Physicochemical, scavenging and anti-proliferative analyses of polysaccharides extracted from psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk) husk and seeds

Application of seed mucilage as functional biopolymer in meat product processing and preservation

Meat products consumption is rising globally, but concerns about sustainability, fat content, and shelf life. Synthetic additives and preservatives used for extending the shelf life of meat often carry health and environmental drawbacks. Seed mucilage, natural polysaccharides, possesses unique functional properties like water holding, emulsifying, and film forming, offering potential alternatives in meat processing and preservation. This study explores the application of seed mucilage from diverse sources (e.g., flaxseed, psyllium, basil) in various meat and meat products processing and preservation. Mucilage's water-holding and emulsifying properties can potentially bind fat and decrease the overall lipid content in meat and meat-based products. Moreover, antimicrobial and film-forming properties of mucilage can potentially inhibit microbial growth and reduce oxidation, extending the shelf life. This review emphasizes the advantages of incorporating mucilage into processing and coating strategies for meat and seafood products.

Structural characterization of extracellular polysaccharides from Phellinus igniarius SH-1 and their therapeutic effects on DSS induced colitis in mice

Phellinus igniarius is a valuable medicinal and edible mushroom, and its polysaccharides exhibit excellent anti-inflammatory activity. During liquid fermentation to produce P. igniarius mycelia, the fermentation liquid is often discarded, but it contains extracellular polysaccharides. To better utilize these resources, P. igniarius SH-1 was fermented in a 100 L fermenter, and PIPS-2 was isolated and purified from the fermentation broth. The structural characteristics and anti-inflammatory activity of PIPS-2 were determined. PIPS-2 had a molecular weight of 22.855 kDa and was composed of galactose and mannose in a molar ratio of 0.38:0.62. Structural analysis revealed that the main chain of PIPS-2 involved →2)-α-D-Manp-(1 → 3)-β-D-Galf-(1→, and the side chains involved α-D-Manp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Manp-(1→, α-D-Manp-(1 → 3)-α-D-Manp-(1→, and α-D-Manp-(1. PIPS-2 alleviated the symptoms of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice, improved the imbalance of inflammatory factors and antioxidant enzymes, and increased short-chain fatty acid contents. Combining the intestinal flora and metabolite results, PIPS-2 was found to regulate the abundance of Firmicutes, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136_group, Proteobacteria, Bacteroides, and many serum metabolites including hexadecenal, copalic acid, 8-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, artepillin C, and uric acid, thereby ameliorating metabolite related disorders in mice with colitis. In summary, PIPS-2 may improve colitis in mice by regulating the gut microbiota and metabolites.

Developing high resistant starch content rice noodles with superior quality: A method using modified rice flour and psyllium fiber

The effects of high-resistant starch (RS) content rice flour, psyllium husk powder (PHP), and psyllium powder (PP) on the edible quality and starch digestibility of rice noodles were investigated in this study. High-RS rice noodles showed lower digestibility but poor edible quality. With the addition of PHP and PP, high-RS rice noodles' cooking and texture quality were improved significantly, especially the breakage rates, cooking losses, and chewiness (P < 0.05). Compared to traditional white rice noodle's estimated glycemic index (eGI) of 86.69, the eGI values for 5PHP-RN and 5PHP-2PP-RN were significantly decreased to 66.74 and 65.77, achieving a medium GI status (P < 0.05). This resulted from the high amylose and lipid content in the modified rice flour and psyllium, leading to increase of starch crystallinity. Besides, based on the analysis of Pearson's correlation, it can be found that PHP rich in insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) could improve high-RS noodle cooking and texture quality better, while PP rich in soluble dietary fiber (SDF) can further reduce the RDS content and its starch digestibility. Therefore, utilizing modified rice flour with an appropriate addition of PHP and PP can be considered an effective strategy for producing superior-quality lower glycemic index rice noodles.

Evaluation of physiochemical and biomedical properties of psyllium-poly(vinyl phosphonic acid-co-acrylamide)-cl-N,N-methylene bis acrylamide based hydrogels

Present investigation deals with the synthesis of psyllium based copolymeric hydrogels and evaluation of their physiochemical and biomedical properties. These copolymers have been prepared by grafting of poly(vinyl phosphonic acid) (poly (VPA)) and poly(acrylamide) (poly(AAm)) onto psyllium in the presence of crosslinker N,N-methylene bis acrylamide (NNMBA). These copolymers [psyllium-poly(VPA-co-AAm)-cl-NNMBA] were characterized by field emission-scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM), electron dispersion X-ray analysis (EDAX), Atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)- differential thermal analysis (DTG). FESEM, AFM and XRD demonstrated heterogeneous morphology with a rough surface and an amorphous nature. Diffusion of ornidazole occurred with a non-Fickian diffusion mechanism, and the release profile data was fitted in the Korsemeyer-Peppas kinetic model. Biochemical analysis of hydrogel properties confirmed the blood-compatible nature during blood-polymer interactions and revealed haemolysis value 3.95 ± 0.05 %. The hydrogels exhibited mucoadhesive character during biomembrane-polymer interactions and demonstrated detachment force = 99.0 ± 0.016 mN. During 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl reagent (DPPH) assay, free radical scavenging was observed 37.83 ± 3.64 % which illustrated antioxidant properties of hydrogels. Physiological and biomedical properties revealed that these hydrogels could be explored for drug delivery uses.

