicarbazide chain, exhibited the highest antimycobacterial activity. The antimycobacterial activity of compounds 6, 11, and 15 (MIC 0.4-0.8 μg/mL) was higher than that of reference drugs. Moreover, derivative 15 exhibited lower activity against other tested microorganism such as bacteria gram-positive, gram-negative or fungi. Thus, this compound is characterized by the selectivity of antimicrobial activity. Antiproliferative study conducted against human dermal fibroblasts (HDF) and mouse melanoma cell line (B16-F10) revealed low cytotoxicity of compound 15. Conducted research allowed to identify compound 15 as leading for further research.
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Tucci P, Portela M, Chetto CR, González-Sapienza G, Marín M. Integrative proteomic and glycoproteomic profiling of Mycobacterium tuberculosis culture filtrate. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0221837. [PMID: 32126063 PMCID: PMC7053730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite being the subject of intensive research, tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains at present the leading cause of death from an infectious agent. Secreted and cell wall proteins interact with the host and play important roles in pathogenicity. These proteins are explored as candidate diagnostic markers, potential drug targets or vaccine antigens, and more recently special attention is being given to the role of their post-translational modifications. With the purpose of contributing to the proteomic and glycoproteomic characterization of this important pathogen, we performed a shotgun analysis of culture filtrate proteins of M. tuberculosis based on a liquid nano-HPLC tandem mass spectrometry and a label-free spectral counting normalization approach for protein quantification. We identified 1314 M. tuberculosis proteins in culture filtrate and found that the most abundant proteins belong to the extracellular region or cell wall compartment, and that the functional categories with higher protein abundance factor were virulence, detoxification and adaptation, and cell wall and cell processes. We could identify a group of proteins consistently detected in previous studies, most of which were highly abundant proteins. In culture filtrate, 140 proteins were predicted to contain one of the three types of bacterial N-terminal signal peptides. Besides, various proteins belonging to the ESX secretion systems, and to the PE and PPE families, secreted by the type VII secretion system using nonclassical secretion signals, were also identified. O-glycosylation was identified in 46 proteins, many of them lipoproteins and cell wall associated proteins. Finally, we provide proteomic evidence for 33 novel O-glycosylated proteins, aiding to the glycoproteomic characterization of relevant antigenic membrane and exported proteins. These findings are expected to collaborate with the research on pathogen derived biomarkers, virulence factors and vaccine candidates, and to provide clues to the understanding of the pathogenesis and survival strategies adopted by M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Tucci
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Madelón Portela
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Proteómica Analíticas, Institut Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Carlos Rivas Chetto
- Departamento de Laboratorio, Comisión Honoraria para la Lucha Antituberculosa y Enfermedades Prevalentes, Centro de Referencia Nacional para Micobacterias, Ministerio de Salud Pública, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Gualberto González-Sapienza
- Cátedra de Inmunología, DEPBIO, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la Republica Uruguay, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Mónica Marín
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Heidary M, Zaker Bostanabad S, Amini SM, Jafari A, Ghalami Nobar M, Ghodousi A, Kamalzadeh M, Darban-Sarokhalil D. The Anti-Mycobacterial Activity Of Ag, ZnO, And Ag- ZnO Nanoparticles Against MDR- And XDR- Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:3425-3435. [PMID: 31807033 PMCID: PMC6839584 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s221408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nowadays, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the top ten leading causes of mortality worldwide. The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) - and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) is identified as one of the most challenging threats to TB control. Thus, new and safe nano-drugs are urgently required for the elimination of TB. