Purification, isolation, and structure characterization of water soluble and insoluble polysaccharides from Maitake fruiting body

Metabolomic differences between non-hydrothermal treated water-soluble (WSPs) and hydrothermally treated water-insoluble (WIPs) Maitake polysaccharides fermented by Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. plantarum

Bacterial Metabolite through a fermentation process is a growing trend and a promising alternative for use as functional components. Non-hydrothermal water-soluble (WSPs) and hydrothermally treated water-insoluble (WIPs) Maitake polysaccharides were fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA) and Lactobacillus plantarum (LP). Chemical composition analysis indicated that Maitake polysaccharides contained 58.22 ± 1.35 % total sugar and 31.46 % β-glucan, essential for metabolites production. 6-glucanase was used to degrade the WIPs, and hydrothermally treated WIP fibers exhibited smooth microstructure. Hence, the LA and LP bacteria investigated the potential fermented metabolic activities and differences between WSPs(Sp1)and WIP(Sp3) Maitake polysaccharides using LC-MS, and 887 metabolites were identified. Using Venn, Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), VIP Metabolites, and other multivariate statistical analysis methods, metabolites were expressed differently in all samples. Due to hydrothermal processing, WIP induced the highest growth of LA and LP, with an abundance of isocitrate metabolites. Furthermore, 50 metabolite correlations were identified, leading to the classification of 6 distinct metabolic groups. Thus, the study offers the initial comprehensive analysis of metabolites in Lactobacillus-fermented Maitake polysaccharides, aiding in understanding its metabolic interactions and facilitating progress in food engineering research.

Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of a Manila Clam-Derived Antioxidant Peptide: Insights into Mechanisms of Action and Cytoprotective Effects against Oxidative Stress

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are implicated in various pathological conditions due to their ability to induce oxidative damage to cellular components. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant properties of a peptide isolated from the hydrolysate of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) muscle. Purification steps yielded RPTE2-2-4, exhibiting potent scavenging activities against DPPH•, HO•, and O2•-, akin to Vitamin C. Structural analysis showed that the isolated peptide, LFKKNLLTL, exhibited characteristics associated with antioxidant activity, including a short peptide length and the presence of aromatic and hydrophobic amino acid residues. Moreover, our study demonstrated the cytoprotective effects of the peptide against H2O2-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Pretreatment with the peptide resulted in a dose-dependent reduction in intracellular ROS levels and elevation of glutathione (GSH) levels, indicating its ability to modulate cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative damage. Furthermore, the peptide stimulated the expression of the cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), further reinforcing its antioxidant properties. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of the Manila clam-derived peptide as a natural antioxidant agent with therapeutic implications for oxidative stress-related diseases. Further investigation into its mechanisms of action and in vivo efficacy is warranted to validate its therapeutic potential.

Inhibition of Proliferation and Induction of Apoptosis in Prostatic Carcinoma DU145 Cells by Polysaccharides from Yunnan Rosa roxburghii Tratt

OBJECTIVE

This study aimed to investigate methodologies for the extraction and purification of polysaccharides from Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruits and their impact on various cellular processes in prostate cancer DU145 cells, including survival rate, migration, invasion, cell cycle, and apoptosis.

RESULTS

Compared to the control group, the polysaccharide exhibited a significant reduction in the viability, migration, and invasion rates of DU145 cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner within the polysaccharide-treated groups. Additionally, it effectively arrested the cell cycle of DU145 cells at the G0/G1 phase by downregulating the expressions of CDK-4, CDK-6, and Cyclin D1. Furthermore, it induced apoptosis by upregulating the expressions of Caspase 3, Caspase 8, Caspase 9, and BAX.

METHODS

Polysaccharides were extracted from Rosa roxburghii Tratt sourced from Yunnan, China. Extraction and decolorization methods were optimized using response surface methodology, based on a single-factor experiment. Polysaccharide purification was carried out using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The optimal dosage of R. roxburghii Tratt polysaccharide affecting DU145 cells was determined using the CCK-8 assay. Cell migration and invasion were assessed using transwell and scratch assays. Flow cytometry was employed to analyze the effects on the cell cycle and apoptosis. Western blotting and Quantitative real-time PCR were utilized to examine protein and mRNA expressions in DU145 cells, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Rosa roxburghii Tratt polysaccharides, consisting of D-mannose, L-rhamnose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, D-galacturonic acid, D-glucose, D-galactcose, D-xylose, L-arabinose, and L-fucose, possess the ability to hinder DU145 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion while inducing apoptosis through the modulation of relevant protein and gene expressions.