The structural characteristic of acidic-degraded polysaccharides from seeds of Plantago ovata Forssk and its biological activity

In this study, a response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine the best combination for acid degradation parameters to reduce the viscosity of Plantago ovata Forssk seed polysaccharide (POFP). Then, the two major homogeneous polysaccharides (AH-POFP1 and AH-POFP3) were obtained by DEAE-650 M and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The apparent structure of the main fraction AH-POFP1 was characterized by SEM, TG and XRD, and the linkage of AH-POFP1 was determined by a combination of partial acidolysis, Smith's degradation, methylation analysis and 2D NMR analysis. Structural analysis showed that AH-POFP1 was mainly composed of xylose, with a molecular weight of 618.1 kDa, and had a backbone of 1 → 4-linked Xylp, as well as branches of T-linked Xylp, 1 → 4-linked Xylp attached to the O-2 position. The antioxidant activity assays showed that the both AH-POFP1 and AH-POFP3 possess strong scavenging radical ability. Moreover, AH-POFP1 inhibits the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors, and promotes the secretion of anti-inflammatory factors, thereby exerting anti-inflammatory effects. These findings may help to guide future applications of Plantago ovata Forssk in the fields of food, health care, and pharmacy.

Structural elucidation and physicochemical properties of litchi polysaccharide with the promoting effect on exopolysaccharide production by Weissella confusa

Exopolysaccharide (EPS), as a secondary metabolite of microorganisms, has been commonly used in the dairy industry to replace the traditional stabilizers. However, the EPS production by microorganism is generally low, which limits its application. A litchi polysaccharide (Lzp2-2) with the promoting effect on EPS production by Weissella confusa was purified. The SEM and FT-IR analysis indicated that Lzp2-2 displayed a compact netlike structure and typical bands of carbohydrates. The structure of Lzp2-2 was further elucidated, which was comprised of a major backbone structure [→3)-β-D-Galp-(1→6)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 6)-β-D-Galp-(1 → 3)-β-D-Glcp-(1 → 6)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → 3)-α-D-Glcp-(1→] linked with two side chains [α-L-Araf-(1 → 5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, and β-D-Glcp-(1 → or α-L-Araf-(1→] at the O-3 and O-6) of β-D-Galp-(1→, respectively. Finally, Lzp2-2 was applied as an additive to the medium of yoghurt fermented by W. confusa. The results indicated Lzp2-2 not only promoted the EPS production to improve the viscosity, texture and mouthfeel of yoghurt, but also facilitated the generation of other secondary metabolites (volatile organic compounds), thus elevating the flavor of yoghurt.

Development of Plantago ovata seed mucilage and xanthan gum-based edible coating with prominent optical and barrier properties

This study investigates the fabrication of edible coating based on Plantago ovata seed mucilage (POSM). The films were prepared from POSM (1 %, w/v), glycerol (75 %, based on POSM mass), and xanthan gum (XG: 20, 30 and 40 %, based on POSM mass) by a casting method, and their physicochemical, mechanical, thermal, morphological, and barrier properties were determined. Results indicated the development of highly transparent (transparency values: 1.36 ± 0.05 to 2.42 ± 0.09) and hydrophobic films (contact angle: 101.57 ± 0.34 to107.08 ± 0.55o) with very low water vapor permeability (WVP: 2.77 ± 0.02 × 10-12 to 1.98 ± 0.04 × 10-12 g s-1m-1Pa-1), slight water solubility (31.14 ± 0.46 to 23.08 ± 0.82 %), and good mechanical properties (tensile strength: 30.87 ± 0.96 to 61.80 ± 0.71 MPa). Morphological studies also indicated smooth and uniform surfaces without pores and cracks. In addition, the films showed good antioxidant activity (61.46 to 68.71 %), and their antibacterial activity against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was also demonstrated. The applicability of the developed films to extend the shelf life of strawberries was shown by comparing the appearance of dip-coated strawberries and the control sample within 8 days at room temperature. Based on the results, the developed biofilms have great potential for edible coating and packaging applications.

Anti-Inflammatory and Anti-Oxidative Effects of Polysaccharides Extracted from Unripe Carica papaya L. Fruit

This study evaluated the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharides extracted from unripe Carica papaya L. (papaya) fruit. Three papaya polysaccharide (PP) fractions, namely PP-1, PP-2, and PP-3, with molecular weights of 2252, 2448, and 3741 kDa, containing abundant xylose, galacturonic acid, and mannose constituents, respectively, were obtained using diethylaminoethyl-Sepharose™ anion exchange chromatography. The antioxidant capacity of the PPs, hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion-chelating assay, and reducing power assay revealed that the PP-3 fraction had the highest antioxidant activity, with an EC50 (the concentration for 50% of the maximal effect) of 0.96 mg/mL, EC50 of 0.10 mg/mL, and Abs700 nm of 1.581 for the hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, ferrous ion-chelating assay, and reducing power assay, respectively. In addition, PP-3 significantly decreased reactive oxygen species production by 45.3%, NF-κB activation by 32.0%, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-6 generation by 33.5% and 34.4%, respectively, in H2O2-induced human epidermal keratinocytes. PP-3 exerts potent antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects; thus, it is a potential biofunctional ingredient in the cosmetic industry.