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-bacterial effects of Ag, ZnO, and Ag-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) on MDR- and XDR-M. tuberculosis. Materials and methods In this study, Ag, ZnO, and Ag-ZnO NPs were synthesized by the chemical reduction and chemical deposition methods. NPs were characterized using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy. Then, various dilutions of NPs were prepared and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCs) were determined against M. tuberculosis strains using the broth microdilution and agar microdilution methods. Finally, MTT test and cell culture assay were performed. Results The effects of concentrations of 1-128 µg/mL Ag NPs, ZnO NPs, 2Ag: 8ZnO, 8Ag:2ZnO, 3Ag: 7ZnO, 7Ag:3ZnO, and 5Ag:5ZnO on M. tuberculosis strains were investigated. MIC results showed the inhibitory effect of 1 µg/mL of all NPs against XDR-M. tuberculosis. In addition, the concentrations of 4 µg/mL Ag, 8 µg/mL 5Ag:5ZnO, 8 µg/mL 7Ag:3ZnO, 32 µg/mL 3Ag:7ZnO, 16 µg/mL 8Ag:2ZnO, and 64 µg/mL 2Ag:8ZnO inhibited MDR-M. tuberculosis growth. However, MBC results indicated the inability of Ag, ZnO and Ag-ZnO NPs, either in combination or alone, to kill MDR- or XDR-M. tuberculosis. Conclusion To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to evaluate the effects of Ag and ZnO NPs against MDR and XDR strains of M. tuberculosis. According to the results, Ag and ZnO NPs showed bacteriostatic effects against drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis. Therefore, these NPs may be considered as promising anti-mycobacterial nano-drugs. However, further studies are required to affirm the bactericidal effects of these NPs against TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Heidary
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Zaker Bostanabad
- Microbiology Department, Islamic Azad University-Parand Branch, Tehran, Iran.,Mycobacteriology Department, Massoud Laboratory, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Amini
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alireza Jafari
- Inflammatory Lung Diseases Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Razi Hospital, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Mostafa Ghalami Nobar
- Mycobacteriology Department, Massoud Laboratory, Tehran, Iran.,Reference Health Laboratory of Iran (RHL), Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Ghodousi
- Emerging Bacterial Pathogens Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Morteza Kamalzadeh
- Quality Control, Department, Razi Vaccine and Research Institute, Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran
| | - Davood Darban-Sarokhalil
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Can Multi-Stage Recombinant Fusion Proteins Be Considered as Reliable Vaccines Against Tuberculosis? A Letter to the Editor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.5812/modernc.91493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Bekale RB, Du Plessis SM, Hsu NJ, Sharma JR, Sampson SL, Jacobs M, Meyer M, Morse GD, Dube A. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis and Interactions with the Host Immune System: Opportunities for Nanoparticle Based Immunotherapeutics and Vaccines. Pharm Res 2018; 36:8. [PMID: 30411187 PMCID: PMC6362825 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-018-2528-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis remains a deadly infectious disease. The thin pipeline of new drugs for TB, the ineffectiveness in adults of the only vaccine available, i.e. the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine, and increasing global antimicrobial resistance, has reinvigorated interest in immunotherapies. Nanoparticles (NPs) potentiate the effect of immune modulating compounds (IMC), enabling cell targeting, improved transfection of antigens, enhanced compound stability and provide opportunities for synergistic action, via delivery of multiple IMCs. In this review we describe work performed in the application of NPs towards achieving immune modulation for TB treatment and vaccination. Firstly, we present a comprehensive review of M. tuberculosis and how the bacterium modulates the host immune system. We find that current work suggest great promise of NP based immunotherapeutics as novel treatments and vaccination systems. There is need to intensify research efforts in this field, and rationally design novel NP immunotherapeutics based on current knowledge of the mycobacteriology and immune escape mechanisms employed by M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymonde B Bekale
- Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Su-Mari Du Plessis
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nai-Jen Hsu
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jyoti R Sharma
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Samantha L Sampson
- NRF-DST Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muazzam Jacobs
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Immunology of Infectious Disease Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mervin Meyer
- DST/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Unit, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gene D Morse
- AIDS Clinical Trials Group Pharmacology Specialty Laboratory, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Admire Dube
- Discipline of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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