Gastrointestinal metabolism characteristics and mechanism of a polysaccharide from Grifola frondosa

Grifola frondosa polysaccharide (GFP) is mainly composed of α-1,4 glycosidic bonds and possesses multiple pharmacological activities. However, the absence of pharmacokinetic studies has limited its further development and utilization. Herein, GFP was labeled with 5-DTAF (FGFP) and cyanine 5.5 amine (GFP-Cy5.5) to investigate its gastrointestinal metabolism characteristics and mechanism. Significant distributions of the polysaccharide in the liver and kidneys were observed by near infrared imaging. To investigate the specific distribution form of the polysaccharide, in vitro digestion models were constructed and revealed that FGFP was degraded in saliva and rat small intestine extract. The metabolites were detected in the stomach and small intestine, followed by further degradation in the distal intestine in the in vivo experiment. Subsequent investigations showed that α-amylase was involved in the gastrointestinal degradation of GFP, and its metabolite finally entered the kidneys, where it was excreted directly with urine.

Structural elucidation and anti-nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharide

The chemical structure and pharmacological activity of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua polysaccharides have garnered significant attention in recent years. In this study, a homogeneous polysaccharide, PCP1, was extracted from P. cyrtonema Hua rhizomes and purified. Monosaccharide composition analysis showed that PCP1 is primarily composed of fructose, glucose, and mannose. Chemical structure analysis showed that the main chain of PCP1 is composed mainly of →1)-β-D-Fruf-(2→ and →1,6)-β-D-Fruf-(2→, with small amounts of →6)-α-D-Glcp-(1→, →4)-β-D-Manp-(1→, and β-D-Glcp-(1→. The side chain is β-D-Fruf-(2→ linked at C-6 of →1,6)-β-D-Fruf-(2→. In vivo experiments showed that PCP1 mitigates liver pathological damage, improves abnormal lipid metabolism and oxidative stress, promotes the production of short-chain fatty acids, and balances the composition of the intestinal microbiota in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) mice. Thus, PCP1 can be used as a natural ingredient in functional foods for the treatment of NAFLD.

Fermentability of Maitake polysaccharides processed by various hydrothermal conditions and fermented with probiotic (Lactobacillus)

Maitake polysaccharides, after hydrothermal processing, were fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus CCFM202 (L.A.) and Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM6392 (L.P.). The degradation of molecular weight of polysaccharides by hydrothermal processing under acidic conditions was obviously enhanced, which turned part of the water-insoluble-polysaccharides (WIP) into water-soluble-polysaccharides (WSPs). The pH value of water-soluble-polysaccharides (WSPs) and water-insoluble-polysaccharides (WIPs) were intensely dropped (4- 5) after 24 h fermentation. The optical density (O.D.) was increased (1.4- 2.3) due to bacterial growth, and short-chain fatty acids also followed this trend. LA-WSP predominantly produced acetic acid, 3- 4 folds to lactic acid, while LP-WIP groups produced dominant butyric acid (15- 17 folds). Hydrothermal processing induced the growth of L.A. and L.P., where the highest abundance was 2.5 × 10⁴. From the Venn diagram, WSP-1 produced the most elevated metabolites (874). Therefore, experimental results show a significant impact on making WSPs fragments, whereas temperature and pH influence the WSPs degradation, withstand to higher fermentation efficacy.

Polysaccharides from soybean residue fermented by Neurospora crassa alleviate DSS-induced gut barrier damage and microbiota disturbance in mice

Soluble polysaccharides derived from microbial fermentation of agricultural by-products were considered as potential functional ingredients, primarily having probiotic properties. Herein, soluble polysaccharides (FSRP) were isolated from soybean residue fermented by Neurospora crassa, and FSRP mainly contained rhamnose, arabinose, fucose, mannose, glucose, and galactose, according to GC-MS analysis. To further investigate the protective effect of FSRP against colitis, dextran sulfate sodium induction (DSS)-treated mice were orally gavaged with FSRP (200 mg kg-1 d-1) or inulin (400 mg kg-1 d-1, a positive control) for 7 d. The results showed that DSS-treated mice displayed symptoms of body weight loss, atrophy, and histopathological changes of colon, as well as gut barrier damage, which were recovered after FSRP supplementation (similar to inulin). Furthermore, the beneficial effects of FSRP were linked to a decreased inflammatory response and increased protein expression of E-cadherin, claudin-1 and ZO-1. Illumina-MiSeq sequencing analysis revealed that FSRP increased microbial diversity and altered community structure. Specifically, FSRP could modulate the abundance of inflammation-related bacteria (such as Tenericutes, Clostridia, and Bacilli) to ameliorate colitis symptoms. Therefore, FSRP can relieve DSS-induced colitis, which is closely associated with reduced levels of inflammatory factors, improved gut barrier function and gut microbiota homeostasis.

The impact of a novel Chinese yam-derived polysaccharide on blood glucose control in HFD and STZ-induced diabetic C57BL/6 mice

Chinese yam, as a kind of traditional “medicine and food homologous food” in Asia, could assistance to digestion, nourish the lungs and relieve cough. Some research also suggested that Chinese...