Structural characterization, α-glucosidase inhibitory activity and antioxidant activity of neutral polysaccharide from apricot (Armeniaca Sibirica L. Lam) kernels

Screening for α-glucosidase inhibitors and antioxidants from natural sources that could reduce postprandial glucose in diabetic patients and reduce oxidative stress had attracted considerable interest. In this study, a neutral polysaccharide (AP-1) with a triple helix structure was isolated and purified from the residue of apricot (Armeniaca sibirica L. Lam.) kernels by using DEAE-52 and Sephadex G-100 columns. The molecular weight of AP-1 was 23.408 kDa and consisted mainly of glucose with trace amounts of arabinose, galactose, and mannose, which had molar percentages of 98.48, 0.63, 0.62 and 0.27 %, respectively. The main chain of AP-1 was composed of →4)-α-D-Glcp-(1 → interlinked, and α-D-Glcp-(1 → was attached as a branched chain at the O-6 position of →4,6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→. In addition, AP-1 exhibited stronger α-glucosidase inhibition and free radical scavenging ability compared to crude polysaccharides. Therefore, AP-1 could be used as a potential natural hypoglycemic agent and antioxidant in the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Plantago Ovata Husk: An Investigation of Raw Aqueous Extracts. Osmotic, Hydrodynamic and Complex Rheological Characterisation

The aim of the study was to characterize raw aqueous extracts from Plantago ovata husk in terms of molecular chain mass, osmotic, hydrodynamic, and rheological properties. The raw extracts used in this study have not been yet investigated in the indicated research area. Determination of the molecular weight of the chains present in the extract was performed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Osmotic properties were characterized using membrane osmometry. Rheological properties were investigated via classical rotational rheology with normal force measurements, as well as less common but equally important measurements of extensional viscosity. Two types of chains with an average molecular mass of 200 and 1780 kDa were found. The values of the first virial coefficient (B₂) indicate the predominance of biopolymer-biopolymer interactions. The hydrodynamic radius established at 25 and 30 °C was 74 and 67 nm, respectively, and lower than at 40 °C (>600 nm). The first critical concentration was determined: c*=0.11 g·dL-1. The dominance of negative normal force values resulting from the formation of a pseudo-gel structure of the heteroxylates was demonstrated. Extensional viscosity measurement results revealed that the studied extracts cannot be treated as simple shear-thinning fluids, as indicated by shear flow, but should be considered as viscoelastic fluids.

Biochemical and Structural Characterization of Ferulated Arabinoxylans Extracted from Nixtamalized and Non-Nixtamalized Maize Bran

Maize bran is a good source of non-starch polysaccharides, having various bioactive compounds. In the current research, we extracted the ferulated arabinoxylans from nixtamalized maize bran (NMB) and non-nixtamalized maize bran (NNMB) and explored their biochemical composition (monosaccharides, phenolic compounds) and structural characteristics (FTIR, SEM and XRD) as well as antioxidant activity. Results showed that contents of ferulated arabinoxylans were 8.1 ± 0.04% and 6.8 ± 0.02 in NMB and NNMB, respectively. Moreover, the purity of arabinoxylans was 60.1 ± 0.8% and 57.04 ± 0.7% in NMB and NNMB ferulated arabinoxylans. Furthermore, ferulated arabinoxylans have higher arabinose, xylose and ferulic acid contents. FTIR spectra of NMB and NNMB ferulated arabinoxylans depicted the presence of polysaccharide compounds and the corresponding band was observed at 993 cm-1, which is due to glycosidic bond vibration. In addition, absorbance regions of arabinoxylans between 900 cm-1 to 1200 cm-1 were observed. Moreover, SEM micrographs of ferulated arabinoxylans had visible rough and porous surface morphology. Further, ferulated arabinoxylans of NMB and NNMB did not exhibit any sharp peaks in XRD graphs, attributed to their amorphous nature. However, XRD 2θ showed peaks at 20.0°, which predominantly indicated that the material has an amorphous state with small crystalline regions in the sample, which shows the presence of xylans (small and narrow sharp peaks).

Synthesis and characterization of modified bioactive arabinoxylan-psyllium: Evaluation of molecular interactions, physiochemical and biomedical properties

Keeping in view the future prospectus of carbohydrate polymers, present research report is an elaboration, exploration and execution of the research expectancy in area of these polymers by researchers like John F. Kennedy. Herein, molecular interactions and physiochemical properties of modified bioactive arabinoxylan-psyllium have been evaluated for drug delivery applications. Arabinoxylan-psyllium was modified with sulphated and amide copolymers and co-polymers were characterized by SEMs, AFM, FTIR, XRD, solid state ¹³C NMR, TGA-DSC and water absorption studies. The ¹³C-NMR and FTIR confirmed grafted copolymers. The polymer-blood interactions revealed non-thrombogenic nature with thrombose percentage 63.17 ± 5.61 % and polymer-mucous membrane interactions showed detachment force 0.237 ± 0.078Nwith bio-membrane in mucoadhesion test. The pH responsible gels exhibited 44.49 ± 3.12 % inhibitions of free radicals in DPPH assay. The polymer-drug interactions demonstrated sustained diffusion of methotrexate with non-Fickian diffusion and Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model. Overall, co-polymeric network structure was found useful in colon specific drug delivery.

Application of Psyllium Husk as a Friendly Filtrate Reducer for High-Temperature Water-Based Drilling Fluids

Aiming at the challenge that environmental protection and high-temperature fluid loss reduction performance of the traditional water-based drilling fluid treatment agent are difficult to balance, our studies added psyllium husk as a high-temperature-resistant and environmentally friendly filtrate reducer to a water-based drilling fluid. The composition, physical and chemical properties, and microstructure of psyllium husk are characterized. Then, the effects of psyllium husk after hot rolling at different temperatures on the rheological properties and fluid loss properties of bentonite-based slurry are evaluated. The results show that the psyllium husk added to the bentonite-based slurry can effectively improve the rheological properties and fluid loss properties of the bentonite-based slurry, and the temperature resistance can reach 160 °C. After hot rolling at 160 °C, adding 1 w/v % psyllium husk can reduce the API fluid loss and high-temperature and high-pressure fluid loss of the bentonite-based slurry by 76.04 and 56.91%, respectively, showing excellent fluid loss reduction performance at high temperatures. The branched structure and uronic acid of psyllium husk can inhibit the degradation of its own molecular structure to a certain extent, which is the fundamental reason why psyllium husk still has excellent fluid loss reduction performance at high temperatures. Psyllium husk is expected to replace some traditional synthetic polymers and be used in environmentally friendly high-temperature-resistant water-based drilling fluids.

Hemicellulosic Polysaccharides From Bamboo Leaves Promoted by Phosphotungstic Acids and Its Attenuation of Oxidative Stress in HepG2 Cells

In this work, we exploited an efficient method to release hemicellulosic polysaccharides (BLHP) from bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens Mazel) leaves assisted by a small amount of phosphotungstic acid. Structural unit analysis proved that BLHP-A1 and BLHP-B1 samples possessed abundant low-branch chains in →4)-β-_D-Xylp-(1→ skeleton mainly consisting of Xylp, Manp, Glcp, Galp, and Araf residues. According to the results of the antioxidant activity assays in vitro, both of the two fractions demonstrated the activity for scavenging DPPH⋅ and ABTS⁺ radicals and exhibited relatively a high reducing ability compared to the recently reported polysaccharides. Moreover, the antioxidant activities of purified polysaccharides were evaluated against H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress damage in HepG2 cells. BLHP-B1 showed more activity for preventing damages from H₂O₂ in HepG2 cells by improving the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px and decreasing the production of MDA as well as suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. This study implied that BLHP could demonstrate its attenuation ability for oxidative stress in HepG2 cells.

Characterization of β-Glucan-Peanut Protein Isolate/Soy Protein Isolate Conjugates and Their Application on Low-Fat Sausage

Polysaccharide-protein conjugates can improve the functional properties and expand the application field. The emulsifying, thermal properties of WSG-PPI conjugates and WSG-SPI conjugates were improved, compared to WSG, PPI and SPI. The Maillard reaction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Circular dichroism (CD) exhibited that the structure of the conjugates was more expanded. Cryo-SEM and AFM demonstrated that the WSG, WSG-PPI and WSG-SPI conjugates had a morphology of a chain. When the conjugates were added as fat substitutes to low-fat sausage, the cooking yield, hardness and chewiness increased. The objective of this research was to study the emulsifying property, thermal property and structural changes of β-glucan-peanut protein isolate (WSG-PPI) conjugates and β-glucan-soy protein isolate (WSG-SPI) conjugates prepared through wet-heated Maillard reaction, and their effect on the texture of low-fat sausage.

Synthesis and characterization of arabinoxylan-bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate crosslinked copolymer network by high energy gamma radiation for use in controlled drug delivery applications

Keeping in view the therapeutic important dietary fiber psyllium, herein this research report its potential has been explored for the formation of sterile hydrogel by high energy radiation induced copolymerization of arabinoxylan-poly bis[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] phosphate (BMEP) for use as drug delivery carrier. The polymeric network structure was characterized by 13C NMR, FTIR, TGA/DTG and DSC, XRD and AFM techniques. Release profile of a drug cefuroxime and best fit kinetic model were determined. The blood -polymer interaction, mucosal-polymer adhesion, antioxidant and mechanical properties were also evaluated. The radiation dose influenced the crosslink density and the mesh size of the hydrogel network. Release profile of a drug cefuroxime followed non-Fickian diffusion and best fitted to first order kinetic model. The grafted product was sterile, porous, antioxidant and mucoadhesive in nature and could be explored for controlled and sustained GIT drug delivery applications.

Differential Physio-Biochemical and Metabolic Responses of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under Multiple Abiotic Stress Conditions

The frequency and severity of extreme climatic conditions such as drought, salinity, cold, and heat are increasing due to climate change. Moreover, in the field, plants are affected by multiple abiotic stresses simultaneously or sequentially. Thus, it is imperative to compare the effects of stress combinations on crop plants relative to individual stresses. This study investigated the differential regulation of physio-biochemical and metabolomics parameters in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under individual (salt, drought, cold, and heat) and combined stress treatments using multivariate correlation analysis. The results showed that combined heat, salt, and drought stress compounds the stress effect of individual stresses. Combined stresses that included heat had the highest electrolyte leakage and lowest relative water content. Lipid peroxidation and chlorophyll contents did not significantly change under combined stresses. Biochemical parameters, such as free amino acids, polyphenol, starch, and sugars, significantly changed under combined stresses compared to individual stresses. Free amino acids increased under combined stresses that included heat; starch, sugars, and polyphenols increased under combined stresses that included drought; proline concentration increased under combined stresses that included salt. Metabolomics data that were obtained under different individual and combined stresses can be used to identify molecular phenotypes that are involved in the acclimation response of plants under changing abiotic stress conditions. Peanut metabolomics identified 160 metabolites, including amino acids, sugars, sugar alcohols, organic acids, fatty acids, sugar acids, and other organic compounds. Pathway enrichment analysis revealed that abiotic stresses significantly affected amino acid, amino sugar, and sugar metabolism. The stress treatments affected the metabolites that were associated with the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) and urea cycles and associated amino acid biosynthesis pathway intermediates. Principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and heatmap analysis identified potential marker metabolites (pinitol, malic acid, and xylopyranose) that were associated with abiotic stress combinations, which could be used in breeding efforts to develop peanut cultivars that are resilient to climate change. The study will also facilitate researchers to explore different stress indicators to identify resistant cultivars for future crop improvement programs.

Beneficial Effects of Psyllium on the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiometabolic Diseases

Cardiometabolic diseases are reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. Nevertheless, current therapeutic strategies are insufficient; thus, studying novel complementary and alternative medicines remains of the upmost importance. Psyllium has been used for...

Review of structure and bioactivity of the Plantago (Plantaginaceae) polysaccharides

Plantago (Plantaginaceae) is an herbal plant, which is used in folk medicine, functional food, and dietary supplement products. Recent pharmacological and phytochemical studies have shown that polysaccharides isolated from Plantago have multiple medicinal and nutritional benefits, including improve intestinal health, hypoglycemic effect, immunomodulatory effect, etc. These health and pharmacological benefits are of great interest to the public, academia, and biotechnology industries. This paper provides an overview of recent advances in the physicochemical, structural features, and biological effects of Plantago polysaccharides and highlights the similarities and differences of the polysaccharides from different species and in different parts, including leaves, seeds, and husks. The scientific support for its use as a prebiotic is also addressed. The purpose of this review is to provide background as well as useful and up-to-date information for future research and applications of these polysaccharides.

The Extraction, Functionalities and Applications of Plant Polysaccharides in Fermented Foods: A Review

Plant polysaccharides, as prebiotics, fat substitutes, stabilizers, thickeners, gelling agents, thickeners and emulsifiers, have been immensely studied for improving the texture, taste and stability of fermented foods. However, their biological activities in fermented foods are not yet properly addressed in the literature. This review summarizes the classification, chemical structure, extraction and purification methods of plant polysaccharides, investigates their functionalities in fermented foods, especially the biological activities and health benefits. This review may provide references for the development of innovative fermented foods containing plant polysaccharides that are beneficial to health.

Current update on psyllium and alginate incorporate for interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) and their biomedical applications

Natural polysaccharides and their designed structures are extremely valuable due to their intrinsic pharmacological properties and are also used as pharmaceutical aids. These naturally occurring polysaccharides (e.g., psyllium and alginate) are gaining popularity for their use in the preparation of interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) materials with improved swelling ability, biodegradability, stability, non-cytotoxic, biocompatibility, and cost-effectiveness. IPN is prepared sequentially or simultaneously by microwave irradiation, casting evaporation, emulsification cross-linking, miniemulsion/inverse miniemulsion technique, and radiation polymerization methods. In addition, the prepared IPNs have has been extensively characterized using various analytical and imaging techniques before sustainable deployment for multiple applications. Regardless of these multi-characteristic attributes, the current literature lacks a detailed overview of the biomedical aspects of psyllium, alginate, and their engineered IPN structures. Herein, we highlight the unique synthesis, structural, and biomedical considerations of psyllium, alginate, and engineered IPN structures. In this review, a wide range of biomedical applications, such as role as a drug carrier for sustain delivery, wound dressing, tissue engineering, and related miscellaneous application of psyllium, alginate, and their IPN structures described with appropriate examples. Further research will be carried out for the development of IPN using psyllium and alginate, which will be a smart and active carrier for drugs used in the treatment of life-threatening diseases due to their inherent pharmacological potential such as hypoglycemic, immunomodulatory, antineoplastic, and antimicrobial.

Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk) in frozen banana pulp: Influence on rheological, nutritional and sensory characteristics

A frozen banana pulp with functional properties was developed and characterized in this work. For this, 0 g, 3 g, 5 g and 7 g of psyllium in 100 g of banana pulp were added. The use of this fiber in industrialized products can contribute to the nutritional enrichment of the products and provide functional benefits already acknowledged, such as lowering LDL cholesterol, lowering blood glucose, increasing satiety and relieving constipation. According to the World Health Organization, vegetable consumption should be increased, as it reduces the risk of chronic diseases. The main purpose of this work was to incorporate psyllium in frozen banana pulp to develop a healthy product. The samples were evaluated through chemical analyses, rheological properties and sensory testing with Check-All-That-Apply questions (CATA). The addition of psyllium had a significant effect not only on the viscosity but also on the sensory and nutritional properties of the frozen banana pulp. This study indicated that the production of frozen banana pulp with psyllium is viable, as it has desirable nutritional and sensory characteristics which can contribute to the maintenance of health.

Antioxidant, Scavenging, Reducing, and Anti-Proliferative Activities of Selected Tropical Brown Seaweeds Confirm the Nutraceutical Potential of Spatoglossum asperum

Brown seaweeds have shown high potential of bioactivity and provide health benefits as an important functional food ingredient. Therefore, four abundantly growing tropical brown seaweeds—Iyengaria stellata, Spatoglossum asperum, Sargassum linearifolium, and Stoechospermum polypodioides—were collected from the Saurashtra Coast of the Arabian Sea. They were analyzed for metabolite profiling, biochemical activities (including total antioxidant, reducing, scavenging, and anti-proliferative characteristics), and total phenolic and flavonoid contents. A concentration-dependent antioxidant, reducing, and scavenging activities were observed for all four brown seaweeds. The S. asperum and I. stellata extracts showed maximum total antioxidant activity. S. asperum also showed high scavenging and reducing activities compared to other studied brown seaweeds. Further, S. asperum contained high total phenolic and flavonoid content compared to other brown seaweeds collected from the same coast. A multivariate correlation study confirmed a positive correlation between total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and biochemical activities (total antioxidant, scavenging and reducing) for all brown seaweeds. About 35% anti-proliferative activity was observed with S. asperum extract on Huh7 cells; in contrast S. polypodioide showed about 44% proliferation inhibition of Huh7 cells. Similarly, 26% proliferation inhibition of HeLa cells was observed with S. asperum extract. Overall, S. asperum possesses high total flavonoid and phenolic amounts, and showed potential antioxidant, scavenging and reducing characteristics. The study confirmed the nutraceutical potential of S. asperum and that it could be a promising functional food ingredient.

The Renaissance of Plant Mucilage in Health Promotion and Industrial Applications: A Review

Plant mucilage is a renewable and cost-effective source of plant-based compounds that are biologically active, biodegradable, biocompatible, nontoxic, and environmentally friendly. Until recently, plant mucilage has been of interest mostly for technological purposes. This review examined both its traditional uses and potential modern applications in a new generation of health-promoting foods, as well as in cosmetics and biomaterials. We explored the nutritional, phytochemical, and pharmacological richness of plant mucilage, with a particular focus on its biological activity. We also highlighted areas where more research is needed in order to understand the full commercial potential of plant mucilage.

Interaction of the novel bacterium Brachybacterium saurashtrense JG06 with Arachis hypogaea leads to changes in physio-biochemical activity of plants to cope with nitrogen starvation conditions

Plant-microbe interactions are widely accepted, steady, and native methods used against different environmental stress conditions. In this study, peanut plants grown under control (with N₂) and stressed (N₂ deficit) conditions with or without the bacterium Brachybacterium saurashtrense were assessed for different physio-biochemical activities and differential gene expression. Higher shoot (24-25 cm) and root length (12-15 cm), and fresh (7-9 g) and dry weight (1-1.5 g) were observed in the treated plants compared to untreated plants under stress conditions. Similarly, high total chlorophyll (0.5-0.7 mg.g^-1Fw), chlorophyll b (0.2-0.4 mg.g^-1Fw), and carotenoid (12-13 mg.g^-1Fw), whereas low electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation, and high membrane stability were observed in the treated plants. Interestingly, low proline content (20-21 μg.g^-1Fw) and total soluble sugar (0.2 mg.g^-1Fw) were observed in the treated plants. In contrast, a higher total amino acid content (1.0 mg.g^-1Fw) was estimated in the treated plants. Enhanced antioxidant and scavenging activities of treated plants were observed compared to untreated plants under N₂ stress conditions. A total of 263 genes were differentially expressed; the majority (93%) of which belonged to unknown/uncharacterized/hypothetical categories, followed by metabolism (1.8%) and photosynthesis (1.3%) in the treated peanut plants. Overall, the diazotrophic plant growth promoting novel bacterium B. saurashtrense JG06 provides endurance to peanut plants by modulating physio-biochemical activity and host-gene expression under nitrogen starvation conditions. Plant metabolites, including flavonoids and phenolics, also play a protective role in abiotic stress by scavenging free radicles. This study provides new insight into plant-microbe interactions in the host plant.

Influence of UV/H2O2 treatment on polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme: Physicochemical properties and RAW 264.7 cells responses

There are few studies on seaweed polysaccharides with UV/H2O2 treatment, so the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of UV/H2O2 treatment on physicochemical properties and RAW 264.7 cells responses of polysaccharides from Sargassum fusiforme (PSF). Results showed that the contents of reducing sugar and sulfate in PSF with UV/H2O2 treatment for 2 h increased by 202.86% and 31.77%, respectively, and the contents of total sugar, protein and uronic acid decreased by 14.29%, 57.11% and 43.18% compared with those of original polysaccharides. In addition, UV/H2O2 treatment did not change the monosaccharide types of original polysaccharides, but it could change its monosaccharide composition and surface morphology. Besides, polysaccharides after UV/H2O2 treatment for 0.5-2 h had lower toxicity than original polysaccharides in RAW 264.7 cells. Typically, PSF with UV/H2O2 treatment for 2 h (PSF-T2) could effectively inhibit pro-inflammatory molecules production (including NO, IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), and down-regulate related genes expression (including Tlr4, Irak, Il-1β, Il-6, Il-12 and Tnf-α). Therefore, UV/H2O2 treatment is a potential way to prepare polysaccharide with better anti-inflammatory activity.

Mucoadhesive microspheres of glutaraldehyde crosslinked mucilage of Isabgol husk for sustained release of gliclazide

Mucoadhesive microspheres have their own significant amongst the various sustained release drug delivery systems. The prolonged residence time of these delivery devices at drug absorption site results in steep concentration gradient and enhanced bioavailability. In this study, the mucilage of Isabgol husk was applied as polymeric backbone to develop gliclazide loaded microspheres by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde. The formulations were studied for surface morphology, swelling behavior, particle size, in vitro release, release kinetics, in vitro mucoadhesion and gamma scintigraphy in rabbits. The release of gliclazide from microspheres was controlled by swelling of crosslinked microspheres followed by diffusion. Gamma scintigraphic images acquired for microspheres retention in gastrointestinal track of rabbits indicated the residence of formulation upto 24 h after oral administration. Gliclazide retained its integrity in polymeric matrix of microspheres as observed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and powder X-ray diffractometry. The sustained release of gliclazide and prolonged retention of microspheres in gastrointestinal track disclosed the rationality of mucoadhesive Isabgol husk microspheres in controlling the hyperglycemia in diabetes.

Seed coat mucilages: Structural, functional/bioactive properties, and genetic information

Seed coat mucilages are mainly polysaccharides covering the outer layer of the seeds to facilitate seed hydration and germination, thereby improving seedling emergence and reducing seedling mortality. Four types of polysaccharides are found in mucilages including xylan, pectin, glucomannan, and cellulose. Recently, mucilages from flaxseed, yellow mustard seed, chia seed, and so on, have been used extensively in the areas of food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics contributing to stability, texture, and appearance. This review, for the first time, addresses the similarities and differences in physicochemical properties, molecular structure, and functional/bioactive properties of mucilages among different sources; highlights their structure and function relationships; and systematically summarizes the related genetic information, aiming with the intent to explore the potential functions thereby extending their future industrial applications.

Development and characterization of active and pH-sensitive films based on psyllium seed gum incorporated with free and microencapsulated mulberry pomace extracts

Intelligent packaging with a pH indicator has been a hot research topic due to its extra active role compared with traditional ones. Considering the possible toxicity of synthetic pH sensitive pigments, natural pigments are promising alternative indicators. This work aimed to develop and characterize active and pH sensitive films based on psyllium seed gum (PSG) incorporated with free and microencapsulated mulberry pomace extracts (MPE). Compared with PSG control film, PSG-MPE films showed an increase in total phenolic content and DPPH scavenging activity, and decrease in surface hydrophobicity, lightness, and tensile strength. The molecular interactions between PSG and MPE were confirmed by thermal and microstructure analysis. Moreover, PSG-MPE films displayed wide color differences from red to blue at pH 2.0 - 12.0. PSG-based films containing 10% free and microencapsulated MPE demonstrated better overall performance and economy in packaging applications, which could be used as promising active and pH-sensitive food packaging materials.

Plantago media L.-Explored and Potential Applications of an Underutilized Plant

The search of valuable natural compounds should be directed towards alternative vegetal resources, and to the re-discovery of underutilized plants. Belonging to the Plantaginaceae family, the hoary plantain (Plantago media L.) represents one of the lesser studied species from the Plantago genus. The literature study revealed the under-utilization of the hoary plantain, a surprising aspect, considering its widespread. If the composition of Plantago media L. is rather well established, its applications are not nearly studied as for other Plantago species. The goal of the present paper is to summarize the findings regarding the applications of P. media, and, having as starting point the applications of related species, to propose new emerging areas of research, such as the biomedical applications validation through in vivo assays, and the evaluation of its potential towards industrial applications (i.e., development of food or personal care products), pisciculture or zootechny, phytoremediation and other environmental protection applications, or in the nanotechnology area (materials phytosynthesis). The present work constitutes not only a brief presentation of this plant's present and potential applications, but also an invitation to research groups world-wide to explore the available vegetal resources.

Anti-proliferative and ROS-inhibitory activities reveal the anticancer potential of Caulerpa species

Seaweeds are considered a promising functional food and safe for human consumption as they have significant health benefits. Five abundant tropical seaweeds, Caulerpa racemosa var. macrophysa, Caulerpa scalpelliformis, Grateloupia indica, Sargassum linearifolium, and Spatoglossum asperum rich in metabolites, phenolic, and flavonoid compounds, were analyzed for the anti-proliferative and ROS inhibitory activities including transcript expression of cancer-linked key genes and apoptosis. C. racemosa var. macrophysa showed the maximum effective activities with a lower dose of extract, about 130 ± 30 and 23 ± 1 μg ml^-1 EC₅₀ dose for HeLa and Huh-7, respectively, followed by C. scalpelliformis, showing EC₅₀ dose about 200 ± 10 and 140 ± 30 μg ml^-1, respectively. Similarly, about 56% and 54% ROS inhibition were determined with Caulerpa spp. for HeLa and Huh-7 cells, respectively. Results indicated that tropical green seaweed Caulerpa spp. (C. racemosa var. macrophysa and C. scalpelliformis) have substantial potential of ROS inhibition. Further, it was observed that different cancer-linked marker proteins encoding genes were deferentially expressed with seaweed extracts in different cell lines. Overall, it is concluded that Caulerpa spp. are rich in antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities. Caulerpa spp. have potential to be explored further for cancer preventive properties or functional food or nutraceuticals applications.

Structural characterization and proliferation activity of chondroitin sulfate from the sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii

The cartilages of marine fish, such as sharks and sturgeon, are important resources of the bioactive chondroitin sulfate (CS). To explore glycosaminoglycans from marine fish, polysaccharides from the cartilage of the sturgeon, Acipenser schrenckii, were extracted. Using enzyme-assisted extraction and anion-exchange chromatography, an uronic acid-containing polysaccharide, YG-1, was isolated. YG-1 is composed of GlcN, GlcUA, GalN, and Gal, in the ratio of 1.4: 3.4: 3.7: 1.0, and its molecular weight was determined to be 3.0 × 10⁵ Da. YG-1 was confirmed to be chondroitin 4-sulfate (CS) composed of →4GlcAβ1→3GalNAc4Sβ1→ and minor →4GlcAβ1→3GalNAcβ1→, which was confirmed using IR spectroscopy, disaccharide composition analysis, and NMR. Bioactivity studies, including MTT assay and scratch-wound assays revealed that CS from Acipenser schrenckii had significant proliferation activity. The proliferation activity of the polysaccharide, YG-1, was related to Fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). GalNAc 4S of YG-1 could be the binding sites of FGF2 and FGFR.

Metabolic profiling and scavenging activities of developing circumscissile fruit of psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk.) reveal variation in primary and secondary metabolites

BACKGROUND

Developing fruit is considered as an excellent model to study the complex network of metabolites which are altered rapidly during development.

RESULTS

Metabolomics revealed that developing psyllium fruit is a rich source of primary metabolites (ω-3 and ω-6 fatty acids and amino-acids), secondary metabolites and natural antioxidants. Eidonomy and anatomy confirmed that psyllium fruit followed five stages of development. Total lipids and fatty acids were synthesized differentially; saturated fatty acids (FAs) increased, whereas total polyunsaturated FAs decreased with increasing developmental stage. The unsaturation index and degree of unsaturation showed a catenary curve. Principal component analysis confirmed a significant shift in the FA profile from bud initiation to the maturation stage. Similarly, a similar level of total amino acids was present at different developmental stage following a temporal biosynthesis pathway. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents decreased in tandem with fruit development. Twenty-two different metabolites were identified, and metabolic changes were also observed during fruit development. Six metabolites were detected exclusively in the flowering stage, whereas two were detected in each of early and maturity stages of development. The metabolites apigenin and kaempferol were detected ubiquitously in all developmental stages. Time-dependent metabolomics revealed a shift in metabolite biosynthesis.

CONCLUSION

During fruit development, metabolites, FAs, amino acids, total phenolics, total flavonoids, antioxidants and scavenging activities changed progressively and were co-ordinately linked to each other. As a future perspective, further studies will focus on the validation of identified metabolites, which integrated with transcriptomics data and will reveal the metabolic regulatory network of development psyllium fruit.

Extraction, purification, hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) polysaccharides

Hot water extraction was applied to extract red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) polysaccharides (RCP) and the extraction conditions were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). An RCP yield of 12.72 ± 0.14% was achieved under the optimum extraction conditions: extracting time of 95 min, extracting temperature of 93 °C, and solvent-material ratio of 21 mL/g. A component named RCP-1.1 with the molecular weight of 7528.81 kDa was purified from RCP. RCP-1.1 was composed of glucose, galacturonic acid, arabinose, and galactose, with molar percentages of 52.54, 1.04, 16.31, and 30.11%, respectively. At the determination concentration of 10 mg/mL, the α-glucosidase inhibition ability of RCP-1.1 reached 86.72% of that of acarbose. The scavenging rates of RCP-1.1 (3.0 mg/mL) for DPPH and ABTS radicals reached 91.82% and 98.95% of that of ascorbic acid (3.0 mg/mL), respectively. Based on these results, RCP-1.1 possesses the potential to be used as a natural hypoglycemic agent or an antioxidant.

Characterization and anti-tumor bioactivity of astragalus polysaccharides by immunomodulation

Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) has attracted growing interests in the field of anti-cancer by direct killing effect and improving immune function. In this study, the structure and composition of APS was determined, following the evaluation of in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity of APS targeted macrophages and host immune system based on immunoregulated strategy. The results indicated that APS had no direct cytotoxicity against 4T1 cells, but APS mediated macrophages could significantly inhibit the growth of 4T1 cells by the induction of cell cycle arrest (G2 phase) and cell apoptosis. APS mediated macrophages promoted the apoptosis of 4T1 cells mainly through the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. The in vivo findings demonstrated that APS could markedly improve the thymus index and spleen index, and restore the structure of the damaged thymus and spleen tissue. APS could significantly enhance the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes and increase phagocytosis of peritoneal macrophages in mice. Furthermore, APS was capable of up-regulating the expression of IL-2, TNF-α and IFN-γ in peripheral blood. APS combined with 5-FU could improve the anti-tumor effect accompanied by the immunosuppressive alleviation of 5-FU on immune system, which may be suitable as an immune adjuvant for chemotherapy.